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THE 



Great Pyramid Jeezeh 



BY 




Louis P. McCarty 



Author of the "Statistician and Economist, n 
" Health, Happiness and Longevity," Etc. 



******* to "know 
That which before us lies in daily life, 
Is the prime wisdom ; What is more, is fume. 
Or emptiness, or fond impertinence ; 
And renders us, in things that most concern. 
Unpractised, unprepared, and still to seek." 
Milton's Adam to Angel. 



SAN FRANCISCO 
Louis P. McCarty 

1907 



1WU UUDICS n&XlVQG 

OCT 88 190/ 
• Sep ■ »*, if*7| 

COPY Q. 



t 



The Great Pyramid Jeezeh 



For What Purpose Was it Built ? 
By Whom Was it Built? 

And About When Was it Built? 

Satisfactorily answered in the following pages. 



Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1907, by 

louis p. Mccarty, 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



In the pages that follow, many other subjects are 
treated with copious notes from different authors, but 
all are of interest to prove our theory. 



PRICE 
In Cloth $5.00 In Leather $6.00 



PREFACE 

"Wer Vieles bringt, wird Jedem etwas bringen." 
(Who brings many things, brings something for each.) 

Goethe. 

NEARLY every thinking human being has some sec- 
ondary subject, outside of his regular calling, 
upon which he devotes his spare moments. 
With some, it consists in attempting to solve the 
hidden mysteries of the future life, through the agency of 
some one of the eleven hundred different faiths, as to 
who, or what, is Deity. 

With others, the mineralogical fields are explored, 
with the expectation of finding the original atom of matter, 
without combination, with side issues of all other "isms" 
and "ologies" that exist. 

The astronomer delights in his calling, peering into 
space, and every now and then astounds us with the 
discovery of a new world, or one at least, that has passed 
within the reach of our strongest magnifiers; while the 
antiquarians and anthropologists are not idle. Through 
the findings of the students of all the foregoing subjects 
mentioned, a fair minority of the thinking public are 
found to be followers. There are, however, a very few 
people, living in this 20th century, who believe in or agree 
with the theories of any of the (over) one hundred pro- 
minent writers of the past, regarding the purpose for 
which the Great Pyramid Jeezeh was built, much less 
when, or by whom it was built. 

Having spent nearly all of our spare moments for the 
past thirty-five years in studying the works of the prin- 
cipal writers on the subjects of Antiquity, Egyptology, 
and Pyramidal building, we now present the following 
pages of fact and theory for the criticism of an intelligent 
public, the gist of which theory is our own. 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



To present our subject properly, two volumes should 
precede this; one on the theory of "world building," and 
the other on "man's advent on the earth." 

But life is precarious; we must hurry on, and ask a 
generous public to accept our theories in a single volume. 

We offer no apology, however, for treating so many 
different contemporaneous subjects in the following pages, 
for we consider them all necessary to prove our theory. 

All we desire of our critical readers to believe is: that 
the "Great Pyramid Jeezeh" really exists at this time; 
that it is placed at or near the "geographical center" of 
all the continents on the face of the earth; and that the 
measurements as quoted from the principal authorities 
are approximately correct. 

Our theory, then, (that it was built by a race of people 
that preceded our race, with vastly more intelligence 
than we now possess, or will possess at the end of the 
20th century,) will .be susceptible of proof, and much 
light will be conveyed to our (apparent) mysterious sub- 
ject, in opposition to the theory of the principal writers, 
"that it was built by a Deified architect, assisted by 
Deified workmen in an age of absolute ignorance (as to 
most things on the face of the earth)." 

vSo much has been written and said about the Pyramids 
of Egypt, and the principal publications contain so many 
references to other publications and reports that students 
of this subject should live next door to one of our largest 
"reference libraries," or spend a small fortune on a personal 
collection of books, in order to be able to comprehend 
the information that they attempt to furnish. 

We shall try in this work, however, to reduce that feat- 
ure to a minimum, and place within this one volume all 
the information we wish to convey. It is taken for granted, 
however, that all readers, writers and investigators of 
the subject before us, the building of the "First Great 
Pyramid," will accept as approximately correct, the meas- 
urements of that great structure as verified and accep tr 



PKEFACE 5 

by such eminent Egyptologists, astronomers, and mathe- 
maticians as: Col. Howard Vyse, Prof. Piazzi Smyth, 
the French Academicians, Dr. Grant, Prof. John Greaves, 
Sir John Herschel, Dr. Lepsius, W. Osburn, Mr. James 
Simpson, Prof. H. L. Smith, Mr. John Taylor, Sir Gard- 
ner Wilkinson, and others, thus making the remaining 
portion of our task approximately light. 

More than two hundred eminent mathematicians and 
astronomers have visited and measured this pyramid 
since the year 820 A. D.; some of them spending only 
a day and measuring only a single passageway, while 
others camped there and worked steadily for months. 
The net results, however, can be summed up from the 
figures furnished by the professors above mentioned, 
which we give you in the body of this work. 

No one will attempt to question the perfect sanity 
of those professional measurers, as to their mathematics; 
but w r hen you analyze their opinions regarding the date 
of the building of that structure, critically, you will dis- 
cover that they had boxed their science, and appealed to 
"miracle" to help them out. Most of them were devout 
Christians, and, in their interpretation of the sacred writings, 
could not permit of any event antedating the year 4004 B.C. 

As we differ so widely from the opinions of the above 
mentioned "noted authors," regarding the purpose for 
which it was built, and the possible date of its erection, 
we ask suspension of personal opinion, until the reader 
has thoroughly investigated our argument brought forward 
in this work. 

A table of contents follows this preface, also a table 
of illustrations. And at the close of this work will be found 
a copious index, which the reader is asked to consult on all 
occasions, when in doubt regarding any subject herein 
treated. All principal subjects are indexed direct, as well 
as by subsections treated. Individuals are indexed under 
their surnames. The whole is respectfully submitted by 
the author. 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GREAT PYRAMID 



Plate I. Vertical section of the Great Pyramid, showing the origin- 
al outline, and inner chambers 9 

II. Geography of Upper Egypt, the World and location of 

the Great Pyramid 11 

III. Chorography of Great Pyramid and its neighbors 13 

IV. Vertical sections of all Pyramids on Jeezeh Hill 15 

V. Vertical sections of all the residual pyramids of Egypt .... 17 

VI. Ground plan of the Great Pyramid 19 

VII. Casing-stone remnants of the Great and 2nd Pyramids. . . 21 
VIII. Present entrance into the Great Pyramid, front elevation 

and side section 23 

IX. Chamber and passage system of the Great Pyramid 25 

X. Lower end of the Grand Gallery in Great Pyramid ...... 27 

XL View of the 7 sides of the so-called Queen's Chamber. ... 29 

XII. Ante-chamber and upper end of Grand Gallery 31 

XIII. "Walls of the Ante-chamber opened out, and the Boss on 

the Granite Leaf 33 

XIV. King's Chamber, Ante-chamber, and upper (southern) end 

of Grand Gallery 35 

XV. Walls of the King's Chamber opened out, and ground plan 

of the Coffer 37 

XVI. Size and shape of Great Pyramid measured without 39 

XVII. Size and shape of Great Pyramid from testimony within 41 
XVIII. Construction hypothesis of passage angles and chamber 

emplacements in Great Pyramid 43 

XIX. Tomb of King Cheops far outside the Great Pyramid .... 45 
XX. The starry skies as seen at the Great Pyramid in 2170 B. 

C; 27,970 B. C. ; and 53,770 B. C , 47 

XXI. Reveise side of the Great Seal of the L\ S 48 

XXII. The Great Pyramid as seen by Caliph Al Mamoun (minus 

the astronomical) in 822 A. D 48 

For minor mathematical illustrations, see index. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Illustrations and their explanatory notes extend from page 8 to page 48 

Part I. Sections. 

Past rulers and history of Egypt 1 & 2 

The Seven Wonders of the World, etc 3 & 4 

Earthquakes, Tidal Waves, and Cataclysms 5&6 

Astronomy and the Solar System 7 

The Earth and World Building 8 

Condensed Measures of the Pyramid 9 

The Only Real Pyramid 10 

Miscellaneous measurements, with proofs furnished 11 & 12 

Standard of Length 13 & 14 

Great Pyramids Numbers 15 & 16 

Astronomical and Geographical positions 17 to 20 

Exterior Measures and Masonry Courses 21 

Part II. 
The Source of Measures 22 to 60 

Part III. 

History of the Interior of the Pyramid 61 & 62 

Great Pyramid entered first time, since original builders sealed 

it up. Wise men differ as to what is limestone or granite 63 to 67 

Wall courses of the King's Chamber, as described by different 

travelers 68 to 70 

Interior details of measurement, temperature, vibration of 
the King's Chamber, Symbolism of the Ante-Chamber, 
Granite Leaf Tnch' Measurement. Together with de- 
tailed information regarding the Subterranean Unfinished 
Chamber, Ascending Passage-way, Grand Gallery, Ante- 
Chamber, King's Chamber, Horizontal Passage to Queen's 
Chamber, The Queen's Chamber, Well, etc 71 to 76 

Part IV. 

Details of the Capacity Measure of the Coffer in the King's 
Chamber, Tables of Pyramid Capacity Measure and Pyra- 
mid Weight Measure, and System of Specific Gravities, 
Linear Elements of the Pyramid, and the Earth together 
with the Pound Weight Measure of Most Nations. Inter- 
national Linear Measure ; Thermometers, etc 77 to 84 

Pyramid Angle Measure, Money on the Pyramid System; 
Pyramid Astronomy, Ark of the Covenant of Moses, Solo- 
mon's Molten Sea, Other Chambers still undiscovered in the 
Pyramid, Queen's Chamber now open once concealed, 
Queen's Chamber Air Channels, Further from the Critics 
of the Great Sphinx, Cubic Contents of Chambers, Chro- 
nology of Egyptologists, Architectural facts of the Great 
Pyramid, Noachian Deluge of the Bible, Future of the 
Great Pyramid 85 to 100 

Seven Natural Wonders of the World, Weights and Measures 

of different countries reduced to U. S. Standard 101 &102 

Ancient Free Masonry, Conclusion, Index 103 



THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate I., opposite page, showing vertical section 
of the Great Pyramid, from south to north, looking west. 
At the time of day and season when it devours its own 



-^ shadow. 



The limestone base upon which the pyramid stands is 
elevated about 146 feet above the average water level sur- 
rounding it, and 215 feet above the level of the Mediter- 
ranean Sea. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



PLATE I 



* 



c > 

z 2 



• fc 







?*;F5« -•■ 



10 THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZ-EH 



See Plate II. Showing the geography of Upper 
Egypt, with the different mouths of the Nile river as it 
enters the Mediterranean Sea, from the sector-shaped land 
showing the line of the Great Pyramid to be placed in the 
exact center. Also the map of the world on the "Mercator 
projection," showing the Great Pyramid to be located near 
the center of all the land of the earth, and at the exact 
center of its weight above water. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



11 



PLATE II 




3(i0 



iut 



THE GREAT PYRAMID IN THE CENTRE 

AND. AT THE SAME TIME AT THE BORDER. OF THE 
SECTOR-SHAPED LAND OF LOW^R EGYPT. 



Lot 



Suofil 



.an 




LOWER EGYPT. "IN , THE GEOGRAPHICAL CENTRE. OF 

THE LAND . SURFACE OF THE WHOLE WORLD 

inn tin- /■;,///,</ SxrCt,-. /'/-a,.-,-/ 1 <n, J 



Sollll) 



12 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate III. Chorography of the Great Pyramid 
and its neighbors. Showing also the location of Cheops' 
tomb, the Great Sphnix, and the relative position of the 
second and third pyramids. 

This is known as the flat-topped hill of Jeezeh. The 
Great Pyramid is represented in the center near the top of 
the illustration. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



13 



PLATE III 



LONGITUDE MERIDIAN OF THE CREAT PYRAMID. 




LONGITUDE. MERIDIAN OF THE CREAT PYRAMID. 



MAP OF THE PYRAMIDS OF J E E 1 £ H. OS THEIR flat topped hi ll 
OF ROCK. R1SINC JUST SOUTH OF THE LOW DELTA LAND OF LOWER CCYPT, AND 
WEST OF THE NORTHERN END OF THE SiNCLE LONGITUDINAL VALLEY, BY WHICH 
THE NILE BRINGS ITS WATERS THROUCH 36* OF LATITUDE. FROM THE EQUATORIAL LAKES. 



1-A THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



See Pl^te IV. Showing the vertical sections of all 
the (9) Jeezeh group of pyramids. Their ancient size and 
shape being shown by the dotted triangles over them. 
l^ The only one of this group that was built (outside ot 
the Great Pyramid itself) with any order as to its sloping 
sides., was the third, which see. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



15 



PLATE IV 



; . / \ 


/\ 


- i 




/ , ^ ' ' \ 








' 


• "- ' ^>**"'" - ^ "v"" ' 


r-J— — — — »——-.-- 


..^.^^T. -^H-«- 



' § ft M i D 



GPCUND t? L A >< OF THIS 
VRAM ID WHEN COMPLETE 




"HE THIRD PYSAMiO. 



;E FOURTri PYRAMID- THE F5FTH PYRAMID. 



„-f~->. 



THE SIXTH PI Ri 



I i SEVENTH PYRAMID 



THE E-1GHTM PYRAMSD. THE NINTH PYRAMID. 



ALL THE PYRAMIDS OF JEEZEH IN VERTICAL AND MERIDIAN SECTION, 

T.HEiS ANCIENT 5lZ£ ANB SHAPE SSISS SHOWN 3Y TM £ DOTTED TRUKOUS OVEH THEM . 
•s 1 ah- t..'v. <•/' fixture.. 



16 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate V. Showing all the pyramids of Egypt 
outside of the Jeezeh group. This illustration represents 
them in the order as they will be found passing from north 
to south, together with their location by latitude. 

For their height and date of erection, see table of 
Pyramids of Egypt, in index. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



17 



PLATE V 



| ?»,',/..>/ Av//.v,W /\r, 

.././A-. /;,«.,7, 

Lt/M-t- 



Sawttrn At 



l\;ximt,i.-f'A»> at f/. Aw,/// /W.itiu,/ -•/• /,V, V ,/, Moaseir >"/»/• 






M -\ / \ , i JJf . / ' 



/'! ,v„, v< 



//,/ 



r* 




Stuxxmt l\> f> 



Stiettim Vvr. / i Sitcvara Pvr.S 



Saccara /'</.'/ 



fa* ,./ Mttsfabft \\'.>,ih 




. V», dim, !\mhu,1 ,,1'ljshl 



tt/terti frrattud '«■/' /.is/it- \ ' Tlu- IliU- IVr ,<rl\ i:ofJh yti>on 



'r mitlttt t<l' lihriuHH) hit 





ALL THE PYRAMIDS OF ECYPT, ,<//„•, than f/n>.»e vf .fa^h, 
btujiututuj //-•/// ///,• . I, •/•/// ,/.-/,/,/,.///,/ /,. /A South <>/ the nmutn 



18 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate VI. Ground plan of the Great Pyramid, 
together with the horizontal sectional area at the level of 
the King's Chamber. Also exhibits the spot on the south 
side of the pyramid, where Prof. Howard Vyse, made an 
unsuccessful attempt to force an entrance. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



PLATE VI 



19 








£?;V l>- SO [* S>.> l^ C- . 










SCALE 25W 0F NATURE 




GROUND 


PLAN or the GREAT PY 


R A M 1 D. 






TOGETHER WITH 


ITS HORIZONTAL SECTIONAL AREA AT 
THE KING'S CHAMBER. 


THE LEVEL OF 








SCALE OF BRITISH INCHES. 






»»o soc 


o 1000 


2000 ">000 <00r> SOQQ ■ 6300 


7O00 * save 


Sooq 



20 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate VII. The upper part of this illustration 
exhibits the casing stone remnants of the second pyramid. 
The lower part of this picture exhibits the first three layers 
of stone on the north side of the Great Pyramid, including 
the first layer of the original angle casing stones, as dis- 
covered by Col. Howard Vyse, in 1857 A. D. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



21 



PLATE VII 




' '^M^f^ ■■■" 



EXAMPLE of the CASING-STONES of a PYRAMID. SUPER-POSED. 

ON THE RECT- ANGULAR MASONRY COURSES: FROM A PHOTOGRAPH SYPS.OFTHE SUMMITOFTHE 2°PYR. 




REMNANT of the ORIGINAL CASING-STONE SURFACE of the GREAT PYRAMID. 

NEAR THE MIDDLE OF ITS NORTHERN FOOT AS DISCOVERED. BY THE EXCAVATIONS OF COL HOWARD VYSE IN 1837. 



PIATZI SMYTH. DEI' 



A RITCHIE « SON. EDIfl" 



22 THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate VIII. Exhibiting a front, also a vertical 
longitudinal section of the present entrance to the Great 
Pyramid, and a line drawn showing where the original 
casing stones reached too, as seen by Caliph Al Mamoun in 
the year 822 A. D. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



23 



PLATE VIM 



5 = 



3 3 
i o ?> 



; o 




2 f 



§ ° 



24 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate IX. Illustrating the chamber and pas- 
sage system of the Great Pyramid. Also includes the forced 
hole made by the followers of Caliph Al Mamoun and the 
unfinished state of the subterranean chamber in the base 
rock, under the exact center of the Great Pyramid. 



ILLUSTKATIONS 



25 



PLATE IX 




VtflTtCAi AXIS 






%. \ 



b-Se 




26 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate X. By placing the upper half of this 
illustration to the right or north side of Plate XIV, a con- 
tinuous passage is exhibited, and the intention of its original 
purpose made plain. 

The lower half of this plate exhibits a displaced Ramp 
stone and entrance to the well. See Plate IX. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



27 



PLATE X 




SECTION 

{verticaL and. 
longibjbdx7icbLt> 

LOOKING WEST 

O F 

LOWER OR 

NORTH ERN END ■ 

O F 
GRAND GALLERY 

I N 

GR.PYR? _ 



ENLARGED 

PERSPECTIVE 

VIEW 

or THE 

BROKEN OUT 
RAMP STONE 

A N O 

THE ENTRANCE 

TO THE 

WELL. 

so caJJbuL. 



PlAZZl SMYTH. DEl T 



A RITCHIE & SON. EDIN* 



28 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate XL The Queen's Chamber, so-called, in 
the Great Pyramid. The only chamber exhibiting seven 
sides. Through the niche in the east wall of which, we 
expect to find an entrance to other chambers. 

Prof. H. L. Smith, of Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y., 
(in a private letter) speaking of the Queen's Chamber, in the 
Great Pyramid, remarks, ''Either there is proof in that 
chamber of supernatural inspiration granted to the archi- 
tect," or "that primeval official possessed, without in- 
spiration, in an age of absolute scientific ingorance 4,000 
years ago, scientific knowledge equal to, if not surpassing, 
that of the present highly developed state of science in the 
modern world." 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



29 



PLATE XI 




30 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate XII. Showing the upper end of the Grand 
Gallery and the ante-chamber. Also exhibiting the great 
36 inch step and the low passage way into the King's 
Chamber; compelling all who enter there to stoop and bow 
his head, though he might be ruler of the whole world 



ILLUSTEATIONS 



31 



PLATE XII 




VERTICAL MERIDIAN SECTION fhom.Gr Gallery through ANTE-CHAMBER to Xuys Ck r looking £ast»aid 




*™l™&SltyM2SiMAera6c*fboror1\ton^ 
Suyl£>lvu,shadwg lime stone,. Gvssedtine. shading Granite, Jlso Hone-stone, and, G Granite, 



PIAIZI SMVTK, DElT 



Scale, of British. Inches. 



A RITCHIE 4 SON, tDIN* 



32 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate XIII. The Ante-Chamber and its walls 
opened out; also the Boss on the Granite Leaf. In this 
chamber all candidates received their preparatory lectures 
before entering the King's Chamber, and other chambers 
later on. 



ILLUSTKATIONS 



60 



PLATE XIV 




vertical sect\oh /XooAxsu/West/ o r KINGS CHAMBER;also or 

ANTE-CHAM BER . SOUTH ENO OF CRANO GALLERY. AN O VYSE'S HOLLOWS OF 
CONSTRUCTION. ABOVE K I N G'S C H A M 8 E R . C R S S E LINES INDICATE GRANITE. 



Scale* of 'British Inches 



1 ' ' ' ' ■ ■ ■ ' ' 



too '00 

_1 L_ 

/ PlTCMlt i JON f.DI/1* 



36 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate XV. This illustration indicates the entire 
plot for which the Great Pyramid was built. Exhibiting 
the walls of the King's Chamber opened out, also the sunk 
portion of walls, the coffer, etc. i; 'pS$ . |fi£jfi [f> HUT 

It will be noted that there are just ioo blocks of granite 
in the four walls of this chamber, nine in the ceiling, and 
there were eighteen in the floor before they were pried out 
and taken away. No two of which are of the same size. 
On the north wall will be noticed one granite block that 
is twice the size (in height) of any other wall stone, the east 
edge of which, forms one angle of the N. E. corner of this 
chamber. This we predict will be found to be a door, and 
outlet to other chambers, which we have suggested in the 
body of this work, exist in other parts of this great building. 
No latches, hinges, locks or bolts exist, but when the secret 
is re-discovered, it will be opened without force. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



37 



PLATE XV 




K) 



* 2 « * D— 

^ • • . . » 



8" « <§ »> »« bb . j; 3: 

Hit? r-* " 



I" 





Number of Stents 
forming the. Walls 



38 TJTE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate XVI. Size and shape of Great Pyramid 
measured without. Showing geometrically direct vertical 
section ; diagonal vertical section ; equality of boundaries ; 
angles of casing stones and equality of areas Nos. i and 2. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



39 



PLATE XVI 



; J?l & 




9131 05 P lor 
365 242 S. C. 



DIRECT VERTICAL SECTION OF 
CREAT PYRAMID. 



o: %%' 




12013 26 P. 1 or 
516-530 S. C. 



DIAGONAL VERTICAL SECTION OF 
GREAT PYRAMID. 



EQUALITY OF BOUNDARIES 









.-•'' 


\.A 




i. 






oV 












4 W 










/ 


4? 






X 9131 ■ 05 P I. 













**■ 8 %> 




Great Pyramid's squuxre, base>. 
and curcle, -withy radius *Pyrf Verttheighls 



/Tangles of casing stones of 
great pyramid. 

As affected by tts eocterruxL slope- 
and, horuzonXoJL rru}LSorcry courses 
7T =3 14159 26535+ &c 
= lag. O ■ 49714 98726 + &c 



EQUALITY OF AREAS N» I. 



EQUALITY OF- AREAS N? 2 





Area, of squxxre, base, of Great, Pyranrud," 
■'area, of a, Circle- whosej cbuxmeter is given, 
-i-lOQ in, the Ante -chamber. 



Area, of Cirxie- with, GPyr. 9 height for radius = 
Area, of sqxuxrk, whose lerujtlv of side, vs gwen, 
-r-JOO in, the Ante -chamber 



PI' PTRA MID IN CHE S 



S. C -SACRED CUBIT 



PIAZZI SHTTH. CELT 



A RITCHIE $ SON. [Did' 



40 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZ EH 



See Plate XVII. Size and shape of Great Pyramid 
from testimony within; equality of areas No. 3. Showing 
equation of boundaries and areas, circles and squares, inches 
inside and pyramid cubits outside Great Pyramid. 



ILLUSTEATIONS 



41 



PLATE XVII 



EQUALITY OF AREAS N? 3 




9131. ,05 PI. 
Direct Vertical Section of (jr. Pyrf 




Circle- with* Diameter 
Vert^SeigM of G. fyr* 





6151 65 




'4 




ft 


>3 


JPTn, 
5151 65 


N 

3 



Square, with, side- 
computed, by 7T. 



J J 6.26 - 02=j4rUechasrtbe>r leru/tlv * 100 = Sivrts oUstcutce- from, they earthy 
i/v terms of the " br&adth, of the JEarth, from, Tote to Tote. 




-412 • "\ 32 -K-in^s'CKLeruTth^ 

in, P. Inches 



EQUATION OF BOUNDARIES AND AREAS. 
CIRCLES AND SQUARES INCHES INSIDE AND SACRED CUBITS 
OUTSIDE GREAT PYRAMID. 



PIAZil SMYTH. DUT 



. RITCH IE 4 SON. EDIN 



42 THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate XVIII. Showing construction hypothesis 
of passage angles and chamber emplacements in Great 
Pyramid. 



ILLUSTBATIONS 



43 



PLATE XVIII 




A D B — Dirccl.or righlJVerticaL 
Section, of Gneafr&ramuL 
from. North, to souths- 

£ F GH = Square. anA. Circle, of equal 
area, to above . 

Jngle, B C S = 2£ - js' 



Fi# 2, 




to Tig 1 . 1 C 
trisected. & C K bisected, 
horizontal. Lines, 
then, 

paraXLeL U/ C S . marks 
entrance, passage.- 

eqiuH but opposite- 
angle marlcs First Jlscending 
Passage truLth&CnwdGallery. 

Jngle. B CY/vhereC T=stde of equal- 
area. square./ ■= 3o' = 
Xatiiude., approjtr? 



PlAZZi SMYTH. OS.L r 



A. RITCHIE & SON. tDIN" 



44 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate XIX. Tomb of King Cheops, far outside 
the Great Pyramid. Showing plan and vertical section of 
the tomb and hydraulic reference data, with regard to the 
different water levels surrounding the same. 



ILLUSTEATIONS 



45 



PLATE XIX 



AN ANCIENT T O M B . l&OO ft S.S£ 

of S. /;. -tool of Or Prra/m.1 . 
FULfUllNC THE DESCRIPTION o» HERODOTUS. 

its to the. place' where kinc cheops 
WOS burii'a ; viz.. 'ft of /// Gr. Pyrcutua. 
'at a//, tut in a subtcrrcuiean Islands, 
s!urnnfid>'J by l/ic wafers of the 
" N I L E r which fUter through the 
•iitiervauiujt rock, up to their ZeraL 
m th&lti&er <iJ the- tinve 



• 4 ., ■ ■ ■■• t~; rT F^f^M|MBj 





VERTICAL SECTION or TOMB, lookinc west 



HYDRAULIC REFERENCE DATA 
FOR SAID TOMB 



46 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



See Plate XX. Showing the starry skies as seen at 
the Great Pyramid at the date of its foundation, and other 
anniversaries of that ancient period: viz., 53,770 B. CJ 
27,970 B. C. ; and 2,170 B. C. This position of the stars 
occur but once in every 25,800 years. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



47 



PLATE XX 




GROUND PLAN OF THE 

CIRCLES OF THE HEAVENS ABOVE THE GREAT PYRAMID. AT ITS EPOCH 

OF FOUNDATION AT MIDNIGHT OF AUTUMNAL EQUINOX 

2 I 70 B.C. 

CL ORACONIS ON MERIDIAN BELOW POLE AT ENTRANCE PASSAGE ANGLE; 

AND PLEIADES ON MERIDIAN ABOVE POLE IN 0?R.A., 

OR COINCIDENT LY WITH VERNAL EQUINOX. 



48 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



PLATE XXI 




The above illustration shows the Reverse side of the "Great Seal" of the U. S. ; 
it shows a pyramid unfinished. In the zenith an eye in a triangle, surrounded with 
a glory, proper; over the eye these words, "Annuit Coeptis," meaning God has 
favored the undertaking. On the base of the pyramid the numerical letters 
MDCCLXXVI., (1776) and underneath the following motto: "Novus Ordo 
Seclorum," meaning the beginning of a new series of ages. 

The pyramid signifies strength and duration; the eye over it and the motto 
alludes to the many and signal interpositions of Providence in favor of the American 
cause. The date underneath is that of the Declaration of Independence; and the 
words under it signify the beginning of the new era/ (This side of the Great Seal 
is not used.) 




AS SEEN IN 822 AD. 



\~~ — 1 / 

By Caleph Al Mamoun and his followers, when forcing an entrance into the 
northern base of the Great Pyramid. See article in part first regarding the same. 



EGYPT 

Note. — Egypt was called Mizraim down to 1485 B. C. 

The first seat of political civilization is now conceded by most historians to 
have been in Egypt; the only difference being the date that it occurred, or the time 
that has elapsed since the political organization of men. 

A few of the authorities for the above statement are: "Champolion," discoverer 
of the "Key" to the "Hieroglyphics" on the "Rosetta Stone," which, with the 
aid of other history, indicate to him that "Isis," the first prominent ruler of men 
(see Ancient Masonry, this work), flourished 250,000 years B. C. The first ruler 
over all Egypt, by other authorities, was "Menes," the founder of the first thirty 
dynasties; the dates and authorities for the founder of "Memphis" (Menes) are: 
Bunsen, 3,643 B. C; Lepsius, 3,892; Poole, 2,717; and others varying some 1,000 
years more. The first epoch (for which we have written history) is the dynasty 
of the Pharaohs, commencing with Mizraim, son of Ham, second son of Noah, 
2,188 B. C, to the conquest of Cambyses, 525 B. C; second epoch, to the death of 
"Alexander the Great," and establishment of the Ptolemies, 323 B. C; third epoch 
to the death of "Cleopatra," and the subjugation by the Romans. 30 B. C. 



Rulers. 



Genealogy, History, etc. 



Reign. 



Time. Yrs 



Isis (conjectured). 



Menes. . . 
Mizraim . 



Busiris ...... 

Osymandyas . 



(Shepherd Kings). 



Amenophis I 

Rameses III., or Sesostris.. 



Amenophis II 

Egyptus 

Thuoris 

Pseusennes (Shishak) 

Petubastes 

Saites. 

Bocchoris 

Sebaeon. 

The Dodekarchy (12 rulers) 

Psammetichus 

Necho 



Apries 

Nebuchadnezzar . 



Cambyses 

Xerxes . 

Inarus ' 

Amyrtaeus 

Orchus. 

Alexander the Great 

Ptolemy I., Lagus 

Ptolemy II . Philadelphus. 
Ptolemy III., Euergetes... 
Ptolemy IV., Philopator. . 
Ptolemy V., Epiphanes . . . 
Ptolemy VI., Philometor.. 
Ptolemy VII., Euergetes. . 



Ptolemy VIII. 

Cleopatra . . . 

Alexander I . . . 

Ptolemy VIII. 



Soter II., and 



Builder of "Memphis," 250,000 B. C. 

Building of the original "Cheops," 

conjectured, 150,000 to 25,000 B.-C. 

First dynasty, conjectured, 3643 or 

Builds Memphis, (Blair) 

Egypt divided into four kingdoms, 
viz: "Egypt proper, Upper Egypt, 
Lower Egypt, and Memphis" 

Builds "Thebes," (Usher) 

First warlike king; conquers Bac- 
tria, Asia. (Usher, Lenglet) 

Phoenicians invade "Lower Egypt," 
and hold -it from 

Acknowledged king of all Egypt .... 

King; conquers many countries, 
builds walls and pyramids 

Drowned in "Red Sea" with army. . 

Egypt, changes name from Mizraim 

Reigns, "the Proteus of the Greeks." 

Enters Palestine, ravishes Judea. . . . 

Of the Tanite Kings 

Dynasty of. (Blair) 

Roasted alive by "Sebaeon" 

Ethiopian, subdues Bocchoris 

Expelled by "Psammetichus" 

He invests Azoth; it holds out 19 y'rs, 

Begins a canal, between the Arabian 
Gulf and Mediterranean Sea 

Deposed by Nebuchadnezzar 

Of Babylon. The line of the Pha- 
raoh's ends 

An excessive, cruel tyrant 

Also king of Persia 

Incited a revolt. (Blair) 

Proclaimed King. (Lenglet) 

Also King of Persia 

Conquers Egypt, founds Alexandria 

Soter, re-establishes the monarchv 

(With his father) 

King, reigns 

Defeats Antiochus, King of Syria .... 

Sends an Embassy to Rome 

His Queen marries his brother 

Murders his brother's child; driven 
from his throne for his many cru- 
elties in 130; regains throne, 128. 

Son and mother, rule 

Ptolemy VIII. deposed 

Son of Cleopatra, restored 



B. C. 



2717- 
2188- 



2126- 

2111- 

2080- 
1821- 
1618- 

1492- 
1491- 
1189- 
971- 
825- 
781- 
760- 
737- 
650- 
647- 

610- 
601- 

591- 

526- 
487- 
465- 
414- 
350- 
332- 
323- 
285- 
247- 
222- 
205- 
181- 



-2126 
-2111 

-2080 

-1821 



-1492 
-1491 
-1485 

-825 
-781 
-760 
-737 
-650 
-647 
-610 

-601 
-591 

-526 

-487 
-465 
-463 
-350 
-332 
-323 
-285 
-247 
-222 
-205 
-181 
-146 



146—117 



117- 

107- 

89- 



-107 

-89 

-81 



62 
15 

31 

259 



126 
1 
6 

146 
44 
21 

23 

87 

3 

37 

9 
10 

65 
39 
22 

2 
64 
18 

9 
38 
38 
25 
17 
24 
35 



29 

10 

18 



50 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



EG ¥PT— Continued. 




Alexander II. and Cleopatra I 

Ptolemy IX., Auletes 

Berenice and Tryhoena 

Ptolemy IX., Auletes 

Ptolemy and Cleopatra II... 
Cleopatra II 

Octavius, Caesar 

Chosroes II 

Amrou 

(Conquest of the Turks). . 

(Mamelukes rule) 

Selim I 

(Turkish rulers) 

Bonaparte 

(Turkish rulers) 

Mehemet Ali Pacha 

Ibrahim 

Abbas 

Said 

Ismail 

Mohammed Tewfik 

Abbas II , Hilmi 



Rule jointly 

Deposed ............-••• 

Rule 3 years and fly t&e throne. . . . 

Restored 

Brother and sister ... 

Poisons her brother, rules alone. 
She and Mark Antony kill them- 
selves 

Enters Egypt, the Empire becomes 

a Roman province 

"See Rulers of Rome" 

Of Persia, conquers Egypt 

Of the Saracens, invades Egypt 
"See Saracens, rulers of Rome." 

Turkish rulers 

Their government established, 1250 

Emperor of the Turks 

conquer Egypt. "See Turkey.', 

Napoleon I. of the French holds the 
country for 11 years 

The British restore Egypt to Tur- 
key in 1801. 

Khedive, hereditary Viceroy 

(Adopted.) Son of Mehemet 

Son of Ibrahim, Khedive 

Brother of Abbas. Khedive 

Nephew of Said. Khedive 

Son of Ismail, Khedive 

Son of Said 



EGYPT 51 



(Sec. i.) EGYPT (in Greek, Aiguptos; in Hebrew 
Misr or Misraim ; in the language of the country in hierogly- 
phics, Kemi — which signifies the black land; and by the 
Arabs of the present day called Misr) , a country in the 
northeastern part of Africa. Egypt was conquered by the 
Turks in 151 7. The Viceroyalty was made hereditary in 
1841. The Sultan granted to the Khedive the rights of 
concluding treaties with foreign powers and of maintaining 
armies June 8, 1873. The annual tribute paid to Turkey is 
about $3,000,000. Egypt proper extends from the Medi- 
terranean Sea south to lat. 22 ° N., and from the latter 
region, known as the Egyptian Soudan, is governed by 
Egypt and Great Britain jointly. The eastern boundary 
is the Red Sea, and on the extreme northeast Syria. The 
western boundary runs northwest to Tripoli, and thence 
southeast to a point 200 miles west of Wady-Halfa. One- 
third of the Libyan Desert also belongs to Egypt. The 
area of Egypt is about 383,800 square miles. It extends 
about 675 miles north and south, and 500 miles east and 
west. Its population is about 10,500,000. 

TOPOGRAPHY. — In ancient as in modern times, 
Egypt was always divided into the Upper and the Lower, 
or the Southern and the Northern country; and at a 
very early period it was further subdivided into a num- 
ber of nomes, or departments, varying in different ages; 
42 was probably the usual number. A third great division, 
the Heptanomis, or seven nomes, preserved in modern 
"Middle Egypt" (Wustani), was introduced at the time of 
the geographer Ptolemy. Each nome or department 
had a separate local government. In the 5th century 
A. D., Egypt was divided into Augusta Prima and Secunda 
on the east, and ^gyptiaca on the west, Arcadia (the 
Heptanomis), Thebais Proxima as far as Panapolis, and 
Thebais Supra to Philae. Under the Mohammedans, the 
triple division into Misr el-Bahri (Lower Egypt), el-Wustani 
(Middle) and es-Said (Upper) has prevailed, but the number 



52 THE GEEAT PYEAMLD JEEZEH 



of subdivisions has varied; at present there are altogether 
thirteen provinces. Egypt is connected with Asia by the 
Isthmus of Suez, across which runs the great ship canal 
without locks now connecting the Mediterranean with the 
Red Sea ; running from Port Said on the former to Suez on 
the latter, a distance of 99 miles. According to Herodotus 
a large canal from the Red Sea to the Nile was constructed 
about 600 B. C. This canal, which seems never to have 
been of much use, was finally blocked up about 767 A. D. 
Napoleon I. had conceived the idea of making a ship canal 
across the Isthmus of Suez. In 1854, the French engineer, 
M. Ferdinand de Lesseps, obtained a concession for that 
purpose, and in 1858 was able to form a company for carry- 
ing on the work. Operations were begun on April 25, 1859, 
and on Nov. 17, 1869, the canal was opened; the total cost 
of construction was $102,750,000. There were 75 miles of 
actual excavation, the remaining 24 miles being through 
shallow lakes (Lakes Menzaleh, Lake Timsah, and Bittel 
Lakes), which usually had to be deepened. For about 
four-fifths of its length it was originally 327 ft. wide at the 
surface of the water, 72 feet at the bottom, and 26 feet deep ; 
for the remainder only 196 ft. wide at the top, the other 
dimensions being the same; but the increase of traffic led 
to its being widened and deepened several years ago. 
By an agreement signed Oct. 29, 1888, the canal was 
exempted from blockade, and vessels of all nations, whether 
armed or not, are to be allowed to pass through it in peace 
or war. During the year 1906, some 4000 ships passed 
through this canal, for which privilege the company 
received over $20,000,000. A canal was also constructed 
for bringing fresh water from the Nile at a point near Cairo. 
This canal reaches the salt water canal at Ismailia, and then 
runs almost parallel to the ship canal to Suez. It is almost 
40 ft. wide and 9 deep, and is used for navigation as well 
as for domestic purposes and irrigation. The land on 
both sides of the ship canal is to be retained by the com- 
pany for ninety -nine years. Navigation at night by the 



EGYPT 53 



aid of electric light began on March 1,1887, and has shorten- 
ed the time of passage by about one-half, viz., to about 
sixteen to twenty hours. Steamships are allowed to sail 
at a speed of five to six knots an hour along the canal. 
The inhabited portion of Egypt is mainly confined to the 
valley and delta of the Nile, which where widest does not 
exceed 120 miles, while in many parts of the valley it is only 
from 10 to 15 miles wide, and at the southern frontier of 
Egypt only two miles. West of the Nile are several oases. 
Two ranges of lofty mountains, the Arabian Hills on the 
east and the Libyan on the west, enclose this valley. The 
delta of the Nile is traversed by a network of primary and 
secondary channels, and is also intersected by numerous 
canals. Seven principal channels, or mouths, were us- 
ually recognized in ancient times, the names of which, 
going from east to west, were the Pelusiac mouth, the 
Tanitic, the Mendesian, the Phatnitic (Damietta), the 
Sebennytic, the Bolbitic (Rosetta), and the Canoptic. 
The Nile has a current running seaward at the rate of 
2 1-2 or 3 miles an hour, and the otream is always deep 
enough for navigation. The water becomes a reddish 
brown during the annual overflow; it is esteemed highly 
salubrious. Near the sea are Lakes Menzaleh, Mariut 
(Mareotis), and other extensive but shallow lagoons. 
The openings or lateral valleys of the hills confining the 
valley of the Nile are comparatively few, or, being little 
frequented, are not well known. Those on the east side 
are the Valley of the Wanderings (of the children of Israel) , 
leading from the neighborhood of Cairo to the head of the 
Gulf of the Suez, and that through which passes the road 
from Koptos to Kosseir on the Red Sea. A short distance 
west of the Nile and above the delta is the fertile valley 
of Fayoum, in the northwest and lowest part of which is the 
Birket-Kerun Lake or Birket-el-Kerun, fed by a canal or 
branch from the Nile. The level of the lake is now 130 
feet below that of the Mediterranean. This lake, formerly 
know T n as Lake Moeris, anciently covered a far larger area. 



54 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

and by means of sluices and other works was utilized for 
irrigation purposes. The deserts on the west bank of the 
Nile generally present to view plains of gravel or of fine 
drifting sand; on the east the scene is varied by rocks and 
mountains. 

CLIMATE. — The atmosphere in Egypt is extremely 
Clear and dry, the temperature regular and hot, though 
the heat is tempered during the daytime for seven or 
eight months of the year by the strong wind which blows 
from the north, and which enables sailing vessels to as- 
cend the river against the stream. The winter months 
are the most delightful of the year, the air being cool and 
balmy, and the ground covered with verdure; later, the 
ground becomes parched and dry, and in spring the suffoca- 
ting khamseen, or simoon, frequently blows into the Nile 
valley from the desert plains on each side of it, raising 
clouds of fine sand, and causing great annoyance, until the 
rising of the river again comes to bless the land. It rains 
but rarely, except near the seashore. At Memphis, the 
rain falls perhaps three or four times in the course of a year, 
and in Upper Egypt only once or twice, if at all; showers 
of hail sometimes reach the borders of Egypt, but the forma- 
tion of ice is very uncommon. Earthquakes are rare 
occurrences and so slight as to be seldom recorded (see 
article on earthquakes in another portion of this work), 
and thunder and lightning are neither frequent nor violent. 
Egypt is not remarkably healthy, especially in the delta — 
ophthalmia, diarrhoea, dysentery, and boils being some- 
what prevalent. But many invalids now winter in Egypt, 
especially in the neighborhood of Cairo, or higher up the 
river, where the air is dry and pure. 

THE NILE AND IRRIGATION.— The great his- 
toric river Nile, anciently called the Nilus, is 4,100 miles in 
length, and one of the few great rivers and second longest 
in the world. It is only exceeded by the Missouri and 
Mississippi (from its junction) which combined are 4,575 
miles long. It divides, at lat. 30 ° 15', just below the 



EGYPT 55 

first cataract, into two main streams, one entering the 
sea by the Rosetta mouth on the west, the other by the 
Damietta mouth on the east. These two streams carry 
the bulk of the Nile water to the Mediterranean, and en- 
close a large portion of the territory known as the delta, 
from its resemblance to the Greek letter A, and which 
owes its existence to the deposits of alluvial matter brought 
down by the stream. A most remarkable phenomenon 
connected with the Nile is its annual regular increase, 
rising from its periodical rains, which fall within the equa- 
torial regions and the Abyssianian mountains. As rain 
rarely falls in Egypt, the prosperity of the country entirely 
depends on this overflowing of the river. On the subsiding 
of the water the land is found to be covered with a brown 
slimy deposit, which so enriches the soil that with a suffici- 
ency of water it produces two crops a year, while beyond 
the limits of the inundation and irrigation there is no culti- 
vation whatever. The Nile begins to rise in June, and 
continues to increase until about the end of September, 
overflowing the lowlands along its course, the water being 
conveyed to the fields by artificial courses where natural 
channels fail. After remaining stationary for a short time, 
the river rises again still further, and subsequently begins 
to subside, showing a markedly lower level in January, 
February and March, and reaching its lowest in April, May, 
and early June. The overflow of the water is now to a great 
extent managed artificially by means of an extensive system 
of reservoirs and canals, so that after the river subsides it 
may be used as required. A certain proportion of the fields, 
after receiving the overflow and being sown, can ripen 
the crop without future moisture; but many others al- 
ways require artificial irrigation. Steam pumps are now 
largely used in Northern Egypt. Latterly the govern- 
ment has tried to make the farmer less and less directly 
dependent on the inundation, and the great barrage of 
the Nile below Cairo, the largest weir in the world, is 
one means to this end, a great barrage or dam at Assouan 
being another. 



56 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

The native methods of raising water for irrigation 
are chiefly by the sakieh, or water wheel, and the shadoof. 
The first consists of a horizontal wheel turned by one or two 
oxen, which sets in motion a vertical wheel, around which 
are hung a number of earthen jars, this wheel being sunk 
into a reservoir connected with the river. The jars thus 
scoop up the water and bring it to a trough on a level with 
the top. Into this trough each jar empties itself in succes- 
sion, and the water is conducted by an inclined channel 
into the cultivated ground adjoining, which may have been 
previously divided into compartments of i or 2 yards 
square by raising the mold into walls or ridges of 5 or 6 
inches in height. Into these compartments the cultivator 
forms an entrance for the water, by depressing a little space 
in the ridge or wall with the sole of his foot ; and this over- 
looking of the channels of irrigation, and the adjustment 
of the openings from one compartment to another with the 
foot, is continued until the cultivator is assured by the 
growth of the plants that each compartment is daily and 
duly supplied with its proper quantity of water. The 
second means of raising water, namely, the shadoof, con- 
sists of a leathern bucket slung at one end of a pole which 
has a weight at the other and sways up and down on a 
vertical support, a contrivance by which the cultivator is 
enabled to scoop up the water considerably below his feet 
and raise it with comparative ease to the mouth of a channel 
on a level with his breast. The latter mode of raising 
water is of great antiquity, and is depicted on the walls 
of the ancient tombs of Egypt, and also in the sculptures of 
Nineveh. A sufficient rise of the river (the rise varies at 
different points) is essential to secure the prosperity 
of the country; and as the water subsides the chaplet of 
buckets on the sakieh is lengthened, or several shadoofs, 
rising one above the other on the river banks, are re- 
quired. Should the Nile rise above the requisite height 
it may do great damage; while if it should not attain the 
ordinary height there is a deficiency of crops; but so re- 



EGYPT 57 

gular are the operations of nature that, with rare excep- 
tions, the inundations are nearly uniform. 

OASES. — The fertile spots peculiar to the deserts of 
Africa are found in Egypt along the hollow region of 
the Libyan Desert, parallel to the general direction of 
the valley of the Nile, and about 80 miles west of it. The 
Great Oasis, or El Wah (the oasis) el Khargeh, lies imme- 
diately west of the Thebaid, and has a length of 100 miles. 
About 50 miles west of the northern extremity of this oasis, 
lies the Wah el Dakhileh, 24 miles long and 10 miles broad. 
West by south from the Fayoum, the date groves of the 
Little Oasis, or Wah el Baharieh, display their usual verdure. 
In this fertile spot artesian wells are numerous, and some 
of ancient construction have been discovered which have 
depths exceeding 400 feet. On the road between this 
oasis and that of El Dakhileh, inclining to the west, occurs 
half-way the Wah el Farafrah, of small extent. West of 
the Fayoum, and about 200 miles from the Nile, lies the 
oasis of Siwah. The inhabitants of this secluded spot, 
though tributary to Egypt, are in language and manners 
wholly Libyan. The region of the oases terminates toward 
the north in the desert of the Natron lakes. 

ZOOLOGY. — Owing to the absence of forests in 
Egypt there are few wild animals, the principal species 
being the wolf, fox, jackal, hyena, the wild ass, and several 
kinds of antelope. The chief domestic animals are camels, 
horses, asses, horned cattle, and sheep. The hippopotamus 
is no longer found in Egypt, though it is met with in the 
Nile above the cataracts, and the crocodile has abandoned 
the lower part of the river, and is becoming rare even in 
Upper Egypt. Among the birds are three species of 
vultures (one of which is very large, individuals sometimes 
measuring 15 feet across the wings), eagles, falcons, hawks, 
buzzards, kites, crows, linnets, larks, sparrows and the 
beautiful hoopoe, which is regarded with superstitious 
reverence. Pigeons and various kinds of poultry are very 
abundant. The ostrich is found in the deserts. Among 



58 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

the reptiles are the cerastes and naja haje, both deadly 
poisonous. Fishes abound in the Nile and in the lakes, and 
furnish a common and favorite article of food. Water-fowl 
are plentiful and were anciently prepared and salted like 
fish. The sacred ibis is still a regular visitor during the 
inundation, and the pelican is found in the northern lagoons. 
Among the countless insects are the sacred beetle, the locust 
and mosquito. Many of the animals, birds and reptiles 
were held sacred by the people; whoever killed a sacred 
animal, an ibis or a hawk, was put to death. If a cat died 
a natural death every person in the house shaved his eye- 
brows; if a dog died, the whole body and head was shaved. 
The cats were buried at Bubastis, the dogs in the vaults 
of their own cities, field mice and hawks at Buto, the ibis 
at Hermopolis, and other animals where they were found ly- 
ing. Of all animals, the sacred calf Apis was the most 
revered. His chief temple was at Memphis. The females, 
being sacred to Isis, were thrown into the Nile, which was 
considered sacred, and the males were buried at Sakkara. 

BOTANY.— The few trees found in Egypt include 
the date palm, tamarisk, sycamore, Christ 's-Thorn, carob, 
and two species of acacia. Many trees have been planted in 
recent times, especially about Cairo, such as the lebbek (Al- 
bizzia Lebbek) and the eucalyptus. The papyrus plant, once 
so important, is now to be found only in one or two spots. 
Of it was manufactured a paper, which was supplied to all 
the ancient world. Boats, baskets, cords and shoes were 
also made of it. Wine was abundantly produced in an- 
cient Egypt, and the sculptures bear ample testimony to 
the extent to which the ancient Egyptians indulged in wine 
and beer or other intoxicating beverages. The vine is still 
cultivated, but little or no wine is made, as it can easily be 
imported. The following plants are sown immediately 
after the inundation begins to subside, and are harvested 
three or four months later: wheat, barley, beans, peas, 
lentils, vetches, lupins, clover, flax, lettuce, hemp, corian- 
der, poppies, tobacco, watermelons and cucumbers. The 



EGYPT 59 

following plants are raised in summer chiefly by artificial 
irrigation: durra, maize, onions, henna, sugarcane, cot- 
ton, coffee, indigo, and madder. Grapes are plentiful, 
and other fruits abound, of which the most common are 
dates, figs, pomegranates, apricots, peaches, oranges, 
lemons, citrons, bananas, mulberries, and olives. The 
lotus or water-lily is the chief species of flora found in 
Egypt. There is a high coarse grass called halfa and 
various kinds of reeds and canes. 

GEOLOGY AND MINEROLOGY.— Granite, lime- 
stone and sandstone are the principal rock formations 
found in Egypt. In the Nile Valley sandstone prevails, 
from the quarries of which most of the temples of Egypt 
have been built. At Syene, at the southern extremity 
of the country, granite predominates, and the quarries 
there have furnished chiefly the materials for the obelisks 
and colossal statues of Egypt. Over a great extent of 
the country the rocks are covered with moving sands, 
and in the lands bordering on the Nile by the alluvium 
deposited during the inundations which consists of an 
argillaceous earth or loam, more or less mixed with sand. 
This sedimentary deposit has no traces of stratification. 
Various other minerals in addition to those already mention- 
ed, and which were used in the ancient buildings, sculpture, 
vases, etc., include syenite, basalt, alabaster, breccia and 
porphyry. Among other valuable products were emeralds, 
gold from the mines in Upper Egypt, iron from the desert 
plains of Nubia, and natron from the lakes in the Oasis of 
Ammon, hence called sal ammoniac. Bitumen, salt and 
sulphur are also among the minerals of Egypt. 

INHABITANTS.— Of the inhabitants of Egypt those 
of the peasant class, or Fellahs, as they are called, are 
undoubtedly indigenous, and may be regarded as de- 
scendants of the ancient Egyptians. They have mostly 
embraced Mohammedanism. The Copts are the de- 
scendants of the ancient Egyptians who embrace and 
still cling to the Christian religion. Though compara- 



60 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

tively few in number (about 600,000), their education 
and useful talents enable them to hold a respectable 
position in society. The Fellahs are generally peasants 
and laborers; the Copts fill the posts of clerks, account- 
ants, etc. With these aboriginal inhabitants are mingled, 
in various proportions, Turks, Arabs (partly Bedouins), 
Armenians, Berbers, negroes and a considerable number of 
Europeans. The Turks hold many of the principal offices 
under the government. The great bulk of the people are 
Mohammedans, the Christians being only about 7 . 5 per 
cent. The Egyptians in the mass are quite illiterate, but 
under the supervision of the ministry of public instruction 
progress is being made. In 1902 there were about 10,000 
schools with 228,000 pupils. The language in general 
use is Arabic. 

The Fellahs, the most superior type of the Egyptian, 
are a fine race, handsome, of excellent physique, and 
courteous in their manners. In northern Egypt they 
are of a yellowish complexion, growing darker toward 
the south, until the hue becomes a deep bronze. Mr. 
Lane, the best authority upon the subject, speaks highly 
of their mental capacity and gives them credit for un- 
common quickness of apprehension and readiness of wit. 
They are highly religious, and are generally honest, cheerful, 
humane, and hospitable. But these are exceptions in a 
mixed population of Bedouins, negroes, Abyssinians, Jews 
and Europeans. The dominant population appears, from 
the language, and from the physical confirmation of the 
mummies, to have been of mixed origin, part Asiatic and 
part Nigritic; and there seems to have been an aboriginal 
race of copper color, with rather thin legs, large feet, 
high cheek bones, and large lips; both types are represented 
on the monuments. The statements of Greek writers that 
a system of castes prevailed in Egypt are erroneous. What 
they took for castes were really conditions of society, and 
the different classes not only intermarried, but even, as in 
the case of priests and soldiers, held both employments. 



EGYPT 61 

As in all bureaucracies, the sons often obtained the same 
employments as their fathers. The population must 
have been very large at the earliest period. It has been 
placed at 7,000,000 under the Pharaohs, distributed in 
1,800 towns, which had increased to 2,000 under Amasis 
(525 B. C), and upwards of 3,000 under the Ptolemies. 
In the reign of Nero it amounted to 7,800,000. The pop- 
ulation in 1844 was 2,500,000; in 1859, 5,125,000; in 1882, 
6,817,265, and in 1897, 9,734,405. The population in 
1906 is estimated at 10,500,000, which includes 41,000 
Greeks, 25,000 Italians, 20,000 British and 18,500 French. 
The chief towns of Egypt proper are Cairo, (population 
625,000) ; Alexandria (350,000) ; Damietta (47,000) ; Tantah 
(57,500); Assiut (42,000); Mansurah (34,000); Fayum 
(31,500); Damanhur (32,000); Zagazig (20,000); Rosetta 
(17,500); Port Said (18,500); Suez (12,500). 

GOVERNMENT.— The ancient government of Egypt 
was a monarchy, limited by strict laws and by the influence 
of powerful hereditary privileged classes of priests and 
soldiers. The priests were the ruling class. They were 
restricted to a single wife, and if polygamy was permitted to 
the rest of the people, it must have been very seldom prac- 
ticed. The marriage of brothers and sisters was permitted. 
The laws generally were wise and equitable, and appear to 
have been rigidly enforced. Murder was punished with 
death, adultery by bastinadoing the man and by cutting off 
the nose of the woman, forgery by cutting off the cul- 
prit's hands. Imprisonment for debt was not permitted, 
but a man could pledge to his creditors the mummies of 
his ancestors, and if he failed in his life-time to redeem 
them, he was himself deprived of burial. Women were 
treated with respect, and the laws and customs seem 
to have been so favorable to them that their conditions 
in Egypt were much higher than in any other nation of 
antiquity. The military force of Egypt was a species 
of hereditary militia, which formed one of the leading 
classes or castes, and in time of peace cultivated the 



62 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

land of which it held a large portion. The king's guards, 
some few thousands in number, formed the only standing 
army. The number of soldiers in the military caste is 
stated by Herodotus at 410,000, which probably included 
all the men of that class able to bear arms. It is not 
probable that the whole of them ever were or could have 
been brought into the field at once. Their arms were 
spears and swords, and they were protected by large shields. 

At the present day the government is in the hands 
of the viceroy or khedive, as supreme ruler, who pays 
an annual tribute of about $3,000,000 to Turkey and is 
assisted by a ministry formed on the model of those of 
western Europe. The capital is Cairo. The govern- 
ment is carried on under the supervision of Great Britain, 
the rebellion of Arabi Pasha in 1882 having been put down 
and the authority of the khedive restored by British troops. 
For some years previous to this, two controllers-general, 
appointed respectively by France and Britain, had exten- 
sive powers of control in the administration of the country. 
The British have initiated various reforms in the adminis- 
tration, such as the establishment of new native tribunals. 
The administration of justice is somewhat complicated, 
there being native tribunals, consular courts, mixed tribu- 
nals, and religious courts. The financial condition of 
Egypt is being slowly improved under British management. 
The Egyptian army is under the command of an English 
general, and officered partly by Englishmen and partly 
by Egyptians; its total strength is 18,100, while the English 
army of occupation, which, since the rebellion of 1882, 
has remained in Egypt, has a strength of 5,600. 

HISTORY.— The history of Egypt, prior to the 
beginning of the ancient empire 4000 B. C, is entirely 
mythical. The history divides itself into six great periods: 
(1) The Pharaohs or native kings; (2) the Persians; (3) the 
Ptolemies; (4) the Romans; (5) the Arabs; (6) the Turks. 

The main sources of its history under the Pharaohs 
are the Scriptures, the Greek writers Herodotus, Dio- 



EGYPT 63 

dorus, and Eratosthenes, some fragments of the writing 
of Manetho, an Egyptian priest in the 3rd century B. C. 
From the Scriptures we learn that the Hebrew patriarch, 
Abraham, went into Egypt with his family because of 
a famine that prevailed in Canaan. He found the coun- 
try ruled by a Pharaoh, the Egyptian term for king. 
The date of Abraham's visit, according to the chronology 
of the Hebrew text of the Bible, was 1920 B. C. ; accord- 
ing to the Septuagint, 2551; while Bunsen fixes it at 2876. 
Nearly two centuries later, Joseph, a descendant of Abra- 
ham, was sold into Egypt as a slave to the captain of the 
guards of another Pharaoh, whose prime minister or grand 
vizier the young Hebrew eventually became. Joseph's 
father, Jacob, and his family, to the number of 70, accom- 
panied, as Bunsen conjectures, by 1000 or 2000 dependents, 
followed their former kinsman into Egypt where they settled 
in a district* called the land of Goshen. There they re- 
mained until their numbers had multiplied into two or 
three millions, when under the lead of Moses they revolted 
and quitted Egypt to conquer Canaan. 

Menes was the first king of Egypt and was succeeded 
by 330 monarchs, of whom one, Nitocris, was a queen. 
None of them were distinguished, and none of them left 
any monuments worthy of note, except Moeris, the last 
of the 330, who constructed the artificial lake which bears 
his name. He was succeeded by Sesostris, who conquered 
Ethiopia and the greater part of Europe and Asia. His 
successors were Pheron, Proteus (who was contemporary 
with the Trojan war), Rhampsinitus, Cheops, Cephren, and 
Mycerinus. Mycerinus was succeeded by Asychis, and 
Asychis by Anysis, in whose reign Egypt was conquered 
by the Ethiopians, who held it for 50 years under King 
Sabacon. At the expiration of the half century, they 
voluntarily abandoned the country and retired to Ethiopia. 
The next king of Egypt was Sesthos, between whom and the 
first king, Menes, the priest told Herodotus, there had been 
341 generations, during a period of 11,340 years. Sesthos 



64 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

was succeeded by 12 kings, who reigned jointly, and togeth- 
er built the Labyrinth, which Herodotus thought surpassed 
all the works of the Greeks. After the lapse of some years., 
Psammetichus, one of the 12 kings, dethroned the others 
and made himself sole sovereign of Egypt. He was succeed- 
ed by Nechos, Psammis, and Apries, the last of whom 
Herodotus calls the most prosperous king that ever ruled 
over Egypt. But in the 25th year of his reign a rebellion 
broke out which was headed by Amasis. Apries was de- 
feated and put to death and Amasis became king. Amasis 
was succeeded by his son Psammenitus, at the very be- 
ginning of whose reign, 525 B. C, Egypt was invaded and 
conquered by the Persians under Cambyses. 

Cambyses treated Egypt with considerable moderation, 
but after an unsuccessful expedition against the Ethiopians, 
lost his reason, stabbed the bull Apis, and committed vari- 
ous atrocities. His successor, Darius I., governed Egypt 
with more prudence; but Xerxes I. and Artaxerxes I., had 
successively to reduce it to subjection, which they did in 
spite of assistance rendered to it by the Athenians. The 
27th dynasty of the Persians was followed by another Saite 
line, the 28th, who still held ground against the Persians; 
the 29th, Mendesian dynasty of Nepherches and Achoris, 
maintained a Greek alliance; and the 30th, Sebennytic, 
consisted of Nectanebes I., who successfully resisted 
Pharnabazus and Iphicrates; of Teos, who employed 
Agesilaus; and of Nectanebes II,, who fled into Ethiopia 
before the Persians (340 B. C). In 332 B. C, the Persians 
were driven out by Alexander the Great, with whom begins 
a new period, the Greco-Roman, in the history of the 
country. 

When Alexander's army occupied Memphis the 
numerous Greeks who had settled in Lower Egypt found 
themselves the ruling class. Egypt became at once a 
Greek kingdom, and Alexander showed his wisdom in 
the regulations by which he guarded the prejudices and 
religion of the Egyptians. He founded Alexandria as 



EGYPT 65 

the Greek capital, and this city became the great center 
of commerce and Greek civilization that it long continued 
to be. The court of the Ptolemies became the center of 
learning and philosophy; and Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
successful in external wars, built the Museum, founded the 
library of Alexandria, purchased the most valuable manu- 
scripts, engaged the most celebrated professors, and had 
the Septuagint translation made of the Hebrew Scriptures, 
and the Egyptian History of Manetho drawn up. His 
successor, Euergetes, pushed the southern limits of his 
empire to Axum. Philopator (221-204 B. C.) warred with 
Antiochus, persecuted the Jews, and encouraged learning. 
Epiphanes (204-180 B. C.) encountered repeated rebellions, 
and was succeeded by Philometor (180-145 B. C.) and 
Euergetes II. (145-116 B. C), by Soter II. and Cleopatra 
till 106 B. C, and by Alexander (89 B. C), under whom 
Thebes rebelled; then by Cleopatra Berenice, and Alexander 
II. (80 B. C), and Neos Dionysus (51 B. C), and finally 
by the celebrated Cleopatra. After the battle of Actium 
(31 B. C.) Egypt passed into the condition of a province 
of Rome, governed always by a Roman governor of the 
equestrian, not senatorial rank. The Egyptians had con- 
tinued building temples and covering them with hierogly- 
phics as of old ; but on the spread of Christianity the older 
religions lost their sway. Now arose in Alexandria the 
Christian catechetical school, which produced Clemens and 
Origen. Monasteries were built all over Egypt; Christian 
monks took the place of the pagan hermits and the Bible was 
translated into Coptic. 

On the division of the Great Roman empire (337 A. D.), 
in the time of Theodosius, into the Western and Eastern 
empires, Egypt became a province of the latter, and sank 
deeper and deeper into barbarism and weakness. It then 
became the prey of the Saracens, Amru, their general, 
under the Caliph Omar, taking Alexandria, the capital, by 
assault. This happened 640 A. D., when Heraclius was 
the emperor of the east. As a province of the caliphs, it 



66 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

was under the government of the celebrated Abbassides — 
Harun Al-Rsahid and Al-Mamon — and that of the heroic 
Sultan Saladin. The last dynasty was, however, over- 
thrown by the Mamelukes (1240), and under these formid- 
able despots the last shadow of former greatness and civili- 
zation disappeared. 

ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE.— The monuments 
and traces of a past civilization found in Egypt are of 
three periods, that of the "Great Pyramid Jeezeh," built 
by a previous race of people, those built in the times of 
the Pharaohs, and those built during the sway of the 
Greek and Roman rulers of the country. Although the 
temples of the three periods differ considerably in plan 
and other particulars, there is yet sound reason for be- 
lieving that those built under the Greeks and Romans 
were constructed after designs, as they certainly occupy 
the sites of Pharaonic temples still more ancient than 
any now existing; and they were, in fact, mere restora- 
tions of temples built by the earlier Pharaohs. 

The leading features of the now existing temples of 
the time of the Pharaohs are these: First, a gateway 
or pylon, flanked by two truncated pyramids. These 
occupy the entire width of the building, and form the 
entrance to a square court, surrounded by a portico sup- 
ported by a double or single row of columns. Cross- 
ing this court the visitor passes through a second pylon 
into the inner court, which was likewise surrounded either 
by columns or by piers, against which were figures of 
the king. Beyond this second court it would appear 
the public were not admitted, for the spaces before the 
front row of columns or piers facing the gateway are 
occupied by a dwarf wall, which effectually barred en- 
trance except at either one of three points where there 
were gates. This inner court led immediately into the 
largest of the temples called the Hall of Columns, the roof 
of which was always supported by columns representing a 
grove of papyrus. The center avenue was higher than 



EGYPT 67 

the rest of the hall, and consisted usually of 12 columns, 
the capitals being imitated from the full-blown expanded 
papyrus, while the columns which sustained the lower roof 
were in the form of a bud of the same plant. To the Hall 
of Columns succeeded a series of smaller chambers, the 
roofs of which were generally supported by six or four 
columns, imitating the bud of the papyrus, either as a 
single plant or as several bound together ; or else by square 
piers or columns with 8, 12 or 16 faces. These apartments 
frequently surrounded a dark chamber — the most sacred in 
the temple — the holy of holies. Whether the roof of the 
portico which surrounded the court was supported by piers 
or columns, the structural arrangement was always pre- 
cisely the same. There was first the pier or column, 
ordinarily made of several pieces of stone solidly united 
by mortar and wooden clamps; then came the architrave 
or frieze, of one block, stretching from column to column 
and lastly the blocks forming the cornice, concealing the 
ends of the roof stones which rested upon the architrave. 
The bulk of the column in proportion to the weight it had 
to sustain, was extremely ample; and the pressure being 
always perpendicular, these ancient structures have come 
down to us with their roofs sound, while arched buildings 
of much less antiquity have been entirely ruined by the 
lateral pressure which that mode of construction exerts 
on the walls. The Egyptian gate was peculiarly simple. 
The lintel was always of one stone, and the door-posts were, 
also very frequently of only one block, while each of the 
three portions had its appropriate decoration. Above the 
entrance was sculptured the winged globe or protecting 
divinity of entrances, with the names of the divinities to 
whom the temple was dedicated, and of the Pharaoh who 
built it. The door-posts also bore the name and title of 
the builder. The surface of each architectural feature was 
engraved with its particular ornament appropriately 
colored. 



68 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



The temples built during the reigns of the Greek and 
Roman rulers may be thus described: First, the propylon 
with its truncated pyramidal towers, which were some- 
times adorned with narrow flags on tall poles ; then a court 
surrounded on three sides with a colonade. At the extreme 
of the court, and facing the gateway, was an elevated 
portico of six columns in line, and three or four deep. The 
uninitiated obviously were not permitted to enter beyond 
the court, for the columns of the first row of the portico 
are invariably joined by a dwarf wall, the only opening 
being between the center inter columniation, to which were 
attached the valves of the gate. To the portico succeeded 
a series of small chambers, the roofs of which were supported 
by four or by two columns. The center chambers were 
lighted by small square openings in the roof, and those at the 
side by small openings in the walls; but in no example is 
there that kind of clereastory perforated with large openings 
that occurs in the Hall of Columns of the Pharaonic temples. 
Besides the foregoing characteristics, there is an elaborate 
form of capital, representing the papyrus in three stages of 
growth; in one capital, or sometimes a collection of lotus 
flowers, or the full-blown papyrus alone; but in no instance 
do we find the pier with the attached figure, nor the single 
bud of the papyrus, nor that form of column which repre- 
sents several buds of the plant joined together. The palm 
tree capital, however, belongs to both periods. 

Among the most remarkable structures erected by 
the ancient Egyptians are the great pyramids, the last 
thirty-seven of which were erected to serve both as monu- 
ments and as tombs. These are not to be confounded with 
the First Great Pyramid which was built for an entirely 
different purpose by a different race of people. (See 
further on.) Strong buildings containing one or more 
rooms were also erected as tombs, in which food and other 
articles were deposited for the use of the dead, the inner 
walls being embellished with inscriptions and representa- 
tions, and statues of the dead being also placed in the interi- 



EGYPT 69 

or. Tombs cut in the rock were also common. In con- 
nection with architecture shotild be mentioned the obelisks, 
the oldest known being erected by Usertesen I. Sphinxes, 
often forming avenues, were a common accessory of temples, 
the greatest being that known as the Sphnix, a colossal 
companion of the Great Pyramid Jeezeh. 

ANCIENT SCULPTURE.— In portrait sculpture the 
Egyptians attained extraordinary perfection at an early 
date, the skill with which they worked in hard stone, such 
as diorite and basalt, being surprising. Some of the early 
statues are of colossal size, but a higher type of art is shown 
in those of ordinary size, though a certain conventional 
treatment is always apparent. The most usual kind of 
mural sculpture, a kind peculiar to the Egyptians, is that 
known as hollow or sunk relief (cavo-rilievo). The general 
outline of the object intended to be represented is cut into 
the smooth surface of the stone, while at the same time the 
minor forms and rotundity are represented within the 
incised outline. By this contrivance the details of the 
sculptures are protected. Sometimes the outline is ex- 
cessively deep, at others the surface of the figures is alto- 
gether much lower than the general surface of the wall 
and in others the outline is but slightly incised with a corre- 
sponding flatness within. Wherever the Egyptians prac- 
ticed the true bas-relief the sculpture is almost invariably 
in very low relief. The back view of the human figure is 
never represented in the sculptures excepting in the case 
of an enemy, and then rarely; the figure is generally repre- 
sented in profile, and there are but few attempts at delinea- 
ting the front view of the foot or of the face; however, 
whether the face be represented in front or side view, a 
profile eye is never found. The figures of the kings in battle 
pieces, and of the landed proprietor in domestic scenes, 
are always on a much larger scale than the other actors in 
the piece. Statues and reliefs were always painted, and 
when wall painting is employed it is always as a substitute 
for sculpture. There is no proper perspective, and certain 



70 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

conventionalities of color are employed. The Egyptians 
are represented with red and yellow complexions, red ochre 
for the men and yellow for the women. The hair of the king 
is frequently painted blue, but that of ordinary men black. 
In representing the various nations with whom Egypt had 
intercourse, the artists seem to have endeavored to imitate 
the complexions peculiar to each. Ammon-Re, the chief 
divinity of Thebes, is always painted blue, and he is further 
distinguished by two high feathers which he wears in his 
cap. The inferior divinities are not uncommonly of the 
complexion of mortals. The sky or heavens are invariably 
indicated by a strip of blue coming downward at the lower 
side of each extremity, and occasionally having upon it a 
'row of five-pointed stars. Water, seas and rivers are repre- 
sented by zig-zag lines of a blue or green color. Mountains 
have a yellow color, with red spots upon it. Egyptian art 
was at its highest during the period between the dynasties 
four and six, and notwithstanding its defects it was superior 
to that of Nineveh and Babylon. 

ARCHAEOLOGY.— The attention of the world was 
drawn to Egypt as a rich field for scientific exploration in the 
early part of the 19th century. In 1799, M. Boussard, one 
of Napoleon's captains, found a large block of black granite 
in the trenches of Fort Julien near Rosetta; hence the Ro- 
setta stone. On this were the remains of three inscriptions 
in hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek characters. The stone 
was given to the British Museum by George III. 

Emanuel de Rouge, of France, was the first to translate 
whole Egyptian books and inscriptions. His influence was 
felt in France by such men as Mariette, Chabas, Deveria, 
Pierret, Maspero, and by Revillout, the great demotic 
scholar of France, and by Birch, Hincks, Lepage, and Renouf 
in England. The practical Archaeologists of the German 
school, notably Lepsius, Bunsen, and Brugsch, translated 
the texts in the Egyptian temples in their relation to history 
and religion. The German school has devoted itself more 
to grammars and philology, while the French school has 



EGYPT 71 

made history and archaeology its special study since Eman- 
uel de Rouge's death. To Auguste Mariette (Mariette 
Pasha) is due the discovery of the Serapeum of Memphis. 
He cleared the temples of Edfu, Karnak, Denderah and 
Abydos. He explored the Nile valley from Tanis to Napata, 
and his collection of antiquities was moved in 1889 to 
Jeezeh from Boulak. The museum there is famous. In 
1896, Col. G. E. Raum, of San Francisco, Cal., discovered 
the cap of the Sphnix at Jeezeh. which had been missing for 
centuries. After Mariette the work of excavation was 
carried on by Maspero, Grebaut, and De Morgan, the first 
who resumed his post as director-general of antiquities in 
1899. There is an archaeological mission in Cairo, founded 
in 1880 by Maspero, who placed at its head successively 
Lefebure, Grebaut, and Bouriant. Students go ever; 
to Egypt to excavate. The Egyptian Research Account 
under Petrie trains students as explorers. The Egyptian 
Exploration Fund was founded in 1883 by Sir Erasmus 
Wilson, Prof. R. Stuart Poole, and Miss Amelia B. Edwards, 
and its American branch at the close of that year by the 
Rev. Dr. William C. Winslow, of Boston, who had spent 
several months of archaeological research in Egypt and 
attended the removal of the obelisk in Alexandria for Cen- 
tral Park, Xew York. Edouard Xaville, of Geneva, was 
the first agent sent out. In 1883 he cleared the site of 
Pithom, near the land of Goshen. The work of Xaville, 
Griffith, Gardner and Newberry resulted in important 
discoveries at X'auceatis, Tanis, Bubastis, Tal pang, Ahnas, 
Denderah, Deir-el Bahari, and Telel-Amarna. 

RECENT DISCOVERIES— The last few years have 
seen wonderful discoveries in Egypt, for the tomb 
the kings at Abydos have been opened and the tr 
ures which have been found place us face to face with 
the beginnings of history. Among the remarkable finds 
were a carved slate slab showing King Xarmer smiting his 
enemy, an ebony table, a bar of gold, gold jewelry, includ- 
ing bracelets, and a royal scepter. The oldest group of 



72 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

jewelry in the world is undoubtedly the four bracelets of the 
queen of King Zer (4715 B.C.) which were discovered with 
a portion of the mummy in a hole in a wall. This is 2000 
years earlier than any other jewelry thus far identified. The 
bracelets show a wonderful perfection in the soldering of the 
gold. The bracelets show the turning point in the develop- 
ment of Egyptian art, the finest bracelets being formed of 
alternate plaques of gold and turquoise, each surmounted 
with a royal hawk. The turquoise plaques have a more arc- 
haic and lumpy form of hawk than do the gold pieces, and 
show that during a comparatively short period, little more 
than half a century, rapid crystallization in art took place, 
and at the end of his reign the forms are practically ident- 
ical with what continued for more than 4,000 years later. 
Dr. Flinders-Petrie considers that this is comparable to the 
sudden fixation of the final forms which is seen in Greek art, 
where an interval of only 40 years, between the time of the 
Persian war and the Parthenon, sufficed for the evolution 
from archaic work to the greatest perfection. Each 
of the royal tombs had two large tombstones, bearing the 
name of the king, and private tombs of all the court and dom- 
estics were placed around that of their royal master. They 
are nearly all built of brick, in most cases with a timber 
lining to the chamber sunk in the ground. They were 
originally roofed over with beams, matting and sand. They 
lie about a mile back from the Temple of Abydos and they 
were excavated by the Egyptian Exploration Fund. 

An American archaeologist, Theodore M. Davies, has 
made one of the most interesting discoveries of recent 
years in excavating the tomb of one of the Pharaohs of the 
1 8th dynasty, Thothmes IV. In this tomb was found the 
chariot in which Thothmes rode at Thebes. Like the other 
royal tombs, Thothmes' tomb consists of a gallery cut in 
the heart of the mountain. After sloping downward for a 
considerable distance it is interrupted by a deep square well, 
on one of the walls of which is a band of paintings. On the 
further side of the well the passage turns back, and finally 



EGYPT 73 

opens into a large chamber, at the extreme end of which is 
a magnificent sarcophagus of granite covered with texts 
from "The Book of the Dead." On either side are smaller 
chambers, the floor of one of which was found to be covered 
with mummified loins of beef, legs of mutton, and trussed 
ducks and geese, offerings made to the dead king. Clay 
seals with the name of Pharaoh had been attached to the 
doors of the chambers, and it is stated, these seals contain 
proof that the Egyptians of between 3,000 and 4,000 years 
ago had to some extent anticipated the invention of printing, 
the raised portions of the seals having been smeared with 
blue ink before being pressed on the clay. A great many 
of the objects in the tomb of Thothmes were found to be 
broken, and this was explained by a hieroglyphic inscription 
on one of the paintings which adorn the walls of the vestibule 
to the chamber in which the sarcophagus was found. This 
inscription states that the tomb was plundered by robbers, 
but that it had been restored as far as possible to its original 
condition by Hor-em-heb, the reigning Pharaoh. The floor 
was covered with vases, dishes, symbols of life, and other 
objects of blue faience. Unfortunately, nearly all of them 
had been wantonly broken, though in some cases the break- 
age had been repaired in the time of Hor-em-heb. Equally 
interesting is a piece of textile fabric into which the hiero- 
glyphic characters of different colors have been woven with 
such wonderful skill as to present the appearance of painting 
on linen. It is, however, of course, Pharaoh's chariot which 
is regarded as the great find. The body of it alone is pre- 
served, but in perfect condition. The wooden frame was 
first covered with papier mache made from papyrus, and 
this again with stucco, which had been carved, both inside 
and out, into scenes from the battles fought by the Pharaoh 
in Syria. The art is of a very high order, every detail being 
exquisitely finished and the faces of the Syrians being 
clearly portraits taken from captives at Thebes. The 
chariot is, in fact, one of the finest specimens of art that have 
come down to us from antiquity. Along with the chariot 



74 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

was found the leather gauntlet with which the king protected 
his hand and wrist when using the bows or reins. 

Recent excavations at Abydos have brought to light 
the royal tomb of Menes, of the first dynasty, in which was 
found a large globular vase of green glaze, with Menes' 
name inlaid in purple. Thus polychrome glazing is taken 
back thousands of years before it was previously known to 
exist. There are also several pieces of this age in the highest 
art of delicate ivory carving, especially the figure of an aged 
king, which for subtlety of character, stands in the first 
rank of such work, and is comparable to the finest work 
of Greece and Italy. This fresh connection illustrates 
the trade chronology of the period. A camel's head modeled 
in pottery takes back its relation to Egypt some 4,000 
years. Hitherto no trace of the camel appeared before 
Greek times. The ivory carving of a bear also extends the 
fauna of early Egvpt. 

CAIRO. 

(Sec. 2.) CAIRO (Arabic, ElKahira,''The Victorious," 
or Masr el Kahira), Egypt, capital of the country and largest 
city of Africa, situated on the east bank of the Nile, about 
seven miles above the point where it divides to form the 
two main branches of its delta. The town is built between 
the river -bank and the northwestern end of the hills known 
as Jebel Mokattam, on whose most advanced spur stands 
the citadel in a commanding position well above the rest 
of the city. During the last 46 years the town has lost much 
of its Oriental character, but the Arab quarters still present 
a maze of very narrow streets lined by curious buildings 
in endless variety of style. The houses are mostly built 
of yellow limestone, with flat roofs; and many of them have 
small gardens behind. In the more modern parts of the 
city the streets are broader, and many of them are lined by 
trees and lighted by gas. The European quarter, known as 
Ismailiyeh, forms the western part of the modern Cairo, and 
its center is the octagonal Ezbekiveh Garden (20 1-2 acres), 
with plants from many regions and with an artificial pond. 



CAIRO 75 

Here, too, are many cafes, concert halls and other similar 
buildings. Among the more notable buildings of the 
European quarter are the consulates, the opera-house, 
open in winter, the Italian summer theater, English and 
German churches, the ministerial offices and the barracks. 
The chief business street, known as Muski, runs east- 
southeastward from the neighborhood of tht Ezbekiveh 
and the Boulevard Mehemet Ali extends from about the 
same place southeastward to the citadel. Cairo has more 
than 500 mosques, (places of prayer, Mohammedan temples 
or houses of worship) but many of them are wholly or partly 
in ruins. The finest of all is the Sultan Hasan Mosque, a 
truly noble building with a lofty minaret. Others worthy of 
mention are that built in the 9th century by Ahmed ibn 
Tulun in imitation of the one at Mecca; the Hakim Mosque, 
dating from the beginning of the nth century; the Hosen 
Mosque of the son of Ali, Mohammed's son-in-law; the 
Sitti-Zeynab Mosque, named after a grandchild of the 
prophet; the Azhar Mosque, famous for its schools of theo- 
logy, which are attended by Mohammedans from all parts 
of the world; and the Alabaster Mosque of the citadel, 
with the tomb of Mehemet Ali, the finest of the modern 
mosques. The tombs in the burying grounds outside the 
city, many of them in the form of mosques, also deserve 
mention, especially those known as the tombs of the caliphs. 
The most important gate of the city is the Bab-en-Nasr, 
through which large numbers of pilgrims pass every year 
on their way to Mecca. The mosques contain valuable 
libraries, but the chief library of the city is the viceregal 
one, founded in 1870, and now containing about 60,000 
volumes, largely manuscript. The trade of Cairo is large 
and the bazaars and markets are numerous, there being 
special bazaars for gold and silver smiths, tapestry mer- 
chants, saddlers, armourers, shoemakers, etc. Beside the 
numerous Mohammedan places of worship, Cairo contains 
English, French, German, Coptic, and other churches and 
Jewish synagogues, and there are European schools and 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



hospitals. The Egyptian Institute, founded at Alexandria 
in 1859, is now located in Cairo. 

The suburb of Bulak, in the northwest of the .town, 
opposite the island of Bulak, forms the port of Cairo, and 
its narrow streets present a busy scene of Oriental life. 
The island of Bulak and the left bank of the Nile are reached 
by a great iron bridge, and there is also a railway and 
general traffic bridge below the island. To the southwest 
of the modern town and also on the Nile bank stands the 
suburb of old Cairo, or Masr-el-Atika. On the left bank of 
the river, almost directly opposite old Cairo, is the suburb 
of Jeezeh. It has government buildings, a zoological 
garden, etc., but its chief attraction is the great Egyptologi- 
cal museum formerly in Bulak, but removed here in 1889. 
From Jeezeh a road and a tramway leads southwestward 
to the famous group of pyramids, called the pyramids of 
Jeezeh. On the island of Roda, between Jeezeh and old 
Cairo, the celebrated Nilometer still stands. Cairo enjoys 
a very mild climate, and is in consequence visited in winter 
by many Europeans suffering from chest and lung ailments. 
Many of these stay at Helwan, a small place about 14 miles 
south-southeast of the town. Cairo is in railway communi- 
cation with Alexandria, Damietta, Suez, etc., and with 
Upper Egypt, and the fresh water canal connects it with 
Ismailia and Suez. In 1896 electric tramways were intro- 
duced in the most important streets. Cairo is the residence 
of the Khedive, the seat of a Coptic and a Greek orthodox 
patriarch, and it contains all the highest public offices of the 
country. El-Fostat, "tent", now Old Cairo, was founded 
by Amru, lieutenant of Caliph Omar, in 640 A. D. In 
969 when the Fatimite dynasty gained possession of the 
country, the new city to the north was founded. Saladin 
surrounded it with walls of stone and built a citadel. He 
also constructed a wooden aqueduct from the Nile to the 
citadel, a work afterwards replaced by the still existing 
aqueduct of stone. Cairo was taken by the French in 1798, 
and was occupied by the British in 1882, after the battle 



THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD 77 



of Teb-el-Kebir. Population (1907) 625,000, including 
Fellahin, Copts, Turks, Arabs, and other Orientals, besides 
about 25,000 foreigners from the chief European countries, 
especially Italy, Greece, France, Austria, England, and 
Germany. 

THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD. 

(Sec. 3.) A phrase that has been applied for ages to 
the seven historical monuments of the constructive skill 
and art of the antique world. They are: 

1. The Great Pyramid Jeezeh of Egypt, 
the most gigantic of the three pyramids near the village 
of Jeezeh, about eleven miles from the banks of the Nile, 
forming a line to the westward of the city of Cairo. Hero- 
dotus was informed by the priests of Memphis that the 
great pyramid was built by Cheops, king of Egypt, about 
900 B. C, or about 450 years before he visited that country; 
that the body of Cheops was placed in a room beneath the 
bottom of the pyramid; and that the chamber was surround- 
ed by a vault, to which the waters of the Nile were conveyed 
by a subterranean tunnel. Pliny and Diodorus Siculus 
agree in stating that 360,000 men were employed twenty 
years in erecting this pyramid; and in contrast with this 
vast labor Sir John Herschel, calculating the weight of the 
pyramid to be 12,760 million pounds of granite (3 times 
that of the stone in Plymouth Breakwater) at a medium 
height of 125 feet, adds that it could have been raised by 
the effort of about 630 chaldrons of coal, a quantity con- 
sumed in some foundries in a week. 

Herodotus states that 1,600 talents of silver were 
expended in providing the workmen with leeks, onions, and 
other food; and one great object of the Egyptian rulers in 
erecting this and other stupendous monuments was to 
prevent the evils of over-populousness by accustoming 
the lower orders to a spare diet and severe labor. It may 
here Ibe sufficient to state, that the pyramid consists of a 
series .of platforms, each smaller than the one on which 



78 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



it rests, and consequently presenting the appearance of 
steps, which diminish in length from the bottom to the 
top; and of these steps there are 203. The entrance is in 
the north face. Within are passages leading to chambers 
lined with granite; in one of which, the king's chamber, is a 
red granite sarcophagus in whch Cheops is supposed to have 
been entombed. This pyramid, the largest building in 
the world, has lost its apex and its casing. There is a second 
pyramid, retaining at its apex a portion of its casing, which 
is the tomb of Sensuphis. The third pyramid, the least 
ancient, was built by Mycerinus, according to Herodotus, 
and by Queen Nitocris, according to Manetho. The date 
of the pyramids is, according to the Newtonian chronology, 
between 1451 and 1153 B. C, or nearly 800 years after 
Abraham's visit to Egypt. It has been supposed by some, 
says Wilkinson, that from the pyramids not being mentioned 
in the Bible or Homer, they did not exist before the exodus, 
or in the time of the poet. The presence of the name of 
Rameses the Great (who preceded the Trojan war) suffici- 
ently answers the latter objection. The base of the great 
Pyramid has been often stated to equal that of the area 
of Lincoln's Inn Fields; but the fact is otherwise: the 
base of the pyramid measures in figures 764 feet on each 
side; whereas Lincoln's Inn Fields, although 821 feet on one 
side is only 625 1-2 feet on the other, so that the area of 
the pyramid is greater by many thousand square feet. 
(The above statement regarding the "First Great Wonder 
of the World," appears in many of our modern cyclopedias. 
The author desires to state that the above account is 
scarcely correct in a single particular, and only approximate- 
ly so in regard to its size. As this work is being published 
to particularly demonstrate the above mentioned Great 
Pyramid, the reader is asked to withhold his opinion until 
he has at least perused the closing chapter of this work.) 
2. Walls and Hanging Gardens of Babylon. 
Babylon derives its name from the Hebrew word 
signifying Babel, the confusion of tongues (Genesis XL, 1 to 
9) ; or from another expression signifying the court or city 



THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD 79 

of Belus. In Daniel IV. -2 7 , it is termed Babylon the Great ; 
and by Josephus (Antiq. VIII-VI-I) the Lady of the 
Kingdoms ; the glory of the whole earth. It was the metro- 
polis of the province of Babylon, and of the Babylonio- 
Chaldean Empire. Its foundations were laid with those of 
the Tower of Babel. Herodotus states that the walls of 
Babylon were sixty miles in circumference, built of large 
bricks, cemented with bitumen, and raised round the city in 
the form of a square, protected on the outside with a ditch 
lined with the same material. They were 87 feet thick 
and 350 feet high. According to Quintus Curtius, four 
horse chariots could pass each other on them. The city 
was entered by 25 gates on each side, of solid brass and 
strengthened by 250 towers. The palace of Nebuchadnez- 
zar was the most magnificent and stupendous work. Its 
outer wall embraced six miles. Within were two other 
embattled walls, besides a great tower. The hanging 
gardens were attributed by Diodorus to Cyrus, who con- 
structed them in compliance with the wish of his queen to 
possess elevated groves such as she had enjoyed on the 
hills around her native ecbatana; for Babylon was flat. 
To gratify this wish an artificial mountain was reared, 
400 feet on each side; while terraces, five in number, one 
above another, each containing four acres, rose to a height 
that overtopped the wall of the city some fifty feet, or about 
four hundred feet elevation. The ascent from terrace to 
terrace was by flights of steps; while the terraces them- 
selves were reared to their various stages, sustained by 
vast arches raised on other arches and on the top were 
flat stones closely cemented together with plaster of bitumen 
and that covered with sheets of lead upon which lay the 
mould of the garden where there were large trees, shrubs, 
and flowers, and various sorts of vegetables. Mr. Rich 
found upon the site a hollow pier, 60 feet square, lined with 
fine brick laid in bitumen and filled with earth ; this corres- 
ponds with Strabo's description of the hollow brick piers 
which supported the hanging gardens, and in which piers 
the large trees grew. 



80 THE GEEAT PYEAMLD JEEZEH 

3. The Gold and Ivory Statue of Jupiter by Phidias 

at Olympus. 
The masterpiece of Phidias, the greatest artist that 
ever lived, was executed by him for the people of Elis, and 
rivalled his celebrated statue of Minerva in the Parthenon. 
The Jupiter was set up in the temple of that deity at Olym- 
pia, near Elis, where the Olympic games were celebrated. 
The temple was 68 feet in height, 95 in width, and 230 in 
length. Pausanias describes the statue from personal 
observation, which Strabo corroborates. The god was 
formed of gold and ivory, 58 feet in height, seated on a 
throne, and almost touching the roof of the temple. Upon 
his head was an olive crown; in his right hand he bore a 
winged figure of Victory, also of gold and ivory, crowned 
and holding a wreath. In the god's left hand he bore a lofty 
sceptre surmounted with an eagle. His sandals and robe 
were of gold, the latter painted with animals and flowers, 
particularly lilies. The throne was formed of ivory and 
ebony, inlaid with gold, set with precious stones, and 
sculptured with graceful figures. The faces of the steps 
bore bas-reliefs of classic myths, and the footstool rested 
upon four couchant lions. In this work Phidias followed 
Homer's impersonation of the god: 

"He spoke, and awful bends his sable brows, 
Shakes his ambrosial curls, and gives the nod, 
The stamp of fate, and sanction of the god ; 
High Heaven with trembling the dread signal took, 
And all Olympus in the center shook." 

The heathen historians tell us that Phidias received for 
his skill the testimony of Jupiter himself; when the artist 
prayed the god would make known if he was satisfied, 
immediately the pavement of the temple was struck by 
lightning, and the spot was afterwards marked by a bronze 
vase. Crowds flocked to Elis to behold this wonder; and 
in Greece and Italy it was held as a calamity to die without 
seeing it. Nor was the admiration merely the superstition 
of the multitude; for a Roman senator, when looking at 
this Jupiter of ivory and gold, had his mind moved as 



THE SEVEN WONDEES OF THE WORLD 81 

though the god were present. The able restoration of this 
figure has been learnedly commented on by M. Quatremere 
de Quincy. 

The Doric temple in which this statue was placed 
was in the extreme length 369 feet, breadth 182 feet, as 
traced by Mr. Cockerell, from the foundation; many of the 
blocks of marble weigh nearly nine tons each and each of 
the two remaining capitals is computed to weigh more than 
twenty-one tons. These masses were raised 70 feet, and 
the flutings of the columns would contain a man in their 
hollow as in a niche. The pediments were sculptured with 
the wars of the Giants and the siege of Troy; upon the 
entablature stood a row of Atlantes, each 25 feet high, and 
supporting an upper entablature at 1 10 feet above the floor. 
The chest of one of these giants restored measured more than 
six feet. The nave of the temple was 18 feet higher and 2 
feet broader than the nave of St. Paul's Cathedral, in 
London. Of this splendid edifice the basement alone 
remains. 

4. The Temple of Diana of the Ephesians. 

At Ephesus (the modern Natolia), the capital of the 
twelve Ionian cities in Asia Minor, was built around the 
famous image of the goddess. This edifice was burned 
down on the night in which Alexander was born by an 
obscure person named Eratostratus, who thus sought 
to transmit his name to posterity. Alexander made an 
offer to rebuild the temple, provided he was allowed to 
inscribe his name on the front ; which the Ephesians refused. 
Aided, however, by the whole of Asia Minor, they erected 
a still more magnificent temple, which occupied them 
two hundred and twenty years. Pliny describes it as 
425 feet long by 225 broad, and supported by 127 columns, 
furnished by that number of kings, each column was of 
Parian marble 60 feet high, and weighed 150 tons, and 
was contributed by some prince; thirty of them were 
richly carved. Chersiphron was the architect. The altar 
was the work of Praxiteles. The famous sculptor, Scopas, 



82 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

is said to have chiselled one of the columns. Apelles 
contributed a splendid picture of Alexander the Great. 
The temple was built of cedar, cypress, and even gold; and 
within it were treasured offerings to the goddess, as paint- 
ings, statues, etc., the value of which almost exceed compu- 
tation. Nero is said to have despoiled the temple of much of 
these treasures ; but it continued to exist until it was burnt, 
356 B. C; again rebuilt and again burnt by the Goths, 
A. D. 262, during the reign of Gallienus, A. D. 254-268. 

Vitruvius considers this temple as the first edifice in 
which architecture was brought to perfection, and the first in 
which the Ionic order was employed. Soon after it was 
rebuilt with additional splendor. Its remains consist of 
several walls of immense blocks of marble, in the fronts of 
which are small perforations wherein were sunk the shanks 
of the brass and silver plates with which the walls were 
faced. Some of the vast porphyry columns of the front 
portico lie prostrate upon the site; others were taken by 
Constantine to build his new city at Constantinople. The 
heathen temple was also dilapidated to erect the Christian 
church of Santa Sophia, in which these columns again 
support an anti-Christian edifice. 

"But," says the Rev. Dr. Walsh, the traveller, "the 
most interesting circumstance of this building to me 
is, the great illustration it gives to the Acts of the Apostles. 
Here is the place where St. Paul excited the commotion 
among the silver and brass smiths who worked for the tem- 
ple ; and over the way was the theater, into which the people 
rushed, carrying with them Caius and Aristarchus, Paul's 
companions. Hence they had a full view of the front of 
the temple which they pointed out as that 'which all Asia 
worshipped'; and in their enthusiasm they cried out, 
'Great is Diana of the Ephesians to whom such a temple 
belongeth.' " 



THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD 83 

5. The Mausoleum, or Tomb of Mausolus, King of 

Caria. 
This king, the eldest of the three sons of Hecatomnus, 
the wealthiest of the Carian dynasty, died B. C. 353; when 
his widow and sister, Artemisia, erected to his memory, 
at Halicarnassus (now Budrun) a superb tomb, which, 
by its artistic celebrity, has given the name of mausoleum 
to tombs and sepulchres of stately character. The tomb 
of Mausolus was designed by Phiteus and Satyrus; it was 
nearly square in plan, 113 by 93 feet; around its base was 
a peristyle of 36 Doric columns, said to have been 60 feet 
high, while the superstructure rose in a pyramidal form 
to the height of 140 feet. To adorn its sides with sculpture, 
Artemisia employed Bryazis, Timotheus, Leochares, Scopas, 
Praxiteles and Pythis. Artemisia died before the monu- 
ment was completed; when the artists are said to have 
finished the work for their own honor and the glory of art. 
Mr. Vaux, in his admirable work, "Handbook of Anti- 
quities in the British Museum" says, "Strabo in the first, 
Pausanias in the second, Gregory of Nazianzus in the fourth, 
Constantine Porphryogenitus in the tenth, and Eudosia 
in the eleventh centuries, respectively speak of it in terms 
which imply that it was still existing during those periods ; 
while Fontanus, the historian of the c iege of Rhodes, 
states that a German knight, named Henry Schelegelhott, 
constructed the citadel at Budrun out of the Mausoleum," 
and decorated its walls with the marbles and bas-reliefs. 
The existence of these marbles had long been known, when, 
in 1846, they were, through the exertions of Sir Stratford 
Canning, presented by the Turks to the British nation , and 
are now in the British Museum, which thus possesses 
fragments of two of the seven wonders of the world — the 
Mausoleum, and a fragment of the casing of the Great 
Pyramid of Egypt. That the bas-reliefs now in the Museum 
were inserted in the Budrun walls by the Knights of Rhodes, 
is proved by the escutcheons, Latin sentences, and the date 
1 5 10, as well as by an inscription on a shield borne by one 



84 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

of the figures. The marbles consist of n slabs, 64 feet 
11 inches long, sculptured with a battle between the Greeks 
and Amazons, Heracles, too, appearing among the com- 
batants. The sculptures in style considerably resemble 
the Choragic monument of Lysicrates at Athens. There 
were between the columns, statues of Parian marble; at 
each angle of the basement a portico, surmounted with a 
colossal equestrian statue; bas-reliefs on the terrace;; 
two octagonal towers on the second terrace, which was 
planted with cypresses, and from the third terrace, rose 
the crown of the pyramid, with a colossal group in marble 
of Phseton in his quadriga. When Anaxagoras saw this 
costly work he exclaimed, "How much money is changed 
into stone." 

The Mausoleum seems to have existed in the time of 
Strabo and from its description by Pliny has been modeled 
the steeple of St. George's church, Bloomsbury, London. 
6. The Pharos of Alexandria. 

So named from the island on which it stood, was sur- 
rounded by water (a watch tower or light house). It consist- 
ed of several stories of galleries of a prodigious height, with a 
lantern at the top continually burning. It was built by 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, King of Egypt, about 270 B. C, and 
the architect, as the inscription stated, was Sostratus 
Onidius. How long this structure stood is not very certain 
but was so famous that all light houses after it were called 
by the common name of Pharos. "The modern Pharos" 
according to Mr. Land, "is a poor successor to the ancient 
building erected by Sostratus Onidius, though from a dis- 
tance it has a rather imposing appearance. Several 
Arab historians mention the telescopic mirror of metal 
which was placed at the summit of the ancient Pharos. 
In this mirror, vessels might be discerned at sea at a very 
great distance. El Makreezee relates that part of the 
Pharos was thrown down by an earthquake in the year of 
the Flight (A. D. 793-4); that Ahmad Ibn-Tooloon sur- 
mounted it with a dome of wood and that an inscription 



THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD 85 

upon a plate of lead was found upon the northern side, 
buried in the earth, written in ancient Greek characters, 
every letter of which was a cubit in height and a span in 
breadth. This was perhaps the inscription placed by the 
original architect, and which, according to Strabo, was to 
this effect: "Sostratus Onidius, the son of Dexiphanes, 
to the protecting Gods for the sake of the mariners." 
It is also related by Es-Sooyootee, that the inhabitants of 
Alexandria likewise made use of the mirror above mentioned 
to burn the vessels of their enemies by directing it so as to 
reflect the concentrated rays of the sun upon them. The 
Ancient Pharos was 450 feet in height and its cost was 800 
talents, or $13,656,000. 

7. The Colossus of Rhodes. 
In the days of its prosperity, the Island of Rhodes is 
said to have been adorned with 300 statues and upward of 
100 colossal figures ; of the latter, there was one distinguished 
as "the Colossus of Rhodes." It was erected with the 
spoil which Demetrius left behind him when he raised the 
siege which he had so long carried on against the city. 
This famous colossus was erected at the port of Rhodes, 
300 B. C, and consecrated to the sun, tutelar deity of 
Rhodes. It was, according to Pliny, a work of Chares, of 
Lindus, one of the cities of Rhodes, a pupil of Lysippus; 
its height was seventy cubits (about 105 feet), the cost of 
its erection about 300 talents, silver (about $477,000) and 
the time consumed in it about 12 years. Fifty-six years 
after its completion (244 B. C.) this statue was thrown 
down by an earthquake, and in Pliny's time it was still 
lying on the ground, a wonder to behold. Few persons, he 
says could embrace the thumbs and the fingers were longer 
than the bodies of most statues ; through the fractures were 
seen huge cavities in the interior, in which immense stones 
had been placed to balance it while standing. Bigenaire 
and Du Choul, two antiquaries of the 16th century, imagina- 
tively describe the statue to have been placed across the 
harbor of Rhodes, with a stride of fifty feet from rock to 



80 THE GEE AT PYEAMID JEEZEII 

rock. Vessels passed under it in full sail, a lamp blazed 
in its right hand and an internal spiral staircase led to its 
summit and round its neck was suspended a glass in which 
ships might be discerned as far off as the coast of Egypt. 
After the overthrow of the Colossus, Greece and Egypt 
offered to contribute large sums to restore the figure, 
but the Rhodians declined, alleging that they were for- 
bidden by an oracle to do so and the fragments of the statue 
lay scattered on the ground until the Saracens became 
masters of the island — a period of nearly 900 years. In the 
year 655, an officer of the Caliph Othman collected the 
valuable materials and sold them to a Jewish merchant of 
Edessa, who is said to have laden 900 camels with the brass. 

THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

(Sec. 4.) Through the aid of a map or globe contain- 
ing the different grand divisions of the earth, any person can 
trace for themselves the different continents and islands, 
and note their relative positions to each other, also those 
who keep themselves posted on current events know that 
every now and then an island sinks into the sea, or a moun- 
tain subsides to the level of the valley in which it is located ; 
or, vice versa, an island or a mountain is thrown up on 
some portion of the earth, and we are led to remark, "it has 
come to stay." But it requires a little greater stretch of 
imagination to think and say that the North Pole has some 
day been the South Pole and that the east side has faced 
the setting sun at different intervals; or, still more wonder- 
ful to say, that such a continent was once an ocean, or such 
an ocean was once a continent. Yet evidence exists on 
the top of nearly every mountain, by the presence there of 
shells and fossil fish, that they once inhabited the bottom 
of the sea. It is not quite so clear, however, or susceptible 
of proof, that an ocean had once been a continent and the 
scene of even greater human activity than now exists on 
land elsewhere. This we believe nevertheless, and further 
on will state our reasons for such belief. 



PURPOSES OF OTHER PYRAMIDS 87 

For a change of polarity we offer as evidence the fact 
that fossils of the polar bear, walrus, etc., have been found 
at points near the equator, and in portions of both the 
north and south temperate zones. On the other hand, 
not only the fossils of tropical animals, but the entire 
carcass of the mastodon, elephant and camel have been 
found in the polar regions and adjacent territory. We 
have not time here or space to note even the principal 
discoveries of the different species, with day and date. 
During the summer of 1862, however, we assisted in the 
unearthing of a mastodon's tusk at or near Kincaid Flat, 
Tuolumne County, Cal., that measured over 14 feet in 
length, and over 10 inches in diameter at the root. At 
this place snow falls nearly every winter and the mercury 
goes down below the freezing point. Also note the tracks 
of the elephant on the floor of the yard of the state prison 
at Carson, in the State of Nevada, and then say, if you think 
that such, animals ever voluntarily inhabited such territory. 
Noted geologists estimate that it took over 40,000 years to 
form the mineral covering of the tracks of both human 
beings and animals in the Carson prison yard. While on this 
subject we note the fact that no fossils of animals or birds 
indigenous to any cold climate have ever been found within 
a radius of fifty miles of the Great Pyramid, and the stra- 
tums of rock and earth lay as originally formed, straight 
and level with the surface of the earth, thus proving that 
no general seismic disturbance or cataclysmal upturning 
of the earth has occurred there, at least, since the advent 
of man. An explanation for the cause of this phenomena 
will be given further on. 

While the Great Pyramid Jeezch is the theme to which 
we are directing your attention in this work, and as the 
clearness with which we shall herein describe it depends 
our success as a writer and thinker, we must first give you 
a condensed history of all the pyramids collectively; the 
better to be able to segregate the only one upon which we 
desire to rivet your attention. 



88 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

Some authorities assert that there are from fifty to 
one hundred pyramidal structures scattered throughout 
the length and breadth of Egypt, but as Professors Howard 
Vyse, John Taylor, and Piazzi Smyth state in their different 
writings that there are but thirty-eight, and a number of 
them are only so in name, we append the list (see next 
page), and feel confident that the statement will prove to be 
a correct one. After a study of over thirty years on this mys- 
terious subject, we are firmly convinced that there is but 
one perfect pyramidal structure now standing on the face 
of the earth, and that is what is now known as the "Great 
Pyramid Jeezeh"; the other 37 are mere imitations, not 
one of which has been built with a perfectly square base, 
nor do they stand facing the cardinal points of the compass ; 
further, no one of the last 37 pyramids has been built with 
any two of their sides sloping at the same angle. Neither 
has any one of them been constructed entirely of stone, 
but are filled in with both brick and earth. One thing 
may be depended upon, however, and that is, that the last 
37 pyramids were all built for one and the same purpose, 
viz. — to be the final resting place for the remains of the 
ruler (be they King, Queen, Emperor or Empress) that 
ruled over Egyptian territory at or about the dates as 
mentioned in the statement in table on next page. 

We shall use the names of the different pyramids 
in this work as chronicled by the principal writers on this 
subject, but at the same time hold to a belief within that 
their builders may have called them by any other name. 
You will notice in the preceding table that the first nine 
pyramids are named Jeezeh, and are known numerically; 
the name Jeezeh, as applied here, is derived from the village 
of that name (Jeezeh or Geezeh), located in the vicinity of 
Jeezeh Hill and within a few miles of the location of the 
first nine of the Egyptian pyramids. The same reasoning 
may be indulged in for those pyramids standing near 
Abooseir, Saccara, Dashoor and Biahmoo. 



ALL OTHER PYRAMIDS 



89 



TABLE OF THE PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT, all standing in the Libyan Des- 
ert, but bordering close on the Western side of the Nile Valley* 

All of which, are situated between 29°17' and 30° 4' N.Lat. and 31°1' to 31°50' E. Lon, 



Name of Pyramid. 



35.. 
36.. 



II 



Great Pyramid of Jeezeli 

Second Pyramid of Jeezeh. . . . 

Third Pyramid of Jeezeh 

Fourth Pyramid of Jeezeh 

Fifth Pyramid of Jeezeh 

Sixth Pyramid of Jeezeh 

Seventh Pyramid of Jeezeh. . . . 

Eighth Pyramid of Jeezeh 

Ninth Pyramid of Jeezeh 

So-called Pyramid of Aboo Ro- 
ash, a ruined commencement 
only, and never an actual Pyr- 
amid either in shape, mathe 
matics, or tombic use. 

Pyramid of Zowyat El Arrian . 

Pyramid of Reegah, with two 
successive slopes 

Northern Pyramid of Abooseir 

Middle Pyramid of Abooseir. . 

Great Pyramid of Abooseir 

Small Pyramid of Abooseir. . . 

Pyramid 1 at Saccara 

Pyramid 2 at Saccara 

Great Pyramid, or Pyramid 3 at 

FSaccara 

Pyramid 4 at Saccara. 

Pyramid 5 at Saccara 

Pyramid 6 at Saccara 

Pyramid 7 at Saccara. . . 

Pyramid 8 at Saccara 

Pyramid £ _«Saccara 

Pyramid base, or mere pyra- 
midal platform, of Mustabat 
el Pharaoon 

Northern Brick Pyramid of Da 
shoor 

Northern Stone Pyramid of Da- 
shoor 

Southern Stone Pyramid of Da 
shoor, with two successive 
slopes 

Small Pyramid of Dashoor 

Southern Brick Pyramid of Da- 
shoor <, 

Northern Pyramid of Lisht.... 

Southern Pyramid of Lisht. . . . 

The False Pyramid, or that of 
Meydoon, flat-topped and in 
steps; well built as mere ma- 
sonry,but not as a monument- 
alizationof angle, the casing- 
stones being inclined to the 
horizon 

Pyramid of Illahoon 

Pyramid of Howara 

Pyramid 1 of Biahmoo, with 

two successive slopes.... 

Pyramid 2 of Biahmoo, with 

two successive slopes. .. 



Ancient 
Vertical 
Height in 
English 
Inches. 



5,835.08 

5,451. 

2,616. 

1,562. 

1,250. 

1,700. 

1,562. 

1,562. 

1,328. 

(ruins 
about 

* 625.) 

* 860. 

1,328. 

2,031. 

2,056. 

2,734. 

564. 

* 781. 
1,875. 

2,405. 

* 781. 

* 547. 

* 937. 

* 469. 

* 1,094. 

* 859 

720. 

2,586. 
4,111. 

4,029. 

1,250. 
3,208. 

* 1,093. 

* 937 . 



J- 1,562. 



*1,718 
* 2,812 

937, 
937 



Ancient 

Base-side 

Length in 

English 

Inches. 



9,165, 
8,493, 
4,254, 
2,562, 
1,718, 
2,187, 
2,490 
2,180, 
1,953, 



4,875. 



2,109. 

1,562. 

3,281. 
3,281. 
4,375. 
1,094. 

1 2,650. 
2,578. 

4,875. 

t 2,890. 
1 2,812. 
1 3,375. 
t 2,187. 
1 3,437. 
13,360. 

3,750. 



4,002. 
7,500. 

7,187. 

1,875. 

4,062. 

t4,687. 
1 6,250. 

2,265. 



14,922. 
3,700. 

1,560. 
1,560. 



72 



Angle of Rise 

of the Faces 

to horizon, 

from 

Howard Vyse 



51° 51' 14" 
52° 20' 0" 
51° 00' 0" 

in steps 
52° 15' 0" 

in steps 
52° 10' 0" 
52° 10' 0" 
52° 10' 0" 



no casing. 



ruins only 
.'75° 20' 0" 
\ 50° 00' 0" 
51° 42' 35" 
51° (?) 
52 p (?) 
60° (?) 
rub'ish only 
52° (?) 
I 73° 30' 0" 
( in steps 
ruined 
ruined 
ruined 
ruined 
ruined 
ruined 

in steps 

51° 20' 25" 

43° 36' 11" 

(54° 14' 46" 
1 42° 59' 26" 

50° 11' 41" 

57° 20" 2" 

ruined 
ruined 



74° 10' 0" 



ruined 
ruined 

(63° 30' 0" 

(50° (?) 

I 63° 30' 0" 

{50° (?) 



Rude ap 
proxima» 
tion to th» 
absolute 
Date of 
Erection. 



Yr's B. C. 
2,170 
2,130 
2,130 
2,130 



2,100 



2,100 



2,050 
2,050 

2,050 



2,000 
1,950 



1.950 



1,900 
1,900 



1,850 



1,805 



Present height of ruins, about. 



t Prevent length of base line of ruins. 



90 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

Pyramid Number 2 is located about 600 feet (in a S. 
W. direction) from the southwest corner of the Great 
Pyramid and Pyramid Number 3 is situated about 2,300 
feet away from the Great Pyramid, in the same direction. 
The other Jeezeh pyramids are located still further away. 

All modern Egyptologists assert that the floor condi- 
tion of the King's Chamber in the Great Pyramid precludes 
the possibility that any stone sarcophagus could have ever 
been decently, and in order, established there. In the 
second and third Jeezeh Pyramids, on the contrary, the 
subterranean rooms were finished, floors and all, and sar- 
cophagi were introduced. Their architects, moreover, 
attempted to adorn those chambers with a large amount 
of complication, but it was only useless and confusing 
without any very sensible object; unless it was to allow a 
second king to make himself a burial chamber in the Pyra- 
mid cellar already occupied by a predecessor, and then it 
was bad. Gradually, therefore, as the researches of Col. 
Howard Vyse have shown , on the fourth , fifth , sixth , seventh , 
eighth and ninth Jeezeh Pyramids (all these being, more- 
over, very small ones) the native Egyptians exhibited their 
utter inability to imitate in any particular the parts of the 
Great Pyramid, except the one single, partly descending 
and partly horizontal passage, with a subterranean chamber 
at its further end. This chamber they furnished with a 
flat, smooth floor, in their own manner, and not in the 
Great Pyramid manner, using thereupon for burial purposes ; 
and that use they kept to, so long as they practiced their 
petty pyramid building at all (down to, perhaps, 1800 
B. C.) most religiously. 

(Sec. 5.) EARTHQUAKES AND CATACLYSMS.— 
As the disrupting of the surface of the earth by earthquakes 
and other causes have much to do with our theory regarding 
the reason for placing the Great Pyramid Jeezeh in its 
present location, and not somewhere else, we now proceed 
to discuss that subject. Before doing so, however, it might 
be well to define, or outline, our entire position. We have 



THE LAST CATACLYSM 91 

intimated in our "preface" that we believe and assert, 
that it was built by a race of people that preceded our 
race, with knowledge superior to that of any living human 
being today; but we have not intimated the purpose for 
which it was built, nor about when it was built. The last 
cataclysm of any importance, which sank the continent 
that connected Central and a portion of South America 
with the land that once occupied the surface of the Atlantic 
Ocean from the Equator to the Arctic Circle, occurred at 
least 50,000 years ago and the Great Pyramid Jeezeh 
was built at least 5,731 years previous to that date 
for the purpose of an "Initiatory Asylum" of the "Archi- 
tects, Builders and Masons ," who, in their day, ruled the 
world in every particular from the moral to the political 
and educational. As a consequence it became the depository 
of National Weights and Measures. To lead up to this 
"theory" we will first take up the "location" of the Pyramid. 
It is situated in the center, and at the same time at the 
border, of the sector-shaped land of Lower Egypt, in the 
geographical center of the whole world, and about 9 miles 
south of west of Cairo, the present capital of Egypt, on the 
west bank of the Nile river, in 29 ° 58' 51" N. lat. and 
31 ° io' 1" E. long. Theory for placing this remarkable 
structure there and not somewhere else is: That so long 
as the earth stands, does not disintegrate, or fall back into 
the sun (which it will do sometime in the next 10,000,000 
years) it will stand and answer every physical question 
that mathematicians can ask or mathematics can solve, 
and the builders of this phenomenal structure knew it when 
they placed it there and why ( ?) Because they had lived 
through and were the result of a civilization that had ex- 
tended back for thousands of years and had reached a state 
of enlightenment and civilization such as we are coming too, 
and may possibly reach, in the next 25,000 years; progres- 
sing at the same increased ratio that we have exhibited 
in the pasf fifty years. It is not strange that the principal 
writers who have investigated this remarkable stone build- 



92 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

ing should have concluded that the architects and builders 
were deified, placing the date of its erection when they did, 
in 2170 B. C, which was about the most primitive period 
that "sacred history" gives us any account of. For a 100,000 
years to have elapsed between the visit of Cain to the land 
of Nod, and Noah completing the Ark, was not dreamed 
of in their researches and we have lost the benefit of their 
most valuable scientific investigations from their dwarfed 
biblical interpretation. The scientist critic will smile and 
query as to what became of all this enlightened race (?) 
and where are the relics of their history? The answer is: 
That they and their history lie buried beneath five hundred 
feet of chalk at the bottom of the Atlantic and adjacent 
waters, with the single exception of the Great Pyramid and 
its monitor, the Sphinx, that stand as a sermon incorporated 
in stone to tell the story. 

The weakness of our imagination precludes any attempt 
on our part to paint a written picture of the intelligence 
of this ancient race of people, which (for the lack of a more 
appropriate name) we will call them the ' l A tlanteans. ' ' That 
they T had constructed other pyramids, castles and domes 
and spires, together with the building of great cities, 
we feel confident of. That they not only knew all that we 
now know, but that they successfully navigated the air, 
could temper copper harder than steel, knew the exact 
circumference of a circle, the distance to all the fixed planets, 
and could overcome gravitation. Further, that they had 
solved the social and political problems — they were all of 
one mind. 

They knew the north pole and the south pole as per- 
fectly as we know the equatorial region. With such know- 
ledge and ability, they naturally posted themselves upon 
all the geographical changes of the different continents and 
islands. They knew all it was possible for human beings 
to know about earthquakes, cataclysms, the procession 
of the equinoxes, etc. With such knowledge, they must 
have arrived at the conclusion that, as every portion of the 



THE LAST CATACLYSM 93 

earth above water had some day been beneath the waves, 
and that possibly every portion then covered by water, had 
at some previous time been dry land, the very wise men of 
those days came together and debated something after 
this manner: "Although we are now on dry land, and we 
and our fore-fathers have been for over 25,000 years, yet 
this land beneath our feet will again become the sea and 
that sea in time again become a continent although thous- 
ands of years may have to elapse to accomplish it. It is 
self evident that different races of people have preceded 
our race but they have left nothing behind them to last 
long enough for a new race created after them to come up 
and see and know. Let us not be so thoughtless." They 
further argued: "The principal land of the whole earth 
once surrounded the south pole, but that was over 750,000 
years ago, when it sank — leaving only a few thousand little 
islands scattered south of the equator, the principal con- 
tinents coming to the surface then, are those we are now 
enjoying; extending as they do from a few degrees south 
of the Equator northerly and easterly, reaching through 
the North temperate and frigid zones, and surrounding the 
North-pole. The central or pivotal point of which, is 
located (at this time) near the Tropic of Cancer, in 29 ° 58' 
51" N. Lat. and 31 ° io' 1" E. Lon.; and as a consequence 
is the center of all the land of the Earth, and will continue to 
be for the next 600,000 years; although portions of it will 
continue to rise and fall at intervals of from 13,000 to 26,000 
years, the central portion will not be perceptibly disturbed 
by any earth movement for over 600,000 years." (About 
500,000 years from 1907 A. D.) They therefore resolved to 
immediately visit that spot, and erect thereon one of their 
Initiatory Asylums and General Depositories of Weights 
and Measures; this they did, and it stands today, and is 
known to us as the Great Pyramid Jeezeh." 

SUBMERSIONS AND EMERSIONS OF THE 
EARTH DURING THE CARBONIFEROUS AGE AND 
OTHER PERIODS.— Referring to the cause of the appar- 



94 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

ent many submersions and emersions that parts of the earth 
(dry land) have undergone, geological changes, which cause 
is not absolutely certain, it has been supposed by some 
scientists, that the precession of the equinoxes and the 
motions of the earth's axis (or poles of the earth) caused a 
part of the waters of the globe to change places periodically 
about the surface of the earth (or once in about each 13,000 
years). Or at least this is the time required for the equi- 
noctial points of the earth to move half way around the 
ecliptic. (See cut "Change^ of the Seasons.") The latitude 
of places is said not to be changed or affected by the preces- 
sion of the equinoxes. Prof. Pepper in his "Playbook of 
Metals," says it is "stated that when Caesar invaded Britain, 
more than 1900 years ago, that the site of London was then 
in latitude 40 30', whereas now it is in latitude 51 ° 28'. " 
Mr. Pepper further states that "wines were formerly made 
of the grapes grown in the open fields of England, and that 
the remains of elephants are found in abundance in Siberia." 
To which we would say that it is pretty certain that the 
waters of the earth have moved about the globe, caused eith- 
er by the motion of the earth's axis or by the shortening 
and crimping of the earth's diameter from time to time, 
or by both of these causes ; for much of the dry land of the 
earth has been submerged periodically, or this operation 
occurred many times all through the period of the deposits 
of the carboniferous age — and it is very probable that it 
has taken place periodically during all time of the earth's 
existence, and it might have happened from the cause 
of the motion of the earth's axis during the carboniferous 
age, and from other causes since that time — or from the 
shortening of the earth's diameter from time to time during 
all ages — as there are few if any persons who can study 
the subject of Geology, especially the carboniferous period 
and formation, without coming strongly to the conclusion 
that much of the dry land of the earth has been submerged 
at many different times during the deposits occurring during 
said carboniferous age. The very regularity with which 



FORMATION OF THE COAL MEASURES 95 

the submergence occurred in many cases through that age 
and the coal measures, would indicate to some extent that 
the cause was invested in the motion of the earth's axis 
during that period of time. There is no doubt but parts 
of the dry lands of the globe have been submerged from 
time to time by the bending and partial doubling up of 
the earth's crust and strata — but we must confess that we 
see no chance for the apparent regularity of submersions 
and emersions to occur so regularly by the shortening of the 
earth's diameter — as there is or appears to be by the earth's 
axis motion process. This motion of the earth's axis is 
such that the north pole at this time appears to describe 
a circle about the northern heavens, which has a diameter 
of 47 across it, once in about each 26,000 years, which is 
about the same length of time that it takes the equinoxes 
to fall back 360 degrees by precession. These axis and 
precession motions may have affected the latitudes, of 
places and affected the submersions of dry land from time 
to time during the carboniferous and coal measure age and 
ceased to have such effects since that period. In many 
coal stratums there is very distinct pause — partings 
occurring every eighteen inches or two feet, or seldom, 
exceeding thirty inches without such a pause parting 
with more or less impurities in the seams between the layers 
of coal, which (layers) are generally from fifteen to twenty 
or twenty-four inches thick, or a little more or less, and 
these layers lying within the main coal bed (or beds) 
itself. 

It has been estimated that it requires about 40,000 
years to grow vegetation enough to constitute a stratum 
of coal four feet thick, but it appears to us that in a warm 
and somewhat moist or wet climate that enough vegetation 
(calamites) may grow up and fall down each year to com- 
pose a ton of coal to the acre in a coal stratum and this 
would give us a coal bed between two and three feet thick 
in about 5,000 years, but if the vegetable accumulations 
occurred at only about half this rate we would have such 



96 THE GREAT PYEAMlD JEEZEH 

a bed of coal in about 10,000 years. The deposits of coal 
(beds) are numerous in some coal fields and they are laid 
down, together with their coverings, tolerably regular in 
places, and appearing as though they had been produced 
or affected in their positions by some tolerably regular 
motion or movements of the earth. 

The carboniferous formation is from nothing to a few 
feet thick in places and from this ranging from hundreds 
of feet to 15,000 or 20,000 feet thick in other parts, which 
(20,000 feet) is possibly about one-third of the solid contents 
of the earth's crust, and most of this comprises a movable 
mixture of mud, sand, gravel, limestone, magnesia, clays, 
marls and some primary and secondary rocks and animal 
and vegetable matter. There is in this thickness in some 
parts about eighty stratums of coal of various thicknesses, 
each of which must have been covered up in its turn through 
the process of the submergence of the earth through probab- 
ly some of the causes named above. There are some reasons 
to suppose that the earth has not been free from submer- 
sions, or some other somewhat violent disturbance, long 
enough for vegetation sufficiently abundant to grow to 
form or compose a workable stratum of coal since the close 
of the carboniferous age. 

Much of the silurian strata appears to have been de- 
posited under water, as its layers are found tolerably even 
bedded in most places or where it has not been distvrbed 
by convulsions. But on rising and approaching the carbon- 
iferous formation we come in contact with great accumula- 
tions of movable matter or strata. It is in and through 
the period from the lower silurian to the top of the carboni- 
ferous or coal measures that much of this heavy sedimentary 
matter was deposited, and it appears to be during the latter 
part of this same time that the earth's crust commenced 
more forcibly to bend and yield to the heavy deposits of 
this matter that had accumulated on and about different 
parts of the earth's surface or in its seas and valleys. Prof. 
R. Mansill asserts : "since the inauguration of the coal meas- 



FORMATION OF THE COAL MEASURES 97 

ures and carboniferous formations the earth's crust has 
grown greatly thicker and denser and the waters have ac- 
cumulated about the valleys and the tropics, and it is the 
volatility and activity of these waters that maintains a higher 
temperature about the tropics than there is about the poles 
of the earth. The volatile expansive force of these waters 
absorbs currents of electricity from both poles of the earth 
and from the sun to support the expansion of these volatile 
waters with, which waters are converted into vapors, and 
this again chills the poles of the earth, and also increases 
the elevation of temperature about the tropics while it 
decreases it about the poles. The increase of a higher 
temperature about the tropics and a decrease of tempera- 
ture about the poles commenced with the increased thick- 
ness and increased density of the earth's crust; and this 
process will continue so long as the earth's crust continues to 
grow thicker and denser. Therefore the difference of 
temperature between the tropics and poles is a local or 
earthly cause and not (strictly) a solar cause at all. The 
idea of philosophers attributing so much potency to the sun 
by saying that that body radiates heat (so-called) and 
fills all solar space by spontaneous emission, and can raise 
a temperature about the earth's equator so high (80 to 90 
degrees of temperature) at a distance of 91,840,000 miles, 
but can not warm the earth's poles, which are only about 
6,000 miles from its tropics, is rather degrading, we think, 
to the present age of scientific philosophy." Or we may 
add: why does the snow not melt on the tops of the high 
mountains, even in the tropics ? See explanation in another 
part of this work. It appears to us that the inhabitants of 
some parts of this globe are in more danger from a sinking 
and crimping and submergence of the earth's crust, than 
from a burning up of the globe, which doubling of strata 
would still be apt to shorten the earth's diameter to some 
extent and back its ocean waters over valleys and low- 
lands, as it apparently has done from time to time since the 
commencement of the carboniferous period, and these 
7 



98 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

(submerging) periods have apparently been growing 
shorter and shorter between such convulsions since the 
close of the coal measures period. 

PERMANENCE OF CONTINENTAL AREAS.— 
Prof. Lyell, in his "Manual of Geology" speaks of the 
permanence of continental and oceanic areas as being 
somewhat permanent, or that the present configuration of 
the earth's surface has been pretty well maintained, or 
the present lands, mountains and oceans have gradually 
come into existence moderately and naturally through 
long periods of time, or without the whole mass being jum- 
bled and mixed up together so that they could not be classi- 
fied and divided into sections and recognizable divisions 
and ages, as they have been or as they are at this time. 
There is no doubt in our mind but the quantity of oxygen 
in the atmosphere surrounding the earth has always been 
limited during the time of the construction of the earth up 
to this date, and those elements, as previously stated, 
having the strongest absorbing power for oxygen would take 
possession of it and unite with it in about the same order 
as their uniting and absorbing forces take place with that 
element at this time — therefore, through the carboniferous 
age, carbon appeared to have the greatest absorbing power 
for oxygen, hence its very great prominence and influence 
throughout that long period of time. There is no doubt 
but some of the upper silurian, much of the devonian and 
carboniferous limestone formations, excepting those under 
and near to the coal measures, were contemporary in growth 
with much of the deposits of the lower coal -measures, as 
the juices from the decaying vegetation of the early coal 
epoch supplied the beaches with rich carbonaceous juices 
that generated the lower orders of animal types and life, 
and these juices and the low orders of this small animal 
life, or such as that which we find in and from the upper 
silurian to the coal measures, or such as the coccosteus, 
pterichthys, cephalaspis, holophychious, osteolepis, and a 



EARTHQUAKES 99 



few other species of the devonian and mountain limestone 
formations." 

EARTHQUAKES.— The regions that are at present 
comparatively free from sensible earthquakes are: Egypt, 
the eastern and southern portion of Africa, northern Europe 
and Asia, Australia, Easter Island, eastern portion of 
South America, Greenland, and northern portion of North 
America. The least vibrations, however, and the lightest 
are those experienced in and around Cairo, Egypt. Earth- 
quakes are recorded, however, as having occurred in Cairo, 
in 1301 A. D., also in 1856, and in 1874 A. D., but there is 
no record extant for the last 10,000 years that a single 
stone was disturbed, or an ounce of material displaced in 
or around the Great Pyramid Jeezeh; and this state of 
tranquility, we predict, will continue in that locality for 
500,000 years to come. 

THE EARTHQUAKE ZONE (so considered) around 
the earth is: Central America, the West Indies, the Azores, 
Italy, Syria, Persia, Afghanistan , Tibet, Japan and Hawaiian 
Islands. 

As the theory expreesed by Prof. David, of Sydney, 
regarding the inside formation of the earth, and his views 
on the cause of earthquakes, or some of them, so nearly 
coincide with our own, we with pleasure copy the following 
article from the San Francisco Daily Chronicle of September 
28, 1906: 

"It is my firm belief that the earth is composed in the 
manner of an egg, with three different homogeneous sub- 
stances. The outer, or the crust of the earth corresponds 
to the shell of the egg, then there is a softer, perhaps 
gelatinous substance which corresponds to the white of an 
egg, and in the center of the earth is still another which is 
like the yolk of an egg.' 1 These are the words of Professor 
T. W. Edgeworth David, of Sydney University, Australia, 
one of the world's great geologists, who is at the St. Francis. 
Professor David has just returned from attending the 
National Congress of Geologists at Mexico City. He has 



100 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

traveled around the world and read papers before the Royal 
Society in London. While there he came in contact with 
Professor Milne, one of the great earthquake experts, 
and was led to believe the new theory as expounded by 
Milne. 

SAYS PROOF IS EASY.— "The proof is easy and 
simple and the idea is a complete departure from former 
theories of the earth's interior," said Professor David, 
his eyes shining with excitement. "It has come to Milne 
as the result of life long experiments with earthquakes and 
motion of the earth. The proof is adduced from the lines 
of the seismograph during an earthquake shock which 
results in the destruction of buildings, that is, one of 
extraordinary violence. If the lines of the seismograph 
during such a shock are examined it will be found that they 
are divided into three sets of curves. The shock begins 
with very slight vibrations, suddenly these are increased 
to about twice the length without any gradual transition. 
After these have continued there comes another equally 
sharp increase in which the lines become about twice the 
length of those preceding. It is during the last period 
of the shock that buildings are wrecked. It is from the 
study of these lines that Milne has arrived at the theory 
which has astounded the scientific world." 

MILNE FATHER OF THEORY.— "Milne was the 
first man who saw the value of studying earthquakes, 
and brought scientific treatment to the subject. He notic- 
ed at once this similarity in all impressions of the siesmo- 
graph, and thought there must be some reason for the 
three sets of vibrations. Then he investigated. He found 
that the slight vibrations continue about 10 degrees from 
the center of the shock. Then the next set begins and 
continues about 120 degrees from the center of shock, 
then the third set start and are heaviest at that point direct- 
ly opposite the center of shock. 

"If the earth is represented by a circle drawn on a 
paper, and a point is marked as the center of shock, then 



EAETHQUAKES J 01 



if ten degrees are marked off along the circumference, it 
will be found that the distance from this arc to its chord 
is about thirty miles. In other words the crust is thirty 
miles thick. Then as soon as the vibrations get through 
the crust, they strike the white of the egg, and the first 
quick jump comes. It is found that the substance under 
the crust of the earth takes up about four -tenths of the dia- 
meter on each side, and the inside substance corresponds to 
the yolk of the egg. It is supposed that the substance 
immediately under the crust of the earth is softer than the 
crust, and that when the vibrations reach it, the crust 
rises and falls on it in much the same manner of a ship on 
the water. This accounts for the waves in the ground 
familiar when earthquake shocks are in progress. It seems 
to me beyond a doubt that the theory is a true one and will 
have a great effect on science, as it will revolutionize the 
theory of wave motion. The whole lecture, in which Milne 
expressed this great theory, took only about six minutes." 
We do not know Prof. Milne's theory beyond that as 
expressed above, so what we may add are our own crude 
ideas. Our ideas coincide with the Professor regarding the 
three different conditions inside of the crust of the earth, 
but he does not go far enough. We would compare the 
earth in shape to that of an average apple, being shortest 
the long way. With the earth, we believe the polar dia- 
meter to be at least 20 miles shorter that the equatorial 
diameter, and that this condition is caused by the fluid 
condition of the third, or yolk compartment, inside this 
flattened, egg shaped earth of ours. If the earth was 
solid to its center, no velocity given its perimeter would 
flatten it at the poles, and increase its equatorial diameter, 
as is the case with the earth today. Conceding this point, 
then of what does this inner fluid consist? We believe 
it consists of all the heavier metals — not only of those 
with which we are familiar but metals with such excessive 
specific gravity that they have never been thrown to the 
surface of the earth. We firmly believe that there is 



102 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

enough gold in a molten state, in the center of the earth 
that would make a globe the size of our satellite, the 
moon. A feather of proof to substantiate this theory is: 
that gold is found in greatest quantities at the extreme 
ends of continents; we believe it was thrown there in a 
molten state, during a cataclysm or sudden changing of 
the poles of the earth. Finding gold in large quantities 
elsewhere, is proof to us that the ends of continents have 
been in different positions, in past disturbances of this 
same character. In future polar changes, continents may 
be expected to change accordingly. 

Between 8,000 and 10,000 earthquakes have been 
chronicled by different publishers since the year 1606 A. D., 
as follows: "The Earthquake Catalogue" of the British 
Association, contains between 6,000 and 7,000 earthquakes 
that occurred from the year 1606 down to 1842 A. D.; the 
"Catalogue of Earthquakes" compiled by Perry, and pub- 
lished by the "Belgian Royal Academy" bring the list from 
1842 down to 1872; and from 1872 down to June 30, 1905, 
may be found in the different editions of the Statistician 
and Economist, published between the year 1876 and 1905. 

We believe that a surprise is in store for even the most 
careful student of seismology, in the following carefully 
prepared list of all important earthquakes that have 
occurred since the Christian Era to date. 

(Sec. 6.) EARTHQUAKES. — The following is a 
list of some of the principal earthquakes and volcanic 
eruptions that have occurred since the Christian era, with 
the loss of life, no account being taken of the property 
destroyed, which is variously estimated at from $100,000 to 
$10,000,000 for every 100 lives lost. Records exist of many 
convulsions of nature having occurred in the past, where 
millions of dollars worth of property have been destroyed 
and not a life sacrificed, viz., at New Madrid, Mo. r on Decem- 
ber 16, 1 8 1 1 , and continued with more or less vibration for 
54 days; portions of the country sunk, islands were formed 
in the Mississippi, and $20,000,000 would not cover the 
loss. 



EARTHQUAKES 103 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

17 — (A. D.) Ephesus and other cities over- 
turned Thousands 

63 — Pompeii Hundreds 

79 — (Aug. 24) Total destruction of Pompeii, 
Herculaneum and Stabiae (eruption of 

Vesuvius) 280,000 

105 — Four cities in Asia, 2 in Greece, and 2 in 

Galatia overturned Many thousands 

1 1 5 — Antioch destroyed 

126 — Nicomedia, Csesarea, and Nicea, dest'd. .Thousands 
157 — In Asia, Pontus, and Macedonia 150 cities 

and towns inj ured 

358 — Nicomedia again destroyed 

543 — Universal; felt over the whole earth 

557 — Constantinople, Turkey, over 15,000 

560 — In South Africa, many cities injured 

742 — In Syria, Palestine and Asia, over 500 towns 

destroyed (estimated) loss of life 400,000 

801 — Heavy loss of life in Fran., Ger. and Italy 

936 — Constantinople again overturned, all Greece 

shaken 

1089 — Severe throughout England 

1 1 14 — Severe at Antioch, many towns destroyed 

1 137 — Cantania, Sicily 15,000 

1 158 — In Syria, etc 20,000 

1 268 — Cilicia, Asia Minor 60,000 

1274 — Felt over England, Glastonbury destroyed 

1318 — (Nov. 14) In Eng., greatest known to date 

1456 — (Dec. 5.) At Naples 40,000 

1509 — (Sept. 14) At Constantinople Thousands 

1 53 1 — (Feb. 26) At Lisbon, 1500 houses buried, 

nearby towns engulfed, loss of life 30,000 

1580 — (April 6.) In London; part of St. Paul's 

and Temple churches fell 

1596 — (July 2) In Japan; several cities made 

ruins, loss of life over 10,000 



104 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

1626 — In Naples; 30 towns ruined, loss of life over 70,000 

1638 — (March 27) Awful at Calabria 

1647 — (May 13) Santiago, Chile : . 4,000 

1667 — (April 6) Ragusa ruined 5,000 

1667 — Also at Schamaki, lasted 3 mos 80,000 

1672 — (April 14) At Rimini over 15,000 

1690 — (Oct. 17) Severely felt in Dublin 

1692 — Total destruction of Port Royal, Jamaica, 

(June 7) houses engulfed 40 fathoms deep 3,000 
1693 — (Sept.) In Sicily, 54 cities and 300 villages 
overturned; in Cantaria, of 18,000 inhabi- 
tants, not a trace could be found; loss. . 100,000 

1703 — (Feb. 2) Aquila, Italy 5,000 

1703 — Jeddo, Japan ruined- • 200,000 

1706 — (Nov. 3) In the Abruzzi 15,000 

1 7 16 — (May and June) At Algiers 20,000 

1726 — (Sept. 1) Palermo, Sicily, Italy. - 6,000 

1 731 — (Nov. 30) Pekin, China * 95,000 

1732 — (Nov. 29) In Naples, Italy- ■ • 1,940 

1746 — (Oct. 28) Lima and Callao, Peru. ....... 18,000 

1 75 1 — (Nov. 21) Port-au-Prince, St. Domingo Thousands 
1752 — (July 29) Adrianople, European Turkey Thousands 

1754 — (Sept.) At Grand Cairo , . . 40,000 

1755 — (April) Quito, Ecuador, destroyed, over 30,000 
1755 — (June 7) Kaschan, N. Persia, destroyed -40,000 
1755 — (Nov. 1) Great earthquake at Lisbon, 
Portugal, (50,000) extending over 5,000 
miles, from the Madeira Islands to Scot- 
land. Total loss of life over 70,000 

1759 — (Oct. 30) In Syria; Baalbec destroyed. . 20,000 

1767 — (August) At Martinico, W. I. . 1,600 

1773 — (June 7) In Guatemala, great loss; 

Santiago, Chile swallowed up over ". 50,000 

1778 — (Julv 3) At Smyrna, Asia, very destructive 

1780 — At Tauris (15,000 houses destroyed) engulfs 45,000 



EABTHQUAKES 



105 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

1783 — (Feb. 5) Messina and many towns in Italy 

and Sicily destroyed; life loss Thousands 

Note. — The earth was not perfectly quiet from 
earthquake tremors, in Calabria, S. E. Italy, 
from 1783 — 1787, a period of four years, during 
which period thousands of lives were sacrificed, 
and millions of dollars of property destroyed. 



July 23) Erzengan, Armenia . 5,000 

Oct. 12) At St. Lucia, W. I. 900 

Sept. 30) At Borgo di San Sepolcro.. . . 1,000 
June) In Naples; and Torre del Greco, 

Italy, overwhelmed, over- 10,000 

Feb. 4) Quito, Ecuador; Cuzco, Peru, and 

Panama almost totally destroyed 41,000 

Sept. 26) At Constantinople, Turkey, de- 
stroyed the Royal Palace ; . . Hundreds 

July 26) At Frosolone, Naples- 6,000 

August 11) At the Azores; a town of St. 
Michael's sunk, and a lake of boiling water 

appeared in its place 

Dec. 16) San Juan Capristrano, Cal. . ... 50 

March 26) Caracas, Venezuela 12,000 

June 16) District of Kutch, India, sunk 2,000 

Throughout Italy, thousands perish 

Aug. 10 and 13 and Sept. 5) Aleppo, Syria 
Nov. 19) Coast of Chile permanently raised 
from 1 to 1 2 miles wide ................ 

1828 — (Feb. 2) Island of Ischia, severe 

182 9 — (Mar . 21) Murcia and other towns in Spain 
1830 — (May 26-27) Canton, China, and vicinity 
1835 — (Feb. 20) Concepcion, Chile, destroyed, over 

1835 — (April 29) Cosenza, Calabria; etc . 

1835 — (Oct. 12) Castiglione, Calabria. • '. . . 

1839 — (Jan. 11) Port Royal, Martinique- • 

1840 — (Feb. 14) At Ternate, total destruction Thousands 
1840 — (July 27) Mt. Ararat, Armenia .over 800 



1784— 
1788— 
1789— 
1794— 

1797— 

1800 — 

1805— 
1810— 



1811 — 
1812— 
1819— 
1819 
1822 — 
1822 — 



22,000 



28 

6,000 

6,000 

20,000 

1,000 

100 

700 



106 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED, 

1842 — (May 7) At Cape Haytien, St. Domingo 5,000 
1851— (Feb. 28 and March 7) At Rhodes and Macri 600 

1851 — (April 2) Valparaiso, Chile, 400 houses 

185 1— (Aug. 14) Mem, Italy 14,000 

l8 53 — ( Au g- 18) Thebes, Greece, nearly destroyed 

1854 — (April 16) St. Salvador, S. Am., destroyed 

1854 — (Dec. 23) Anasaca, Japan, and Samoda, 

Niphon, destroyed 

l8 55 — (Feb. 28) Broussa, Turkey, destroyed 

l8 55 — (Nov. 11) Jeddo, Japan, nearly destroyed 
1856 — (Mar. 2) Volcanic eruption on Great San- 
ger Island ". 3,000 

1856 — (Oct. 1 2) In the Mediterranean ; at Candia 

and Rhodes, etc. . . 750 

l8 57 — (Dec. 16) In Calabria,* Montemurro, and 

other towns of Naples 10,000 

(*From the year 1783 to 1857, a period of 
75 years, the Kingdom of Naples lost over 
111,000 inhabitants by earthquakes.) 

1858 — (Feb. 21) Corinth nearly destroyed 

1859 — (Mar. 22) At Quito, Ecuador 5,000 

l8 59 — (June 2 and July 17) At Ezeroum, Asia 

Minor, thousands perish 

i860 — (Mar. 20) At Mendoza, Argentine 7,000 

1861 — Mendoza, South America 12,000 

1862 — (Dec. 19) Guatemala; 150 buildings and 

1 4 churches ; some lives 

1863 — (April 22) Rhodes; 13 villages. 300 

1863— (July 2 and 3) Manila, P. I 1,000 

1865— (July 18) At Macchia, Bendinella, and 

Sicily; 200 houses and life loss 64 

1867 — (Feb. 4) Argostoli, Cephalonia 50 

1867 — (March 8 and 9) At Mitylene 1,000 

1867 — (June 10) Djocja, Java,; town destroyed 400 



EAKTHQUAKES 



107 



1868— 



1869- 
1870- 

1872- 



1872- 

l873- 
l873- 
1874- 
1874- 

1875- 

1875- 
i875- 

1877- 

1878- 
1879- 

1880- 

1880- 
1880- 
1881- 

1881- 

1881- 

1882- 



(Aug. 13-15) Areqtiipa, Iquique, Tacna, and 
Chencha, and many towns of Peru and 
Ecuador destroyed; loss $300,000,000 and 
30,000 rendered homeless; life loss 

Dec. 28) Santa Maura, Ionian Islands 

Oct. 9-15) In Calabria, several towns de- 
stroyed • ■ 

March 26-27) Inyo County, Cal., 1,000 
shocks in 3 days and 7,000 to April 4th, 
life loss 

Dec. 14-15) At Lehree, India 

Mar. 19) San Salvador, Cen. America. . 

June 29) At Feletto, Northern Italy, etc. 

July 22) At Azagra, Spain, land slip. . . . 
Antigua, etc., Guatemala; great life loss .... 

May 3-5) Kara Hissar, etc., Asia Minor 
great destruction of life . . • 

May 12) At Smyrna, Asia Minor, over 

May 16-18) At San Jose de Cucuta, etc., 
Colombia, South America 

May 9-10) Callao, Peru, and other towns 
destroyed by tidal wave, life loss slight. . 

April 14) Cua, Venezuela, nearly destroyed 

June 17) Cantania, Sicily, 5 villages de- 
stroyed ; loss of life slight 

July 4-24) Several killed in Switzerland, 
and Manila, P. T.; cathedral destroyed 

Sept. 13) At Valparaiso and Illapel, Chile 

Nov. 9) At Agram, Croatia, many lives . . 

Jan. 27 and Mar. 3) Much damage in 
Switzerland 

Mar. 4 and 15) Severe in S. Italy; at Cas- 
amicciola, Isle of Ischia 

April 3) Chios (now Scio) Greek Archipel- 
ago, and several other towns 

Mar. 13) In Costa Rica, thousands of lives 
lost ; very destructive 



25,000 

!7 



34 

500 

5° 

75 
200 



2,000 
14,000 

30c 

10 

3,000 
200 



114 

4,000 



108 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



YEAR - PLACE. PERSONS KILLED 

1882— (Sept. 7-10) Panama R. R. partly de- 
stroyed 

1883 — (June 14) During a severe shock of earth- 
quake, a mountain rose up to an elevation 

of 6,000 feet, near Chernowitz, Austria 

1883 — (June 15) On Ometepe Island, Nicaragua, 

volcanic outbreak ; over 500 

1883 — (July 28) At Casamicciola, Ischia; 1990 
known victims and estimated unknown 
loss of life 2,000 more; total 3,990 

1883 — (Aug. 27) Beginning at midnight, Aug. 26, 
on the Inland of Krakatoa, but simultane- 
ously extending to every island and por- 
tion of the sea for over 100 miles in either 
direction, 30 square miles of the island 
sank in less than three hours ; tidal waves 
reached as far as the Cape of Good Hope ; 
lowest estimate loss of life 50,000 

1883 — (Oct. 8) Eruption of Mt. Augustine on the 
Island of Chernaboura, Alaska; one half 
of the island and mountain sunk and in the 
vicinity a new island rose 

1883 — (Oct. 16) Anatolia, coast of Asia Minor, 
Ischesne, and 30 small towns devastated; 
30,000 destitute 1,000 

1884 — (May 19) Asiatic shore of Sea of Marmora, 

and Island of Kishm 220 

1884 — (Dec. 25) In Andelusia, Malaga 266 

1885— (Jan. 14) Beginning Dec. 26, 1884, in Al- 
hama, Grenada, South Spain, including 14 
other towns, with loss of 20,000 houses, 
value $100,000,000; life loss alone was. . 3,900 

1885 — (Feb. 28) In province of Grenada 690 

1885 — (April 20) In Java. .............:...... 500 

1885 — (May 13-31) At Strinagur, Cashmere, 7,000 

dwellings and life loss . , . 3,081 



EAETHQUAKES 109 



EAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

885 — (June 15-30) At Sopar, India 700 

885 — (July 31) In Asia Minor 350 

885 — (Aug. 2) In Vernoe and Tashkend, Cen- 
tral Asia 54 

885 — (Dec. 3-5) In villages of Algeria 30 

886 — Aug. 27) In Greece and Ionian Islands; 

Prygos destroyed ; life loss 1 ,300 

886 — (Aug. 31) Atlantic States, chiefly at 
Charleston, S. C, three-fourths of that 

city destroyed; 17 shocks, life loss 96 

887 — (Jan. 15) Long continued earthquake at 

Tokio, Japan 

887 — (Feb. 23) Severe shocks, extending from 
Milan, Italy, to Marseilles, France; there 
were 12 deaths on French territory and 

2,000 in Italy 2,012 

887 — (April 7-8) Mendez Nunez and San Fran- 
cisco, Cavite, P. I., terribly shaken; life 

loss 170 

887 — (May 5) In Hawaii 167 

887 — (June 10) Town in Turkistan destroyed 125 

887 — (Announced June 13) At Avernoe and 

Almatensky, Turkistan, nearly destroyed 140 

887 — (Dec. 4) Destruction of Bisignano and 
Cosenza, in Calabria, S. E. Italy; very 

destructive • • • • 25 

— (March) At Yunan, China 4,000 

— (July 15-18) Destruction of the peak Sho- 
Bandai-San, in Japan. This mountain had 
an altitude of 6,000 feet and 3 miles 
through its base ; but in less than 10 minu- 
tes over half of its cubic contents were 
scattered over an area of 27 square miles 400 

889 — (Jan. 11) Earthquake felt throughout the 

State of New York 

889 — (April 13 — 14) On Ishima Island, Japan 170 



110 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

1889 — (Sept. 8) Earthquake at Florence, Wis., 

damage $15 ,000 

7:890 — (Dec. 12) Village of Joana, Java 12 

1891 — (Jan. 15) At Gouraya and Villebourg, 

Algeria, villages nearly destroyed 4c 

1891 — (Same day) In Chihuahua, Mexico 15 

1 89 1 — (Aug. 18) Earthquake and cyclone de- 
vastate the Island of Martinique ; life loss 

1 89 1 — (Sept. 8-13) In San Salvador very violent 

1 89 1 — (Sept. 26) Shocks severe throughout the 
states of Mo., 111., Ky., Tenn., Ind. and la. 

1 89 1 — (Oct. 28) Very destructive earthquake on 
the Niphon Islands, Japan; 1,477 shocks 
followed within 3 days ; 166442 houses and 
bridges were destroyed ; property loss over 
$10,000,000; life loss 

1891 — (Dec. 18) Violent earthquake in Sicily . ., 

1892 — (Jan. 22) — Severe earthquake shocks in 
Rome, houses wrecked and lives lost in 
the Italian provinces 

1892 — (Jan. 27) Severe shocks experienced in 
New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasma- 
nia ; some loss of life 

1892 — (Feb. 17) Vesuvius (Vol.) again in activity 

fears of a new crater 

1892 — (July 30) Every building destroyed in San 

Cristobal, Mexico . 

1893 — (Jan. 13) Earthquake at sea causes a 
tidal wave that floods Paumoto group of 
islands near Tahiti ; loss of life over 

J893 — (Jan. 31) Zante, Greece, suffered greatly 
by earthquakes, from the close of January 
to April 21 ; while less than 100 lives (are 
quoted as) lost, thousands were rendered 
homeless, and over $3,000,000 is reported 
as the property loss 



EARTHQUAKES 



111 



PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

Feb. 13) At Quetta, Afghanistan, many 
injured; killed 2 

April 8) Two villages destroyed in Servia 
3,000 houses wrecked at Milattia, Asia 
Minor; the killed 130 

April 18) Earthquake and tidal wave at 
Zante, Greece; the ground opened 2 feet 
wide and sank 1 foot; every house ruined, 
200 persons injured; killed 30 

May 5) Mt. ^Etna active, repeated shocks 
throughout Italy, extending to the Isle of 
Man 

May 22) Shocks, with ground opening at 
Thebes, Greece ..-..• 

May 28) Shocks cause the jail to collapse 
and prisoners are crushed at Guayaquil, 
Ecuador • 

Aug. 11) Destructive shocks with loss of 
life at Mattinata, Italy; Vol. Stromboli in 
eruption; over 1,000 

Nov. 17) Terrible earthquake at Kuchan , 
Persia; 50,000 animals perish, human life 
loss over • • ■ 12 ,000 

Nov. 19) At Samark and Asiatic Russia, 
severe ; life loss over 1 ,000 

Nov. 27) At Montreal, Canada; great loss 
to property 

Mar. 17) Earthquakes on Isthmus of Te- 
huantepec, Mexico; very severe, and ex- 
tend to Europe and Asia; again on April 
6 doing much damage 

April 20) Earthquakes in Greece destroy 
1 1 towns ; the life loss over 300 

April 28) Earthquake destroys 6 cities in 
Venezuela, one-half the population killed, 
over 3 ,000 



112 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



YEAR - PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

1894— (July 10-15) Shocks at Constantinople, 
Turkey, and vicinity cause a property loss 

of $29,000,000; life loss over 1,000 

1894 — (July 27) Earthquakes destroy many houses 
in Servia and Bulgaria and a considerable 

number of lives 

1894— (Aug. 8) Severe throughout Sicily, killed 10 

1894 — (Oct. 16) Volcanic eruptions on Ambrym 

Island, New Hebrides ; life loss 60 

1894— (Oct. 21) Eruption of Mt. Galoongong, 
Java, causes the destruction of many 

villages • • 

1894 — (Oct. 22) At Sakata, Japan, 3,000 houses 

destroyed; life loss 360 

1894 — (Oct. 27) Earthquakes throughout the Ar- 
gentine Republic. City of San Juan al- 
most totally destroyed; 20,000 persons 

rendered homeless ; life loss 2,000 

1894 — (Nov. 7) Eruption of volcano followed by 
63 shocks covers the Island of Epi, New 

Hebrides, with ashes 

1894 — (Nov. 13) Ambrym, New Hebrides, nearly 

destroyed; life loss r 

1894— (Nov. 16) At Messina, Italy; killed 200 

1894— (Nov. 22) In the City of Mexico much 

property, and a life loss of ^ 

1894 — (Dec. 5) Continuous shocks since Nov. 27 
throughout Ecuador; many people killed 

and injured 

1894 — (Dec. 29-31) Throughout Italy much prop- 
erty destroyed . 

l8 95~ (Jan. 17) Earthquakes at Kushan, Persia, 
127 shocks, city completely levelled, 

thousands killed; over 10,000 

1895— (Feb. 5) Earthquake at Molde and Bergen 

Norway ; life loss n 



EAETHQUAKES 113 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

z g 9 5 — (Feb. 22) Destruction of Koutchat, Persia, 

life loss exceeded 10,000 

1895 — (April 3) At Tuscany, Italy; killed 27 

1895 — (April 30) Volcano Colima, in State of Co- 

lima, Mexico, becomes active 

1895 — (May 18) Severe shock in vicinity of Flor- 
ence, Italy ; great destruction 

1895 — (Aug. 1) At Krasnovodsk, Russia 120 

1895 — (Sept. 8) Earthquakes and volcanic erup- 
tions in vicinity of Metapan, Honduras; 
property loss $600,000; life loss 300 

1895 — (Sept. 18) Lava flow from Mt. Vesuvius, 

Italy, blocks the roads 

1895 — (Nov. 1) Violent shock damages much 

property in Rome, Italy 

1895 — (Dec. 3) Volcano Vesuvius in Italy, active 

1895 — (Dec. 26) Earthquakes in Samoa begin- 
ning on the 25th, at Tutuila, for 24 hours 
the shocks were incessant; at Fagolia Bay 
a submarine geyser was produced; no loss 
of life 

1895 — (Dec. 29) Many houses wrecked at Cic- 

ciano, Italy, several persons killed 

1896 — (Jan. 2) Earthquakes in Khalkhal Dis- 
trict, Persia; life loss over 1,100 

1896 — (Jan. 3) Volcano Kilauea, H. I., active; a 
burning lake over 200 feet square and 250 
feet deep formed in 6 hours 

1896 — (Feb. 12) Shock of great severity at Colon, 

Colombia 

1896 — (Mar. 2) Violent shock at Colima, Mexico; 

very destructive 

1896 — (April 20) Eruption of the Volcano Mauna 
Loa, Hawaii; the glow is seen 180 miles 
away 



114 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

1896 — (June 15) Earthquake and tidal wave on 
the Island of Yeddo, Japan; 9,616 houses 
destroyed, resultant wave felt in Hawaii; 
1,244 persons wounded; life loss -37,150 

1896 — (July 11) Volcanic eruption of Kilauea, 

Hawaii, after one and one-half years quiet . -. 

1896 — (July 13) Shock felt at Whitby, Ontario, 

lasting 20 seconds 

1896 — (July 26) Earthquake, causing tidal wave, 
devastates coast of Kiangsu province, 
China ; property loss millions, life loss over 4,000 

1896 — (Aug. 26) Earthquake in Northern Japan, 

wrecks 6,500 houses; life loss • . • • 3>5°o 

Recurring in the same section (on Aug. 31) 

1,000 houses overturned and a life loss of 120 

1896 — {Sept. 13) Severe shocks felt at Hilo, Ha- 
waii, the earth opened from the sea in- 
ward for half a mile 

1896 — (Oct. 4) Earthquakes in Iceland, ruin 150 

farms ; large numbers of live stock killed 

1897 — (Jan. 11) Earthquake on Kishm Island, 

largest in the Persian Gulf; life loss 2,500 

1897 — (Feb. 14) Destructive earthquake at Girau, 
Formosa, and throughout the island; 
injured 120; killed 56 

1897 — (Mar. 23) Severe shock at Montreal, Quebec ....... 

1897 — (April 23) Severe shocks lasting a week, 
in the Leeward Islands ; at Monserrat the 
killed exceeded 700 

1897 — (May 11) In S. Australia 90 shocks in 3 
days; much damage done at San Gabriel, 
Jalisco, Mexico 

1897 — (June 4) Eruption of Vesuvius, lava flow 
one and one-eighth miles wide, greatest 
since 1872 ..... 



EARTHQUAKES 115 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

1897 — (June 12) Earthquake in Assam and other 
provinces of India, lasted continuously 
over 5 minutes; life loss over. .......... 6,000 

1897 — (June 20) Shocks destroy every building in 
Tehuantepec, Mexico; 15,000 people 
ihomeless . . . 

1897 — (June 22) Eruption of Volcano Mayou, 

Albayo, P. I. ; life loss . , 120 

1897 — (Sept. 18) Severe shocks are felt in Turk- 

istan,- Asia, and throughout - Switzerland 

1897 — (Nov. 8) Eruption of Vesuvius; fearful 

-flow- 

1897— (Dec. 28) After a great fire in Port-au- 
Prince, Hayti, an earthquake followed 
leaving great fissures around the city 

1898 — (Jan. 13) Earthquake on Dutch Island of 

Amboyna, kills 6c 

1898 — (Mar. 28) Earthquake in New Hebrides 

Islands, cause many gaps in the earth 

1898 — (Aug. 7) Earthquake at sea, causing a 
tidal wave on Formosa Island, China Sea; 
2,073 houses destroyed, 995 damaged; 160 
persons wounded, and the killed number . 139 

1898 — (Sept. 10) Earthquake at sea, causing a 
tidal wave in St. Vincent and Barbados, 
W. I., destroys Bridgetown and Kingston, 
with a property loss of $1,000,000 and a 
life loss of 400 

1898 — (Sept. 23) Vesuvius eruption threatening ; 
3 lava streams descending equals 5 acres 
in area, 275 feet deep 

1898 — (Nov. 27) Earthquake in S. Austria, also 

in Greece; tidal wave at Triest; life loss 28 

1899 — (Jan. 21) Shock lasting 10 seconds in 

Jamaica, W. L, severest in years 



116 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



YEAR. 

1899- 



1899- 
1899- 

1899- 

1899- 
1899- 

1899- 
1899- 
1899- 
1900- 
1900- 
1900- 
1900- 



41 



1900- 



PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

Jan. 27) Earthquakes in Greece for 4 
days (continuous); 5 villages destroyed; 
many injured, deaths unknown 

Mar. 7) Terrible earthquake in the Nara 
Prefecture, Japan; killed 

April 18) Volcano Houongo active, 2 
towns destroyed; earthquakes in Argen- 
tine • •• 

May 17) 45 shocks in 5 hours on Island of 
Montserrat, Br. W. I.; houses and crops 
destroyed ; some lives lost 

July 14) Earthquake near Heme, West- 
phalia, entombs 60 miners 

Aug. 9) Tidal wave at Valparaiso, Chile; 
awful desolation; loss $1,000,000. Also 
violent shocks at Corte, Corsica 

Sept. 20) Earthquake at Aidin, Asia 
Minor; life loss exceeded 

Oct. 11) TownofAmhei, Island of Ceram 
destroyed; injured 500, life loss over. . . . 

Oct. 16) Volcano San Martin, near Cata- 
maco, Mexico, resumes activity 

Jan. 1 ) Earthquake in District of Achalk- 
alak, Russia, severe; life loss 

Feb. 1) Unusual severe shock at Abbots- 
ford, B. C 

Feb. 15) Earthquake of great severity at 
Lima, Peru; immense loss of property. . . 

Mar. 27) Eruption in Mt. Baker district, 
Washington; a hill thrown up 70 feet 
high in a valley and it changed the course 
of the Nooksack River; report heard 10 

miles away • • • • 

(April 12) Earthquake at Lindai, Japan, 
wrecks 70 houses 



1,500 



4,000 



800 



EARTHQUAKES 



117 



YEAR. 
1900 — 

1900 — 

1900 — 

1900 — 

1900 — 

1901 — 

1901 — 

1901 — 

1901 — 

1901 — 

1901 — 
1901 — 

1901 — 

1901 — 

1901 — 

1901 — 



PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

July 17) Eruption of Volcano Mt. Azuma, 
Japan, destroys several towns; life loss 
over 200 

Oct. 9) Shock of great severity at 
Kadiak, Alaska; loss of 1 life and much 
property 

Oct. 18) Earthquake and tidal wave, 
Island of Matapi, South Pacific, great loss 
of property 

Oct. 29) At Caracas, Venezuela, destroys 
much property ; life loss 15 

Oct. 31) At Jacksonville, Fla., 8 severe 
shocks 

Jan. 4) Heavy shocks of earthquake in 
Kans. and Mo. ; hundreds seek the streets 
in terror 

Feb. 14) Severe shock of earthquake at 
Union City, Tenn 

Feb. 20) Earthquake at Arica, Chile, in- 
habitants panic stricken 

Mar. 9) At Lima, Peru, houses cracked in 
every direction 

April 2) Shocks in S. E. Hungary cause 
the destruction of many houses 

April 14) Mt. Vesuvius again active 

April 24) Severe in Italy, the inhabitants 
panic stricken 

July 26) Heavy shocks over a large area 
of the State of Nevada 

Aug. 16) Earthquake causes the disap- 
pearance of a mountain 500 feet high in 
N. Japan 

Oct. 7) Earthquake causes a tidal wave 
on the Pacific side of Nicaragua; some 
damage 

Oct. 30) Severe shock felt in many Italian 
cities ; damage at Gallarate 



118 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



YEAR. 
I90I- 

I9OI- 

19OI- 



19OI: — 



I9OI- 
1902- 
1902- 

1902- 
1902- 

1902- 
1902- 

1902- 



PLACE. PERSONS KILLED/ 

Nov. 8) Severe shocks in Erzeroum, 
Asiatic Russia -: .. 

Nov. 13) Shock at Salt Lake City, Utah, 
lasts 30 seconds ; loss over $100,000 ...... ...... . 

Nov. 15) Terrible earthquakes visit Er- 
zeroum, Asiatic Russia, 50 in all, 10 very 
violent; 1,000 houses destroyed ; 1,500 
damaged; 15,000 homeless, the life loss. 130 

Nov. 17) At Cheviot, New Zealand, many 
people injured; property loss over 



iioo,ooo 



300 



1902- 



Dec. 15) Shock lasting 65 seconds visits 
Manila, P. I.; many injured. . , 

Jan. 16) Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico 
in ruins ; number killed 

Feb. 14) Shamaka, Russia, destroyed; 34 
villages in /the Transcaucasia suffer, 4,000 
houses destroyed ; life loss 5 >°°° 

Mar. 8) Tchengeri, Asia Minor, destroyed 
4 persons killed and 100 injured 4 

Mar. 10-17) Constant vibrations for one 
week in New Hebrides Island; 3 volcanos 
active • 

Mar. 12) Kyankari, Asia Minor, destroy- 
ed; known to be killed • • • 4 

April 18-20) Throughout Guatemala, 6 
large towns almost obliterated; many in- 
jured; known killed 2 °° 

May 3-7) Volcano Mont Pelee, near St. 
Pierre, Martinique, first eruption started 
on May 3rd, and destroyed the Guerin 
factories. In four days it destroyed St. 
Pierre, Lecarbet, Le Precheur and La 
Mare ; the loss of property was $40,000,000 

number of lives • • • 30,000 

(May 18) Violent shocks in Southern Port- 
ugal, caused by upheavals in W. I. . 



EABTHQUAKES 119 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

1902 — (July 13-30) Violent earthquakes through- 
out Venezuela on the 13th. Severe shocks 
in Kingstown, St. Vincent, on the 18th, 
and again on the 21st, the sea receding. 
On the 30th the Volcano Poas, near Ala- 
juela, Costa Rica, became active. On the 
same date every building in San Cristobal, 
Mexico, was destroyed. Many lives were 
lost 

1902 — (Aug. 14) Volcano overwhelms Island of 

Torishima, Japan; life loss 150 

1902 — (Aug. 21) Eruption of Mont Pelee, Marti- 
nique, very severe, total darkness for 20 
minutes; also 12 shocks at Zamboanga, 
P. I., several Moras killed 

1902 — (Aug. 22) Eruption of Mont Allomonte, 
Italy; also severe shocks at St. Petersburg 
Russia 

1902 — (Aug. 30) Volcano at Masaya, Nicaragua, 

becomes active 

1902 — (Dec. 6) Daily shocks, last 9 days in S. E. 

Iowa • • 

1902 — (Dec. 16) Adijan, Russian Central Asia, 
destroyed; 9,130 houses and 19 cotton 
gins destroyed; the killed numbered. . . . 4,800 

1902 — (Dec. 27) Earthquake at Hain Chiang, 

China, causes a life loss of 600 

1903 — (Jan. 13) Earthquake at sea causes tidal 
wave that floods Paumoto group of 
islands near Tahiti; life loss over 1,000 

1903 — (Jan. 14) Earthquakes do much damage 
in States of Tamaulipas and Tobasco, 
Mexico 

1903 — (Feb. 7) Summit of Volcano Mt. Pelee, 

changes shape, Martinique 



120 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

1903 — (Feb. 24) Violent eruption of Mt. Colima, 
Mexico; Mexican Cen. R. R. extension 
stopped 

1903 — (Mar. 3-6) Mexican Volcano Colima has 
violent overflows of lava; Tuxpan, Mex., 
panic stricken 

1903 — (Mar. 9) Vesuvius again active ; ashes and 
explosive incandescent globes reach 
Naples 

1903 — (Mar. 15) Earthquake in the mountainous 

region of Montana ; third in 1 o years 

1903 — (Mar. 21) Volcanos Mt. Pelee, on Martini- 
que, and Soufriere, on St. Vincent, extra- 
ordinarily active 

1903 — (April 21) Earthquake at Tuxpan, Mexi- 
co, cause cave in a mine; killed 10 

1903 — (June 8) Severe shock at Alusi, Ecuador; 

ashes fall there from Volcano Sangai 

1903 — (June 22) Vesuvius in full eruption, spec- 
tacular sight from Naples , Italy 

1903 — (Aug. 11) Earthquakes destroy 3 villages 

on Isle of Cinthera 

1903 — (Aug. 12) Shocks at Mendoza, Argentine, 

destroys many houses ; the killed number 5 

1903 — (Sept. 19) Most violent shake at Santiago 

de Cuba since 1895 

1903 — (Oct. 19) Earthquake at Turshez, Persia, 

destroys 13 villages; life loss was 250 

1903 — (Nov. 3) Again at Turshez, Persia; the 
town almost totally destroyed; life loss 
was over 350 

1903 — (Nov. 29) Tidal waves sweep coasts of 

Hawaiian Islands ; much damage done 

1904 — (Mar. 10) Earthquakes destroy 6 Italian 

villages ; no lives lost 



EAETHQUAKES 121 

YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

1904 — (Mar. 20) Earthquake felt from St. Johns, 
N. B., to Boston Mass., causes much dam- 
age, and Bald Mt., in Maine, disappears 

1904 — (April 4) Earthquakes in Macedonia de- 
stroy 1,500 houses; life loss was 24 

1904 — (June 11) Volcano of Mt. Wrangel, in 

Alaska, in violent eruption 

1904 — (Nov. 6) Earthquake on Island of Formo- 
sa, destroys 150 houses; life loss 78 

1904 — (Dec. 1-14) Slight shocks felt at San 
Francisco, Cal., and near vicinity; 14 
since Dec. 1st 

1905 — (Jan. 16) Volcano of Momotombo, Central 

America, active, much damage done 

1905 — (Jan. 18) At Shemakha, Russia, destroys 

bridges and kills many people 

1905 — (April 4) Earthquakes in India destroy 
much property; at Dharmsala, 470 sol- 
diers were buried alive; total loss over 2,000 

1905 — (April 25) Severe earthquake at Bender, 
Abbas, Persia; 200 yards of Mt. Kuhgan- 
do collapsed, 50 persons buried in a land- 
slide; shocks continued for a week, the 
inhabitants camped in the open 50 

1905 — (May 3) Severe shock felt on Island of 

Hilo, Hawaii 

1905 — (May 9) Very severe shocks felt in City of 

Mexico ; some damage. . . • 

1905 — (June 1) Earthquakes occur in Central 
Japan; great loss of property at Scutari 
and Albania where 200 persons were 
killed and wounded; over 500 houses 

collapsed ; life loss over 2 ,000 

1905 — (June 11) Volcano Mt. Pelee, Island of 

Martinique, again active 



122 THE GEE AT PYKAMLD JEEZEH 

YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED, 

[Note. — Our record of the earthquakes 
from June n, 1905 to April 17, 1906, 
were lost in the great fire that followed 
the great earthquake of April 18, 1906 
at San Francisco, Calif., and vicinity.] 
1906— (April 18) The "Great Earthquake" of 
1906; central at San Francisco, Cat., 
although extending (traceable) for over 
2,500 miles; and extending from the 
Aleutian Group of islands in Alaska, to 
Lower California; must have started in 
the Arctic Ocean, and extended to the 
equator in mid-Pacific. 
At San Francisco the first shock occurred at 
5 114. 58 a.m., by Mt! Hamilton time, and 
lasted one minute and five seconds. The 
damage wrought in that short time was 
immense, throwing down many buildings, 
and damaging (more or less) thousands; 
but the most disastrous results were: 
the great loss of life, which it is conceded 
exceeded (exact number unknown) 480, 
and the destruction of the water mains of 
the Spring Valley Water Co. ; which left 
the fire department helpless to cope with 
the fires started by the breaking of gas 
mains, electrical connections, etc. The 
result was the almost total destruction of 
the city. The area burned over exceeded 
2,593 acres, or 405 square miles; with a 
destruction of over $350,000,000 of prop- 
erty; insurance of about $235,000,000, 
of which some 80% has since been paid. 
[Comparative destruction between the San 
Francisco , Chicago and Baltimore big fires : 
1st. San Francisco; area burned, 2,593 



EARTHQUAKES 123 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

acres.; 25,000 buildings; loss $350,000,000. 
Date, April 18-21, 1906; known killed 480 

2nd. Chicago ; area burned, 2,124 acres; 
17,450 buildings; loss $206,000,000. Date, 
October 8-9, 187 1. 

3rd. Baltimore; area burned, 640 acres; 
2,500 buildings; loss $80,000,000. Date, 
February 7-8, 1904.] 

I9 o6 — (April 18) By volcanic action, an island 
arose from the sea in the Aleutian group, 
Alaska, on the morning of the above date. 
This latest accession to the U. S. territory 
is called "Perry Island" ; it contains about 
17 acres; its highest point is about 700 
feet elevation. Four months later, it 
was still piping hot. 

I9 o6 — (Mav 26) Fifty '-seven shocks of earth- 
quake occurred at Houghton, Mich., and 
vicinity, during the day; buildings rocked 
like cradles; in several places the earth 
opened from 2 to 6 inches. The "Atlan- 
tic mine" had to close down for the day 
on account of the disturbance 

I9 o6 — (May 29) A severe earthquake shock was 
experienced at Fort de France, Martini- 
que; which completely stopped political 
disturbances that were in progress 
throughout the island 

I9 o6_(J U ne 5-6) Three slight earthquake shocks 
on the 5th and a severe shock on the 6th, 
were felt in Manila, P. I. and very severe 
on the Island of Samar; no loss of life 
reported • • • 

I9 o6 — (June 15) Between the hours of 9:40 and 
10:35 P.™l-i 4 slight shocks of earthquake 
were felt at San Francisco and Oakland, 
Cal. and vicinity ; no damage 



124 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

1906 — (June 22) Two severe earthquake shocks 
(half an hour apart) occurred in the early 
morning at Santiago, Cuba. While no 
material damage was done, it started 
thousands of people into the streets for 
the balance of the night 

1906 — (June 27) Violent earthquake shocks were 
experienced throughout the southern por- 
tion of Wales; hundreds of chimneys fell, 
and some buildings. Also felt at Bristol, 
England. No life loss 

1906 — (June 27) A slight shock of earthquake was 
felt at Cleveland, Ohio, and along the 
southern shore of Lake Erie, for over 100 
miles, or from Pinesville to Marblehead. 
Local scientists place the seat of this 
disturbance beneath the bed of Lake Erie 

1906 — (July 17) Eruption of Volcano Stromboli, 
in Sicily; incandescent material thrown 
to enormous heights, causing many fires; 
the phenomenon was similar to that 
which preceded the disastrous earth- 
quake at Calabria last autumn 

1906 — (July 15—18) Severe earthquake shocks, 
(54 in 3 days) destroyed two-thirds of So- 
corro, New Mexico; San Marcia and Mag- 
dalena suffer also but no life loss 

1906 — (Aug. 2) Four violent shocks at Fort de 
France, Martinique, terrorize the inhabi- 
tants • • • • 

1906 — (Aug. 16) At the John Hopkins Univer- 
sity, Baltimore, Md., the seismograph was 
broken after registering 51 shocks, the 
needle jumped 3 1-2 inches sideways. 
(For the cause see what follows.) 



EARTHQUAKES 125 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

1906 — (Aug. 16) The most severe earthquake 
(as to vibration) that has occurred for 
over 100 years, is recorded at Valparaiso, 
Chile, and other cities of that Republic. 
The shock began at 8 p.m. The first 
shock lasted 41-2 minutes; 2nd shock, 2 
minutes; over 100 shocks followed within 
24 hours ; the estimated damage to prop- 
erty in Valparaiso, including fire was 
$40,000,000; at Santiago, $6,000,000; in 
the other eight large towns nearly de- 
stroyed, $7,000,000 and $5,000,000 more 
for the interior. The loss of life at Val- 
paraiso was over 2,000; at Santiago, 55; 

other towns about 100; total 2 , I 5S 

[Over 300 looters were shot by the authori- 
ties orders.] 

1906 — (Aug. 18) Tidal wave visits the islands of 
Hawaii, (attributed to the earthquake at 
Valparaiso) it carried away a wharf in 
Malacca Bay, Island of Maui 

1906 — (Aug. 22) Violent tremblor visits Seahorse 
and other towns in upper Silecia; over- 
turning nearly everything movable 

1906 — (Aug. 30) Violent shocks continue through- 
out Chile at intervals of from 12 to 24 
hours, and have for the last 10 days; 5 
shocks today at Tacna 

1906 — (Sept. 5) Two severe shocks felt at Hilo, 
Hawaii, and on no other island of the 
Hawaiian group ; caused hundreds of dead 
fish to be thrown up on the beaches; 
apparently they had been scalded 

1906 — (Sept. 9) The German government operator 
at Apia, Samoa, reported that he recorded 
both the San Francisco and the Valparaiso 



126 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

earthquakes on his seismograph, but that 
on the above date (Sept. 9) he recorded 
one more severe and of longer duration. 
As it has never been heard from, it must 
have been at sea . 

1906 — (Sept. 10) Volcanic eruption of a moun- 
tain near Kwareli, - Asiatic Russia; the 
mountain emitted a sea of semi -liquid 

sand and stones, burying human beings 

alive to the number of . . . 255 

1906 — (Sept. 27) Severe shock of earthquake 
lasting 30 seconds, visited Porto Rico, 
and was general throughout the island; 
some damage ............. 

1906 — (Oct. 1) Great earthquake at sea. An 
earthquake (located by seismographs in 
different parts of the world) as occurring 
in the Indian Ocean ; must have continu- 
ed for over three hours 

1906 — (Oct. 16) Two violent shocks felt at 

Manila, P. I.. . •• 

1906 — (Oct. 18) Sharp shock felt throughout 

Idaho and Wyoming 

1906 — (Nov. 10) Mount Vesuvius and the vil- 
lages surrounding it, were severely shaken 
at noon ; accompanied by a fall of ashes ; 
three more slight shocks followed during 
the afternoon. Ottajano, that was almost 
entirely destroyed in April last by the 
eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, was the most 
severely shaken today 

1906 — (Nov. 15) Severe shocks of earthquake were 
general throughout New Mexico, between 
2 and 4 a.m. today, extending south to El 
Paso, Texas. Although houses were 
rocked to and fro, no material damage 
was done 



EAETHQUAKES 127 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED, 

1906 — (Dec. 1) Earthquakes, slight in character, 
but frequent, occurring at Valparaiso, 
Chile. ............ : 

1906 — (Dec. 2) The north coast of the Island of 

Sicily thoroughly shaken 

1906 — (Dec. 4) Kingston, Island of St. Vincent. 
A prolonged earthquake was felt here 
tonight. It lasted fully eight seconds. 
■The vibrations were slow. The people of 
Kingston were thrown into a panic. No 
other shocks felt here have ever lasted so 
long. The Island of Barbados, about 100 
miles to the east, and the island of St. 
Lucia, about 250 miles to the northwest, 
also felt the shock. It was most severe at 
St. Lucia. There has been a continuation 
of earthquake shocks here at irregular 
intervals of varying severity since last 
February 

1906 — (Dec. 5) Tutuila, Samoa.— Fresh out- 
breaks have occurred in the volcano in 
Savaii, and the field of lava now sur- 
rounding the volcano is thirty square 
miles in extent 

1906 — (Dec. 9) At San Francisco, Oakland and 
Berkeley, California; a shock of six 
seconds duration occurred at 3 :2o-4o 
a.m. This shock was third in intensity 
at the two former places; and 4 or 5 at 
Berkeley. No damage done, but every 
sleeper felt it 

1906 — (Dec. 20) Another portion of the crater of 
Mount Vesuvius fell today and caused a 
great eruption of ashes, cinders and sand. 
No detonations or earth shocks followed. 
But sand and ashes continued to fall for 



128 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

hours afterward as far as Naples and 

Pompeii 

1906 — (Dec. 22-23) Washington, D. C.-A special 
bulletin issued by the Weather Bureau 
says : "The seismographs of the Weather 
Bureau recorded two earthquakes of con- 
siderable magnitude, the first shortly after 
noon of the 2 2d and the second about 
twenty-three hours later, namely, after- 
noon of December 23. From the appear- 
ance of the records we are led to conclude 
that the earthquakes originated at widely 
separated localities, but this cannot be 
definitely told. The first tremors were re- 
corded at 1 .'51 :5c* p. m. of the 2 2d, and the 
maximum motion, of short duration, oc- 
curred at 2 :2 2 140 p. m. The record ended 
about 3 o'clock. The strongest action 
was recorded in a north-south direction 
and amounted to 1 . 7 millimeter displace- 
ment of the ground. The displacement 
in the east-west direction was only . 3 
millimeters. The second disturbance was 
recorded just after 12 o'clock, December 
2 3 , and the motion in both north-south and 
east-west directions was greater in both 
components and lasted longer than in the 
first earthquake. The first preliminary 
tremor began at 12:37:33 p. m., the 
strongest motion beginning at 1 2 :49 and 
lasting from three to four minutes. The 
maximum displacement in the east- 
west direction was 1.7 millimeters and 1.9 
millimeters for the north-south compo- 
nent. The end of the record occurred at 
1:11:21. As far as can be judged from 



EAKTHQUAKES 129 



PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

the records, the second disturbance was 
not at such a great distance as the first, 
but both disturbances must have been 
several thousand miles from Washing- 
ton." 
(Dec. 23) Berkeley, Cal. — The Omori 
seismograph at the students' observatory 
of the University of California recorded 
earthquake waves today at 9 hours 26 
minutes and 35 seconds, Pacific Standard 
time, which indicate that a severe earth- 
quake has occurred at a distant point. 
Careful measurements of the seismograph 
gave the following: Time of commence- 
ment, 9 hours 20 minutes 35 seconds, 
Pacific Standard time ; duration of pre- 
liminary tremor, 1 minute 29 seconds; 
duration of second stage of preliminary 
tremor, 6 minutes 16 seconds; duration 
strong motion, 11 minutes 38 seconds. 
The motion is shown in the east and west 
component only. The average period of 
the waves was 16 seconds. Owing to the 
fact that the Omori seismograph is design- 
ed for recording slight shocks of nearby 
origin rather than heavy ones of distant 
origin, it is difficult to apply the ordinary 
rules to determine the exact distance of 
the origin of the shock. But it is safe to 
say that the origin was not less than 2300 
miles nor more than 4000 miles distant. 
The record is very like the Valparaiso 
record, only not so intense. The shock 
occurred in the north or south, probably 
the south, close to the shore or in the 
ocean. 



130 THE GBEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED, 

1906 — (Dec. 23) London. — An earthquake shock 
of nearly three hours duration was re- 
corded on the seismographs on the Island 
of Wight and at Florence. A dispatch 
from Kopal, in the province of Semir- 
yetchonsk, Russian Turkistan, brings 
news of an extremely violent shock there 
at 11:20 p. m. Dec. 22, lasting ninety 
minutes. No details are given. 

1906 — (Dec. 26) A great earthquake has just 
visited the sea coast of Chile; extending 
over the entire province of Tacna, and 
destroying over one-half of the city of 
Arica. The port of Iquique, 120 miles 
further south, however, was not dam- 
aged. 

1906 — (Dec. 27) Valparaiso, Chile. — A violent 
earthquake visited this place today, fol- 
lowed by two slight shocks in the evening 
and at Arica, the scene of the recent 
severe earthquake, caused landslides and 
wide fissures, but there were no deaths. 

1907 — (Jan. 9) Honolulu, T. H. — At midnight 
the people of nearly all parts of Hawaii 
awoke to the realization that the splendid 
spectacle of an outbreak of Mauna Loa 
was before them. In Hawaii volcanic 
activity is never dreaded; it is always 
welcomed. It means a spectacle as long 
as it lasts, incomparable, magnificent — 
and so far as the experience of a hundred 
years goes, without danger to life — al- 
most without danger to property. From 
the summit of Mauna Loa, a vast dome 
which rears itself from a base fifty miles 
in diameter and includes almost half of 



EAETHQUAKES 131 

YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

the Island of Hawaii, to a height of 13,675 
feet above sea level, a great glow began 
to be seen. It rose in an immense column 
of light, reflecting from the overhanging 
clouds, and seeming to spread out over a 
large area of the zenith. Where the 
column left the mountain it seemed al- 
most white in the intensity of light. To 
those who have seen eruptions of Mauna 
Loa, it told its own story. Somewhere 
near the summit of the great mountain 
the molten lava had broken out in a fiery 
stream, forming first a cone, and then, 
bursting through the side of this, had 
started as a river of fire and lava down 
the gently sloping side of the mountain. 
This wonderful spectacle was visible, as it 
has now been ascertained, for a distance 
of one hundred miles in every direction, 
except where great cloud banks piled by 
the trade winds on some parts of the 
mountain's shoulder, intercepted the 
view. 

1907 — (Jan. 10) A tidal wave, caused by volcanic 
action, has devastated some of the Dutch 
East Indies south of Achim. The loss is 
very great. It is known that 300 persons 
perished on the Island of Tana, and 40 
were drowned on the Island of Simalu. 
As the latter named island has almost 
disappeared, it is probable that over 
1500 persons were drowned 1,500 

1907 — (Jan. 14) A slight conception may be had 
of the magnitude of the eruption of the 
Volcano of "Mauna Loa," that began on 
Jan. 9th, at midnight, from the following 



132 THE GKEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 

YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

report, 5 days later, from Honolulu: — 
"Lava from Mauna Loa volcano is flowing 
down the western side at the rate of seven 
miles an hour in three streams. One 
stream has crossed the Government road 
and reached the sea, thirty miles from its 
source. Some slight damage has been 
done to grazing lands, but neither life nor 
property has been endangered. The 
eruption has attracted many sightseers." 
The second flow of lava at the end of the 
first week was half a mile wide and mov- 
ing 720 feet a day. 

1907 — (Jan. 14) Destructive earthquake almost 
entirely destroying the City of Kingston, 
Jamaica; following in its wake by a fire 
which consumed over half of the city. 
The most conservative estimate of the loss 
of life is 1 ,000 persons. The financial loss 

exceeded $25,000,000 1,00 

In sympathy with the above, Mt. Vesu- 
vius, in Naples, became more active; and 
Manila, P. I., was badly shaken up, and 
a tidal wave broke over the harbor works. 

1907 — (Jan. 18) — Two violent earthquake shocks 
were experienced at Kuba, Government 
of Baku, European Russia, at 5:30 a. m. 
today. Damage light. At the same 
hour, a severe shock occurred at Tolmezzo 
at the foot of the ' ' Carnic Alps , ' ' Italy ; the 
inhabitants were panic stricken. And 
in sympathy, a tidal wave of considerable 
proportions occurred at the entrance to 
Tokio Bay, Japan. 

1907 — (Jan. 19) Severe shocks (without material 
damage) felt at Alexandrousk, Sahkhalia 
and Elizabethpol, Russia. 



EARTHQUAKES 133 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

1907 — (Jan. 22) Two more severe earthquake 
shocks, and the heaviest since the "great 
tremblor" of the 14th inst., at Kingston, 
Jamaica; several more buildings were 
thrown down, but no one injured. 

1907 — (Jan. 24) Three shocks of earthquake 
occurred at the village of Prospect, 19 
miles from Utica, N. Y., thoroughly 
alarming the entire population. 

1907 — (Jan. 30) Several severe earthquake shocks 
felt at Highland and Greenville, Illinois, 
at 11:30 p. m.; some dishes broken, loss 
trivial. 

1907 — (Feb. 22) A very severe earthquake shock 
occurred at Unalaska, Alaska; in sympa- 
thy at the same hour, the inactive vol- 
cano of Akutan, on Akutan Island, of the 
Aleutian Archipelago, started into activ- 
ity. It has been inactive for several years. 

T907 — (Feb. 28) A strong shock of earthquake 
was experienced in the southern portion 
of Carbon Co., Wyoming, on the evening 
of the above date. The seismic disturb- 
ance extended as far south as Hahn's Peak 
and was so severe that the inhabitants 
were thrown into a panic. At Slater, one 
building was twisted a foot out of plumb. 

1907 — (Mar. 29) The worst earthquake experi- 
enced in over 40 years, in the Erzeroum 
volcanic regions occurred at 10 a. m. on 
the above date at Billis, Asiatic Turkey. 
Over 2,000 houses were damaged, from 
$50 to $500 each; 300 houses entirely de- 
molished, and eight lives were lost. Sur- 
rounding villages suffered proportionately 
but as it occurred in the davtime the loss 



134 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED, 

of life was light, although many were 
injured. 
1907 — (April 2) An earthquake of extraordinary 
severity visited Canby, (and vicinity) 
Modoc Co., Cal. ; the result was the open- 
ing of a gash of four feet in width, over a 
mile long. This crack seems to be bottom- 
less. 
1 907 — (April 1 4) The City of Mexico , and the en- 
tire coast on the Pacific, between Acapul- 
co, Mexico, and the Isthmus of Panama, 
was the scene of the most destructive 
earthquake — in that section — known for 
many years. The following places were 
almost completely wiped out, viz. — 
Chirp .incingo, Chilapa, Tixtea, Ayutla, 
and Ometepec. On the height of the first 
shock, the harbor of Acapulco, took on 
the appearance of a typhoon-swept ocean, 
and a tidal wave submerged one portion of 
the city of Acapulco. The whole coast 
from Acapulco to Salinas Cruz has been 
damaged. Incomplete returns show a 
death list of 98 persons and 300 injured 
from various points in Southern Mexico. 
Although the first shock in the City of 
Mexico lasted for 41-2 minutes, no loss of 
life is reported there. The property loss 
throughout the Republic of Mexico will 
run into millions of dollars. 

The seismographs located all over the 
world, including the ''Weather Bureau" 
. at Washington, D. C, designate this par- 
ticular earthquake as a "record breaker." 
The disturbance lasted for over two hours, 
and indicated that it was central some- 
where in the Pacific Ocean 98 



EAETHQUAKES 135 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

1907 — (April 16-17) The "Atlantic Liner" steamer 
La Provence, which arrived at the port of 
New York, April 19, 1907, reported: 
"That from midnight April 16th until 5 p. 
m. April 17th, she passed through a storm 
which, the officers of the ship say, has 
rarely been exceeded in violence on the 
Atlantic. At dinner time, the 16th, the 
barometer began to fall rapidly and as 
midnight approached the ship reached 
an area where the air was so heavily 
charged with electricity that the compass 
became worse than useless. Suddenly a 
terrific storm swept down on the ship. 
Great waves broke over the liner's decks, 
but no rain fell, the night being perfectly 
clear. After five hours, the storm abated 
as suddenly as it had come. No one was 
injured, but the passengers were badly 
frightened. Captain Aliax, of the liner, 
believes the strange storm was the result 
of the same forces which caused the earth- 
quake shocks in Mexico." 

1907 — (April 19) Earthquakes are reported for 
this date, from widely separated sections, 
viz. — a severe shock felt at 9:40 p. m. in 
the region surrounding Mostagalea, in 
Bulgaria ; no mention is made of causali- 
ties or damage. A slight shock was felt at 
Charleston and Summerville, S. C, at 3 .'23 
a. m. ; three slight waving movements 
from north to west, lasting 8 seconds. 
Also a destructive shock experienced at 
Nueva Caceres, Southern Luzon; many 
buildings destroyed, but no loss of life 
reported. And from Manila, P. I., inter- 



136 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



YEAR. PLACE. PERSONS KILLED. 

mittant shocks for over three hours in the 
morning; three of the shocks were severe. 
To complete the list for this date, the 
volcano Puyehue, now in activity, in the 
the province of Valdivia, Chile, developed 
several new craters. 
1907 — (April 24) The volcano Stromboli, in 
Sicily, became suddenly active, with a 
series of loud explosions; after throwing 
out a large quantity of incandescent 
stones, almost immediately afterwards, 
returned to its normal state. 
The foregoing extended tables of all the important, 
destructive earthquakes, that have occurred in the last 
1900 years, have not been introduced here to satisfy idle 
curiosity, nor to awe the reader by the magnitude of the 
destruction of life; but to show, that the seismic phenomena 
is universal over the face of the earth, and least or nil 
where our predecessors placed the Great Pyramid. If 
we have made this point clear, we will now introduce 
another side issue, to assist us in the further elucidation 
of our theory, as to the extraordinary intelligence of the 
builders of that "first great wonder of the world," and of 
the impossibility of such a race of people to have existed 
at any period between 2,000 and 10,000 B. C. 

(Sec. 7) USEFUL ELEMENTS OF ASTRONOMY, 
AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM.— The Sun— ©—The solar 
system consists of a great luminous center, the sun, and 
the planets and comets which revolve around that body. 
The sun's diameter is computed to be about 850,000 miles. 
Its mean distance from the earth is about 92,000,000 
miles. (Exactly 91,840,000 miles, as determined by 
Prof. Howard Vyse, in the measurement of the Great 
Pyramid Jeezeh.) The sun's volume is 1,400,000 times 
that of the earth. Its mass is said to be about 350,000 
times that of our globe. The sun revolves upon its axis 



THE SOLAE SYSTEM— ASTEONOMY 137 

once in about 25 1-4 days. (Does the sun's heat reach 
the earth as is supposed? We say, no. See article at the 
close of this chapter.) 

The Ecliptic System. 

The ecliptic circle or earth's orbit, is divided into 
12 equal parts or 30 degrees each. The zodiac is also 
divided into 12 equal parts of 30 degrees each; the zodiac 
is also divided into 1 2 parts called signs of the zodiac of 
30 degrees each, and includes 9 degrees on each side of the 
ecliptic; these 12 signs of 30 degrees each constitute the 
360 degrees of all celestial circles, and we may say at all 
distances from the center of the sun. The planets traverse 
around this circle in various periods of time, and each one 
at various distances from the sun, and at irregular motions. 
All planets move from west to east; longitude is reckoned 
from the first point in Aries in the same direction, celestial 
latitude, or declination, is reckoned from ecliptic north 
and south. The word "opposition" means when the 
earth comes between any of the superior planets (which 
have their orbits outside the earth's orbit) and the sun; 
and when these planets are on the opposite side of the 
sun to the earth, they are said to be in conjunction with 
the sun. When Mercury or Venus are in line between the 
sun and the earth, they are said to be in inferior conjunc- 
tion with the sun; when they are on the opposite side of 
the sun to the earth, they are said to be in superior con- 
junction with the sun — their orbits are located inside the 
earth's orbit. 

The Planets. 

The principal planets are Mercury, Venus, the Earth, 
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, each member 
having its own peculiarities. Mercury possesses a rapid 
motion on an elongated orbit, that varies from the plane 
of the ecliptic more than seven degrees. Mercury passes 
through about as much ellipticity in the same length of 
time as all the other principal planets together, and moves 
over more than double the number of degrees of longitude 



138 THE GKEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

iii a day at about its perihelion, than what it does when 
about its aphelion — while Venus, the next planet to Mer- 
cury, moves apon an orbit nearer to a circle than any other 
planet in our system; therefore Venus is the most perfect 
planet among the solar members. The earth, the next planet 
to Venus from the sun, has from three to four times as much 
ellipticity in its orbit as Venus ; it is also attended by a sat- 
ellite of a large size for the magnitude of the earth. The 
earth is the first planet from the sun known to be attended 
by a moon. Mars is the next planet from the earth, and 
fourth from the sun; it is rather small for its location; 
its orbit is long, (and it possesses two tiny, and perhaps 
recently acquired, asteroid moons). There is a belt of 
very small planets, the Asteroids, located between the 
orbits of Mars and great Jupiter. Jupiter, the fifth and 
largest planet in the solar system, is attended by four 
satellites, and possessed, apparently, with bands about 
the body of the planet. Saturn, the sixth planet, has 
eight moons, and two great rings. Uranus, the seventh 
planet from the sun, possesses four satellites. Neptune, 
the eighth and last planet known from the sun, has one 
moon. 

Mercury — An Inferior Planet. £ 
Mercury's mean distance from the sun is 35,000,000 
miles; its shortest distance is 28,000,000 miles; its greatest 
distance is 42,500,000 miles; its eccentricity is about 
14,500,000 miles; its diameter 2,962 miles. Its time of 
axial rotation, 24 hours 5 minutes and 30 seconds; its mean 
orbital velocity is about 106,000 miles an hour. Its 
variation from the ecliptic is 7 ° 6'. Its orbital periodic 
time about the sun is; siderial, 87.96 days; synodical; 
1 1 5 . 8 days. Mercury, Venus and our moon come in transit 
(apparently crossing the sun's disk), or in a direct line 
between the sun and earth, at periodic times. These 
bodies cannot withstand the undulating electric currents 
that they are subjected to in this position, therefore, they 
are, as it were, driven across the plane of the ecliptic at 



THE SOLAE SYSTEM— ASTEOXOMY 139 

various angles, as though this electric force was a repulsion 
upon them or the matter composing them. This is the 
case with all bodies when placed in this position. The 
body of matter in the middle, or the body coming between 
two other bodies, absorbs the electricity from the two 
outside ones with great force, and by this force it expands 
and leaves this position by moving to one side or the other 
of the plane of the ecliptic, or rather crosses the plane at 
some angle that does not place it between two bodies so 
frequently. Mercury's rapid motion, its great density, 
and necessarily the remarkable change of this motion and 
density at about perihelion and aphelion passages, agitate 
the whole solar system upon many of these occasions. 
The great changes of motion, density, and electric currents 
account for the rugged, rough mountains, (supposed to 
be 50,000 feet high); also luminous points as seen upon 
Mercury's obscure disk — which are supposed to be volcanos 
in a state of activity, and which would seem to be a very 
reasonable suggestion of facts. (As the elements com- 
posing our moon must be in about some such a state 
of agitated changes, the bright illuminated points and 
lines upon the moon must be the illuminated gases escaping 
to the dark surface of the moon as they move from the 
illuminated to the dark side of the satellite.) 
Venus — An Inferior Planet. — 5 

Venus, alternately the bright morning and evening 
star, moves on an orbit nearly circular, at about the mean 
distance from the sun of 66,000,000 miles. Its diameter is 
7,500 miles. Its orbital velocity is about 77,000 miles an 
hour. It revolves on its axis in 23 hours and 21 minutes. 
Its siderial periodic time about the sun is 224.7 days; 
its synodical time is 583.9 days. Venus varies from the 
ecliptic 3 2$'. 

The Earth. 

Its mean distance from the sun is about 91,840,000 
miles. Its orbital velocity is about 67,000 miles an hour. 
Its diameter, near 7,925 miles (7,924.9111). Its time of 



140 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

axial rotation, 23 hours 56 mirmtes and 4 second?;. It 
revolvs around the sun in 365 1-4 days. 

The axis of the earth is inclined 23 1-2 degrees from 
the perpendicular to its orbit. The axis of the earth is 
•constantly (or nearly so) pointing to the north star. At 
the equinoxes one-half of the earth's surface is illuminated 
from pole to pole, hence the days and nights are of equal 
length. The earth passes its vernal equinox March 20th 
and its autumnal equinox September 22nd. By the 21st 
of June the earth's orbital motion brings the earth's posi- 
tion so that the sun is verticle 23 1-2 degrees north of its 
equinoctial point. This produces the summer solstice in 
the northern hemisphere, and winter in the southern 
hemisphere. The earth's orbital motion brings the earth's 
position so that the sun is verticle over its equator again 
September 2 2d, or at the autumnal equinox. The earth's 
orbital motion brings the sun vertical 23 1-2 degrees south 
of the earth's equinoctial point, on the 21st of December, 
or to the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere and 
.summer in the southern hemisphere. The earth's orbital 
motion brings the earth's equinoctial point to the sun's 
vertical line and earth's equator again, March 20th, and by 
this illuminating one half of the earth's surface from pole 
to pole. 

The extent of declination of the sun's verticle from the 
equinoctial is 23 1-2 degrees north or south, or on each 
side of the equator. At the summer solstice the sun is 
verticle 23 1-2 degrees north of the equator, and at the 
winter solstice it is verticle 23 1-2 degrees south of the 
earth's equator. This is called the obliquity of the ecliptic. 
These various (seasons or) periodic positions of certain 
parts of the earth's surface are brought to the sun's verticle 
by a sort of a spiral motion of the earth on its orbit — which 
orbital motion brings these certian parts of the earth's 
surface under the sun's verticle at these certain seasons of 
the (year or by the) earth's annual revolution about the 
sun, as described above — or at spring, summer, autumn 
and winter seasons and positions. 



THE SOLAR SYSTEM— ASTRONOMY 



141 



The earth is in perihelion about December 31st, and in 
aphelion about the 1st of July. Its perihelion is in lon- 
gitude ioo° 21', and its aphelion is 280 ° 21'. The earth's 
volume, according to Airy, is only one part out of .1,400,000 
volumes of that of the bun. Its mass is one part out of 
about 352,000 parts of the sun. 

The Changes of the Seasons. 

The following cut exhibits the earth in its various 
positions as it moves, in its orbital motion, through the 
season constellations — its spring equinox, its summer 
solstice, its autumnal equinox, and its winter solstice, etc. 




The equinoxes move westward about 50" annually. 
The eirth's perihelion point moves eastward about 12" a 
year. By this movement of the vernal equinox westward 
50", and the perihelion eastward 12", these two points 
become further apart each year (for a long time) by 62", or 
i' 2" . A revolution of 360 degrees, (of procession, or fall- 
ing back of the equinoxes) would, require about 26,000 
years — while the advance of the perihelion, or apside, 
eastward through 360 degrees, or a revolution, would 
require about 110,000 years. 



142 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

The Moon — Our Earth's Satellite. © 

The moon is our nearest planetary neighbor. It is a 
body of matter revolving about our globe, and apparently 
exercising considerable influence upon our sphere. The 
moon's mean distance from the earth is 238,800 miles. 
Its least distance is 225,700 miles, and the greatest distance 
is 251,900 miles. It is 26,000 miles nearer the earth at 
perigee than it is at apogee. It revolves on its axis to the 
sun, in 27 days 7 hours and 43 minutes, which is about 
the same period of time as that of its sideral revolution. 
Its synodical period is 29 1-2 days. It possesses no axial 
rotation to the earth, therefore it always turns about the 
same side towards our globe. It appears to move around 
the earth at about the rate of 2,273 railes an hour. Its 
variation, or the inclination of its orbit to the plane of 
the ecliptic, is 5 ° 8'. The moon's orbit revolves around 
the earth, as well as the moon itself — that is, its nearest 
and farthest orbital points make a revolution around the 
earth once in each 8 years and 310 1-2 days. This is 
termed the progression of the apsides. The line of the 
moon's nodes is also in motion, moving around the earth 
and ecliptic in a retrograde direction, or from east to west, 
in a period of about 18 1-2 years. The moon's nodes are 
the two points where the moon touches or crosses the plane 
of the ecliptic or earth's orbit, on its passages going from 
north to south, or from south to north declinations, etc. 
Mars — A Superior Planet. S 

Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. It is a small 
body, with a long orbit. Its mean distance is 152,000,000 
miles; its least or perihelion distance is 126,300,000 miles. 
Its diameter is 4,920 miles. It revolves around the sun 
in 686.97 days. Its axial rotation takes 24 hours 37 
minutes and 23 seconds. Its variation from the plane of 
the ecliptic is i° and about 51'. Mars is about 26,000,000 
miles nearer the sun at perihelion than at its aphelion. 
Mars has two small satellites. They were discovered at 
Washington, D. C, in 1877, by Prof. A. Hall. The inner 



THE SOLAR SYSTEM— ASTRONOMY 143 



moon is about 4,000 miles from the planet; its orbital 
revolution is 7 hours and 39 minutes. The outer one 
revolves about the planet in 30 hours and 17 minutes. 

Mars is an oblate planet — according to William Her- 
schel, its equatorial diameter is 272 miles greater than its 
polar diameter; but Mr. G. R. Hind makes its equatorial 
diameter 85 miles greater than its polar diameter. But 
Mars possesses 26,000,000 miles of elipticity in its orbit, 
and the length of a planet's orbit governs the axial rotation 
of the planet, and the axial rotation controls the quantity 
of the ellipticity in a planetary path, and the length of the 
ellipticity in an orbit must regulate the shape of the planet's 
body or matter, itself — or the ellipiticity in a planetary 
orbit regulates the amount of change that it goes through 
each orbital revolution; and those with the longest orbits 
go through the greatest amount of change, each orbital 
revolution. A mass of matter having no axial rotation 
to the body that it revolves about is a perfect comet to that 
central body. A planet or body of matter, having a perfect 
axial rotation possesses no ellipticity in its orbit, therefore 
goes through none, or but little change of density or motion 
in its orbital revolutions. Venus is nearly in this condi- 
tion. Mars possesses 26,000,000, and the earth 3,000,000 
miles of ellipticity, in their orbits — therefore Mars contains 
8 2-3 times as much ellipticity, in its orbit, as the earth — 
consequently, in the same proportion, if Mars has (in rottnd 
numbers) 160 miles of oblateness in its conformation, 
the earth should have 20 miles, or 160-^-8=20 miles; this 
making the earth's equatorial diameter 20 miles greater 
than its polar diameter. Prof. Richard Mansill's theory 
is, "that the remarkable illumination and brightness about 
Mars, and its bright spots, are caused by and through 
the illuminated gases that are about the planet, and 
needed to enable the body to go through the great amount 
of change of motion md density that it must pass through, 
to adjust itself to the great quantity of ellipticity that 
is in its orbit." This planet possesses about 20 percent. 



144 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

of the element, or nature of a comet, in its ellipticity. This 
is possibly the cause of this planet appearing to vary so 
much, at times, as it is said to do. 

The Asteroids, or Planetoids, Minor Planets. 

This belt of numerous small planets is located in the 
space between Mars and Jupiter. Their orbits are included 
in a wide ring at an average distance of about 255,000,000 
miles from the sun. Their orbits incline at various angles 
to the ecliptic, and their paths possess considerable eccen- 
tricity. These bodies are so small that little is known 
about the elements composing them. 

Jupiter, A Superior Planet. If 

Jupiter is the fifth principal planet from the sun ; it is 
the largest of the planets. Its equatorial diameter is about 
88,000 miles. Its mean distance from the sun is about 
475,600,000 miles; its least, 452,000,000, and its greatest, 
498,000,000 miles from that body. The time of axial 
rotation is supposed to be 9 hours and 55 minutes. 
Its orbital motion is 28,700 miles an hour. Its orbit xl 
periodic time is 4,332.58 days. Jupiter's equatorial dia- 
meter is supposed to be about 5,000 miles more than its 
polar diameter. Jupiter is about 45,000,000 miles nearer 
the sun at its perihelion than at its aphelion passages. The 
volume of Jupiter is about 1,244 times that of the earth. 
The inclination of Jupiter's axis to its orbit is about 3 
degrees. The inclination of its orbit to the plane of the 
ecliptic is 1 ° 18'. Its synodic period is 398.8 days. (Its 
mass is said to be about 301 times that of the earth.) Jupi- 
ter has four moons, at the following distances from the 
planet: 264,000; 423,000; 678,000; and 1,118,000 miles. 
Saturn, A Superior Planet. I? 

Saturn, the sixth principal planet from the sun, revolves 
around that body in 10,759. 22 days, or about 29 1-2 years, 
at a mean distance of 872,000,000 miles. (Its synodic 
period is 378 days.) Its least distance is 823,000,000 miles, 
and its greatest distance is 921,000,000 miles. Saturn is 
supposed to revolve on its axis once in 10 hours and 29 



THE SOLAE SYSTEM— ASTRONOMY 145 

minutes. Its equatorial diameter is 77,900 miles. Its 
oblateness is greater than any other planet. The planet's 
pol ir diameter is considered to be 7,800 miles shorter than 
its equatorial diameter. The inclination of its orbit to the 
plane of the ecliptic is about 21-2 degrees. Saturn is about 
98,000,000 miles nearer the sun at perihelion than at aphe- 
lion. Its velocity in its orbit is about 21,221 miles an hour. 
The inclination of its axis to the plane of its orbit is about 
27 degrees. This planet is encompassed by three rings, 
and accompanied by eight satellites. (The astronomers at 
large are as much at sea over the rings of Saturn, as the 
architects are over the building of the Great Pyramid.) 
Uranus, A Superior Planet. I^f 

Uranus is the seventh principal planet from the sun, 
and revolves around that body at a mean distance of 
1,753,000,000 miles, in a period of 30,686.82 days, or about 
84 years. Its least distance is 1,672,000,000 miles, and 
greatest distance is 1,835,000,000 miles. Uranus is about 
163,000,000 miles nearer the sun at perihelion than at 
aphelion. The inclination of its orbit is 46 1-2 minutes. 
Its synodic period is 369.65 days. Uranus' diameter is 
33,000 miles. Its equatorial diameter, like Jupiter and 
Saturn, is greater than its polar diameter, but the difference 
is not exactly known. The volume of Uranus is about 72 
1-2 times that that of the earth. Uranus is attended by 
four moons, that revolve about the planet in the opposite 
direction to that of the motions of other satellites about 
their primaries. Its velocity in its orbit is 14,963 miles an 
hour. 

Neptune, A Superior Planet. tJJ 

Neptune is the eighth principal planet from the sun, 
around which body it revolves in 60,126 days, or about 
164 1-4 years, at a mean distance of 2,746,000,000 miles. 
Its least distance is 2,722,000,000 miles, md greatest dis- 
tance is 2,770,000,000 miles. Neptune is about 48,000,000 
miles nearer the sun at its perihelion passage than it is at 
its aphelion passage. The inclination of its orbit to the 

10 



146 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

plane of the ecliptic is about 13-4 degrees. Its diameter 
is 36,600 miles. Its synodic period is about 367 1-2 days. 
Neptune is attended by one satellite that revolves around 
the planet in a retrograde motion, or from east to west like 
the moons of Uranus. 

Eccentricities of the Planets. 
The eccentricities of the planets, as considered by one- 
half their major axis, are approximately: Mercury, 1-5; 
Venus, 1— 145; Earth, 1-60; Mars, 1-10; Jupiter, 1-21; 
Saturn, 1-18; Uranus, 1-22; Neptune, i-iii. 

THE EARTH AND WORLD BUILDING. 

(Sec. 8.) The above subject should have preceded 
this work in a full quarto volume; (as we stated in our 
preface) but a short chapter introduced at this point of our 
discussion, on the above subject, will relieve us of further 
explanation when we come to the subject of the material 
used in the building of the Great Pyramid. 

THE CREATION AND THE CREATOR.— In refer- 
ence to the creation and the Creator, we are led to suppose 
that an all- wise and an all-powerful and an almighty Omnip- 
otent or Being, who might govern all the matter of this 
universe with his wisdom and will, but whom, we think, 
would start the universal elements in their motions, changes 
and combining conditions in such a manner as he intended 
them to go in, in the start. Such a system as this appeals 
to us, but we can hardly think that he would be patching 
and mending the job or any personal parts of it on its way 
as it moved along. There are no known exceptions allowed 
to any reasoning individuals by way of emollients exempt- 
ing them from the vital natural laws and forces, as they 
all must eat (to live), drink, sleep and grow (and decay), 
just like and as the wild brute or animal creation has to do. 
Therefore, if reasoning persons seek pleasure to an extent 
of violating natural laws and their requirements, the human 
flesh or substance surfers for it to an equal extent of the 
violation of such laws committed. Therefore, there is no 



FIRST GERMS OF LIFE APPEAR 14: 



need of a Supreme or an All-Wise Being interfering with 
the petty affairs of human beings. This theory may appear 
to indicate to some extent that (cultivated mind) reasoning 
human individuals, as being somewhat as free agents, but 
who at the same time (we think) must piy the penalties 
of their own follies and crimes with the pangs and pains 
in their own living flesh. 

The whole system is a grand one, and we are simply 
trying to learn what elements our mass (the earth) is com- 
posed of, and about when and how it commenced to grow 
or condense, and at about what stage or age animal and 
vegetable life commenced upon our globe, and what is 
likely to be the final results of the earth. As the masses 
are not ready for such a solution (or theory), our reward 
will be, simply the love we have for this beautiful scheme. 
Appearance of the First Germs of Life Upon the 

Earth. 

No life could have existed upon the earth until the 
primary or crystalized rock formation had condensed and 
become solid enough and sufficiently steady and quiet 
long enough to support animal life. And, life even then, 
and that of the lowest kind, could not have commenced 
upon the globe until dry land hid appeared, and the carbon 
existed in a state of solution, and this being washed about 
the silicated shores where this element (carbon) could ex- 
pand and unite with the oxygen of the air. 

At or about this time the first life on this globe could 
have commenced, or as soon as a single organic cell could 
be formed, and this would occur coinciding with the first 
formation of carbonic acid gas, and which would generate 
at the same time a little alcohol and spirits, and as the car- 
bon expanded upon the shore it is probable that a portion of 
the atmosphere would be absorbed and condensed — they 
would constitute the the organization of the organic ele- 
ments, or such as the hydrogen and oxygen composing the 
water — the carbon in solution and the nitrogen of the atmos- 
phere, and until these conditions existed no life could have 



148 THE GKEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

taken place on this globe. But as soon as these conditions 
did exist, nothing could prevent these elements from going 
into animal and vegetable life; (the lower orders) of life 
spread rapidly all over the dry part of the earth. Nothing 
up to this day has or could prevent animal growth or decay, 
nor is anything likely to put a stop to its progress for a long 
time in the future. Two-thirds of the (dry) earth is covered 
by a scum of life that cannot be suppressed as long as there 
is carbon in water in solution and nitrogen gas in the air, 
but as it is at this time and as it has been since the first 
dawn of life upon our sphere. Those who contend that the 
spontaneous generation of low orders of animals are going 
on today are probably correct ; and those who contend that 
life started from a secret or unexplainable germ and that 
life is the continuation of a germ that no one knows any- 
thing about, may hold their own for a time, for the reason 
that natural life cannot germinate or develop without a 
free access of moisture, or water and atmosphere and carbon 
and nitrogen. They are all contained in the germs of life 
when compounded in suitable (solutions and) quantities, 
but when put under an influence that produces death or 
something that prevents chemical action, then, of course, 
there is no development of life. But when the organic 
elements, as referred to above, are left free to mingle, then 
life is the result, and it cannot be repressed from developing 
and making itself manifest in the shape of the lower orders 
or forms of life. The first organic matter collected on the 
earth would likely be a corruption of organic elements — 
water and carbon in solution, and other earthy and slimy 
matter and the atmosphere. From such a mass fermen- 
tation and decomposition would be inaugurated, from 
which a little hydrogen would escape, and where carbonic 
acid would be developed by the expanding carbon and 
condensing oxygen, and they united, and at the same time 
a portion of nitrogen may be absorbed and condensed — 
and here would be the germ or development of the cell. 
The carbonic acid would hang about the land or shore, 



AGE OF THE EAETH 149 

uniting with other matter, and under the sun's influence 
would commence to develop a low order of vegetable matter 
or such matter as the naturalists have been unable to 
decide whether it belongs to the animal or vegetable king- 
doms. W'e now reach the lichens, mosses, fungus, algae or 
sea-weeds and other low orders, of a near compound of 
animal and vegetable matter — from the decomposition of 
this class of infusoria, animalculae, monads, etc., would 
appear. The fermentation of this matter would develop 
carbonic acid to feed and support the growing of vegetation. 
The decaying vegetation would furnish the juices about 
the shores to support fermentation and the low orders of 
animal life about the shores which would result therefrom. 
Therefore, after life had reached this stage of progress, the 
advance would likely be very rapid, both in quantity and 
quality of animal and vegetable types. 

The Age of the Earth. 
If we assume that it requires a year to grow vegetation 
enough to form one ton of merchantable coal to the acre 
when converted into that element, and there are about an 
average of i ,000 tons of coal to the acre in a vein one foot 
thick or 4,000 tons in a bed four feet thick, and 8,000 in an 
eight foot stratum — or say it would require 100,000 years 
at this rate to supply 100 feet of combined coal beds, or at 
the same rate of building the earth's crust up by chemical 
condensations it would need or require 1,000,000 years for 
each 1,000 feet, or 100,000,000 years for each 100,000 feet of 
the earth's crust. Therefore, it has been perhaps possible to 
build up parts of the earth's crust at about the rate of one 
foot in 1,000 years — but, as there were always parts of the 
earth covered by water, nothing like this much (under the 
water) could be accomplished. Therefore, this time may 
be multiplied by five, or say it would take 500,000,000 years 
to build up the first 100,000 feet of the earth's crust — or 
about this same proportion of time, let it (the thickness) 
be more or less, to produce the same amount of the earth's 
crust or strata. As it is possible that this contains most 



150 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

of the earth's crust (and perhaps more), as the temperature 
increases one degree for every 60 feet of descent, and as this 
would fuse everything known to us before reaching 100,000 
feet from the earth's surface, there, is no doubt but the earth 
has been principally built up by chemical condensations, 
even from the first condensations (of oxygen and hydrogen) 
of the primary crystalline rocks, when oxygen and silicium, 
oxygen and aluminium, oxygen and magnesium, and after- 
wards oxygen and calcium, were condensed together (also 
oxygen and carbon) . This is the manner and way in which 
the crust of the earth has been condensed and built up to 
its present condition — and not by the spontaneous radiation 
of heat (from it) so-called, and which is generally supposed 
to have been the case or cause of the cooling and condensing 
and building up of the earth's crust. All the primary rocks 
were formed and condensed in regular order by chemical 
combinations. The primary crystalline rock formation 
went on, followed by the Silurian measures ; then the Carbon 
age appeared with its fermentations, and by this furnishing 
food and substance for vegetable growth, and this vegeta- 
tion became food again for animal live of both marine and 
land species. We quote the following from "A New System 
of Universal Natural Science," by Mansill: "Therefore, 
to sum the progress of our globe up to this time, in short 
it is this: The earth's crust is constantly being worked 
over and over again by intern al and external corrosians, 
and by this it is made thicker and harder through the 
absorption of oxygen from the air and space to supply the 
chemical processes that are performed through the long 
progress of the construction of the earth's crust. 

The consumption of oxygen from the air for each indi- 
vidual amounts to about two pounds a day, and for every 
6 pounds of pure carbon consumed in combustion, the world 
over, consumes 16 pounds of oxygen to convert it into car- 
bonic acid gas, much of which gas is absorbed by the waters 
of the globe, and therein forming chemical compounds 
with the earth v elements within the water and thereby 



AGE OF THE EARTH 151 

building up the strata of the earth. All the processes of 
fermentation and decompositions absorb oxygen from the 
atmosphere in this manner to support their operations. 
Therefore the total consumption of oxygen extracted from 
the air each day to support the chemical actions cannot be 
much less than from 10,000,000 to 20,000,00c tons per day. 
For every 8tbs of hydrogen gas burnt there must 64ibs of 
oxygen condense and contract its volume to form 72fbs. of 
water. Just think of the quantity of oxygen and hydrogen 
stored in all the waters of the globe ! If this fluid averaged 
21-4 miles thick all over the globe we should have two 
miles deep of a belt of oxygen and one-fourth of a mile 
thick of hydrogen — that is, if these two elements were 
separated into their component parts. 

We therefore, find our earth, at this time, existing as a 
globe of matter composed (chemically speaking) of several 
kinds and various densities, and possessing a diameter of 
about 8,000 miles and a circumference of about 25,000 miles 
and an area of about 200,000,000 miles, and moving 
through space at the rate of about 66,000 miles an hour, 
and at a supposed distance from the sun of 92,000,000 
(pyramidal measure 91,840,000) miles. The contents of its 
volume is computed to be about 260,000,000,000 cubic miles. 
The number of tons of matter it contains is computed to be 
about 3,510,000,000,000,000,000,000 tons (this is compu- 
ting the earth as being solid and three times the weight of 
water). Therefore, if the earth was composed totally of 
oxygen it could have absorbed and condensed about 1 1 ,000,- 
000 tons of oxygen a day, or about four billion tons a year 
for a period of 875,000,000,000 years in order to reach its 
present condition. But allowing half of this time for the 
first accumulation of matter — as a mass of gas — in the shape 
of a globe or comet, and then take one-half of the other 
half for the other matter contained in the composition of 
the earth, then there could have been condensed by the 
earth 11,000,000 tons of oxygen each day for more than 
200 billions of years in bringing the earth to its present 



152 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

condition, and even if our earth consisted of only a shell 
of dense matter not exceeding one hundred miles in thick- 
ness it could have consumed 11,000,000 tons of oxygen a 
day for many millions of years. Therefore, such is the 
supply of nature's resources." 

Rocks and Strata and Their Composition. 

GRANITE. — It has been considered that granite 
was the foundation and oldest rock of the earth's crust. 
It may be the oldest compounded consolidated rock, but 
it can hardly be the oldest rock making substone, for it is 
composed of quartz, mica and felspar. 

QUARTZ. — Composed principally of silica and silex 
is composed of 51 parts of oxygen and 49 parts of the base. 
Felspar is composed of 67 parts of silica, 18 of alumina, 
2 of lime, 12 of potass and one part of the oixde of iron. 
Mica is composed of 47 parts of silica, 22 of alumina, 14 of 
potass, 15 of the oxide of iron and 2 parts of the oxide of 
manganese. Therefore, when we reach the structure and 
composition of granite in the building up of the earth's 
crust, we have silicium and oxygen united, forming silica ; 
and this united with alumina, potass, oxide of iron, a little 
lime and a small quantity of oxide of manganese; conse- 
quently the earth must have been a long way advanced in 
the progress of condensing and constructing its crust when 
granite was compounded. 

THE ELEMENTS CONDENSED TOWARDS FORM- 
ING THE EARTH'S CRUST.— The first elements to con- 
dense in forming the earth's solid crust would appear to be 
silicium, which appears to have the strongest absorbing 
or uniting power for oxygen (excepting, perhaps, hydrogen 
— which probably had the strongest absorbing power for 
oxygen, and claimed it to form the waters and vapors about 
the globe) — and by this forming silex and silica. Potassi- 
um would likely be the next element claiming oxygen with 
the strongest force to condense with; and iron the next in 
force and in order as uniting with the oxygen, and these 
elements would probably unite with the alumina, together 



FOEMATION OF MINEBAL SUBSTANCES 



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154 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

THE FIRST ROCK. — From these compounds or com- 
binations — silex, silica, sand, sandstone — pure silica sand- 
stone would appear to be the first rock formation condensed 
in the earth's crust. This would seem to be the case from 
the strong power that silicium has to unite with oxygen, 
and it being found so abundant in the earth's crust from 
first to last. 

THE FIRST CONDENSED CARBON.— The very 
first carbon that condensed on the earth into a solid must 
have contracted its volume mechanically, for it could not 
have condensed chemically into the diamond or graphite, as 
these elements are not compounds, therefore it could not 
even unite with oxygen (to form carbonic acid), for when 
carbon does unite with oxygen to form carbonic acid gas, 
the carbon expands its volume to unite with it about as 
much as the oxygen contracts in volume — and when it 
unites with oxygen to help to form a solid, it does so in- 
directly, as it does in the case of forming carbonate of lime, 
it first absorbs oxygen enough to enable it to expand into 
carbonic acid gas — it then becomes absorbed (itself) by the 
water — water having a very forcible absorbing power for 
carbonic acid — water takes up about an equal volume of 
this gas. The mechanical process of forming the diamond 
(condensed pure carbon) by the action of the earth, could 
have been accomplished during any great upheaval, or 
sudden changing of the earth's polarity. 

LIME. — The metallic base of lime is calcium, combined 
with oxygen like the other earths. Most limestone con- 
tains 57 per cent, of lime and 43 of carbonic acid. When 
burned in kilns the moisture and much carbonic acid is 
driven off, but the caustic lime soon absorbs moisture and 
carbonic acid from the air again. 

HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN.— It is, perhaps, harder 
to tell or learn when hydrogen was first condensed (with 
oxygen into water) than it is with any of the other elements 
there were probably watery vapors mingled in the mass of 
expanded gases that composed the earth the day that it 



FOEMATION OF MINEKAL SUBSTANCES 155 



assumed its axial rotation and became a planet. Pure 
hydrogen gas appears to be more naturally united with 
oxygen gas in process of explosions than in any other way, 
and by this forming water — one pound of hydrogen gas 
(which is two volumes) unites with eight pounds of oxygen 
gas (which is one volume) to form nine pounds of water, 
or the hydrogen as a gas is 194 1-2 feet, and the oxygen as a 
gas is 96 1-2 feet, the water after the collapse is about one- 
sixth of a foot and can produce a motion through space of 
20,000 miles an hour, while the hydrogen could only support 
a motion of 1 2-3 miles an hour and the oxygen produce a 
motion of 26 1-3 miles an hour — such are the conditions 
wrought among elements by chemical combinations. 

[A more complete epitome of the planets, and the new 
theory regarding the (supposed) heat of the sun, will be 
found in the later chapters of this work.] 

We have now to deal directly with the Great Pyramid 
Jeezeh. 



156 



THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



MEASURE OF THE CIRCLE. 

The Circle Squared. 




[Great Pyramid's square base, and circle with radius=Pyramid's Vertical height.] 

The above diagram shows, approximately, the proportions of the "Great Pyra- 
mid Jeezeh," of Egypt. Note. — The Pyramid inch=1.001 inch English, and the 
sacred cubit=25 Pyr. ins. 

First— We will present the closest approximation to the above assertion, in 
medieval and modern times, through the key of what is termed pure mathematics. 
Mathematicians and philosophers Lave asserted that the nearest approximation 
possible to the — 7T, or the value of the circumference of a circle in terms of its 
diameter, =3. 141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375103820974944592307116406286208- 
9986280348253421170679821480865132823066470938446095505822317253594081284802+ , &c, &c, &c. 

Second — The next nearest approximation is of applied mathematics, or of as- 
tronomical and physical science, as furni>hed by all the first-class nations of the 
world, who have been working publicly for centuries, and at a cost of millions of 
money, and have attained, or are on the point of attaining, an accuracy, some- 
times only in the second figure, sometimes in the third, fourth, fifth, or even 
lower figures, according to the greater or less difficulty in the nature of the 
■question concerned. As thus: — Polar diameter of the earth =between 500,378,000 
-and 500,500,000 English inches. 

Mean equatorial diameter of the earth bet. 502,080,000 and 502,230,000 Eng. ins. 

Mean density of the earth bet. 5.3 and 6.5; the two latest determinations by 
powerful government institutions. 

Mean distance of the earth from the sun bet. 91 and 93 millions of miles, Eng. 

Obliquity of the elliptic in 1877 A. n.=23° 27' 17". 9 to 23° 27' 19".0. 

Length of the solar tropical year in mean solar day s=365. 24222 to 365.24224. 

Precession of Equinoxes in years=25,816 to 25,870. 

Third — To claim to have found anything that is new, or revive & problem that 
is lost in the mist of antiquity, requires a courage in this day of enlightenment 
and u jderstanding— to be willing to stand alone to act, to think, to do 



THE ORE AT PYRAMID OF JEEZEH. 



Situated in the centre, and at tbe same time at t^e border, of the sector-shaped 
land of Lower Egypt, in the ideographical Centre of the land surface of 
the whole world, and about 9 miles S. of W. of Cairo, the present capitol of 
Egypt, on tbe west bank of the Nile, in 29° 58' 51' ' N. Lat. and 31° 10' 1" E. Lon. 
is the Great Pyramid of Jeezeh, in Egypt. 

Egyptologists referred to for the following notes on the Pyramids of Egypt, are: 
Piazzi Smyth; Howard Yyse; Win. Osborn; Dr. Lepsius; Lane; Wilkinson; Kaw- 
linson, &c. 

The Xame of the Great Pyramid. Varieties of orthography by dif- 
ferent authors, which may lead to the correct pronunciation, are as follows: 
DMza, Dechiseh, Dsjise, Dzireth, El-Geezeh, Geezeh, Gheezeh, Ghizeh, Gizeh, 
Gyzeh, Jeezeh, Jizeh, &c. 

Dr. J. A. S. Grant, writes from his Sanatorium, Palais Mantatia, in Cairo, in 
March, 1877, that Jeezeh, or Geezeh, is the proper way of spelling this word in 
English. 

Names of theBnilders of the Three La rices t Pyramids of Jeezeh. 
According to Various Authorities. 



AUTHORITIES. 

Herodotus 

Manetho 

Eratosthenes , 

Diodorus Siculus. . . 

Modern Egyptolo 
gists 



Builder of the Great 
Pyramid. 



Cheops. 
Suphis I. 

( Saophis. 

J Comastes, or 

( Chematistes. 
Chembres. 

( Shofo. 

j Shufu. 

( Koufou. 



Builder of the Sec 
ond Pyramid. 



Chephren. 
Suphis II. 

Saophis II. 

Cephren. 
Nou-Shofo. 
Noum-Shufu. 
Sbafre. ■ 



Builder of the Third 
Pyramid. 



Mycerinus. 
Mencheres. 

| Mescheres Helio- 
\ dotus. 

Mycerinus. 
Menkere. 
Menkerre. 
Men-kaw-ra. 



Date of the bail dins of the Great Pyramid. 

The most satisfactory estimate, of any Egyptologist who has attempted to fix 
the date of the building of this " First Great Wonder of the World," 

i 8 by Piazzi Smyth; who has by a series of actual measurements and observa- 
tions, mathematical, astronomical and geographical, extending over some fifteen 
years, fixed tbe date about 2,170 B. C. (Other authorities, without naming 
them, place the date varying from 150,000 to 1,950 B. C.) Any one who will 
closely examine all that has been written upon this subject, during the present 
century, will come to the remarkable conclusion — that, it was either built 
thousands of years prior to the assumed date of man's existence on the earth, by 
a race vastly wiser; or, that it was designed by the " Great Architect," who rules 
all things. 

Prof. H. L. Smith, of Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y. (in a private letter) speak- 
ing of the Queen's Chamber, in the Great Pyramid, remarks, " Either there is 
proof in that chamber of supernatural inspiration granted to the architect;" or— 
" That primeval official possessed, without inspiration, in an age of absolute sci- 
entific ignorance 4,000 years ago, scientific knowledge equal to, if not surpassing, 
that of the present highly developed state of science in the modern world." 

Position, Size, Area, Height, etc., of the Great Pyramid. 

The Great Pyramid is built upon, and near the edge of an elevated rocky steppe, 
about 130 feet above the fertile plains of the Nile, and about 125 feet above the 
neighboring alluvial plains as now covered with sand, upon a solid ledge of lime- 
stone and porphyry, the strata of which lay horizontal. The structure at its base 
is supposed to be a perfect square, and its height, the proportion of the square 
of such base, as the value of the circumference of a circle is to the diameter of the 
same, thus: Diameter 1. Circumference is= 3. 1415926535897932384626433832795028 
8419716939937510582097494459230781640628620899862803482534211706798214808651328230& 
6470938446095505822317253594081284802+ . 

With this exception, the belief exists, that the circle has actually been 
squared by the Pyramid measurements, if we can correctly measure them to their 
ancient positions. This Pyramid faces exactly North, South, East and West, 
and the only one that does, of all the Pyramids in Egypt. 

For the equivalents of the "Pyramid Inch," and "Sacred Cubit," used in the 
calculations which follow — see table of Pyramid Weights and Measures below. 
It will be observed that in nearly every weight or measurement in the construe* 
tion of this Pyramid, the figure 5 is conspicuously present. 



158 



THE GKEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



f yramid Weights and Measures. 

The basis by which the following results were obtained, are viz: For Lineal 
or Surface Measure, the one 500-millionth of the Earth's Axis of Rotation, 
which is=l Pyramid Inch, and equivalent to 1.001 Inch English. Weight 
Measure, is based on the Earth's Size and Density. Capacity and Dry 

Measure, on the Cubic Contents of the Coffer in the King's Chamber. Heat 
and Pressure, Angle and Time, on Cosmical, Geographical and Pyrami- 
dal measures. 

The Standard of Length employed in laying out the Great Pyramid, viz: The 
Sacred Cubit=25 Pyramid Inches, in the measurement of the perimeter of the 
building, found to represent a theoretical circle, brings out the true length of a 
solar year, viz: 365.242 days. 

Measures of Length. 



Name. 


Length. 


Eng. Equivalent. 


Basis. 




1. 
25. 


1.001 Inches 
25.025 Inches 


— 1-500 -Millionth, Earth's Axis 


Pyramid Sacred Cubit. 


Rotation. 
=1.20-Millionth, Earth's Axis 
Rotation. 







Weights 


and Measures. 




Division, or 
number, of 
each part 
contained in 
w e i g h t 
standard. 






Capacity of 


Capacity of the 






Weight of 


the parts in 


parts in Pyra- 


Name now 


Interme- 
diate di- 


the part so 
divided in 


Pyramid cu- 
bical inches 


mid cubical in- 
ches of distilled 


proposed to 
be given to 


visions. 


P yr a m i d 


of Earth's 


water. (T. 50° 


each kind 




lbs. 


Mean Den- 
sity. 


B. 30. of Pyra- 
mid.) 


of part. 


1 





2,500. 


12,500. 


71,250. 


Ton. 


4 


4. 


625.. 


3,125. 


17,815. 


Quarter. 


10 


2.5 


250. 


1,250. 


7,125. 


Wey. 


25 


2.5 


100. 


500. 


2,850. 


Cwt. 


250 


10. 


10. 


50. 


285. 


Stone. 


2,500 


10. 


1. 


5. 


28.5 


Pound. 


25,000 


10. 


0.1 


0.5 


2.85 


Ounce. 


250,000 


10. 


0.01 


0.05 


0.285 


Dram. 


25,000,000 


10. 


0.0001 


0.0005 


0.00285 


Grain. 



Capacity Measure. 

1 Coffer = 4 Quarters=10 Sacks=25Bushels=250 Gallons, and is=71,250 cubic ins., 
the capacity of the Coffer in the King's Chambers. Fluid Measure — 28.5 Pry- 
amid cubic inches=l. Pyramid pound=l. pint, &c. 

Thermometers in different countries, compared by placing the 0° at freezing in 
each, you have the same absolute temperatures in terms of five different thermo- 
metric scales. 



Fahrenheit. 


Modi lied Fahr- 
enheit. 


Centigrade. 


Reaumur. 


* Pyramid. 


122° 
104° 


90° 

72° 


50 J 
40° 


40° 
32 J 


125° 
100° 



* The Pyramid Thermometer consists of 250° between the boiling and freezing 
point; one-fifth above the freezing point, or 50° the average temperature of all 
lands, and= the Mean temperature at the level of the King's Chamber in the 
Great Pyramid; which is situated on the 50th layer of stone from the pavement of 
the same; and upon the otn layer of stone that is 30 inches in thickness. The 
former corresponding to the Mean temperature, viz: 50°; the latter to the baro- 
metric pressure of 30 inches at the level of the sea. 



Pyramid Feature. 


System of Angle Measures. 


Babylonian. 

360^ 

50° 51" 14" 

26° 18' 10" 


French. 

400° 
57°. 62 
29°. 23 


Vulgar. 


Pyramid. 




32 u 
4°. 61 
2°. 34 


1,000° 




144°. 05 
73°. 08 







The casing stones of the Great Pyramid have an external slope of 51° 51' 14" .3 
as affected by its horizontal masonry courses. For every ten units which Its 
structure advances inward on the diagonal of the base to central, nocturnal 



CONDENSED PYEAMID MEASURES 



159 



darkness (of the Great Pyramid), it practically rises upwards, or points to sun- 
shine, daylight and sky, by nine* It is claimed by Mr. Wm. Petrie, C. E., that 
the radius of the earth's mean orbit round the sun, however far away that may 
be, is in this same proportion of 10:9. By this measurement the sun is estimated 
to be about 91,500,000 miles distant from the earth. 

Number of sides of the whole building, 1 square, and 4 triangular =5 

Number of corners — 4 on the ground and 1 anciently aloft =5 



Ancient and present base-side socket length 

Ancient and present base-diagonal socket length 

Present dilapidated base-side length, about 

Sum of the two base-diagonals, to the nearest inch 

Area of the base in square Pyr. inches, 3,376,074.1025=5,- 

401.718564 Sacred Oubits=13.292 Pyramid Acres. 
Ancient area of the square pavement, about 16. Pyr. Acres. 
Ancient vertical height of apex completed, above pavem't 

Present dilapidated height, vertical, about 

Ancient inclined height at middle of sides, from pavement 

to completed apex 

Ancient inclined height at the corners, pavement to apex. . 
Ancient vertical height of apex above the lowest subterra- 

near chamber 

Elevation of pavement base, above the average water level. 
Elevation of pavement base, above the Mediterranean Sea.. 
Elevation of the lowest subterranean excavated chamber 

above the average water level of the country 

Length of side of present platform on top of Great Pyra 

mid (it is flat, except in so far as it has four or five large 

stones upon it, the remains of a once higher course of 

masonry) , roughly 



Pyramid 
Inches. 



9,131.05 
12,913.26 

8,950. 
25,827. 



5,813.01 
5,450. 

7,391.55 

8,687.87 

7,015. 
1,750. 
2,580. 

250. 



400. 



Sacred 
Cubits, 



= 365.242 
: 516.5304 
: 358. 
=1033.08 



= 232.5204 
= 218. 

= 295.662 
= 347.5148 

= 280.6 
= 70. 
= 103.2 

= 10. 



16. 



Measurement and Quality of Material. 

The pavement in front, and around the base of the Great Pyramid is formed of 
stones 21 inches thick by 402 inches in breadth, their length is not known (as they 
extend under the Pyramid). A chasm or crack in both pavement and rock be- 
neath, near the North front, extends to the depth of about 570 inches. The whole 
building from very base to apex is not solid masonry; but as clearly shown by 
the N. East basal corner, and indicated more or less at a point or two in the wall, 
and the descending entrance passage, includes some portions of the live-rock of 
the hill. Such portion having been, however, trimmed rectangularly, and made 
to conform in height and level with the nearest true masonry course. The supposed 
complete mumber of masonry courses, including the original topmost corner- 
stone is 211; of which 202 are still in place, and a portion of 2 in fragment; and 7 
courses are wanting entirely. These courses of squared and cemented blocks of 
stone in horizontal sheets, one above the other, form the mass of the building of 
the Great Pyramid ; they vary in height from 19 to 79 inches, the first course be- 
ing the thickest, (viz: 79 inches roughly; and the courses are laid without any re- 
gard as to thickness; to illustrate: the first five courses (in rotation) are 79, 56, 48 
40 and 40 inches in thickness, the 35th to the 39th courses run 24, 50, 41, 39 and 38; 
while the last five courses, that are still in position, are 22 each in thickness. 
Material used. The casing-stone material — compact white lime-stone from 
the Mokattam Mountain quarries on the east side of the Nile, with a density 
=0.367 (earth's Mean density=l). General structure material of all the ruder 
part of the masonry — nummulitic lime-stone of the Pyramid's own hill, with a 
density=0.412. The inside finishing stone of the King's and Queen's Chambers, 
the Coffer, the main entrance and the grand gallery, are numerous, the principal 
of which are Red Granite, Black Granite, Gray Granite, Black Marble, Thebaic 
Marble, Porphyry and Lime-stone; the granite of which, is supposed to have 
been brought from the quarries of Syene, 550 miles up the Nile, as there is none 
nearer, on the river. 

y Principal Measurements within the Great Pyramid. 

Entrance to Pyramid. This is, at present, only a hole, or doorway, or 
upper end of a hollow passage-way, inclining thence downwards and inwards. 
It is situated on the Northern flank of the Pyramid, in a very broken part of the 
masonry now, at a height above the ground, rudely and imperfectly considered, 
about=58H Pyr. ins. Distance of the centre of that doorway— hole Eastward of 
center of the Pyramid's Northern flank, as between its E. and W. ends=294 ins.; 
height of said doorway, transversely to length of passage way= 47.2-4 ins.; 



160 THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 



breadth of same=41.56 ins. Entrance Passage .-Angle of descent of 
floor of the passage, Southward, is=S6° £8'; length downward and Southward 
to the junction of the first ascending passage inside the buildings =988 ins.; 
thence to Caliph Al Mamoun's broken entrance-way=£14 ms; thence by the 
same incline, to the Well's lower mouth =£,58« ins.; thence to the end of the 
inclined passage=*96 ins.; thence in a horizontal direction to the North wall 
of the Subterranean Chamber^ 324 ins.; whole length of descending Entrance 
Passa"-=4 404 ins ^Bore, in horizontal subterranean region, for height=rf<» 
ins., and br'eadth=33 ins. Subterranean unfinished Chamber, length 
IE to W. 53* ins., breadth N. to S, 325 ins. Flat finished Ceiling^ floor not 
'■yet- cut out of the rock, and walls not full depth. Ascending Passage, 
| (Lime-stone) starts in an upward and Southward direction, from a point on the 
'descending entrance-passage, 988 inches inside the Pyramid; and the first 180 
1 inches of its length is still filled up with fast-jammed granite plugs. The whole 
Ijen^th from the descending passage, up to the junction with, and entrance into 
the Grand Gallery is 1,542.4 inches. Angle of the floor's ascent, Southward= 
26° 8'. Height and breadth, the same as entrance passage, anciently ; now, in 
broken state, somewhat larger. Grand Gallery ; (Lime-stone) -Length of 
inclined floor line, from N. to South wall is=lS82 ins. Measured angle of ascent, 
Southwards=26 u 17'. Vertical height, at any one average points 339.5 inches. 
There are 36 overlappingsof the roof, and 7 of the walls; the ramps, are 21 inches 
in height by 20 in breadth. The floor between the ramps is 42 ins and the 
breadth of Gallery above the ramps, is 82 ins. At the Southern end of Gallery, 
there is a great step, 36 ins. in vertical height, by 61 ins. on the flat top from N. 
to South. Length horizontally from G. G. to ante-chamber o2 5 ins Upper exit, 
at top of Eastern wall at its Southern end, is 33 ins. m height by 20 m breadth, 
nearlv and roughly. Ante-Chamber ; (Lime-stone ana Granite) .—Length, N. 
to S 116 28- breadth at top, E. to W. 65.2; and height, 149.3 ins Eastern warn, 
scot granite, 103.03 and Western wainscot, granite, 111.80 ins. in height . Granite 
(density^ 0.479, earth's density=l) begins to be employed in the course of the 
length of this room, and in the Granite-I^eaf which crosses it, at various dis- 
tances as 8 to 24 ins. from North wall, in floor, and side walls. Exit passage, hor- 
izontal, from antechamber, Southward to King's Chamber, in granite all the way; 
length i00.2 ins.; height at North end, 43.7, and South end 42.0 > ins.; breadth 41 4 
ins There are 4 grooves on the South wall, that are each 107.4 ins. in length. 
-Kind's Chamber (Granite) . Structure entirely in granite, form rectangular, 
length 412 1 132 * breadth 206.066 ins.; height, floor to ceiling, 230.389; base of walls 
to ceiling 235.350 inches. The walls are in 5 equal height courses, and composed 
of 100 blocks Within the dark King's Chamber is a Coffer, and termed, accord- 
ing to various writers, stone box, granite chest, lidless vessel porphyry vase, 
black marble sarcophagus and coffer. It is composed of a darkish variety of : red 
and possibly syenitic granite; now, much broken, and over one-third of which has 
been carried away. The following are the (supposed* ancient measurements, by 
Piazzi Smyth. 

Measures of the Coffer in Pyramid Inches. 
Leneth outside, from 89.92 to 89.62, corrected for concavity of sides; breadth 
outside 38.68 to 38.61; height outside, 41.23 to 41.13. Inside measures: length, 
77 85 breadth, 26.70; depth! 34.31. Thickness of bottom, 6.91; thickness of sides, 
5 98 Exterior cubic size=142.316; interior cubic contents 71.317, with a possible 
error of 159 of a cubic inch in the measurement; if so, the exterior is just double the 
interior 'cubic contents. The cubic capacity of the King's Chamber, is just d0 times 
that of the Coffer- the floor of which stands upon the 50th course of masonry of 
the whole building, and 1,686 inches vertical above the pavement upon which 
the Pvramid stands. In addition to the above, regarding the King s Chamber, it 
is shut out from the light of day by walls nearly 180 feet in thickness with a tern, 
perature almost unvarying the year round; as a depository of weights and meas- 
ures it is the best on the face of theearth. Queen's Chamber, (Lime-stone) 
Length of the horizontal passage, to the Queen's Chamber, from the North end of 
the Grand Gallery, Southward, to the beginning of low part of the passage under 
G G floor=217.8ins., thence to low portion of floor=l,085.5 ins., thence to North 
wall of Queen's Chamber=216.1 ins. Average height of longest part=46.34 ; oi 
Southern deep part=67.5; and breadth 41.15 inches. Length of Queen's Chamber, 
from E to W =226.7 ; breadth, N. to S.=205.8 ; height of ceiling at N. and S walls 
=182 4- height in centre of gable ridge of ceiling=244.4 ms. Height of Grand 
Niche in the East wall=183.0; breadth, greatest, below= 61. 30 inches; it contains 
4 overlaps varying in breadth from 19.50 at the 4th to 52.25 inches at the first- and 
fs removed Southward from the central vertical line of the wall just one Pyr. 
rnbit nr^Pvr inches The Well: (Lime-stone , enters near Northwest cor. 
ner of Grand Gallery? the thaft is square bore, length of side of bore 28 inches. 
Vertical d?pth to grotto in the rock, under masonry of Pyramid=702; thence verii. 
cal, with some horizontal distance, to lower part of entrance passage nearSubte*. 
ran'ean Chamber= 1,596. inches. 



THE ONLY EEAL PYRAMID 161 

(Sec. 10.) Among the Jeezeh Pyramids, there is one 
that transcends in intellectual value all the rest; one that 
has been involuntarily by all the world named for ages past 
the "Great Pyramid"; and which stands out the more it is 
examined into, distinct and distinguished from all the rest 
by its particular size, and wonderful internal structure, 
superior age, and more frequent historical notice by men of 
various nations. The greatest of the "seven wonders of the 
world" in the days of the Greeks, and the only one of them 
all, which is still in existence on the surface of the earth. 

We quote from "Our Inheritance in The Great Pyra- 
mid," by Piazzi Smyth. — "But as we approach, ascending 
the stream of ancient time, in any careful chronological 
survey of pyramidal structures, to the "Great Pyramid," 
Egyptian emblems are gradually left behind; and in and 
throughout, that mighty builded mass, which all history 
and all tradition, both ancient and modern, agree in repre- 
senting as first in point of date of the whole Jeezeh, and 
even the whole Egyptian group, the earliest stone building 
also positively known to have been erected in any country, — 
we find in all its finished parts not a vestige of heathenism 
nor the smallest indulgence in anything approaching to 
idolatry; nor even the most distant allusion to Sabianism, 
and its elemental worship of sun, or moon, or any of the 
starry host." 

In certain unfinished, internal portions of the construc- 
tive masonry of the Great Pyramid broken into by Col. 
Howard Vyse in 1837, there are some (said to be rude 
Egyptian markings) daubs of red paint, evidently numbers 
for temporary mechanical purposes only; which, if under- 
stood, might give a key to the language of the race of people 
that preceded our race ; it is not Egyptain. (Further on we 
will quote from the "Source of Measures" by Skinner, to 
show that the origin of language was number). 

We also except, as a matter of course, any inscriptions 
inflicted on the same pyramid by modern travelers, even 
though they have attempted, like the Prussian savants of 



162. THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



1843 A. D., to cut their names in their own happily shallow 
ideas of the ancient hieroglyphics of the old, thorough- 
paced, Egyptian idolaters elsewhere. But with these 
simple exceptions we can most positively say, that both ex- 
terior and interior are absolutely free from all engraved or 
sculptured work, as well as from everything relating to any 
known form of idolatry or erring man's theotechnic devices. 
From all those hieratic emblems, therefore, which from first 
to last have utterly overlaid every Eygptian temple proper, 
as well as all Egypt's obelisks, sphinxes, statues, tombs, and 
whatever other monuments they, the Egyptians, did build 
up at any certain historical and Pharaonic epoch in connec- 
tion with their peculiar belief." 

Was the Great Pyramid, then, erected before the 
invention of hieroglyphics, and previous to the birth of 
the different Egyptian religions? It most certainly was. 

To quote and comment on the thousand and one 
publications that have been published from time to time 
on this great structure, would require hundreds of pages, 
and months of time, to combat the absurd theories that are 
extant. But the following extract from Col. Howard 
Vyse's "Pyramids of Gizeh, "published in London in 1840, 
will not be out of place here. Both he and Piazzi Smyth 
concluded as self-evident, that the early Egyptians did 
build the great pyramid (with the aid of a Deific Architect) 
because of the red paint marks being in some kind of an 
(or supposed) Egyptian language. There is no Egyptian 
tongue, in hieroglyphics or otherwise yet discovered, but 
what has been interpreted; (this in red paint has not). 

"This very important conclusion results from the quarry marks of the workmen 
being found in red paint on concealed parts of the stones and in interior places of the 
structural mass of masonry never intended to be seen. The marks are superficial 
and rude in the extreme, but are evidently in the Egyptian language or manner 
freely handled; and in so far prove that they were put in by Egyptians, and of the 
age or under the reign of that Egyptian king variously called Shofo, Khufu and 
Cheops. They are excessively rough, no doubt, but quite suficient for their alleged 
purpose, viz., checks for workmen, whereby to recognize a stone duly prepared 
according to orders at the quarry, miles away and to see it properly placed in its 
intended position in the building. Still further, that these marks were not meant 
as ornaments in the structure, or put on after the stones were built into it, is aboun- 
dantly evidenced by some of them being upside down, and some having been 
partly pared away in adjusting the block into its position ; and, finally, by the learned 
Dr. Birch's interpretation of a number of the marks, which seem from thence to be 
mostly short dates, and directions to the workmen as to which stones were for the 



THE ONLY EEAL PYRAMID 163 

south, and which for the north, wall. These marks, moreover, have only been dis- 
covered in those dark holes or hollows, the so-called 'chambers,' but much rather 
'hollows of construction' broken into by Col. Howard Vyse above the 'King's Cham- 
ber' of the Great Pyramid. There, also, you see other traces of the steps of mere 
practical work, such as the 'bat-holes' in the stones, by which the heavy blocks were 
doubtless lifted to their places, and everything is left perfectly rough. Nor was 
there the least occasion for finishing it up, rubbing out the marks, or polishing off 
the holes, for these void spaces were sealed up, or have been built up outside in solid 
masonry (excepting only the lowest one, known for a century as 'Davidson's Cham- 
ber,' and having its own small passage of approach from the southeast corner of 
the Grand Gallery) and were never intended to be used as chambers for *human 
visitation or living purposes. In all the other chambers and passages, on the con- 
trary, intended to be visited, and approached by admirably constructed white stone 
passages, the masonry was finished off with the skill and polish almost of a jeweler 
and in them neither quarry marks nor 'bat holes' nor painted marks, nor hierogly- 
phics of any sort or kind are to be seen ; excepting always those modern hierogylphics 
which Dr. Lepsius put up over the entrance into the Great Pyramid 'on a space of 
five feet in breadth by four feet in height.' in praise of the then sovereign of Prussia 
and which recently (1870) misled a learned Chinese envoy, by name Pin-chi-un, into 
most absurdly claiming a connection between the Great Pyramid and the early 
monuments of his own country." 

* How should he know? He had never taken a degree in any secret order in 
his life, up to that period. The Author. 

> Piazzi Smyth's 4th edition (in 1880) reads: "The 
numerous quasi -copies , for sepulchral purposes, of the 
Great Pyramid, which are now, in the shape of other 
pyramids, to be observed further south, along that western 
side of Egypt; always betraying, though, on close examina- 
tion the most profound ignorance of their noble model's 
chief est internal features, as well as of all its niceties of angle 
and cosmic harmonies of linear measurement. And such 
mere failures, as those later tombic pyramids, and never 
found, even then, at any very great number of miles away 
from the sight, nor any great number of years behind the 
date, of the colossal parent work on Jeezeh hill. The 
ostensible architectural idea, indeed, of that one grand 
primeval monument, though expensively copied during 
a few centuries, yet never wholly or permanently took the 
fancy of the ancient Egyptians. It had, or rather simulated 
before them to have, some one or two suitabilities to their 
favorite employment of lasting sepulchure, and its accom- 
panying rites; so they tried what they knew of it, for 
such purpose. But they soon found that it did not 
admit of their troops of priests, nor the easy introduction 
of tht-ir unwieldy 'sacred' animals. Nor bulls, nor croco- 
diles, nor the multitude of object worshippers, could enter 
a pyramid with the facility of their own temples; and so, 
on the whole, mature Egypt preferred them. Those 



164 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

accordingly more open and columned, as well as symboli- 
cally sculptured and multitudinously inscribed structures, 
of their own entire elaboration, are the only ones which 
we now find to have held, from their first invention, an 
uninterrupted reign through all the course of ancient and 
mediaeval Egyptian history, or that period when Egypt 
was most rich, most powerful, most wicked; and to reflect 
themselves continuously in the placid, natural Nile, from 
one end of the long-drawn Hamitic land to the other. 
They, therefore, those Karnac and Philce temples, with all 
their sins of idolatry on their heads, are architecturally, 
Egypt. Thebes, too, with its hundred adorned Pylon 
temple gates, and statues, and basso-relievos, and incised 
outlines of false gods, must be confessed to be intensely 
Egypt. But the Great Pyramid is, in its origin and nature 
something pure and perfectly different. 

Under whose direction then, and for what purpose, 
was the Great Pyramid built; whence did so foreign, and 
really untasteful, an idea to Egypt come; who was the, 
mysterious carrier of it to that land ; and under what sort 
of special compulsion was it that, in his day, to his command 
though he was not their king, the Egyptians, King and 
people all alike, labored for years in a cause which they 
appreciated not ; and gave, in that primeval age of generally 
sparse, and pastoral population only, their unrivalled me- 
chanical skill and compacted numerical strength for an end 
which they did not at the time understand, and which they 
never even came to understand, much less to like, in all 
their subsequent national ages ? 

This has been indeed a mystery of mysteries, but may 
yet prove fruitful in the present advancing age of knowledge 
of all kinds to inquire into further; for though theories 
without number have been tried and failed in by ancient 
Greeks and mediaeval Arabians, by French, English, Ger- 
mans, and Americans, their failures partly pave, and render 
so much the safer, for us the road by which we must set out. 
Pave it poorly, perhaps, or not very far; for their whole 



THE ONLY EEAL PYRAMID 165 

result has, up to the present time, been little more than this, 
that the authors of those attempts are either found to be 
repeating idle tales, told them by those who knew no more 
about the subject than themselves ; or skipping all the really 
crucial points of application for their theories which they 
should have attended to ; or finally, like some of the best and 
ablest men who have given themselves to the question, 
fairly admitting that they were entirely beaten. Hence the 
exclusive notion of temples the sun and moon, or for sacred 
fire, or holy water, or burial places, and nothing but burial 
places of kings, or granaries for Joseph, or astronomical 
observatories, or defenses to Egypt against being invaded 
by the sands of the African desert, or places of resort for 
mankind in a second deluge, or of safety when the heavens 
should fall, have been for a long time past proved untenable ; 
and the Great Pyramid stands out now, far more clearly 
than it did in the time of Herodotus (no less than 2,440 
years ago), as both a prehistoric monument, and yet, 
rivaling some of the best things of modern times, not only 
in practical execution and workmanship, but in its eminent- 
ly grand design and pure conception ; or in forming a testi- 
mony which, though in Egypt, is yet not at all of, nor 
according to, historical Egypt, and whose true and full ex- 
planation must be still to come." 

Piazzi Smyth was not the first writer on Egyptology 
and pyramidal building to suggest the interposition of God 
in the construction of the Great Pyramid by Deifying its 
Architect; that credit (if any) is due to Mr. John Taylor, 
of London, who in his work entitled "The Great Pyramid: 
Why Was It Built and Who Built It?" published in 1859, 
gave the first publicity to that theory. It would take at 
least a dozen pages of this work to even epitomize his theory ; 
he was not only a devoted student regarding all that was 
said or written on the subject of the pyramids, but a devout 
and over-zealous Christian ; he looked upon all the ancient 
Egyptians (or what he termed ancient, within the last 
5,000 years) as a race of idolaters, and as such, totally unfit 



166 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

to erect a structure that would harmonize with anything 
as great and good, as he had traced in the construction of 
the' 'Great Pyramid." His carefull investigation of the differ- 
ent theories (and they were "legion") placed him in the 
front rank to suggest something new. As nearly every 
theory under the sun had already been suggested (in a 
secular way) he saw nothing left but a miracle to harmonize 
its different parts, so, interposing the mathematics of the 
Scriptures, regarding time (past and future dates), height, 
dip, angle, weight and measure, and from the squaring of 
the circle, to the distance to the sun; he had also the second 
coming of the Saviour fixed for the year 1881. Also, the 
harmonious measurement of the Garden of Eden, Noah's 
Ark, King Solomon's Temple, etc. Piazzi Smyth came on 
the scene before the demise of Mr. Taylor, who died July 5, 
1864; they had many pleasant audiences, and the Royal 
vScottish Astronomer (Smyth) was thoroughly converted 
over to the theories of Mr. Taylor, and he kept the world 
interested, and guessing for nearly twenty years more. 
He lived, however, to see the year 1881 pass, without the 
second visitation of the Saviour. During his life he spent 
over six months at the Pyramid Jeezeh and vicinity, in 
scientifically measuring the same; we firmly believe that 
his final comparisons of his own (previous) measures, and 
all the engineers, astronomers, and mathematicians that 
preceded him are more nearly correct than any other yet 
published. His "Life and Work" published in three 
volumes, about the year 1869, and his last work "Our 
Inheritance in the Great Pyramid," which reached its 
4th edition in the year 1880, show great painstaking, and 
a desire to be correct (in his measurements at least), in all 
that he gave publicity to in his different issues. While we 
do not agree with him, in any particular, regarding his 
theory of the building of the great structure, or the date 
of its erection, and who its builders were, we shall quote his 
last verified measurements, believing that a just criticism 
will acquiesce in his conclusions. 



GEOMETRICAL PROPORTIONS OF THE OUTER 
SURFACES OF THE GREAT PYRAMID. 
(Sec. ii.) The first discovered mathematical propor- 
tions, with regard to the Great Pyramid's shape, was by 
Mr. John Taylor. That is, as derived from modern 
measures and calculations, which is that the Great Pyra- 
mid's height, in the original condition of the monument, 
when each one of its four sloping triangular sides was made 
into a perfect plane by means of the polished outer sloping 
surface of the bevelled casing stones, and when those sides, 
being continued up to their mutual intersections, terminated 
at, and formed the summit in, a point, — that its central, 
vertical height then was, to twice the breadth of its square 
base, as nearly as can be expressed by good monumental 
work, as the diameter to the circumference of a circle. Or 
that the vertical height of that Pyramid was to the length 
of one side of its base, when multiplied by 2, as the 
diameter to the circumference of a circle; i. e. as 
1:3.14159 — etc. Or as shown later by Mr. St. John Day, 
the area of the Great Pyramid's right section (i. e. a vertical, 
central section parallel to one of the sides of the horizontal 
base) is to the area of the base, as 1 to the same 3. 141 59 — 
etc. Or as the same fact admits again of being differently 
expressed, the vertical height of the Great Pyramid is 
the radius of a theoretical circle, the length of whose curved 
circumference is equal to the sum of the lengths of the four 
straight sides of the actual and practical square base of the 
building. Which is neither more nor less than that cele- 
brated practical problem of the modern ages, of "the squar- 
ing of the circle"; and the thing was thus practically done, 
at the Great Pyramid, thousands of years before the 
mediaeval days of our forefathers. And we venture the 
opinion, that if we had the ability to measure the outer 
surfaces of that great "first wonder of the world" with 
exactness, that are stated above, that such measurement 
would be found to exactly square the circle without any 
remainder. (See index for squaring of the circle in another 
portion of this work.) 



168 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEII 



For it was so accomplished by the architect who de- 
signed that pyramid, when, — over and above deciding that 
the building was to be a square-based pyramid, — with, of 
course, all the necessary mathematical innate relations 
which every square-based pyramid must have, — he also 
ordained that its height, which otherwise might have been 
anything, was to bear such a particular proportion to its 
breadth of base, as should bring out the nearest possible 
value of pi as above mentioned ; and which proportion not 
one out of any number of square-based pyramids would 
be otherwise necessarily endowed with; not one out of all 
the thirty-seven other measured pyramids in Egypt has 
been proved to be endowed with even approximately. 

If, therefore, the quantity is really found built into 
the Great Pyramid with exactness, as well as magnitude, 
characterizing and utilizing the whole of that vast mass, it 
not only discriminates that building at once from all the 
other pyramids of Egypt, but proves that such a distinguish- 
ing feature must have been the result either of some most 
marvelous accident, or of some deep wisdom and settled, 
determined purpose; in this case, too, not less than 30,000 
years ago. The royal Scottish astronomer, Piazzi Smyth, 
placed the date of the building of the Great Pyramid in 
the autumn of 2170 B. C. ; because that was the time that a 
Draconis was crossing below the Pole, and at the particular 
distance from the Pole indicated by the {supposed north side) 
entrance-passage, in the autumn season of the Northern 
hemisphere of that year; when the meridian of the equinoc- 
tial point of the heavens coincided with the Pleiades. This 
was only about 4,076 years ago. Prof. H. L. Smith has 
shown that the circuit of the Pyramid, at the level of the 
King's Chamber, measures 25,827 Pyramid inches, which is 
the exact number of years that it takes the procession of the 
equinoxes to repeat itself. Therefore, 27,997 B. C. is the 
latest date that we place the completion of that "Great 
First Wonder of the World"; and it may have been a 
multiple of that procession and carried the date back to 
51,654 B. C, (of this, more hereafter). 



DEPOSITORY OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 169 



The wisdom of the Great Pyramid's founders is so 
well exemplified, in its mathematical proportions, that it 
is conclusive evidence of the double intent of its purpose; 
in addition to the schooling of its Initiates, it was intended 
as an International depository of "Weights and Measures." 
And, evidently, intended to last for the inspection of a most 
distant posterity ; knowing well that a fundamental mathe- 
matical truth like pi, would infallibly come to be under- 
stood both in and by itself alone, and be appreciated in the 
fact without any written inscription, in that then distant 
day when mathematics (or numbers) should again be the 
language of all mankind. (See quotation from the "Source 
of Measures" in another portion of this work.) 

Our own experience teaches us, that neither mathe- 
matics nor mechanics can progress in any country without 
knowing well the numerical value and calculational value 
oipi. On the subject of pi, the respective authors are not 
only numerous, but their accounts of mensurations, as a 
rule, are most strangely contradictory. Colonel Howard 
Vyse, in Volume II. of his important work, "The Pyramids 
of Gizeh," published in 1840, gives extracts from no less 
than 71 European and 2 Asiatic authors, and as many more 
have been added since that date, on this momentous ques- 
tion. Unless a very great number be read, no sufficient 
idea can be formed as to how little faith is often to be placed 
in the narratives of even highly, though too exclusively 
mentally, educated men of modern university, and competi- 
tive examination, on a very simple practical matter. 

Successive travellers (each of whom had published 
a book), could with ease, string together a series of so-called 
measures, on the same parts of the Great Pyramid, which 
would show its blocks of solid stone expanding and con- 
tracting between different visits to it, like elastic india- 
rubber air-bags. But it will suffice for the present to indi- 
cate the necessity of weighing the evidence in every case 
most scrupulously; to have a large quantity of evidence, 
a great variety of observers, and to place in the first rank 



170 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

of authors to be studied in the original, closely in every 

word they have written, but not necessarily to be always 

followed therein; they are: 

ji__ Professor John Greaves, the Oxford astronomer 

f. r • in 1638. 

; o. The French, or Napoleon Bonaparte, Expedition in 

i • 1799- 

- I Colonel Howard Vyse, in 1837. 

% ; Sir Gardner Wilkinson, from 1840 to 1858. 

i Mr. John Taylor, 1859 to 1863. 

6 _'. Piazzi Smyth, noted astronomer, from 1867 to 1880. 

The Great Pyramid, at this writing, inspected extern- 
ally, is a rough, huge mass, about 454 feet (English) high; 
the angle stones having been carried away, it looks like 
(from its four sides) so many steps. On close examination, 
these steps are represented by the different layers of stone, 
varying in height from 21 to 59 inches. As all the material 
above the 202 layer of stone has (like the original casing 
stones) been carried away, the top, with some irregularities, 
represents a floor of about 32x32 feet square. The whole 
structure is regularly and masterly built of worked and 
cemented limestone blocks, in horizontal sheets, or courses 
of masonry. (To what extent these sheets of masonry are 
absolutely continuous throughout the mass can never be 
known unless the whole structure is taken to pieces. Each 
stratum, however, records itself similarly on each of the 
four sides, excepting only the small interruption of a por- 
tion of rock at the northeast comer, and also a small hole 
filled with rubble work which is reported by Dr. J. A. S. 
Grant, as located about a third of the way up one of the 
sides.) The flattened top gives the pyramid at a distance 
an abnormally blunted-looking summit — mediaeval dilapi- 
dations and forcible removal of the Pyramid's once polished 
white stone casing, with its outer surface bevelled smoothly 
to the general slope, (see plate) which has stood at least 
30,000 years, and had in its day given to the structure al- 
most mathematical truth and perfection. This state of 



OEIGINAL SOCKETS FOUND 171 

tilings was that described by Greek, Roman, and early 
Arabian writers ; and it existed until the Caliphs of Egypt, 
about the year 1,000 A. D., began methodically to strip off 
the polished and bevelled casing stone blocks; they built 
two bridges to convey them more easily to the river, after 
chipping off the prismoidal angles and edges; and then 
employed them in building mosques and palaces; for the 
lining of the great "Joseph" well, and for other public 
structures which still adorn their favorite city, El Kahireh, 
or the victorious — the Cairo of vulgar English. (During 
the year 1879, Dr. J. A. S. Grant and Mr. Waynman Dixon 
visited the celebrated Mosque of Sooltan Hassan, in Cairo, 
to see if any of the component blocks forming its walls 
could be identified as having belonged to the Great Pyramid ; 
they found them to be undoubtedly of the same Mokattam 
stone, but too well squared to retain any of the outside 
bevelled surface. The inquiry was, however, put a rude 
stop to, by the Mohammedan janitors, before it had reached 
some of the more likely places near the top of the mosque, 
wherein to meet with an accidentally or carelessly left 
oblique surface of the other far older building. 

The original, and not the present size and shape, is 
what we require and must have for testing Mr. John Tay- 
lor's measurements', and for approximating, by whatever 
degree of exactitude may be reached, to whether it was 
accident or intention which decided the shape of the Great 
Pyramid; and he has well pointed out that no one had any 
pretence to have obtained the old base side length until the 
French academicians, in 1799, cleared away the hills of sand 
and debris at the northeast and northwest corners, and 
reached beneath them the levelled surface of the living 
rock itself on which the Pyramid was originally founded. 
There, discovering two rectangular hollows carefully and 
truly cut into the rock, as if for 'sockets' for the basal 
corner stones, the said academicians measured the distance 
between those sockets with much geodesic accuracy, and 
found it to be equal to 763.62 English feet. The same 



172 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEII 

distance being measured thirty-seven years afterwards 
by Colonel Howard Vyse, guided by another equally, sure 
direction of the original building, as 764.0 English feet — 
the mean of which, or 763.81 feet, is close enough for a 
first approximation to the ancient base-breadth. 

But the ancient height of the Great Pyramid, which 
we also need to have for instituting the calculation, is not 
at all easy to measure directly with any sufficient approach 
to exactness; chiefly because so very much of the original 
top has actually been knocked away during the middle ages 
so as to leave a platform described by the Arabs as "large 
enough for eleven camels to lie down," several feet there- 
fore beneath the apex, where once the four sloping sides, or 
external flanks, of the building were continued up to, and 
terminated in, a sharp point. Colonel Howard Vyse's 
providential finding of two of the ancient "casing-stones" 
in their original situation, with their sloping faces, at the foot 
of the Pyramid, was the keystone to John Taylor's first 
efforts in obtaining the ancient height of this great structure, 
for they enabled the problem to be attacked in a different 
manner, and without any dependence on the missing por- 
tion at the top; or by angular, as contrasted to, but after- 
wards made to furnioh an idea of, linear, measure. For 
ouch angle can give forth by computation a complete verticle 
height, to be used with the already obtained, by measure, 
complete base-breadth. 

(Sec. 12.) OBJECTORS TO THE MEASURE- 
MENTS AND CONDITION OF THE GREAT PYRA- 
MID, loom up, and assert their opinions in all parts of the 
earth; some of them filling the highest positions in their 
several countries. Two prominent members of the Royal 
Society of Edinburgh, in 1867, after listening to a lecture 
on the exterior of the Pyramid, remarked: First objector, 
an engineer, said "that he had twice passed through 
Egypt, been to the Pyramids, saw no symptoms of casing 
stones, and therefore would not believe in anything about 
them;" Second objector, an Indian naval officer, had also 



OBJECTORS TO MEASUREMENTS ANSWERED 173 

been to the Pyramids on a visit, and "found such heaps of 
rubbish about the great one, that he could not see how any 
man could measure even its base side length with any degree 
of correctness, much less the angle of casing stones which 
he also could not see." 

Both speeches, although uttered by men of rank, are 
only too faithful examples of the small extent of information 
on which many persons of commanding social rank, will 
even yet persist in speaking most authoritatively on both the 
present and past state of the Great Pyramid. The engineer 
above referred to, questioning the existence of the casing 
stones, should at least have read the accounts of Herodotus, 
Strabo, Pliny, and many of the early Arabian authors too, 
who described what they saw with their own eyes, when the 
casing was still complete, eminently smooth, and by all 
men, who had seen them, called beautiful. Next he should 
have taken up Colonel Howard Vyse's book, describing in 
detail how he succeeded, after immense labor with hundreds 
of workmen, in digging down to, finding, and measuring 
probably the last two of the northern side's bevelled blocks ; 
(still were they in their original situation, and adhering 
closely by their original cement to the pavement base of the 
b'dilding) and then how he failed, though he covered them 
up again with a mound of rubbish, pending an application 
to the English Government to remove them to the British 
Museum — how he failed to save them from the hammers 
of Mohammedan prowlers by night; deadly jealous as they 
were of Christians obtaining anything really valuable from 
the country they ruled over. Besides which, the large 
amount of casing stones, bevelled externally to the slope, 
still existing upon other pyramids, as on the two large ones 
of Dashoor; the well preserved ones of second Jeezeh 
Pyramid, conspicuous near its summit, and on a bright 
day "shining resplendently afar," as says M. Jomard; and 
the granite ones of the third pyramid, so excessively hard 
that modern workmen have not cared to have much to do 
with them — all this, which has long been known, should 



174 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

effect much in convincing unwilling minds as to what was 
the original state of the outside of the Great Pyramid, 
previous to the year 840 A. D. About forty years ago a 
similar case of spoilation was perpetrated, on the south 
stone pyramid of Dashoor, by Defterdar Mohammed Bey in 
order to procure blocks of ready cut stones of extra white- 
ness wherewith to build himself a palace near Cairo. The 
foregoing historic recorded facts should have convinced 
Objector No. One, as far back as the year 1864. 

Replying to (the Indian Naval Officer) Objector No. 
Two, about the possibility of other men succeeding in 
measuring what would have puzzled him as he looked 
idly, and never held a measuring rod of any kind in his 
hand, should have read the whole account of the active and 
hard working French Academicians in Egypt ; of which the 
following from "Antiquities, Description," Vol. II., is 
worthy of being more generally known than it seems to be : 
viz., that after digging down through the rubbish heaped 
up about the lower part of the Pyramid, "They recognized 
perfectly the esplanade upon which the Great Pyramid 
had been originally established; and discovered happily, at 
the northeast angle, a large hollow socket (encastrement) 
worked in the rock, cut rectangularly and uninjured, where 
the cornerstone (of that one basal angle) had been placed; 
it is an irregular square, which is 9 feet 10 inches broad 
English measure, in one direction, and 11 feet 5.8 inches in 
another, and 7.9 inches deep" all over its floor (measures 
since then were tested by Piazzi Smyth, but only after 
several days spent in digging and clearing the locality over 
again by a civil engineer with a party of Arabs). The 
French savants made the "same research at the northwest 
angle, and there also discovered a hollow socket (encastre- 
ment) similar to the former; the two were on the same level. 
It was between the two exterior points of these hollows 
and with much care and precaution, that they measured 
the base side length. They found it 763 .62 English feet." 
The 'encastrement' so brought to light in the basal rock 



CASING STONES FOUND 175 

at the northwest angle, is duly figured in the plan amongst 
the large French plates ; and since verified by Piazzi Smyth, 
has the inner corner curiously pared away, evidently in- 
dicating the well-shaped rectangular outer corner to be its 
true starting point for measure; and because, also, it was 
originally the terminal point of the Pyramid's material at 
that lower angle or foot. From the outer corner of the 
northeast to the outer corner of the northwest 'encastre- 
ments' of their happy discovery it therefore was, that the 
skillful French surveyors extended their measuring bars, and 
with the result given above. They also triangulated the 
ground round about, and from thence measured the altitude 
of the present depressed and flat topped summit of the Great 
Pyramid with an accuracy which would have been quite 
enough for any ordinary remnant of archaeological structure. 
The Great Pyramid, however, has to undergo severer tests; 
as there has been no ancient trustworthy mark at the apex 
of this building since about the year 1,000 A. D. to enable 
savants to supply the exact quantity of the now missing 
portion of the original summit, we have, after all, for re- 
storing that, to return to the angular inclined plane of the 
two original casing stones below, so happily uncovered 
by Colonel Howard Vyse in 1837, and proved by him to have 
been the very beginning of the northern upward sloping side 
of the building. 

THE CASING STONES found by Howard Vyse, were 
of extreme value. These angular relics were of the original 
number of the casing stones, and actually in situ and un- 
disturbed, and therefore showing what was once the real 
outside of the Great Pyramid, viz., smooth, poliched, dense, 
white limestone, almost like marble, in a sloping plane; not 
because they exhibited such matchless workmanship, more 
correct and true than the work of a modern optical instru- 
ment maker, but performed in this instance on blocks of a 
height of nearly 5 feet, a breadth of 8 feet, and a length, 
perhaps, of 12 feet; with the finest of joints, said to be no 
thicker, even including a film of white cement, than "silver- 



176 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

paper." The angle of the bevelled or inclined outer surface, 
measured very carefully by Mr. Brett el, a civil engineer, 
for the Colonel, came out 51 ° 50' ; and being computed from 
linear measures of the sides, made for him by another en- 
gineer, came out 51 52' 15.5". The results are not identi- 
cal, and might have been made better, with more care at 
the time; but yet extremely close with one another, as 
compared with the French angular determination (before 
there was anything on which to determine accurately, other 
than the present ruined and dilapidated sides of the edifice) 
of 51 ° 19' 4"; or of previous modern observers, who are 
actually found anywhere, between 40 ° and 6o°. ■ 

JOHN TAYLOR'S THEORY IS SUPPORTED BY 
HOWARD VYSE'S CASING STONE ANGLE.— Taking 
everything into fair consideration, the ancient angle of the 
Great Pyramid's slope may be considered to be somewhere 
between the two measured quantities of 51 ° 50' and 51 ° 
52' 1 5 . 5" ; there are many other reasons for believing that it 
must have been 5 1 ° 5 1 ' and some seconds. How many mere 
seconds, modern mathematicians are not competent to 
decide; and a second of space is an exceedingly small 
quantity even in the most refined astronomical observa- 
tions. If we assume for the time 14.3" and employ the 
whole angle, viz., 51 51' 14.3", with the base-side as al- 
ready given from linear measure = 763 . 81 feet (English), 
to compute the original height quantity which we have been 
aiming at so long, we have for that element 486. 2567 (feet) 
of the same linear units. And from the values for the 
ancient height and base-breadth, computing the propor- 
tion of diameter to circumference, there appears 486. 2567 : 
763.81 x 2::i .-3 . 14159, etc. (John Taylor's figures for 
the vertical height and the base-breadth of the Great Pyra- 
mid were 486.764 feet; evidently the nearest possible 
approximation by whole feet. Further, we should men- 
tion that the height of the Great Pyramid, trigonometri- 
cally measured by the French scientists, is perfectly agree- 
able to the above computed result; for when it is increased 



JOHN TAYLOR'S THEORY CONFIRMED 177 

by something more than 30 feet, to allow for the evidently 
missing portion at the summit, it amounts to the same 
thing.) This result so far shows, that the Great Pyramid 
does represent as closely as the very best modern measures 
can be trusted, the true value of pi; a quantity which men 
in general, and all human science too, did not begin to 
trouble themselves about until long, long ages; languages, 
and nations had passed away after the building up of the 
Great Pyramid; and after the sealing up too, of that grand 
primeval and prehistoric monument, of an age, which no 
one living today, can (exactly) determine. 

CONFIRMATION OF JOHN TAYLOR'S THEORY 
BY PIAZZI SMYTH.— From the 4th edition of "Our 
Inheritance in the Great Pyramid:" "Hence the first 
stage of our trial terminates itself with as eminent a con- 
firmation as the case can possibly admit of, touching the 
truth of John Taylor's theory, proposition, or statement; 
and now begins the second stage, wherein I can add the 
absolute weight of direct personal examination, as well as 
of practical researches carried on at the place by myself 
for a longer time and with better measuring instruments 
than any of my predecessors had at their command. I was 
not, indeed, so fortunate as Colonel Howard Vyse in finding 
anything like such large, entire, unmoved, and well pre- 
served casing stones as he did; but was enabled to prove 
that the enormous rubbish mounds now formed on each 
of the four sides of the Pyramid consist mainly of innumer- 
able fragments of the old casing stones, distinguishable 
both by the superior quality of their component stone and 
their prepared angle of slope always conformable, within 
very narrow limits, to Colonel Howard Vyse's determina- 
tion. And a number of theee almost 'vocal' fragments 
were deposited by me, on my return, in the museum of 
the Royal Society, Edinburgh. 

"Also, by careful measures of the angle of the whole 
Pyramid along all four of its corner or arris lines from 
top to bottom, observed with a powerful astronomical 

12 



178 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



circle and telescope, as more particularly described in my 
larger book, in 1865, the same result came out. For that 
corner angle so measured (see Plate) was found to be 
41 ° 59' 45" nearly; and that gives by computation (accord- 
ing to the necessary innate relations of the parts of a square - 
based pyramid) for the side slope of this 'Great' one, 51 ° 51' 
and some seconds ; or without any doubt the representative 
of the angle Colonel Howard Vyse did observe on the side 
directly; and the one which, if it is there, necessarily makes 
the Great Pyramid, in and by its whole figure, express the 
value of that most scientific desideratum, pi. 

"Nor has the proving of the matter stopped with me. 
For other explorers have now been induced to search the 
rubbish mounds about the Pyramid, and have seldom left 
without carrying off some fragment, wherein two evidently 
anciently worked sides met, not at a right angle, but at 
the angle of either 51 ° 51' or 128 9', nearly ; one being the 
angle at the foot, the other at the head, of every casing 
stone of a pi pyramid, if built as the Great Pyramid is, 
but some other Pyramids are not, in accurately horizontal 
courses of masonry. 

"I learn, too, from an American book of travel, that my 
former Arab assistant in measuring the Great Pyramid, 
Alee Dobree by name, and who was very quick in seizing 
the idea of angle expressed in numerical amount when I 
first explained it to him in 1865 — that he is now driving 
quite a trade, almost exclusively, with the travelers 
who visit the Monument, by selling them 'casing stone 
fragments with the angle'; which fragments he is able, by 
the gift of a sharp and appreciative eye, to pick out of the 
very same hills of rubbish they walk carelessly over. 

"Yet even all his feats in that way have been far trans- 
cended by my friend, Mr. Waynman Dixon, C. E., who, 
taking advantage of an extensive cutting into the Great 
Pyramid rubbish mounds by the Egyptian Government 
merely for material wherewith to make the road by which 
the Empress of France visited the Monument in 1869, 



CASING STONES 179 



discovered almost a whole casing stone. Not a very large 
one, indeed, and a loose block only, but with portions 
more or less of all six original worked sides ; or a completer 
example than is known at the present moment to exist 
anywhere else all the world over. This most unique speci- 
men, Mr. Waynman Dixon graciously sent from Egypt as a 
present to me, and I have deposited it under a glass case 
in the official residence of the Astronomer-Royal for Scot- 
land, where it has been closely measured, and its ascending 
angle found to be certainly between 51 53' 15" and 51 ° 
49' 55"; or as close as could be expected, from the block's 
size and fractured condition, to be that typical 51 ° 51' 14" 
about which all the fragments of the Great Pyramid are 
found to collect. But none of the fragments of the other 
pyramids of Egypt do so. Their casing stones were some- 
times worked with equal hand skill, so as to preserve one 
particular angle very closely over the whole surface of 
a large building, but it is always a wrong angle. The 
ability of head was wanting there, and meaningless angles 
of 43 , 50 °, 57 , 63 °, and even 73 ° occupied, and wasted 
the time of their workmen, if a mathematical demonstration 
and not a mere architectural adornment, was really their 
object. Closer up in the very neighborhood of the Great 
Pyramid, as on the hill of Jeezeh itself, some of the sub- 
sequent smaller imitation pyramids could hardly fail to 
be nearer their original, and were in fact, within half, or 
three-quarters of a degree of its particular angle. But 
they are constant all over their ourfaces, and on every side 
at that deviation; and that so very large a one, as to throw 
their numerical value of pi into utter error; and leave the 
Great Pyramid the sole example throughout all Egypt of any 
building whatever, giving, by its whole proportions, or 
entire geometry, and within the closest limits of the best 
modern measures of it, the one, and only true practical 
expression for pi which modern science admits." 



180 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

STANDARD OF LENGTH EMPLOYED IN LAYING 
OUT THE GREAT PYRAMID. 

(Sec. 13.) Conceding the results arrived at by the 
most noted savants of the past, regarding the standard 
of length used in the architectural construction of the 
Great Pyramid, viz., the "pyramid cubit of 25 inches" 
equal to 25.001 inches English; and that the said measure 
expresses exact pi in the different triangulations and 
measurements of that structure; and further, that the 12 
inch rule, or foot measure, does not so express itself, we will 
proceed to the array of proofs that they jointly employ. 
Recomputing Mr. Taylor's circumferential analogy of that 
most notable of buildings, after his own manner, by linear 
vertical height and linear horizontal base-breadth, the 
quantities named on a previous page, were expressed in 
English feet, viz., verticle height 486 . 2567 feet, and length 
of one side of base, 763.81 feet; but it is not therefore 
intended to imply that they, or indeed any foot measures, 
were employed by the ancient builders. Certainly the 
length, want of meaning, and inconvenience of the fractions 
obliged to be introduced (by us) in order to represent the 
(closest approximate), or pi, proportion of the one pyramid 
element to the other, in these particular, absolute, linear 
terms, tend to forbid the idea. (We, nevertheless, believe 
that architect and builders of the Great Pyramid knew the 
exact proportion, or the ratio of the diameter to the cir- 
cumference of a circle without any decimal. One of the 
proofs offered for this is: that no two mathematicians or 
engineers, in our day and age, obtain exactly the same re- 
sults in the measure of any part of this "First Great Wonder 
of the World.") As a foot measure was not likely, and the 
Egyptian cubit whose length was close to 20.7 English 
inches, gave similarly inconvenient fractions, what sort 
of standard of linear measure was likely to have been em- 
ployed at the building, or rather by the actual builder and 
architect of the whole design of the Great Pyramid? 



PI MEASURE VALUES 181 

WHAT STANDARD WOULD SUIT PI ON THE SCALE 
OF THE GREAT PYRAMID? 

Our first step of inquiry will be, to see if an equally 
exact proportion between linear height and twice base- 
breadth, to what our long fractions of feet gave, cannot be 
obtained from some simpler numbers. Take for instance 
116.5 : 366.0. These do not give the value of pi exactly 
(and as far as we know) no simple numbers can, when the 
proportion itself (is considered, and) belongs to the in- 
commensurables ; but it is an astonishingly close approach 
and an admirable clearing away of fractional troubles in all 
approximate work, for such plain and small numbers to 
make; and the exceedingly trifling fraction (either 116.- 
5014 1366.0000, or 116.5000 : 365 . 9956, would be closer, 
but not so convenient in multiplication and division) and 
by which the one should be increased and the other de- 
creased, does not, in the existing state of our pyramidal 
knowledge thus far, make much practical difference upon 
most of the questions which we shall have presently to take 
up. Are there, however, any other reasons that such of 
mere arithmetical convenience, why we should attach much 
significance, in the design of the Great Pyramid, to these 
particular numbers? There are some reasons of really 
grand suggestions. In the first place, 366, which repre- 
sents here (for our arbitrary diameter of a circle 116. 5) 
the pi circumferential analogy of that circle, is also the 
nearest even number of days in a year; or more precisely, 
of mean solar days in a mean tropical solar year (of the 
earth) ; or again, of day-steps in the circle of the earth's year, 
which year is the most important of all circles to the physi- 
cal life of man. We now know, by modern science, that 
the exact number of these day-steps in such terrestrial year 
is, at this present time in the history of man upon the earth 
365. 2422 -ran almost endless fraction of unascertained 
length. So that the proportion of the day to the year is in 
a manner another incommensurable; in practice, though 
not in theory, as interminable as pi itself; and yet for the 



182 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

ordinary purposes of life, all civilized nations now use 
365 even; except in leap year, when they do, evenly also, 
make their year to consist of 366 days. 

In the second place, it may be stated that the portion 
of the Pyramid employed as the chief datum of linear 
measure in the problem under discussion, viz., the length 
of each side of its square base as determined by the 'socket' 
measurements, both of the French savants and Colonel 
Howard Vyse, when it comes to be divided into 366 parts 
seems to give each of them a length approaching to one 
round and even ten -millionth of the earth's semi-axis of 
rotation, or nearly 25 English inches. Equivalent, there- 
fore, if further and independent confirmation shall be ob- 
tained, to the architect having laid out the size of the Great 
Pyramid's base with a measuring rod 25 inches long, sym- 
bolical in modern science of the earth's diurnal rotation on 
its axis, in his hand — and in his head, the number of days 
and parts of a day so produced in a year of the earth's 
revolution round the sun; coupled with the intellectual 
and instructive intention to represent that number of days 
in terms of that rod, on each base side of the building. 

A DAY AND YEAR STANDARD INDICATED 
WITH REMARKABLE AND HARMONIOUS EARTH 
COMMENSURABILITY.— Piazzi Smyth says: "Now this 
is a feature, in all sober truth, if that quantity of length 
was really used intentionally as a standard of measure 
of the most extraordinary importance; for it is only since 
Newton's time that men knew anything exact about, or 
have attributed anything peculiar in its size to, the earth's 
axis of rotation as different from any other diameter thereof. 
It is therefore, to man evidently a result of modern, very 
modern science alone; and every modern civilized nation 
has, during the nineteenth century, been obliged to per- 
form gigantic trigonometrical operations and ''degree 
measurings," in order to arrive at any approach to accurate 
knowledge of the true length of that Polar earth -line, or 
rotation axis of the earth; and they are still pursuing the 



DAY AND YEAR STANDARD 183 

inquiry with most extensive establishments of well trained 
surveyors and scientific calculators. Their best results 
hitherto oscillate generally about 500,500,000 English 
inches within very narrow limits, though some of the results, 
from unavoidable errors of even the most advanced modern 
scientific mensurations, are as great as 500,560,000, and 
others as small as 500,378,000. Such then is the range of 
uncertainty in which England, France, Germany, America, 
and Russia are placed at this moment with regard to the size 
of the world they live on. And yet they are immensely 
closer in accord, and nearer to the truth, than they were 
only fifty years ago; while 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 years 
since, even the most scientific of men knew nothing but 
what was childish about the size of that earth-ball on which 
it had pleased God to place His last and most wondrous 
act of creation — Man — to dwell, and play his part, for, who 
knows, how short a season. 

"It is possible, then, that at a much earlier date still 
than 3,000 years ago, or on the primeval occasion of the 
founding of the Great Pyramid in 2,170 B. C. (which date 
we consider an impossibility, owing to the lack of intelli- 
gence at that period; 27,970 B. C. would come nearer) the 
author of the design of that building could have known both 
the size, shape and motions of the earth exactly, and have 
intentionally chosen the unique diameter of its axis of 
rotation as a physically significant reference for the stan- 
dard of measure to be employed in that building? Human- 
ly, or by human science finding it out then, and in that age, 
of course was utterly impossible. But if the thing was 
inserted there in grandly monumental fact — too grand, too 
often repeated and too methodic to be owing to accident — 
there was something of supernatural in its origination. 
And if traces of the supernatural in goodness and truth are 
attributable only to God and to his Divine inspiration, 
then this most ancient, yet still existing monumentalization 
of superhuman contemporary cosmical knowledge 0} that time 
must be one of the most remarkable facts that occurred at 



184 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

the beginning of the post-diluvial career of man, outside 
of Scripture history; and stands next in importance to 
Scripture itself for all intellectual and religious mankind to 
inquire into, as to how, and for what end, it was allowed or 
aided by the Almighty both to take place, and in a manner 
which has enabled it to last down to these days." 

The above quotation from Piazzi Smyth's 4th edition 
of "Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid" is significant of 
the man; his religious fever knew no bounds, so much so, 
that everything he found or discovered in science, not 
immediately explainable, he attributed to Deity. I am 
sorry that he is not now in the body to defend his pet 
theory. As he has passed to the beyond, let me address 
his friends and followers, (and they are legion), viz., if a 
special Dispensation has protected this great stone edifice 
for (even as he suggests — 4,000 years) all the time that the 
present race has been making history, then why should not 
that same Divine influence have been extended to the 
churches throughout Christendom? and if not as a whole 
to some isolated sect? that was better than the rest? The 
fact is — no building on the face of the earth (outside of the 
Great Pyramid) has withstood the ravages of time, the 
earthquake and the flood, one-half the number of years 
that this great stone building is known to have done 
(not counting the thousands of years that history does not 
record) . We will try and answer both sides of this question. 
It is purely a physical reason ; viz. , during the great seismic 
disturbances in San Francisco, Cal., in April, 1906, and 
Valparaiso, Chile, in July of the same year will do to 
illustrate; it is a noted fact: that the different churches 
(regardless of denomination) suffered more proportionately 
than the buildings occupied by the lowest callings on earth. 
And why (?) not because they were churches, but because 
that class of buildings are tall, and most of them have 
spires that are not earthquake proof, built of wood or brick 
that will not stand a two minute seismic vibration. The 
lightning plays similar pranks, and is no respector of persons 
aiming as it does at the highest points. 



TIME HAS NOT AFFECTED THE PYEAMID 1S5 

The other side of this question: Why has the "Great 
Pyramid" stood all these thousands of years, although 
taller than any church edifice in the world? And only 
three other buildings of any character excel it in height, viz., 
the "Eiffel Tower," at Paris; the "Washington Monument," 
at Washington; and the "City Hall" at Philadelphia. 
All of which are built practically earthquake proof, and 
each contain conductors for directing the lightning peace- 
fully to the earth. But why has the Great Pyramid stood? 
Nothing miraculous about it. The extraordinary intelli- 
gence of the race of mankind that flourished from 50,000 
to 100,000 years ago, led them to know, that there was but 
one spot (and that of limited area) on the face of the earth 
(on land) but what had changed places with the waters of 
the earth, some of it several times, and would do so again 
at different (long) intervals. That spot is located in the 
geographical center of the land of the earth: in 29 ° 58' 51" 
N. Lat. and 31 ° io' 1" E. Long.; where they erected the 
greatest stone structure that ever existed, or is in place 
today, viz., the "Great Pyramid Jeezeh." And when they 
did so they had scientific physical reasons for believing that 
it would stand until the earth should cease to obey its 
polarity and the orb itself disintegrate. And why? Be- 
cause the earth, being unequally balanced (the water area 
containing about three-fifths and the land area about two- 
fifths), the land portion, or that portion of the land above 
water, is principally located north of the equator, the 
geographical center of which (or weight center) is located 
between the following extreme points. N. W. Alaska, and 
S. E. Australia; and N. E. Asiatic Siberia, and Cape Horn, 
South America, in the S. W. ; or as above described, the 
spot whereon stands the "Great Pyramid." If you have 
followed carefully what we have stated in our chapter on 
earthquakes, tidal waves, and other seismic disturbances, 
you will grasp at our opinion, in the belief — that the earth 
is never perfectly quiet — no more so, than a human being. 
This state of inquietude ranges from the slightest sensation 



186 TITE GBEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

noted on the seismograph, to the sinking of a continent. 
During all such disturbances, great or small, there is a 
point within the earth (the center of its weight) that is al- 
most perfectly quiet; that point being nearer the surface 
on one side of the earth than the other (owing to the in- 
equalities of the weight on the surface) causes that same 
quietude to exist on the surface nearest that point. The 
strongest circumstantial evidence exists that that point 
is located 9 miles S. of W. of Cairo, in Egypt, where stands 
the "Great Pyramid Jeezeh." This building was there, 
arrayed in all its beauty, with its white limestone casing 
stones, from base to apex, when the second Pyramid of 
Jeezeh was built (or so reported) in the year 2,130 B. C; 
the Great Pyramid was then so old that no human being 
then living knew when it was built. All history regarding 
the date of which is pure guess-work and totally unreliable. 
The fact that this building still stands, without the least 
crack in the whole structure, except those known to have 
been made by vandals, marauders, etc., since the advent 
of the present race of men, is sufficient evidence that the 
locality surrounding the Great Pyramid is the most quiet 
spot on the face of the earth. We do not know what in- 
fluence is brought to bear on our frail orb, the earth, to 
cause it to change its polarity, or swing out of place and come 
back again ; nor will we attempt to ascribe a theory for this 
freak of nature. For our present purpose, it will be suffi- 
ciently satisfactory to say that such phenomena have 
occurred (explained somewhat at length in a previous 
chapter). Our theory of the difference between a severe 
earthquake and a cataclysm, or its effects on the surface 
of the earth is: that the earthquake is caused by a force 
from within the earth, while a cataclysm is caused by a force 
without, or on the surface of the earth; and this occurs 
when the earth suddenly disobeys her polar attraction. 
The result of which is, to cause some continents to sink, 
with a corresponding amount of land to rise from the depths 
of the oceans. During such ordeal, the earth behaves in 



BASE-SIDE LENGTH OF PYEAMID 18^ 



a similar manner that she does during an earthquake, 
except, that she revolves around the point of least resistance 
(having changed her course) with greatly accelerated speed. 
That pivotal point, we claim, must be where the Great 
Pyramid is located ; for we believe that it has passed through 
several such ordeals. We deem no explanation necessary 
to prove that the Great Pyramid (or any other structure) 
would stand and remain unmoved, during such a calamity, 
if the disturbing matter moved evenly around the point 
on which the said structure stood. 

INQUIRY OF A MORE RIGID CHARACTER INTO 
THE ABSOLUTE LENGTH OF THE BASE-SIDE 
OF THE GREAT PYRAMID. 

(Sec. 14.) We desire to ascertain if the alleged fact 
is there; or to what degree of accuracy it is there. Prof. 
Smyth says : "For in all practical work of- physical science 
and nicety of measurement, good scientific men know that 
nothing whatever can be ascertained absolutely, but only 
within certain limits of error ; those limits becoming smaller 
as observation improves, but never entirely vanishing. Is 
then, the ten-millionth part of the earth's semi-axis of 
rotation, or 25.025 English inches (according to the be&t 
modern estimate of that axis, which in a manner, and with 
the shining of the sun to help, makes the days, of the earth, 
being 500,500,000 English inches long) multiplied by 365 .- 
2422 (the now known number of solar days in a year), 
the true length of a side of the square base of the ancient 
Great Pyramid; and if it is not, by how much does it differ? 

"The foregoing theoretically proposed quantity, or 
inches 25.025x365.2422, evidently amounts to 9,140 
English inches, nearly. * * * The only admissible, 
because the only socket-founded, determinations of the base- 
side lengths that I was acquainted with were, 1st, the French 
01^=763.62 English feet = 9,1 63 . 44 English inches; and, 
2nd, Colonel Howard Vyse's of 764 English feet = 9,168 
English inches; and both of them are far too large. This 



188 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

error did not iffect our determination in a previous chapter 
for the pi shape of the Great Pyramid ; because we computed 
the height, in terms of this same base-breadth, by reference 
to an angle observed quite independently of any linear meas- 
ure. But now we require to know more positively whether 
the numerical length then used was real, or figurative only; 
and when I was actually at the Great Pyramid in 1865, 
Messrs. Aiton and Inglis, engineers, succeeded in uncover- 
ing all four of the Great Pyramid's corner sockets, and then 
proceeded to measure from socket to socket every one of 
the four sides of the base; and with what result? They 
made them all shorter, far shorter; to me it was at first 
incredibly shorter than both the French and Howard 
Vyse determinations; for it was equal only 9,110 English 
inches on the mean of the 4 sides. Either their measures 
then must have been very bad and too short; or those of 
the French and- Colonel Howard Vyse were also bad, but 
too long. And why was there so much badness amongst 
them? Mainly because the ground to be measured over 
is covered, and heaped, and thrown into horrible confusion 
of ups and downs by those hills of rubbish, formed by the 
fragments of casing stones (of which we treated at some 
length a few pages back). Very useful were they then, 
for the angular fragments they yielded, on being dug into 
and turned inside out; but dreadfully obstructive are they 
now, when an accurate linear measure over a long distance 
is wanted; and when like all distance measuring in surveying 
work, it must be in a straight and level line only, for ulti- 
mate use or reference. Each measurer hoped that he had 
cleverly corrected his really up and down measures ovei 
the hills and down into the hollows of rubbish, to what they 
would have been if the ground had been level — but when 
their severally independent measurements are brought 
together, behold how they differ! And this, remember, is 
modern science, so critical of the antique ages of the world. 
''After much consideration I was inclined to divide 
the errors very nearly evenly between the several parties. 



INACCURACY OF DIFFERENT MEASUREMENTS 189 

.n 1867; adopting therefore, neither the 9,168 or 9,163 
on one side, nor the 9,110 on the other, but 9,142. And in 
1869, when the Royal Engineer surveyors (of Great Britain) , 
returning from the Sinai survey, went (according to orders) 
to the Great Pyramid, and announced, through their 
colonel at home, that the mean length of a side of its square 
base from socket to socket, was 9,130 British inches, they 
were nearer to the theoretical 9,140 than to any of the other 
measured results. But as there are internal features of 
evidence showing that none of the measures, not even the 
last, were accurate enough to be depended upon to the 
third place of figures (whether measured upon only one 
side, or all four sides, of the base considered square by every- 
body) all men are at this very moment left by the last 
Pyramid base-side measurers of modern times in this 
predicament— W3., the theoretical length of 9,140 inches 
which would imply such almost unutterable wisdom, or 
such inconceivably happy accident, for that primeval time 
on the part of the designer of the Great Pyramid, is really 
found amongst, or as though it were the thing really and 
centrally certified to, by the best conclusions of modern 
measure. It is, indeed, notably confirmed by them; or 
may be asserted upon and by means of them, within such 
limits as they can confirm anything ; and if those limits are 
coarse, that coarseness is entirely the fault of the modern 
measurers, not of the ancient building; which, founded on 
a rock (and an admirably firm and nearly unfissured hill 
of dense rock of nummulitic limestone, in nearly horizon- 
tal strata) could not possibly have expanded and contracted 
between the successive modern dates of 1799, 1837, 1865, 
and 1869 A. D., as the recent measurers seem at first, 
most absurdly, to imply. The variations, therefore, first 
from 9,163 to 9,168, then to 9,110 and then to 9,130, must 
be merely the plus and minus errors of the modern measures, 
or of men intending honestly to do well if they could, but 
erring involuntarily, sometimes to one side and sometimes 
to the other of absolute exactitude." 



190 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

THE EARTH-AXIS AND YEAR-COMMENSUR- 
ABLE, RESULT FURTHER INDICATED.— '.'Of course 

better measures than all that have been yet taken, might 
be made in the present age of science, and should be in- 
stituted forthwith, to clear up so notable a point in the 
primeval history of man; but the expense to be incurred 
in the preliminary clearing of the ground from tho^e ob- 
structing rubbish heaps of broken stones, to allow of accu- 
rate measuring apparatus being brought to bear effectually, 
is beyond the means of any private and poor scientific man 
and the Great Pyramid is not a favorite subject either with 
rich men or the powerful governments of wealthy nations ; 
while the invaluable corner sockets, never properly covered 
up since 1865, are daily being trodden and cruelly broken 
down at their edges out of shape and out of size, so that we 
are not likely to see speedily, if ever, any better measurers 
of the Great Pyramid's base-side length than those already 
obtained. But as they, when considered by any experienced 
computer fully, honestly, and fairly, do include the theore- 
tical 9,140 English inches, we are already justified so far 
(and we shall have in a future chapter signal confirmation 
from the interior of the Pyramid) in upholding the high 
degree of probability that the reason why the Great Pyramid 
(made already of a particular shape to enunciate the value 
of the mathematical term pi) had also been made of a 
particular size, was, in part, to set forth the essence of all 
true chronology for man in recording the order of his works, 
and in understanding the chief physical basis on which alone 
he is ordained to prosecute them, upon this earth. For 
evidently this was accomplished there, by showing that 
the number of times that the Pyramid's standard of linear 
measure would go into the length of a side of its square 
base, was equal to the number of days and parts of a day in 
the course of a year. That standard of linear measure 
being, moreover, with a marvelously complete appropri- 
ateness of symbology, the ten-millionth (or, in mathemati- 
cal expression, the io 7th part) of the length of the earth's 



WHAT DID THE BUILDERS DO WITH THEIR CHIPS 191 



semi-axis of rotation: or of half of that axis, by the earth's 
rotating upon which before the sun, that particular number 
of days for work and nights for rest is constantly being 
produced for all humanity in the course of the earth's 
annual revolution around the sun. Hence, there is here 
wheel within wheel of appropriate and wise meaning, far 
above all the then contemporary knowledge of man, and in- 
cating far more than any mere single case of simple co- 
incidence of numbers. A grouping, indeed it is, implying 
something vastly beyond mechanical accident on the part 
of the unknown ancient architect. The affair was, more- 
over, perfectly open, because it was on the surface, during 
all antiquity; and especially open during the days of the 
Greek philosophers in Alexandria, when the Great Pyramid 
was still complete in size and finish, with its bevelled casing 
stones forming the then outside finished surface of the whole 
and the ground round about so eminently free from both 
the present obstructions, and all others, too, accompanying 
ordinary mason's work, that Strabo declared the building- 
looked as if it had descended upon its site ready formed 
from Heaven, and had not been erected by man's laborious 
toil at all. The question which chiefly troubled Strabo was 
— "What have the builders done with their chips? Here is 
the most enormous building in the world, constructed al- 
most entirely of stones squared by man's hand, so that the 
involuntary production of chips must have been immense; 
but none of them are to be seen ; all around the Great Pyra- 
mid is a level area swept as clean as if no stones at all had 
ever been chipped or squared upon it." Yet what he could 
not discover, time and the weather of over 1,800 years since 
his day have abundantly revealed; for the said primeval 
chippings by the original masons (a totally different affair 
from, and on an enormously larger scale than the hills of 
rubbish of the casing stone fragments of Mohammedan 
time now to be seen about the building) were all thrown 
over the northern edge of the Pyramid hill, or firmly banked 
up against the natural cliff on that side, and levelled on the 



192 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

top so as to extend the esplanade on the northern front of 
the monument. And there, a good photograph from the 
northeast sand-plain shows them still to be ; discriminating 
admirably between the natural hill, and this adventitious 
addition to it." (See Plate.) 

REFERENCE TO THE GREAT PYRAMID'S 
NUMBERS. 

(Sec. 15.) And the affair grows in wonder the further 
we inquire into it. For Mr. Taylor, led by the numbers 
of British inches which measure the earth's polar axis length 
— and other men, ako led by the dominance of fives in the 
Pyramid's construction (as that it has five angles and five 
sides, including the lower plane of the base mathematically 
as one) — ventured the suggestion, that the author of the 
Great Pyramid's design both employed decimal and quinary 
arithmetic ; and had, and used, as his smaller unit of measure 
one-fifth of a fifth part of his particular cubit, forming there- 
by, let us say in English, an inch. An inch, larger indeed 
than a British inch, but only by a thousandth part, i. e., 
about half a hair's breadth; an apparently unimportant 
quantity, and yet it is that which enables the round, and 
at the same time grand, Pyramid number of five hundred 
millions of them, viz., Pyramid, not British, inches, even 
to measure the length of the earth's polar diameter with 
exactitude. 

With these truly earth-commensurable inches, the 
day standard of linear measure for the side of the base of 
the Great Pyramid is 5x5, or just 25 of them; and that 
length we shall call the cubit of the Great Pyramid's 
scientific design. But in its own inches, the side of the 
Great Pyramid's base, we must remember, will no longer 
now measure 9,140, but 9,131.05 inches. Next, as there 
are four sides to the Pyramid's base, the united length of 
all of them evidently equals 36,524. 2 of the same Pyramid 
inches; or, at the rate of a round hundred of those inches 
to a day, the whole perimeter of the building (already 



NOTED PYRAMIDAL NUMBERS 193 

shown to represent the theoretical pi circle) is here found 
to symbolize once again, in day lengths, 365.242, or the 
practical day and night circle of the year. 

It is not ominously significant, that the ancient cubit 
of Pharaonic Egypt, 20.7 British inches long nearly, if 
applied either to the Great Pyramid's base-side, or base- 
diagonals, or vertical height, or arris lines, or any. other 
known radical length of the building, brings out no notable 
physical fact, no mathematical truth. While the other 
length of 25.025 British inches, brings out in this and other 
cases so many of the most important coincidences of this 
earth we inhabit, as make the ancient monument, at once, 
speak both intelligibly and intellectually to the scientific 
understanding of all intelligent men of the present day, 
"withersoever scattered around the world." 

No other pyramid in Egypt can presume for a moment 
to compete with the Great Pyramid in this all-important 
earth-axial 25 inch standard, and 365.242 day matter. 
That is, none of their base-side lengths, when divided by 
the number of days in a year, are able to show that crucial 
I0 7th f the earth's axis quantity, or anything near it, or 
anything else of cosmical importance. The general in- 
stinct, therefore, of the whole human race through all ages, 
in so readily and universally allowing, as it did, to the first 
Pyramid the surname of 'Great,' has been borne out 
beyond all that had been expected, by the application of 
modern measure and scientific research. 

While the ancient base-side length of the Great Monu- 
ment has been quoted so low as 9,110, it has also been 
quoted as high as 9,168 British inches, and in a manner to 
lead to the inference that 9,140 of those inches must be 
very nearly the true quantity. 

Note the measures of the base-side lengths of the 
greatest of the other Pyramids of Egypt, taken in the same 
terms. When measured by Colonel Howard Vyse and his 
assistant Mr. Perring (the authors of the 9,168 inch measure 
for the Great Pyramid, and therefore rather liable to err 

13 



194 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

in excess than defect) — they, that is, the respective ancient 
base-side lengths of those other pyramids, are reported 

thus : — 

British Inches. 

Second Pyramid of Jeezeh/ . . . 8,493 

North Stone Pyramid of Dashoor. . . 8,633 

South Stone Pyramid of Dashoor. ...... . . .7,400 

The Chief, or 'Great' Pyramid of Saccara. . . 4,727 

Third Pyramid of Jeezeh .4,254 

The Chief Pyramid of Aboosier. '. . . . . .4,3*7 

Northern Brick Pyramid of Dashoor. . . ..... ./ 4,200 

Southern Brick Pyramid of Dashoor. . . . 4, no 

Pyramid Base of Mustabat el Pharaoon .3,708 

Foundation for a Pyramid at Aboo-Roash . 3,840 

We might go on through all the thirty-seven, continu- 
ally diminishing, until the last of them. One of the pyra- 
mids of Aboosier has a base-side length of only 905 English 
inches. 

(Sec. 16.) THE PYRAMID'S LINEAR STAN- 
DARD. — The nations of the world from the dawn of written 
history, down to, less than one hundred and fifty years 
ago, of their own selves and by their own knowledge, cared 
little about their national measures beyond their daily, 
social use as such ; and knew nothing but what was childish 
with regard to the size of the earth ; so that all our present 
exact acquaintance with it, as a reference for standards of 
length, is confined within the history (as above stated) of 
the last one hundred and fifty years. The French philoso- 
phers in the early portion of the last century, in fixing on 
the Meridonal quadrant of surface for their metre's deriva- 
tion, did not take into consideration the fact, that the pro- 
gress of geodesy would within the century reveal that the 
earth's equator was not a circle, but a rather irregular 
curvilinear figure, perhaps ellipsoidal on the whole, so that 
it has many different lengths of equatorial diameters, and 
therefore also different lengths of quadrants of the Meridian 
in different longitudes. Although a majority of the coun- 



VARIATION OF THjE GRAMME IN GRAINS 195 

tries of the earth have adopted a ''Metric System," it is 
rioted, that at least fourteen different nations have each a 
different length for their 'Metre.' This, as a matter of 
course varies the weight of the 'gramme'; the following 
table will illustrate: — 

WEIGHT OF THE GRAMME IN GRAINS by differ- 
ent communities ; the second in the list is the one generally 
adopted. 

15.432 15.4323488 15.433159 15.438395 15.44242 
*5-43 2 34874 i5-43 2 349 15-434 15 -44 i5-44402 
.15-43234875 I 5-43 2 7 15-43402344 15.4402 

When the system was adopted by France the metre 
was assumed to be the ten millionth part of the quadrant of 
the meridian passing through Barcelona and Dunkirk. For 
the reason of the above named contention, we claim that 
the system as originally promulgated, can never become 
universal. Again, the French shipbuilder himself uses 
the fractional system to lay out a vessel's keel. And yet 
these things were all taken into account, or provided for 
by the great, and as yet, mysterious architect that directed 
the building of the Great Pyramid, probably over 30,000 
years ago. 

For a series of "Weights and Measures" based on the 
capacity of the 'coffer,' and other measurements in the 
Great Pyramid, see another portion of this work. We 
think they should be universally adopted. The ruling 
standard, the io 7th , or ten -millionth part of the earth's 
polar semi-axis, shown to have been adopted by the archi- 
tect of the Great Pyramid, by the general progress of all 
learning, to be the only sound and truly scientific reference 
which the earth itself possesses. Through the long mediae- 
val periods of darkness, confusion, and war, not even the 
most progressive nation thought of such things as mathema- 
tics, geodesy, and linear standards; if not the same master 
mind, very much like Providence, prevented our hereditary 
and gwasi-Pyramid, smaller unit of measure, the inch, from 
losing more than the thousandth part of itself. We believe 



196 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

that the Great Pyramid is the one necessarily material 
and memorial center from which those practical things, 
weights and measures, sometime in the misty past, were 
distributed. To whom, and when, is as yet unwritten history. 
Sir John Herschel, after careful examinations of the 
subject of Earth-size and Sun-distance, stated "that a 
band encircling the earth, of the breadth of the base of the 
Great Pyramid, contains one hundred thousand million 
square feet." The built size of the Great Pyramid is here 
stated to bear such a remarkably round and even number, 
as its proportion to the created size of the natural earth, 
that an argument for intention rather than accident may 
spring therefrom, if it hold closely in fact and in sequence 
to other coincidences independently ascertained. The 
feet to be used on such an occasion can hardly be any other 
than Pyramid feet, or 12 Pyramid inches set in a line; 
and the part of the earth for the colossal band to encircle, 
what should that be? Though it is allowable in approxi- 
mate work, to speak of the earth as a sphere, whose every 
great circle, or section through its center, will have the 
same length of circumference — early investigation at the 
Pyramid indicated to the contrary; and that its design 
successfully discriminated between the axis of rotation 
diameter, and any and every other possible diameter 
through the really spheroidal, or ellipsoidal, or chiefly 
flattened-at-the-poles figure, of the great mass of the earth. 

LENGTH OF THE EARTH'S POLAR AXIS. 

(Sec. 17.) Expressed in Pyramid inches, (0.001 of an 
inch longer than the English inch) the polar diameter, 
or axis of rotation of the earth, has been stated by different 
observers of the best modern schools of the present time 
to be either 499,878,000 or 500,060,000 Pyramid inches 
in length, or any and almost every quantity between those 
limits. The matter cannot, in fact, be determined much 
closer by the best measures of the best men in the present 
day ; and although one nation publishes its own results to an 



LENGTH OF THE EAKTH'S POLAR AXIS 



197 



arithmetical refinement of nine places of figures, that is 
not physical exactness; and it cannot convince any other 
nation of its correctness beyond the first three places of 
figures. Some of them may agree to four places, few or 
none of them to five or six or more places. Therefore, in 
this case and all other similar ones throughout this work, 
we shall try to simplyfy all numerical statements of meas- 
ures by only entering the significant numbers as far as they 
can be depended upon. Hence the three ooo with which 
the above statements terminate are merely to give the 
proper value to the preceding figures, and not to indicate 
that any one man's measures of the earth gave forth an even 
number of inches in units, tens, hundreds, or thousands. 

Colonel Clarke, R. E., chief mathematician of the 
Ordinance Survey of Great Britain, in one of his reports 
issued some 40 years ago, gave two different statements, 
arrived at by different modes of computation (reduced 
here from British into Pyramid inches) first as 499,982,000 
and lastly as 500,022,000 ; leaving the reader to chose which 
he likes, or any mean between the two. The extremes of 
Prof. Smyth and Col. Clarke are represented in the accom- 
panying table, without attempting to decide the correctness 
of either one. 

TABLE OF THE EARTH'S SEVERAL DIAMETERS IN 
PYRAMID INCHES. 



Parts of the Earth 
Referred to 



Polar Diameter •••... 
Diameter in Lat. 6o° . 
Diameter in Lat. 45 . 
Diameter in Lat. 30 . 
Diameter at Equator 



Res' ul t with 
Clarke's Small- 
est Equatorial 
Diam. 1866 



500,000,000 
500,396,000 
500,792,000 
501,186,000 
501,577,000 



Result Adopt- 
ed by Piazzi 
Smyth 1864 



500,000,000 
500,420,000 
500,840,000 
501,257,000 
501,672,000 



Result with 
Clarke's Larg- 
est Equatorial 
Diam. 1866 



500,000,000 
500,435,000 
500,869,000 
501,301,000 
501,730,000 



198 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

TESTING OF JOHN TAYLOR'S ANALOGY. 

Having the data at our command, let us return to the 
Taylor-Herschel Pyramid analogy, which asserts that a 
"band of the width of the Great Pyramid's base-breadth 
encircling the earth, contains 100,000,000,000 square feet.'* 
An equatorial band is the only one which could encircle 
the earth in a great circle, and at the same time in one and 
the same parallel of latitude. We proceed, therefore, 
thus: from the equatorial diameter given above, we com- 
pute the equatorial circumferences by multiplying them 
by that almost magic number to work calculations with, 
the pi of the Great Pyramid and modern mathematics 
or 3 . 141 59, etc. Reduce them to Pyramid feet by dividing 
by 1 2 , and next multiply by the already determined Pyra- 

9131.05 

mid base-breadth in Pyramid feet, viz., = 760.921; 

12 

the following results then come out, viz: — They all give 
smaller figures than the required 100,000,000,000; for the 
smaller equatorial diameter gives 99,919,000,000, and the 
largest equatorial diameter gives 99,949,000,000. Not 
absolutely true, therefore, with any allowable equatorial 
diameter, farther than the first three places. 

PYRAMID AND SOLAR ANALOGY. 

(Sec. 18.) Something then further than earth -size 
reference had been deemed possible in the Great Pyramid; 
but it was at last obtained by Mr. William Petrie, C. E., in 
October, 1867, when he deduced the mean distance of 
the sun from the earth; in fact, the "Sun -distance," to be 
the quantity hitherto vaguely expected only. An enormous 
length of line, is this sun-distance; and before which the 
mere size of the earth vanishes into almost nothingness. 
Mr. Petrie had remarked, and naturally enough, that the 
circle typified by the base of the Great Pyramid has al- 
ready been proved to symbolize a year, or the earth's 
annual revolution around the sun; and the radius of that 



DISTANCE TO THE SUN 19^ 

typical circle had also been shown to be the ancient vertical 
height of : the Great Pyramid, the most important and 
unique line which can be drawn within the whole edifice. 

Then that line, said he further, must represent also 
the radius of the earth's mean orbit round the sun, however'; 
far away that may be; and in the proposition of 10.9, or 
1 to 1,000,000,000; because, amongst other reasons 10:9 
is practically, in one mode of viewing it, the shape of 
the Great Pyramid. For this building, notwithstand- 
ing, or rather by virtue of, its pi angle at the sides, 
has practically and necessarily, and closer than any of the 
modern scientific measures have come to each other, just 
such another angle at the corners (see Fig. 1 and 2 , in Plate 
18) that for every ten units which its structure advances in- 
ward on the diagonal of the base to central, nocturnal 
darkness, it practically rises upward, or points to sunshine, 
daylight and sky, by nine. Nine, too, out of the ten charac- 
teristic five angles and five sides being the number of 
those ten parts which the sun shines on in such a shaped 
Pyramid, and in such a latitude, at noon, through the 
greater part of a year; when the sun "sits on the Pyramid 
with all its rays," and the building is then said, as it throws 
no shadow at all, "to devour it." Further, when the sun 
enters Libra, on March 20th of each year, at 12 o'clock 
noon\ and again when the orb enters Aries, on September 
22nd, the sun stands poised directly over the apex of the 
Great Pyramid. 

THE PYRAMID SUN-DISTANCE.— Mr. Petrie in- 
stantly proceeded to computation, reducing the 5,813 
Pyramid inches of the Great Pyramid's height to English 
inches, multiplying them by 10.9, and reducing those inches 
to English miles — when he worked out the quantity 
gi, 840,000 (nearly) of those miles. "Alas!" sighed he, 
"the analogy does not hold even in the second place of 
figures, for the real sun-distance by modern astronomy 
has been held during the last half century (this Was 40 
years ago) to be 95,233,055 miles." So he threw his papers 



200 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

on one side thinking he had erred altogether in the very 
conception, and then attended to other matters; until one 
fine morning he chanced to hear, that although the above 
number of ninety-five millions and odd miles, had been 
held so long by all the modern world — mainly because it 
had been produced by the calculations of the then last 
transit of Venus across the sun's disc, by a late first rate 
German astronomer (calculations so vast, so difficult, and 
with such a prestige of accuracy and power about them, 
that no living man cared to dispute their results) yet the 
astronomical world had been forced to awaken during the 
last few years to a new responsibility, and not only admit 
that the number might possibly be erroreous, even very 
erroneous (or actually in the second place of figures) but 
to institute many series of difficult observations on either 
side of the world at the same time, for endeavoring to 
determine what the correction should be. One group of 
astronomers of several nations declared the true mean 
sun-distance to be about 91,500,000 miles; and another 
group of the same and other nations declared it to be from 
92,500,000 to 93,000,000 of miles. Mr. Petrie steps in and 
shows that the Great Pyramid results, which he had form- 
erly allowed to drop from his hands, out of his exceeding 
respect to all modern science from the beginning of learning 
up to the year 1855 A. D., is between these two latest, and 
supposed best, of all the conclusions or so-called determina- 
tions; indeed, it is almost exactly the mean between the 
contending parties, and forms therefore in itself, in simpli- 
city and antiquity a single representation of the whole of 
the numerous, laborious, and most costly sun-distance 
results of all humankind even up to the present age; and 
it is now safe to assert, that the investigations of all nations 
(since the above dates) have gradually come a little closer 
to Mr. Petrie 's figures, as shown by his measurements of 
the Great Pyramid. And further, that in the near future, 
the principal nations of the earth will be led to acknowledge 
and adopt as a "key to the universe of measures" those to 



MOEE ABOUT THE DEIFIED ARCHITECT 201 

be obtained, from the Great Pyramid Jeezeh. Our advance 
in astronomical science in the last 3 ,000 years (not generally 
known) reads curiously, viz. "In the age of the Greeks, the 
distance attributed to the sun from the earth began with 
the infantine quantity of about ten miles; it increased 
slowly to 10,000; still more slowly to 2,500,000; then after 
a long delay, increased to 36,000,000, under German Keplar; 
to 78,000,000 in the days of Louis XIV., through means of 
the South African or trans -equatorial observations of the 
Abbe La Caille ; and only at length reached the full quantity, 
and then clumsily overpassed it, at the beginning of the 
last century, under the leadership of German mathematical 
astronomy." 

Quoting from "Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid," 
4th edition : "Modern astronomers are involuntarily proving 
that Man, unaided by supernatural Divine Power, could not 
possibly have measured the Sun-distance accurately in the Age 
of the Great Pyramid; and yet it is recorded there with ex- 
ceeding accuracy." The author, Prof. Smyth, should have 
added: that no living astronomer in this age, at this late 
day, can state the exact sun-distance; nor solve a much 
easier problem: "Give us the exact measurements of the 
Great Pyramid." 

If the reader has noted our argument in the early part 
of this work, he should know what our answer would be 
to the above quotation; viz., that a "Deified Architect" is 
out of the question at any period; and secondly, that as 
we do not place the date of the building of the Great Pyra- 
mid in 2,170 B. C, we escape the criticism of our ideal 
architect, living in an age of (almost) absolute mathematical 
and astronomical ignorance. While we do not claim suffi- 
cient inspiration to assume any fixed period for the erection 
of this "First Great Wonder," we are deeply impressed, 
that it was at some one of the dates in the misty past, 
when "a Draconis" (the pole star) was on the exact meridian 
either above or below the pole in the North. And those 
dates were: 2,170 B. C; 27,969 B. C; 53,767 B. C. ; and 



202 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

79,564 B. C, etc. As geology and astronomy have proved 
our orb to have been many millions of years in existence, it 
is safe to assume that it has been inhabited at least a half 
of million years. Also, that it has been depeopled a number 
of times. As the first date mentioned above occurred at a 
time within our recorded history, and that history records 
that no one living at that time and age had the architectu- 
ral ability to direct such a structure ; we assume that the 
very earliest date that it could have been erected was in 
27,969 B.C.; and it might have been either of the previous 
dates mentioned. Before the people of the earth will be able 
to duplicate the Great Pyramid, they will have to re-dis- 
cover (at least) the following " Lost Arts:" viz., "perfectly 
hardened copper;" "overcoming gravitation;" "navigating 
the air;" "communicating (through the language of num- 
ber) with the inhabited planets;" "a telescope with from 
1,000,000 to 2,000,000 power;" also, more perfect math- 
ematics; and measuring apparatus sufficiently correct, at 
least, to survey or measure the same object twice with the 
same result. The builders of the Great Pyramid knew all 
those things, to be able to accomplish what they did. 
This is why all those writers of the past, that have delved 
deeply into the mystery of that structure, "have Deified 
the architect," to be able to give an apparent answer. 
Of this, more hereafter. 

IN REGARD TO THE HEIGHTS of the different 
stone structures of the world (see table of Pyramids in 
another part of this work) , it will be noted that no other 
pyramid in all Egypt approaches nearer than 32 feet of 
the height of the Great Pyramid, and only three other 
structures in the world, at this date, exceed it in height; 
viz., "the Eiffel Tower, of Paris, France, 984 feet, built of 
steel; the City Hall and tower of Philadelphia, Pa., 537 1-3 
feet, the last 200 feet of which is steel; and the Washington 
Monument, at Washington, D. C, 555 feet, all stone." 
But no one of the latter named structures have any claim 
to mathematical proportions in their construction. 



THE PYRAMID'S PERFECT ORIENTATION 203 

ORIENTATION OF THE SIDES OF THE GREAT 

PYRAMID. 

The square base of the Great Pyramid is perfectly- 
oriented, or placed with its sides facing astronomically 
due north, south, east and west; this fact abolishes certain 
theories to the effect that all phenomena of that Pyramid 
have to do with pure geometr}^ alone; for, to pure geometry 
as well as to algebra and arithmetic, all azimuths or orien- 
tations are alike ; whereas , one most particular astronomical 
azimuth or direction was picked out for the sides of the 
base of the Great Pyramid. 

This point of perfect orientation may be possible in 
this our day and age but the fact that in all the wide world 
over, no other building large or small, can be said to possess 
this peculiar characteristic, hints at the fact that it is also 
to be classed as one of the "lost arts." The nearest ap- 
proach to the Great Pyramid's orientation with which we 
are familiar, is the Mormon Temple, at Salt Lake City, 
Utah, which was engineered by the celebrated mathema- 
tician and astronomer, Orsen Pratt, in his day. Our belief 
in the fact that the Great Pyramid is perfectly adjusted to 
the four cardinal points of the earth is strengthened every 
time a new set of engineers attempt to solve this mystery; 
as no two of them agree within several minutes. Prof. 
Smyth states in his "Life and Work" that it only varies 
4/ and 30"; the French engineer, Nouet (in 1878) placed 
the measurement to vary 19' and 58". And others too 
numerous to mention cause it to vary in opposite directions. 

Prof. Smyth adds, "The more an astronomer looks into 
the pointings of a magnetic needle, the more full of serious 
uncertanities and vagaries he finds it. But the more he 
examines, by mechanical instruments and astronomical 
observations into the north and south of the axis of the 
world or the polar point of the heavens, the more admirably 
certain does he find it and its laws, even to any amount of 
microscopic refinement. No astronomer, therefore, in a 
fixed observatory ever thinks of referring to a magnetic 



204 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

needle for the direction of the north. The very idea, by 
whomsoever brought up, is simply an absurdity. And of 
course in my own observations at the Great Pyramid in 
1865, I had nothing to do with occult magnetism and its 
rude, uncertain pointings, but employed exclusively, for 
the polar direction, an astronomical alt-azimuth instrument 
of very solid construction, and reading to seconds. In that 
way comparing the socket denned sides of the base, and 
also the signal defined axis of the entrance passage, with the 
azimuth of Alpha Ursa: Minor is, the Pole Star, at the time 
of its greatest elongation west ; and after reducing that ob- 
served place, by the proper methods of calculation, to the 
verticle of the pole itself, the cynosure was reached." 

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION— FURTHER TEST BY 

LATITUDE. 

(Sec. 19.) "Another test of nearly the same thing, not 
by angl^, but by distance on the surface; and further, that 
the architect did propose to place the Great Pyramid in the 
astronomical latitude of 30 ° north, whether that exact 
quantity was to be practical or theoretical; while my own 
astronomical observations in 1865 have proved, from the 
results of several nights work, that it stands so near to 30 ° 
as to be in the latitude parallel 29 ° 58' 51". 

"A sensible defalcation this, from 30 ° it is true, but not 
all of it necessarily error; for if the original designer had 
wished that men should see with their bodily, rather than 
their mental eyes, the pole of the sky, from the foot of the 
Great Pyramid, at an altitude before them of 30 °, he would 
have had to take account of the refraction of the atmos- 
phere ; and that would have necessitated the building stand- 
ing not in 30 °, but in 29 ° 58' 22". Whence we are entitled 
to say, that the latitude of the Great Pyramid is actually 
by observation between the two very limits assignable, but 
not to be discriminated by theory as it is at present. The 
precise middle point, however, between the two theoretical 
latitudes being 29 59' 11" and the observed place being 



CHANGE OF LATITUDE AT GREENWICH 205 



20 ° 5$' 51" there is a difference of 20" which may have to 
be accounted for. Though Dr. Hooke's question upon it 
would pretty certainly have been, can the earth's axis 
have shifted so little in 4,000 years with regard to its crust 
that the latitudes of places havr altered no more in that 
length of time than a miserable 20" of space. Unfortunate- 
ly none of the Greek, Roman, Indian, Alexandrian, or any 
of the older observatories of the world, had their latitudes 
determined in their day closely enough to furnish additional 
illustrations for this purpose. 

"At Greenwich, the oldest and best supported of mod- 
ern European observatories, there has been a continued de- 
crease in its observed latitude, with the increase of time. 
In the large volumes of its published observations, I find 
the latitude successively stated as: In 1876, 51 ° 28' 40" ; 
1834, 51 s 28' 39"; 1856, 51 28' 38.2". This change of 
1' 8" in eighty years, implies a quicker rate of decrease than 
the 20" at the Great Pyramid in 4,000 years — if the obser- 
vations were perfect; but they are not, and it is said, I 
believe, that small errors in both the instruments and the 
tables of refraction employed may be found eventually to 
explain away the apparent latitude change. Hence, all 
the known practical astronomy of the modern world cannot 
help us in this matter ; and if we apply to physical astronomy 
some of its great mathematicians of the day who are 
supposed to be able to compute anything, and have an- 
nounced long since how many millions of millions of millions 
of years the solar system is going to last, these great com- 
puters also announced a few years ago that they had found 
the interior of the earth to be solid, and as stiff as hammered 
steel; so that no change of latitude could take place. But 
within the last few years, they have concluded again that 
the interior of the earth is fluid, and steadied only by vortex 
motion of that fluid; also, that in the earlier geological ages, 
long before man appeared on the scene, great changes of 
latitude did take place in those almost infinitely long periods 
and that, therefore, some small change of the same sort may 



206 THE GEE AT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

have been experienced within human history; but it can 
only be a very small change, even as the Great Pyramid 
has already indicated." 

GEOGRAPHICAL APTITUDES OF THE GREAT 

PYRAMID. 

(Sec. 20.) The engineers and geographers under 
Napoleon Bonaparte, during his visit to Egypt, in 1799, 
were not slow to perceive how grand, truthful, and effective 
a trigonometrical surveying signal the pointed shape of the 
-Great Pyramid gratuitously presented them with ; and they 
not only used it for that purpose, as it loomed far and wide 
over the country, but they employed it as a grander order 
of signal, also, to mark the zero meridian of longitude for all 
Egypt. 

It is plain to see that, in coming to this conclusion, 
they could hardly but have perceived something of the 
peculiar position of the Great Pyramid at the southern 
apex of the Delta land of Egypt, and recognized that the 
verticle plane of the pyramid's passages produced north- 
ward, passed through the northermost point of Egypt's 
Mediterranean coast, besides forming the country's cen- 
tral and most commanding meridian line; while the N. E. 
and N. W. diagonals of the building similarly produced, 
enclosed the fertile Delta's either side in a symmetrical 
and well balanced manner. (See Plate II.) But the first 
very particular publication on this branch of the subject 
was by Mr. Henry Mitchell, Chief Hydrographer to the 
United States Coast Survey. He, having been sent by 
the U. S. Government, in 1868, to report on the progress 
of the Suez canal, was much struck with the regularity 
of a certain convex curvature along the whole of Egypt's 
("Lower Egypt's") northern coast. To his mind, and by 
the light of his science, it was a spl .ndid example, on that 
very account, of a growing and advancing coast line, de- 
veloping in successive curves all struck one after and beyond 
the other, from a certain central point of physical origina- 



MOKE EARTH AND LESS SEA IN THAT MERIDIAN 207 



tioh in the interior. And where? With the curvature 
of the northern coast, really the Delta land of the Nile, on 
a_good map before him (see in a small way, Fig. i, Plate II.) 
Mr. Mitchell sought, with variations of direction and radius 
carried southward, until he got all the prominent coast 
points to be evenly swept by his arc; and then looking to 
see where his southern center was, found it upon the great 
Pyramid; he immediately decided in his mind that "that 
monument stands in a; more important physical situation 
than any other building yet erected by man." And the 
importance of its position does not end there. For pro- 
ceeding along the globe due north and due south of the 
Great Pyramid, it has been found by a good physical 
geographer as well as engineer, Mr. William Petrie, that 
there is more earth and less sea in that meridian than in any 
other meridian all the equator around. For this reason, 
the Great Pyramid's meridian is caused to be as essentially 
marked by nature, in a general manner across the world 
from Polo to Pole, or rather from the North Cape of Norway 
to the diamond fields and Zululand of South Africa, as a 
prime meridian for all nations measuring their longitude 
from, or, "the unification of longitude." 

Again, taking the distribution of land and sea in 
parallels of latitude, there is more land surface in the Great 
Pyramid's general parallel of 30 ° than in any other degree; 
so that the two grand, solid, man -inhabited earth lines, 
the one, of most land in any meridian, and the other, of 
most land in any other latitude, cross on the Great Pyramid. 
Finally, on a careful summing up of the areas of all the dry 
land habitable by man all the wide world over, the center 
of the whole falls within the Great Pyramid's special terri- 
tory of Lower Egypt. 

Commodore Whiting, of the U. S. Navy, is quoted as 
saying (in 1879) that the chief claim in his eyes to the 
Great Pyramid as a Zero of all nations' longitude "is 
not merely that it is so eminently set in the midst among 
all busier haunts of men, on its own side of the earth, but 



208 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

that its Nether meridian, or the continuation of its Egyptian 
meridian round the opposite side of the world, forms the 
most suitable possible line of locality for circumnavigators 
of the globe to change their day of reckoning, as they pass 
it, accordingly as they are proceeding from East to West, 
or from West to East; because that Nether meridian of the 
Great Pyramid ranges its whole length from South to 
North Pole, excepting only near Behring's frozen straits, 
through foaming, tossing sea ; realizing, therefore, almost 
exactly the precise Nether meridian long desired by the late 
most eminent Captain Maury, in his grand and world- 
wide facilitations of the navigation of all nations." 

There is every reason to believe that the dry land sur- 
face spot, which was central when the Great Pyramid was 
built, is central still, and will continue to be so until the end 
of the present races of men on the earth. We expect to be 
further enabled to illustrate, before closing this work, that 
the directors of the building of the Great Pyramid were not 
natives of Egypt, but came into Egypt out of a country 
having a different latitude and longitude, and went back 
again into that country of theirs immediately after they 
had completed the Great Pyramid in all its beauty and 
perfection; and that there, in their own country, though 
they were at the head of their calling as architects, yet 
they built no more Pyramids (although they had built 
many before). This will go far to indicate that they had 
been taught, and well knew of early time, that there was 
only one proper and fully appropriate and safe spot, all 
the wide and round world over, whereon to found that 
most deeply significant structure that they had been com- 
missioned to build, with every detail of which they were 
perfectly familiar, but entirely unknown to the then wander- 
ing nomads of that vicinity. 

The exterior of that great central building of the whole 
earth, the Great Pyramid, has furnished us much food for 
thought up to this stage of our theory; notwithstanding 
the almost ruinous continuous attacks of twenty nations 



EXTERIOR MEASURES 209 

upon its exterior there is still proof, when carefully studied 
and scientifically measured, in spite of all those dilapidations 
to prove (at least) its size and location — the like of which 
were never made out in all past time for any other building 
on the face of the globe, not even for a single one of the 
other Pyramids of Egypt, all of which err utterly in angle, 
size, and position. What may we not expect from the 
building's better preserved interior ? 

We will conclude this earliest division of our work 
with a complete epitome of the outside measurements, 
including the "Geography and Masonry Courses" of the 
Great Pyramid; from the average prevailing testimony of 
those who have measured and thoroughly investigated the 
subject scientifically. 

PRINCIPAL MEASURES CONNECTED WITH THE 

GEOGRAPHY OF THE EXTERIOR OF THE 

GREAT PYRAMID. 

(Sec. 21.) POSITION.— N. Latitude, 29 58' 51"; 
E. Longitude, 31 ° io' 1". ■ Pyramid 

Elevation of Pavement Base: Feet Inches. 

Above the neighboring plain as now covered by 

sand 125 o 

Above the average water level 145 10 

Above the Mediterranean Sea level 215 o 

Elevation of the lowest subterranean con- 
struction or subterranean excavated cham- 
ber above the average water level of the 

country ......:............. 20 10 

Height- Size:— Present dilapidated height 

verticle .......... : *454 2 

Ancient verticle height of apex completed, 

above pavement 484 5JL 

Ancient inclined height, at middle of sides, 

from pavement to completed apex 1*6 15 H/^ 

Ancient inclined height at corners, pavement 

to apex. t7 2 4 ° 

14 



210 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

Ancient verticle height of apex above the low- 
est subterranean chamber 584 7 

Breadth Size: — Present dilapidated base 

side length *745 10 

Ancient and present base side socket length 760 11^2 

Ancient and present base diagonal socket 

length .......... 1 ,076 i 1 /^ 

Sum of the two base diagonals 2,152 2^ 

Present platform on top of Great Pyramid, 

in length of side, roughly 33 4 

(It is flat, except in so far as it has four or five 
large stones upon it, the remains of a once 
higher course of masonry.) 

Ancient length of side of Great Pyramid, 
with casing stone thickness complete, at 
the level of the present truncated summit 
platform, roughly . 48 4 

Pavement in front, and round the base of the 
Great Pyramid, formed of stones 21 inches 
thick, at center of North front 33 6 

A chasm or crack in both pavement and rock 
beneath, near the North front, extends to 

a depth of, more or less 47 6 

Shape and material: 

Ancient angle of rise of the casing stones 
and the whole Great Pvramid, when 
measured at the side- 51 ° 51' 14-3" 

Ancient angle of rise of the whole Great 
Pyramid, when measured at the cor- 
ners or arris lines • 41 59' 18. 7 

Ancient angle of the Great Pyramid, 

at the summit, sideways . 76 ° 17' 31 .4 

Ancient angle of the Great Pyramid at 
the summit, diagonally, or corner- 
ways • •• 96° i' 22-6 



it 



n 



tr 



EXTEEIOR MEASUEES 211 

Casing Stone Materials: — Compact 

white limestone from the Mokattam 

Mountain quarries on the east side 

of the Nile, with a density equal to 

0.367 (earth's mean density equals 1). 
* About f Nearly 

General Structural Material of all the Ruder 
Part of the Masonry: — Nummulitic limestone of the 
Pyramid's own hill, with a density equal to 0.412. 

Number of sides of the whole building, including the 
square base as one — 4 triangular and one square 5 

Number of corners of the whole building — 4 on the 

ground and one anciently aloft 5 

Area, Weight, Etc.: Pyramid Acres. 

Ancient area of square base of Great Pyramid 13.340 
Ancient area of the square pavement, on which 

the Great Pyramid is supposed to stand, but 

which has only been tested as yet on the 

Northern side, probably 16 .00 

If the pavement extends the same width on the 

east, south and west sides, as it does on the 

north ( ?) then it is 17.75 

The whole building from very base to apex is not solid 
masonry; but as clearly shown by the N. E. basal corner 
and indicated more or less at a point or two in the wall, 
and the descending entrance passage, includes some por- 
tions of the live rock of the hill. Such portion having 
been, however, trimmed rectangularly, and made to con- 
form in height and level with the nearest true masonry 
course. 

Solid cubits of masonry contained in the Great Pyra- 
mid's whole equals 10,340,000. 

Tons (Pyramid) of squared, cemented building ma- 
terial equals 5,274,000. 



212 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

UNITS OF MEASURE REFERRED TO. 

i Pyramid inch . . . . i .001 English inch. 

1 Pyramid foot. 12.012 English inches. 

1 Pyramid cubit. . '. 25.025 English inches. 

1 Pyramid cubit. ........ .25.000 Pyramid inches. 

1 Pyramid acre 0.9992 English acre 

1 Pyramid ton. ..... . 1 1499 English avoirdupois ton. 

See also Plates III. to XX. inclusive. 




ONE INCH OF THE GREAT PYRAMID 

subdivided into tenths, equal in length to one 500-millionth 

of the earth's axis of rotation. 

N. B. — The above pictorial representation must be 

considered approximate only, on account of the expansions 

and contractions of the paper it is printed on, from moisture. 



MASONRY COURSES OF THE GREAT PYRAMID. 

Table of the courses of squared and cemented blocks 
of stone in horizontal sheets, one above the other, which 
form the mass of the building. They vary from 20 to 
79 inches in height. 



Number of 
Course in 
Ascending 


Height of Each 
Course in 
Inches, Roughly 


Whole Height 
from Pavement, 
Ascending 


Number of 
Course in 
Ascending 


Height of Each 
Course in 
Inches, Roughly 


Whole Height 
from Pavement 
Ascending 


Number of 
Course in 
Ascending 


Height of Each 
Course in 
Inches, Roughly 


Whole Height 
from Pavement, 
Ascending 


Pave- 
ment 


O 


O 


26 


26 


933 


52 


26 


I770 


I 


79 


79 


27 


28 


961 


53 


27 


1797 


2 


56 


135 


28 


31 


992 


54 


24 


I82I 


3 


48 


183 


29 


3° 


1022 


55 


26 


1847 


4 


40 


223 


30 


26 


1048 


56 


22 


1869 


5 


40 


263 


31 


28 


1076 


57 


26 


1895 


6 


38 


301 


32 


28 


1 104 


58 


27 


1922 


7 


39 


34o 


33 


24 


1 1 28 


59 


30 


1952 


8 


38 


378 


34 


24 


1152 


60 


28 


I980 


9 


36 


414 


35 


50 


1202 


61 


26 


2006 


10 


34 


448 


36 


4T 


1243 


62 


26 


2032 


11 


33 


481 


37 


39 


1282 


63 


26 


2058 


12 


3° 


5ii 


38 


3« 


1320 


64 


28 


2086 


13 


3° 


54i 


39 


34 


1354 


65 


26 


2112 


14 


28 


5 6 9 


40 


32 


1386 


66 


2 6 


2138 


15 


30 


599 


4i 


32 


1418 


67 


34 


2172 


16 


28 


627 


42 


28 


1446 


68 


33 


2205 


17 


26 


653 


43 


32 


1478 


69 


3i 


2236 


18 


32 


685 


44 


42 


1520 


70 


28 


2264 


19 


38 


7 2 3 


45 


37 


1557 


7i 


28 


2292 


20 


24 


747 


46 


28 


1585 


72 


27 


2319 


21 


23 


770 


47 


35 


1620 


73 


26 


2345 


22 


35 


805 


48 


36 


1656 


74 


3i 


2376 


2 3 


33 


838 


49 


30 


1686 


75 


28 


2404 


24 


3i 


869 


5o 


28 


1714 


76 


26 


243O 


2 5 


38 


907 


5i 


30 


1744 


77 


24 


2454 



214 



THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



Number of 
Course in 
Ascending 


Height of Erch 
Course in 
Inches, Roughly 


Whole Height 
from Basement, 
Ascending 


Number of 
Course in 
Ascending 


Height of Each 
Course in 
Inches, Roughly 


Whole Height 
from Basement, 
Ascending 


Number of 
Course in 
Ascending 


Height of Each 
Course in 
Inches, Roughly 


Whole Height 
from Basement, 
Ascending 


78 


24 


2478 


no 


24 


3359 


142 


22 


4144 


79 


24 


2502 


III 


24 


3383 


143 


22 


4166 


80 


22 


2524 


112 


24 


3407 


144 


28 


4194 


81 


24 


2548 


IX 3 


23 


343° 


145 


27 


4221 


82 


24 


2572 


114 


23 


3453 


I46 


24 


4245 


83 


26 


2598 


JI 5 


23 


3476 


147 


22 


4267 


84 


26 


2624 


Il6 


25 


35 QI 


148 


22 


4289 


85 


25 


2649 


II 7 


2 3 


3524 


149 


21 


43 10 


86 


25 


2674 


Il8 


35 


3559 


I50 


26 


4336 


87 


24 


2698 


II 9 


3 1 


3590 


151 


26 


4362 


88 


24 


2722 


I20 


29 


3619 


152 


25 


4387 


8y 


25 


2747 


121 


28 


3 6 47 


153 


22 


4409 


90 


36 


2783 


122 


26 


3673 


154 


21 


443° 


9i 


33 


28l6 


I23 


26 


3699 


I5S 


21 


445 1 


92 


3i 


2847 


124 


24 


3723 


156 


21 


447 2 


93 


28 


2875 


I2 5 


24 


3747 


157 


21 


4493 


94 


26 


29OI 


126 


23 


3770 


158 


21 


45*4 


95 


25 


2926 


127 


23 


3793 


159 


22 


4536 


96 


24 


295O 


128 


23 


3816 


l6o 


21 


4557 


97 


24 


2974 


129 


23 


3839 


l6l 


21 


4578 


98 


41 


3°*5 


130 


27 


3866 


l62 


24 


4602 


99 


37 


305 2 


131 


25 


3891 


163 


23 


4625 


100 


34 


3086 


132 


23 


39i4 


164 


25 


4650 


101 


32 


3118 


*33 


22 


3936 


165 


22 


4672 


102 


30 


3148 


134 


22 


3958 


166 


22 


4694 


103 


28 


3176 


135 


22 


3980 


167 


21 


47i5 


1 04 


27 


3203 


136 


25 


4005 


168 


21 


4736 


105 


27 


3230 


137 


23 


4028 


169 


20 


4756 


1 06 


26 


3256 


138 


25 


4053 


170 


21 


4777 


1 07 


25 


3281 


139 


25 


4078 


171 


20 


4797 


1 08 


29 


33i° 


140 


22 


4100 


172 


21 


4818 


109 


25 


3335 


141 


22 


4122 


173 


21 


4839 



MASONRY COURSES— Concluded. 



215 



Number of 
Course in 
Ascending 


Height of Each 
Course in 
Inches, Roughly 


Whole Height 
from Basement, 
Ascending 


Number of 
Course in 
Ascending 


Height of Each 
Course in 
Inches, Roughly 


Whole Height 
from Basement, 
Ascending 


Number of 
Course in 
Ascending 


Height of Each 
Course in 
Inches, Roughly 


Whole Haight 
from Basement, 
Ascending 


174 


20 


4859 


189 


21 


5185 


204 


*2I 


5507 


175 


21 


4880 


I90 


21 


5206 


205 


*2I 


5528 


176 


20 


49OO 


191 


21 


5227 


206 


*2I 


5549 


177 


20 


492O 


I92 


21 


5248 


207 


*2I 


557o 


178 


21 


4941 


193 


20 


5268 


208 


*2I 


559i 


179 


20 


4961 


194 


21 


5289 


209 


*22 


5 6 i3 


l8o 


26 


4987 


195 


22 


5311 


210 


*24 


5 6 37 


l8l 


25 


50I2 


196 


24 


5335 


|2II 


*22 


5659 


l82 


23 


S°35 


197 


22 


5357 


212 


*22 


5681 


183 


24 


5059 


198 


22 


5379 


213 


*22 


5703 


184 


22 


5081 


199 


22 


54oi 


214 


*22 


5725 


185 


21 


5102 


200 


22 


5423 


215 


*22 


5747 


186 


21 


5 I2 3 


20I 


22 


5445 


2l6 


*2I 


5768 


187 


20 


5 J 43 


202 


*2I 


5466 


217 


*20 


5788 


188 


21 


5164 


203 


*20 


5486 


2l8 


*25 


5813 



* Estimated, f Number of courses estimated by Prof. 
Smyth. 

Supposed complete number of courses, including the 
original topmost corner-stone, 218; whole height, 5,813 
Pyramid inches, or 484 feet 5 inches (or 486 English feet). 

NOTE : — We think Prof. Smyth erred in placing his 
first layer of stone (in his table of "Masonry Courses") 
opposite "Course" (marked) number 2. And again, in 
placing (his estimate) 211 for the complete number of 
courses of Masonry in the Great Pyramid, when it was 
complete with 30.6 feet greater elevation. For if so, each 
course now displaced must have averaged 36.8 inches in 
thickness, which would seem to be inconsistent from the 
average thickness of the last 100 layers that precede it. 



216 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



THE SOURCE OF MEASURES. 

PART II. 
By J. Ralston Skinner, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1875. 

(Sec. 22.) The following copious notes from the 
"Source of Measures" are by permission of the author when 
he lived: 

'The following, in place of a work, strictly speak- 
ing, is rather an essay or study. It is like the study of an 
artist, where it comprehends many details in outline going 
to make up a whole, yet unfinished and subject to change, 
here and there as the blending of details may prove in- 
harmonious or incongruous to the general scope of the 
design. Unlike such a study, however, others can join in 
the labor of completing the task; and it is hoped that it may 
prove an incentive to that end. 

~j 'The whole constitutes a series of developments, based 
upon the use of geometrical elements, giving expression in 
a numerical value. These elements are found in the work 
of the late John A. Parker, of the City of New York, setting 
forth his discovery (but in fact, the re-discovery) of a 
quadrature value of the circle. Upon this one, that of 
Peter Metius, of the sixteenth century, seems to be a varia- 
tion. 

"Mr. Parker makes use of an element of measure of the 
equilateral triangle, by which, as a least unit of measure, 
to express the measure of the elements of a circle in terms 
of the numerical value of a square: so that, as a conclusion, 
a square of 81 to the side, or 6561 in area, shall contain a 
circle whose^area equals 5153; or, rectifying the circum- 
ference, a diameter of 6561 shall have a circumference of 
5153X4=20612. 

$|"Let it be understood that the question of value of that 
quadrature, whether by Mr. Parker, or by Metius, as to 
whether it is the expression of exactitude of relation, does 
not arise; nor is it, save incidentally, pertinent to the sub- 



QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE BY PARKER 217 

ject matter in hand. While this work thus is relieved of any 
necessity of examination into the question of the possibility 
of what is called 'the quadrature' or 'the squaring of the 
circle ,' nevertheless, it is necessary to a proper under- 
standing of the whole that some, to many persons very 
dry, details of Mr. Parker's construction of his quadrature 
should be set forth in the very commencement. Incident- 
ally, however, it is thought that the matters established 
herein, as having a direct relation to the holy things of God, 
as laid down in Scripture, will force an inquiry on the part 
of devout people, into the abstract question of l the quad- 
rature,' both as received and as set forth by Parker and by 
Metius ; and also into the very question of any special value 
of the quadrature by Parker, as related to the generally 
accepted one. 

''One development is as follows: The numerical value 
20,612 of a circumference is made use of to derive from it a 
unit of measure for linear, superficial, and solid measure. 
Thus, as a common unit of measure is the edge of one of the 
faces of a cube, and as there are 12 edges to the cube, the 
division of 20,61 2 by 1 2 is the distribution of this value onto 
these 12 edges; so that the quotient, which is 1717.66+ , 
is that unit of measure which is, however it may be used, 
convertible into circular, and again, back into the geome- 
trical elements whence derived. And this is obtained by 
the special numerical value, 17 17. 66 + the one-twelfth of 
20,612, whether, as a fact, it be used as a whole or as a part, 
as 1. 7 1 766 + . Now as a fact, 1 . 71766+ of the British 
foot is the ancient cubit value', hence, the whole scheme thus 
far displayed has been practically utilized, inasmuch as 
20,612 is thus seen to be the value of British inches, while 
its derivative of 171766 + , so divided or scaled as to repre- 
sent 1 . 71766 + , is the ancient cubit. 

"This is confirmed from the fact of restoration, by 
means of these numerical values, of the Great Pyramid of 
Egypt, in terms of the British measures thereof made of 
late years. Another development is that, by a variation 

...... « A 



218 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

of the use of these numerical values, taken systematically, 
not empirically, a diameter value to a circumference value 
of 6 is found, which is discovered to be the basis of the 
Hindu method for the calculation of tables of sines and 
cosines, tangents and cotangents, and the orbits of planetary 
bodies; which variation, as an enlargement of the above 
values, on application, is found to give the exactitude 
of the pyramid measures, agreeably to the design of the 
architect, thus again coupling a modern with an ancient use. 

" Another development is that the British system of 
long and land measures is discovered to contain an occult 
or obscure system of time calculations, based on the factor 6, 
by which it is seen that the entirety of the British measures 
rests upon these anciently developed elements, and thus 
it is in fact, but a phase of the Hindu system. The factor 
6 is the basis of the acre and mile measure, running up from 
the inch and foot, and the equivalent of the base side of the 
pyramid (which is a diameter value to a circumference of 
24) is the side of a square, divided into four equal parts of 
6x6 each, in terms of the British foot, and necessarily the 
inch; hence the advanced measures as far as the mile, are 
thus involved. But while this is so, the means of obtaining 
this pyramid measure is through use of the Parker elements ; 
hence the Parker elements are thus connected with the 
whole range of British measures. 

"But the greatest development is that the entire system 
seems to have been anciently regarded as one resting in 
nature, and one which was adopted by nature or God, as 
the basis or law of the exertion practically of creative power 
— i. e., it was the creative design, of which creation was 
practically the application. This seems to be established 
by the fact that, under the system set forth, measures of 
planetary times serve co-ordinately as measures of the size 
of planets, and the peculiarity of their shapes — i. e., in 
the extension of their equatorial and polar diameters, in 
terms of the British measures, or the cubit measures arising 
as stated, from the forms of Mr. Parker. The true study 



QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE BY PARKER 219 

of the Deity by man being in the observation of his works, 
the discovery of a fundamental creative law (in numbers and 
measures) as regards His works, of as wide and compre- 
hensive grasp as shown, would locate the substance of such 
a discovery as the practical real tangible link between God 
and man, as that by which man can in a measure realize 
the actually existing working qualities of God, just, speak- 
ing most reverentially, as he would those of a fellow-man — 
as, say, of a mason, or of a carpenter; thus revealing tan- 
gible existence, likeness, relationship, and, remotely, 
companionship. Such a link, once found, would constitute 
a base for superstructures of recognition, praise, worship, 
and copy. As a fact, this system seems to underlie the 
whole Biblical structure, as a foundation for its ritualism, 
and for its display of the works of the Deity in the way of 
architecture , by use of the sacred unit of measure in the 
Garden of Eden, the Ark of Noah, the Tabernacle, and the 
Temple of Solomon. 

''Such seem to be the characteristics of development 
from the elements of quadrature of the late Mr. Parker. 
The extent to which the development is made so as to 
compel a mental assent, must be tested, of course, through 
the contents of this work. There is no disposition on the 
part of the author to make any assertion as to the strength 
of his work. What he has done has been done to the best 
of his ability, and he believes that a studious careful reading 
of the work done, will be that, and alone that, upon which 
any fair criticism can be based. Since, after all, all matters 
of science subordinate themselves to anyone by which man 
can arrive at a realizable knowledge of God. all things in 
this book are of poor value in every other regard, compara- 
tively, save as they lead up just to this kind or condition of 
knowledge. Such being the case the following statements 
may be made as introductory. 

"(i.) The 'Quadrature of the Circle,' by John A. Parker 
sets forth the integral relation of diameter to circumference 
of a circle as 6 56 1 to 20612, derived from area computations, 



V 



220 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

viz.: area of square being 6561, area of inscribed circle is 
5153; and diameter being 6561, rectification of circum- 
ference is 5153x4=20612. 

"(2.) It appears that nature was regarded as making 
use of this numerical relation, as a law or application of 
numbers to measures, by which to construct the mechanical 
properties of the universe ; so regulating the times of the 
planets that they should move by a numerical system such 
that by the measure of their shapes was to be obtained 
in a definite class or scale of mesures adapted to the same 
system: so that movement should co-ordinate with size 
under the same system. 

"(3.) However man obtained knowledge of the prac- 
ticle measure, the British inch, by which nature was thought 
to adjust the planets in size to harmonize with the notation 
of their movements, it seems he did obtain it, and esteemed 
its possession as the means of his realization of the Deity — 
that is, he approached so nearly to a conception of a Being 
having a mind like his own, only infinitely more powerful, 
as to be able to realize a law of creation established by that 
being, which must have existed prior to any creation 
(kabbalistically called the Word). The knowledge thus 
gained was simply that of the measure spoken of with its 
uses, in connection with the geometrical elements from 
whence it sprang. 

"(4.) This knowledge as to its origin, interpretation, 
and use, became somehow that of a caste condition. As 
such it was most sedulously concealed, and when set forth 
it was only in a secret or very obscure way. One way of 
setting it forth was by hieroglyphic writing. This method 
is the burden of the Hebrew Bible. Another was by 
architectural display. The greatest ever made was in the 
Great Pyramid of Egypt; the next greatest seems to have 
been in the Temple of Solomon. 

"(5.) It is thought the restoration of this pyramid 
agreeably to the design of the architect, will afford the 
means of translation of the hieroglyphic meanings of the 



THE HEBREW ALPHABET 221 

Hebrew Bible, as, on hypothesis, the one was written and the 
other built to set forth the same natural problems. 

"The first step, therefore, necessary to the deciphering 
of the hieroglyphic or symbolic meanings of the Hebrew 
Bible, is the restoration of the Great Pyramid after its 
architectural conception. This is the chief burden of 
this work, and it is thought -that the intent of the 
architect has been so far recovered as to justify 
publication. Secondarily, it is to be shown that the Temple 
was but another architectural style of setting forth the same 
measures with the pyramid. The balance of the matters, 
condensed as much as possible into brief outline, chiefly 
serves to exemplify the method of Biblical application of 
the pyramid system. This balance is noted here and there 
in the text, and is contained in the appendices. It serves 
to relieve the dry details of figures and calculations, to 
bhow related connections , and is hoped to excite interest in 
the whole subject, and to stimulate those who may read, 
to an earnest effort in the further prosecution of this subject 
so fascinating in its elucidations." 

The relation of 6561 : 20612 is both in the pyramid 
structure and in the Bible coupled with the form 113 .'355. 
Some connections between the two will be shown, but 
what the exact basis relations between them were, as 
anciently recognized, remains to be discovered. 

THE HEBREW ALPHABET. 

(Sec. 23.) For the general reader to understand how 
a numerical or mathematical system may lie closed up in 
the Hebrew Bible, it may be well to state that the Hebrews, 
so far as has come down to us, have no numerical system 
apart from their literal one — i. e. y their alphabet held their 
numerals, just as if, in English, our a, b, c, stood for 1, 2, 3, 
and so on, in lack of the Arabic system of numerals, borrow- 
ed by us, and now of exclusive use (although it would seem 
that they were in possession of this system also). The 
following is a table for reference, giving the Hebrew alpha- 



222 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



bet, the power of the letters, their symbols to some extent, 
with the numerical value fixed to each letter. The laws 
of symbolic use of words as numbers in the narrative of 
the Bible are not known, and the real uses are only to be 
accepted or received to the extent for which there is in- 
trinsic proof. Otherwise, it is to be observed that where 
the letter values rise above units to tens and to hundreds 
while the letter character may stand for, say, 20 or 200, 
very frequently the characteristic value is used as giving 
the expression of the unit value of 2 alone. These subjects 
can be but touched on in this work. It must suffice to 
close with the alphabet table (English pronunciation) 
without the characters. 



NO. NAME. 

i. Aleph. 

2. Beth. 

3 . Gi' mel 

4. Da' leth. 
5- He. 

6. Vau. 

7. Zayin. 

8. Cheth. 



Teth. 



10. Yodh. 



FORM AND POWER. 

A scarcely audible 

breathing. 
b, bh, or bv. 

d,dh. 

h; Latin e. 

v or w. 

z. 

ch, kh, hh 

Latin h; rough 



breathing. 



t. 



y, 1, or ;. 



SYMBOL. 

Ox or Bull 

House. 

Camel serpent erect. 

Door, hinge? 

Window opening, 
womb (Kabbala) 

Nail, hook, crook. 

Weapon, scepter. 

Fence, Venus. 

Affinitv with He, as 
the womb. 

Snake, basket, figur- 
ed in Eleusinian 
mysteries in wor- 
ship by women. 
Love apples, etc. 

Hand, bent forefin- 
ger, membrum vir- 
ile with testes. 
The perfect num- 
ber, or one. 



THE HEBREW ALPHABET— Concluded 



223 



NO. NAME. 

20. Caph. 



FORM AND POWER. 

c, ch, k, kh 



30. La' medh. /. 



40. Mem. m. 

50. Nun. n. 



60. Sa' mech. 5. 



70. Ay in no power 

80. Pe. p, ph. 

90. Tsa'-dhe ts, tz. 



100. Koph. 



k. 



200. Resh. r. 

300. Shin, Sin. sh, s. 
400. Tau. t, th. 



SYMBOL. 

The hollow of the 
bent hand; meas- 
ure of hollow 
sphere. 

Ox-goad; sign of a 
form of the god 
Mars. 

Water. 

Fish, symbol of Yoni 
O, woman, or 
womb. 

A prop, a pillar; tes- 
tes, hence, egg. 
Divisions of the 
circle, perhaps in- 
dicating a square. 
Divisions of Para- 
dise. 

Eye. 

Mouth. 

Fish-hook, hunter's 
dart. 

Back of head from 
the ears ; hence sig- 
nificent oibalances . 
Ancient pillow to 
rest the back of the 
head on. Skull? 
Eye of needle. 

Head, sphere, circle. 

Tooth. 

Cross, + Founda- 
tion framework of 
construction. 



224 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. 
By John A. Parker. 

(Sec. 24.) Kabbala was a species of symbolic writing 
among the initiated, setting forth the secret teachings of 
the Bible; and a key of Kabbala is thought to be in the 
geometrical relation of the area of the circle inscribed in the 
square, or of the cube to the sphere, giving rise to the rela- 
tion of diameter to circumference of a circle, with the nume- 
rical value of this relation expressed in integrals. The rela- 
tion of diameter to circumference being a supreme one con- 
nected with the god-names Elohim and Jehova (which 
terms are expressions numerically of these relations, 
respectively — the first being of circumference, the latter of 
diameter), embraces all other subordinations under it. 
Two expressions of circumference to diameter in integrals 
are used in the Bible: (1.) The perfect; and, (2.) The 
imperfect. One of the relations between these is such that 
(2) substracted from (1) will leave a unit of diameter value 
in terms, or in the denomination, of the circumference 
value of the perfect circle, or a unit straight line having a 
perfect circular value, or a factor of circular value. 

Of course as to the fact of these expressions residing in 
the Bible, it remains to be seen whether this is, or is not, so. 
It will be sufficient if it is so; but if it shall so appear, 
beyond contradiction, it will afford much food for thought, 
as to whether so sublime a work as the Holy Record can be 
a refuge for that much oppressed and bedeviled idea 
"squaring the circle," unless the actuality of such relation 
exists, or unless an approximate of a certain nature and 
value was found to be of some natural use. 

(Sec. 25.) It is very remarkable: One of the values 
thus used in the Bible was rediscovered in about A. D. 
I 5^5» by Peter Metius, as 113 for diameter to 355 circum- 
ference, which, in the sacred record, is the imperfect value; 
the other was rediscovered by the late John A. Parker, of 
the City of New York, 6561 for diameter to 20612 for cir- 



QUADRATURE OF PARKER— Continued 225 

cumference, which, in the Sacred Record, is the perfect 
value. What the means of discovery by Metius were, is 
not known. The "Quadrature" of Mr. Parker is in print, 
and therein the steps are fully set forth. As to these, as 
they contain the geometrical key for the proper understand- 
ing of Kabbala, it is necessary to set them forth somewhat 
at large, premising that his value is obtained through the 
value of areas of shapes. His leading propositions (each 
proposition, in the text being followed by its demonstra- 
tion are as follows : 

Proposition I. "One of the relative properties 
between straight lines and a perfect curve or circle is such 
that all regular shapes formed of straight lines and equal 
sides, have their areas equal to half the circumference 
multiplied by the least radius which the shape contains 
(which is always the radius of an inscribed circle), than 
which every other radius contained in the shape is 
greater, and the circle has its area equal to half the cir- 
cumference multiplied by the radius, to which every other 
radius contained in the circle is equal." 

Proposition II. "The circumference of any circle 
being given, if that circumference be brought into the form 
of a square, the area of that square is equal to the area of 
another circle, the circumscribed square of which is equal 
in area to the area of the circle whose circumference is first 
given." 

Proposition III. "The circle is the natural basis or 
beginning of all area, and the square being made so in 
mathematical science, is artificial and arbitrary." 

Proposition IV. "The circumference of any circle 
being given, if that circumference be brought into any other 
shape formed of straight lines and of equal sides and angles, 
the area of that shape is equal to the area of another circle, 
which circle being circumscribed by another and similar 
shape, the area of such shape circumscribing the last-named 
circle is equal to the area of the circle whose circumference 
is given." 

is 



226 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

Proposition V. "The circumference of a circle by 
the measure of which the circle and the square are made 
equal, and by which the properties of straight lines and 
curved lines are made equal, is a line outside of the circle 
wholly circumscribing it, and thoroughly inclosing the 
whole area of the : circle, and hence, whether it shall have 
breadth or not, forms no part of the circle." 

Proposition VI. "The circumference of a circle, 
such that its half being multiplied by radius, to which all 
other radii are equal, shall express the whole area of the 
circle, by the properties of straight lines, is greater in value 
in the sixth decimal place of figures than the same circum- 
ference in any polygon of 6144 sides, and greater also than 
the approximation of geometers at the same decimal place 
in any line of figures." 

Under this proposition after his demonstration, he 
states: "And it is evident that if a circle, and a polygon 
of 6144 sides (the number to which Play fair carries his 
bisection) , shall have the same circumference, the area of the 
circle is greater than the area of the polygon in the sixth 
decimal place; and because the circumference of one dia- 
meter must be four times the area of the circle, therefore, 
by the transition of shape to a circle, the true value of 
circumference is greater in the sixth place than any approxi- 
mation which can be obtained from a polygon of 6144 sides, 
whether inscribed or circumscribed." 

Proposition VII. "Because the circle is the primary 
shape in nature, and hence the basis of area; and because 
the circle is measured by, and is equal to the square only 
in ratio of half its circumference by the radius, therefore, 
circumference and radius, and not the square of diameter, 
are the only natural and legitimate elements of area, 
by which all regular shapes are made equal to the square 
and equal to the circle." 

Proposition VIII. "The equilateral triangle is the 
primary of all shapes in nature formed of straight lines, 
and of equal sides and angles, and it has the least radius, 



QUADRATURE OF PARKER— Continued 



22^ 



the least area, and the greatest circumference of any possible 
shape of equal sides and angles." 

Proposition IX. "The circle and the equilateral 
triangle are opposite to one another in all the elements of 
their construction, and hence the fractional diameter of 
one circle, which is equal to the diameter of one square, is 
-in the opposite duplicate ratio to the diameter of an equi- 
lateral triangle whose area is one. 

"By diameter of the triangle, the perpendicular is here 
meant, as explained in the introduction to Section I., 
or a line passing through the center of the triangle, and 
perpendicular to either side. 

"Let it be supposed that the areas of the equilateral 
triangle A and the square C each equals one. 

"It has been shown (Proposition VIII.) that the tri- 
angle has the least number of sides of any possible shape 
in nature formed of straight lines ; and the circle is the ulti- 
matum of nature in extension of the number of sides. 
In this particular, therefore, they are opposite to one an- 
other in the elements of their construction. By Proposition 





PLATE i 



PLATE X. 



VII., it is shown that circumference and radius are the only 
natural and legitimate elements of area by which different 
shapes may be measured alike, and are made equal to one 
another. By Proposition VIII., it is shown that the 
triangle has the least radius of any shape formed of straight 
lines of equal sides and of the same circumference, and by 
Propositions II. and IV, Section I., it is seen that the circle 



228 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

has the greatest radius of any possible shape of the same 
circumference. By. the same propositions, the triangle is 
shown to have the greatest circumference and the least area 
of any shape formed of straight lines and equal sides, and 
the circle is shown to have the least circumference and the 
greatest area of any shape. By a well known law of numbers 
and geometry, by which the greatest product which any num- 
ber or any line can give, is, to multiply half by half, it will be 
seen that if we take the aggregate of circumference and 
radius in each shape, it is most equally divided in the circle, 
and the most unequally divided in the triangle of any 
possible shape. In every case, that which is greatest in 
the triangle is least in the circle, and that which is least 
in the triangle is greatest in the circle ; and in every particular 
the two shapes are at the extreme and opposite boundaries 
of nature, being the greatest and the least that is possible. 
They are, therefore, opposite to one another in all the 
elements of their construction. Therefore, the square 
being made the artificial basis of area (Proposition VII.), 
if the diameter of the circle B (Plate II.) shall equal the 
diameter of the square C, then, in the fraactional relations 
of B and C such diameter shall be in the opposite duplicate 
ratio to the diameter of A correspondingly situated. The 
diameter of A correspondingly situated with the diameter 
of B to C, it will be seen, is a line drawn across the center 
of A perpendicular to either side; therefore, the diameter of 
B, in its fractional relation to C, is the opposite duplicate 
ratio to the perpendicular or diameter of A, and no other 
result is possible in the nature of things. The proposition 
is therefore demonstrated.'" 

Proposition X. "The fractional diameter of one 
circle which is equal to the diameter of one square, being in 
the opposite ratio to the diameter of the equilateral tri- 
angle whose area is one., equals 81. 



THE SOUECE OF MEASUEES 



229 



"Let the area of the equilateral triangle A (Plate III) 
equal one, and let the area of the square B (Plate IV) also 
equal one, then the diameter of the circle C, which is equal 





PLATE m. 



plate nr. 



to the diameter of the square B, also equals one. And it 
has been demonstrated that in their fractional relations 
to the square, the diameter of A and C are in opposite 
ratio to one another. By the diameter in the triangle it 
is known that the perpendicular is here meant (as in Propo- 
sition IX). Now if the area of the equilateral triangle A 
shall equal one, then the diameter of A is found to be equal 
to the square root of three twice extracted, or 1/1/3. 
Hence the fractional diameter of C, being in the opposite 
duplicate ratio (which is the squares of diameter), shall 
equal three twice squared, or 3 2 x 3 2 , and 3 x 3 = 9, and 
9 x 9 = 81. The proposition is therefore demonstrated." 

The opposite duplicate ratio of Mr. Parker has relation 
to the numerical values. The shapes being opposite to 
each other, he desires to get an integral number to co- 
ordinate with the shapes. When the area of A=i, then 
the diameter is found to be 1.3 16074 + . But this will 
not do, for, if possible, it must assume the form of a least 
integral number. Square this value, and it equals 
1. 73205 08 — . This will not do. Square it again, however, 
and it equals three, which is just that to be desired. Having, 
however, obtained this, the value in the opposite ratio 
must suffer the same process, and 3 2 = 9, and 9 2 = 8i. 



230 



THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



Proposition XI. "The fractional area of one square, 
which is equal to the area of one circle, equals 6561; and 
the area of the circle inscribed in one square equals 5153." 

"It has been proved (Proposition X.) that the fraction- 
al diameter of the circle C, which is equal to the diameter 
of one square (BJTwhose area is one, being in the opposite 
ratio to a b (Fig. 8), equals 81 ; hence the area of B equals 
81x81 = 6561; therefore, B equals one of 6561 equal frac- 
tional parts^ Now let B equal H in area. It has been 
proved (Proposition II) that H equals E in area; and if 
H= 1, then E = i ; and if 11 = 6561, then £ = 6561. It has 
also been proved (Proposition II) that if the circumference 
of F equals the circumference of E, then F and G are also 
equal in area. And because one circle which is equal to 
one square (the area of the square being one), is in 6561 
equal fractional parts, therefore, any circle which is equal 
to any square (the diameter of the circle being a whole 
number) shall be in some definite and certain number of 
6561 parts. Hence the areas of the circles C and G (their 
diameters being each 81) are some definite and certain 




f/g. 8. 



f/g. 9. 



number of 6561 parts of B and H. It is proved by the 
approximations of geometry, obtained by the properties 



THE SOUECE OF MEASUBES 231 

of straight lines, that C and G are each greater (much 

greater) than — - — parts of B and H, and less (much 
6561 

less) than ■ ; therefore (Reductio ad absurdum) they 

6561 

C I C 7 

shall he each because they can be nothing else, there 

6561 

being no other 6561 part between 5152 and 5154. 

"The proposition is therefore demonstrated; and the 
fractional area of one square, which is equal to one circle 
(the area of each being one), is 6561, and the fractional 
area of one circle inscribed in such square is 5153." 

The expression, "It is proved by the approximations 
of geometry obtained by the properties of straight lines," 
contains a very subtle allusion and meaning. Mr. Parker 
approves the approximate value, as obtained by Play fair, 
after the method of its obtainment, viz., by the properties 
of straight lines, where such lines are defined as being 
without breadth or thickness. Assuming the property of 
breadth to a line or unit of measure, or obtaining the value 
of it by means of area computation, works a change on the 
Playfair result necessarily. Now if Mr. Parker is correct 
in his taken relation between triangle and circle to obtain 
a least integral unit of measure — i. e., the number 3 — -then, 
without at all conflicting with the Playfair results, his own 
are right if Playfair 's are so. 

Proposition XII. "The true ratio of circumference 
to diameter of all circles is four times the area of one in- 
scribed in one square for the ratio of circumference, to the 
area of the circumscribed square for the ratio of diameter. 
And hence the true and primary ratio of circumference to 
diameter of all circles is 20612 parts of circumference to 6561 
parts of diameter." 

"It will be known that if the diameter of the circle 
G inscribed in H — 1 , then the area of H also — 1 . It will be 
known also, that the area of G equals half the circumference 



232 THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 

multiplied by half the diameter, and J^x J^=M; hence, 
the diameter of G being one, then the area of G equals 34 its 
circumference, and, vice versa, the circumference of G 
equals four times its area. And the diameter of G being 
one, it therefore equals the area of H, because the area of 
H=i. Therefore, the first part of the proposition is 
demonstrated, four times the area of any inscribed circle 
for a ratio of circumference, to the area of the circumscribed 
square for a ratio of diameter, is seen to be a true ratio of 
circumference to diameter of all circles. 

"It has been proved (Proposition XI) that the pri- 
mary relations existing between straight lines and curved 
lines as developed by the opposite ratio of the equilateral 
triangle and the circle, the fractional area of 11 = 6561, and 
the area of G=5i53; therefore, the true and primary ratio 
of circumference to diameter of all circles = 4G, for the 
ratio of circumference to the area of H for the ratio of 
diameter ; and since G = 5 1 5 3 , and H = 6 5 6 1 , therefore the 
true and primary ratio of circumference to diameter of all 
circles = 5i53 x 4 = 20612 parts of circumference to 6561 
parts of diameter." 

"The proposition is therefore demonstrated, and the 
quadrature of the circle is demonstrated," Mr. Parker 
should have added, to be explicit, and exceptional to the 
Play fair method, "by way of area computation." 

QUADRATURE. 
By Peter Metius. 

(Sec. 26.) Some years ago while examining into the 
reasoning of Mr. Parker, the author found notice of the 
ratio of Metius. He wrote Mr. Parker, asking him if he 
was acquainted with the grounds on which Metius obtained 
it. He replied that he was not ; but, upon testing the ratio 
sent, by his own, he found some very curious numerical 
relations of difference. Subsequently, in a proposed second 
edition of his work (published after his death) he notices 
this ratio and these relations as follows: 



THE SOUKCE OF MEASURES 233 

"The ratio of Metius, known for more than a century 
past (113 to 355), is the nearest approximation to the truth 
ever made in whole numbers, but it does not answer the 
imperative law contained in our twelfth proposition, and 
therefore it cannot be true. The circumference cannot be 
dimded by four, without a fraction or remainder. By whatever 
means Metius may have obtained his ratio, its examination 
shows it to be of the same composition as mine, but im- 
properly divided. For example, if 113 shall be the diameter 
of a circle, then circumference (355) is 1-2 06 12 part too 
little. But if 355 shall be the circumference of a circle, 
then diameter (113) is 1-6 561 too big. It thus affords a 
very perfect evidence that my ratio 20612 to 6561 is the 
true one, as we have fully proved it to be." 

The conclusion thus drawn does not seem to be so 
manifest as stated. The relation between the two ratios 
is, however, very, yes, exceedingly remarkable, as the state- 
ment will show: 

A A A 206ll 

20612 : 355 :: 6561 : 112 



6561 : 113 :: 20612 : 355 



20612 

1 



6561 

(Mr. Parker has confused the results.) The relation 
seems to be one which has, at some time, been found as a 
variant on the Parker forms, because of showing the same 
composition, as he says. The reverse of the case will not 
hold; for, if the Parker forms be tested by those of Metius 
no similar relation will be found to exist ; therefore it would 
seem that those of Metius were derived from those of Mr. 
Parker. 

REFLECTIONS ON THE QUADRATURE. 
By Mr. Parker. 

(Sec. 27.) It is averred that the quadrature by Mr. 
Parker is of great value. It is not, however, because of 
the intrinsic value of his work that it is so largely set forth ; 



234 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

nor is it from any immediate motive to advocate or sustain 
it. It is (i) because his can be shown to be that identical 
measure which was used anciently, as the perfect measure, 
in the construction of the Great Pyramid, which was built 
to monument it and its uses', (2) because, from it, the sacred 
cubit value was derived, which was the cubit value used in 
construction of the Temple of Solomon, the Ark of Noah, 
and the Ark of the Covenant — the value of all which con- 
sisted in the value of the measures used; (3) because it 
affords that Kabbalistic value which before all others , conveys 
in the Bible the idea of God, the meaning of the term, and 
the values of his works in the Cosmos ; (4) because the 
geometrical symbols out of which it is seen to spring, with 
their primary numbers, are seen to have a kind of elemental 
relation to each other, and were made use of in the mysteries 
to convey the esoteric teachings; and finally, (5) because 
it appears bound up in, and as making a fundamental 
part of the English system of long and land and time meas- 
ures. If these statements are true, there will admittedly 
be no use to assert that it is well worthy of being set forth. 
All who appreciate the intense labor of research for light 
upon these matters will attach a value to this work of Mr. 
Parker far beyond that of the standard method, even though 
it should be defective, because its value will consist in 
its being a literary key such as has never yet, it is thought, 
rewarded the generations upon generations of searchers 
in the Bible, in mythology, and in the antiquarian fields. 
In this view, the question simply of its mathematical value 
is one of the least possible importance as a primary one; 
although once recognized to have been used as stated, there 
is no doubt but that it would cause the foundations of the 
standard methods to be reviewed with an intensity of 
thought, which might, perhaps, in the end, establish Mr. 
Parker's method as the one giving a more useful result — i.e., 
perhaps, such an integral one, in area computation, as 
could be followed of copied after in material construction ; 
albeit, it might, just as the Playfair method, be, after all, 



THE SOUECE OF MEASUEES 235 

but an approximation. With this apology it may be well 
to suggest some thoughts in relation to this quadrature 
value, which, to some extent, are worthy of attention, and, 
to some extent are curious. 

MR. PARKER'S QUADRATURE VALUES OBTAINED 
BY AREA COMPUTATIONS. 

(Sec. 28.) It seems to be of importance, and it will be 
observed, that, from beginning to end, Mr. Parker seeks the 
quadrature through area measure, in terms of area, and 
finally obtains his numerical value of rectification by an area 
computation. His numerical values are all area values to 
correspond with his geometrical figures ; and even so in this 
final value, for it is in area terms where it exhibits a neces- 
sary value of linear measure of circumference. This being 
the case, it is evident that his computations are susceptible 
of material realizations, as in object building or copying. 
If his process is correct, then, under his Proposition XL, 
he has raised a test by which to work a change on the 
standard method to make it conform to area conditions and 
requirements. The fact that independently he has re- 
produced exactly the same formulae which the ancients 
had, which formulae had with them application to the same 
end, viz., relation of diameter to circumference, goes far 
to prove that his steps of ascertainment must have been the 
same as with them, though they may have had other and 
more satisfactory methods of illustrating and enforcing the 
result. His process seems to depend for its correctness 
upon the Tightness of his ground of the opposite qualities 
of the triangle and circle. If this is rightly taken, his 
numerical integral relation founded on the number 3 must 
be right. His final step for obtaining the area 5153 of the 
inscribed circle depends upon the question whether the 
Legendre, or Play fair approximate, is right as a transcen- 
dental one. 



236 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

CURIOUS FEATURES OBSERVABLE IN THE DE- 
TAILS OF THE PLAYFAIR METHOD. 

(Sec. 29.) It must be known that the results as to the 
value of pi, by Legendre and Playfair, were not of universal 
acceptation. They were, for instance, criticised as being 
incorrect, by Torelli, in the preface of an edition of the 
works of Archimedes, printed at Oxford. Reference is 
made to this preface, and also to Play fair's comments on 
the same, as they are to be found in the supplement to 
Playfair 's Euclid. Torelli held, according to Playfair: 

"That it is impossible, from the relation which the 
rectilineal figures inscribed in, and circumscribed about, a 
given curve have to one another, to conclude anything con- 
cerning the properties of the curvilineal space itself, except 
in certain circumstances, which he has not precisely des- 
cribed." 

The following practical truths seem to the author to be 
exceedingly remarkable as looking, in this specialized way, 
toward the support of Torelli 's assertion, though no as- 
sertion must be considered as made that it affects the 
truth of the general results of the Legendre method. The 
burden of the effort of Legendre is to show that by the 
growing diminution and equality between the circum- 
scribed C B' and the inscribed C B, the curved line penned 
up between them becomes measureable ; which curved line 
at any stage of bisection, being an even and known part 
of the whole circle, from it the length of the entire cir- 
cumference, and consequently the area of the curved space, 
is to be had. The measure of this growing equality is al- 
ways to be tested by the difference of value, at any stage 
of bisection, between C B and C'B'. In the diagram, 
which may stand for any stage of bisection C B' is the chord 
of half the arc, and therefore E E' is BB' for every suc- 
ceeding bisection. Now, from B', as a center, with C B' as 
a radius, describe the arc C D. Then C D will be the 
quantity which, vanishing by diminution, the triangle 



THE SOURCE OF MEASURES 



237 




CB' C will eventually become C 
B' D, and isosceles ; when the curve 
lying between CB' and D B' must, 
by hypothesis, become equal to CB', 
or to D B', as a straight line. Now, 
as a fact, taking the value C D (the 
difference between C B and C B') 
and EE', for a number of bisec- 
tions, and it will seem to show that, 
with relation to the diminution of C 
D, E E' is increasing, and by an in- 
creasing ratio. It becomes a question, 
on the showing, whether the arc is not, relatively, separating 
from, instead of approaching the chord. If so, the question 
is, what is the effect of this ? What does it mean? If E E' 
is thus increasing, what is the value of the arc becoming ? 
Is there some incompatibility between the geometrical 
conditions, as presented to the eye and the numerical cal- 
culations of these forms? The rigid result of such a con- 
dition would seem to be that, the ratio increasing, the step 
would come where, as Mr. Parker avers, C B' curve would 
necessarily pass in value beyond that of C B' diminished — 
an absurd conclusion, unless some unnoticed incompatibi- 
lity has existed between the condition of the curve and the 
calculations of the sides of the polygons. It is possible 
that this may be the case, since, in fact, the relations be- 
tween them are not known, but only inferred. Practically, 
a calculation of the value of pi to 6144 sides of the polygons 
taken from the base that the perimeter of the polygon of 
six sides is one with twenty-five ciphers, making the radius 
one with 6 repeated twenty-four times, yields the following 
data as to the relation or ratio between C D and E E', as 
they respectively diminish with continuing bisections of 
the arc: 



238 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



__ ..6.. sides, 


CD 


: EE' 


: 1 


0.5706 


12 sides, 


CD 


: EE' 


: 1 


1 . 2404 


24 sides, 


CD 


: EE' 


: 1 


2.5301 


48 sides, 


CD 


: EE' 


: 1 


: 5.0847 


96 sides, 


CD 


: EE' 


: 1 


10.1818 


192 sides, 


CD 


: EE' 


: 1 


20.3697 


384 sides, 


CD 


: EE' 


: 1 


40. 7426 


768 sides, 


CD 


: EE' 


: 1 


81.4882 


1536 sides, 


CD 


: EE' 


: 1 


162 . 9917 



which shows a rapid ratio of diminution of C D with rela- 
tion to that of E E' : and the practical diminution of C D 
may be judged from a statement of its value at 6 sides and 
6144 sides, as follows : 

6 sides, C'B' = 96 2 2 50448649 
6 sides, C B' = 86273oi5034i 
C D, or difference = 99520298308 
6144 sides, C B ,= =ooo8522ii623 
6144 sides, C B /= =ooo8522ii539 
CD, or difference = 84 

which simply seems to show that the triangle CB'C is 
approaching to being isosceles unattended by a relatively 
rapid approximation of the chord C B' to the curve CB'. 
But the relation of this approximation can be had by a 
statement of the continuing ratios between B B' and E E', 
and these are as follows : 



EE' 


for 


6 sides 


: B B' 


: 1 


• 3 


9318516 


EE' 


for 


12 sides 


: B B' 


: 1 


• 3 


9828897 


EE' 


for 


24 sides 


: B B' 


: 1 


• 3 


9989291 


EE' 


for 


48 sides 


: B B' 


: 1 


: 3 


9997322 


EE' 


for 


96 sides 


: B B' 


: 1 


: 3 


9999330 


EE' 


for 


192 sides 


: B B' 


: 1 


: 3 


.9999832 


EE' 


for 


384 sides 


: B B' 


: 1 


: 3 


999995 s 


EE' 


for 


768 sides 


: B B' 


: 1 


• 3 


9999989 


E E' 


for 


1536 sides 


: B B' 


: 1 


• 3 


9999997 



Does not this simply show that while the ratio of E E' to 
B B' can never become 1:4, the ratio of C D to E E' can 
become 1 : 00 large ? which mathematically expressed 



means that the 



triangle 



CB'C may become isosceles, 



THE SOUECE OF MEASURES 



239 



while yet, absurdly enough, the chord and arc have not as 
yet assimilated? Not only so, but have separated by a 
(relatively) infinite quantity. 

MATHEMATICS (OR THE STATEMENTS OF MATHE- 
MATICIANS) IS FAMILIAR WITH DEFINITIONS 
WHICH ARE UNTRUE. 

(Sec. 30.) It is unfortunate for mathematics that; in 
attempting to set forth methods of comparative measures of 
right and curved lines, it has been found necessary to assume 
truths as the very groundwork of such measures, which, 
in fact, and in the nature of things, are not so. As to the 
Calculus, for instance, its results are taken as exact, when 
the differentials, which are real quantities belonging to 
those results, are eliminated; because, as it is said, on account 
of their smallness, they can afford to be dropped. The 
very inception of Newton's "Principia," for another in- 
stance, is founded upon a geometrically false statement, 
as regards exactitude of definition — palpably so. His 
"Lemma I." states: "Quantities and the ratio of quantities, 
which in any finite time converge continually to equality, and, 
before that time, approach nearer the one to the other, than by 
any given difference, ultimately become 
equal." Let A B C be any triangle, 
and with the length A B as a radius, 
let the arc B D be drawn to intercept 
the line A C. Suppose this figure, 
both for triangle and segment of 
circle, be continually and propor- 
tionately reduced, as A B' C, AB' 
D'; the relative differences will never 
be changed, and, consequently, the 
ratios of difference will always remain 
the same. The pioposition is axio- 
matic, and does not require demon- 
stration. But take the triangle A B C, with the circular 
area A B D, as decreasing toward A B, by different and 




240 THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 

successive steps, one of which is, say, ABE, with the 
circular area A B F. By this method, no geometrical 
ratio can be preserved. The ratio of diminution 
has to be calculated by numerical combinations. 
But there being a ratio of diminution, in which the difference 
between the straight line and the curve is, say, a decreasing 
one, it is, nevertheless, plainly to be seen that the only 
equality of the curved line B D with the straight line B C, 
in any possible diminution, will be when the line A C shall 
so close upon A B as to wholly coincide with it (as to the 
value of their lengths now or at last becoming alike), and 
become, with A B, one and the same line, at which stage or 
condition there can be neither curved line nor straight left 
for comparison: therefore, so long as those lines, *. e., C B 
straight, and B D curve, exist at all, either in whole or in 
part, there can, by possibility, be no equality between them. 
Hence the lemma is false in its terminology; nor is it even 
right in a showing of a growing or proximate equality, 
as regards the ultimate structure of the lines, as was shown 
above. 

There is a certain ridiculousness in the matter, in this, 
that while the schools assert the impossibility of there being 
an integral relation between circle and square, because of 
the essential difference between a curved and a right line 
(which is true to all intents), the possibility of this integral 
relation is here, by inference, falsely set forth and main- 
tained. It is because a line has breadth that a curved and 
straight line are not comparable. Straight and curved 
lines conceived of as without breadth may be taken as 
comparable, because of the possibility of their reduction 
to points. 

NATURE SEEMS TO AFFORD CONFIRMATORY 
EVIDENCE THAT MR. PARKER IS RIGHT. 

(Sec. 31.) Mr. Parker is of the opinion that there is 
in numbers some, so to speak, flux of notation of quantity, 
by which geometrical shapes can be integrally noted as 



THE SOURCE OF MEASURES 241 



changing the one into the other. Thus, if he is right, there 

is a unit square, which is of the denomination of * of 

6561 
a square area, while it is also at the same time of a denomina- 
tion of a of a circular area. Evidently, then, what- 

5*53 
ever rectuangular figure is represented in terms of this unit 
square, its equivalent circular area value in integrals can 

be given in the same terms; as — i_ of a square =—^ of 

6 5^i 5153 

a circular area. It may be that nature assumes, in some 
of her practical constructions on the principals of plane 
and spherical geometry, a least cubit one; and it may be 
that it is in terms of this least one that she performs her 
works, approximating the form of a sphere by its use. It 
may be that Mr. Parker's method is right as a natural 
mechanical one, while that by Playfair may be right 
as a transcendental one. It is certain that nature does lend 
some data as touching some of her methods of construction. 
The condition of substance to form what is called water, is 
one resting upon the quality of heat as affecting atomic 
particles of matter. Heat being but a modification of 
motion of particles, a spheroid or drop of water is such 
because of its particles being in some peculiarity of motion 
on themselves, through perhaps the intervention of some 
subtler substance in which the atoms may act. Thus the 
globule, or spheroid, of water is formed. The effect of ces- 
sation of this motion is indicated by a cessation of spheroid 
shape. Motion giving place to rest, the change is character- 
ized by change of shape; and this change seems uni- 
formly to be that, as to shape of particles, of the equilateral 
triangle as part of a hexagon. On this form, other shapes 
take place. In one form, at and growing out of the cor- 
ners of the hexagon, are little squares or cubes. (See 
description by Professor Tyndall of these forms, as becoming 
manifested in the breaking down of ice particles in the in- 
terior of a mass, when heat rays are passed through it.) 

16 



242 THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 



In this shape the substance has become ice. If chemically 
the components of water are in integral atoms, and if, 
in its structural form, in passing from shape to shape, it 
passes from one integral form to another, as to shape, this 
would serve as a strong hint that nature recognizes the 
alliance and interchanges of shapes in subdivisions of wholes 
not fractions. It is noteworthy that the primary material 
one here indicated in ice seems to be triangular or pyramidal 
than cubic; and this in a measure serves to strengthen Mr. 
Parker's assertations, for it is on the triangle as the natural 
originator of plane shapes that he raises a least integral 
in the number 3, by which to express the value of the circle 
in terms of the square and cube; and, again, he accom- 
plishes this by an integral relation, so close to the Playfair 
transcendental one, that the difference only becomes mani- 
fested at the sixth decimal place, in a circumference taken 
to a diameter of unity. 

PROBLEM OF THREE REVOLVING BODIES. 

(Sec. 32.) It is thus seen that the process of Mr. 
Parksr is founded geometrically upon the elements of the 
circle and of the equilateral triangle, being, as related to 
each other, the extreme opposites in nature, of which the 
circle is the primary of all shapes, and hence the basis of all 
area, and the triangle is the primary in nature of all shapes 
formed of straight lines, and of equal sides and angles. 
Of these the equilateral triangle is numerically measurable ; 
and it being requisite to translate shapes by numbers, as 
to the conditions required by a least numerical integral 
value, with which to determine the value of the circle, 
that integral least number is found to be 3. By means of 
this shape and this integral he obtains the value of the circle, 
that shape of greatest extension as compared with the 
triangle, in terms of the square. Numerically, 1/1/3 is 
opposed by 3 2 x 3 2 = 8i=diameter of his square, or the 
length of its side . 812 = 6561= area of his square , in terms 
1 of his least numerical integral. The area of the contained 



THE SOUECE OF MEASUEES 243 

:ircle = 5i53; and, by the process set forth, changing area 
value to represent rectification, diameter being 6561, 
circumference = 2o6i2. The results, therefore, are: 

(1) Area of square • • • • =6561 

Area of contained circle. ..... =5153 

(2) Diameter of circle • . • =6561 

Circumference of circle . . = 5153x4=20612 

PROBLEM OF THREE REVOLVING BODIES. 

By Mr. Parker. 

(Sec. 33.) Mr. Parker follows up the ascertainment 
of these data with his problem of three revolving bodies, 
founded upon the principles of the quadrature. This 
problem is as follows: 

Proposition I. "The respective and relative motion 
of three gravitating bodies revolving together and about 
each other is as four to three, or one and one-third of one 
primary circumference. 

"I have always considered this proposition as self- 
evident on the face of it, and that no mathematician would 
deny it and hazard his reputation on sustaining the denial 
with proof. But as I shall perhaps be called upon for proof, 
I add here, at some length, the solution of the problem, 
after my own method as follows : 

"The problem of three gravitating bodies revolving 
together and about each other is one which like the quad- 
rature, has hitherto baffled all attempts of mathematicians 
to solve. But since this, like others of the kind,, is of itself 
a problem, which is daily performed and consequently 
solved by the mechanical operations of nature, the failure 
of mathematicians to reach the solution proves nothing 
but the imperfection of the reasoning applied to it. 

"It is a principle, I think, clearly demonstratable, 
that whatever can be constructed by mechanics out of 
given magnitudes, can be exactly determined by numbers, 
and that which cannot be constructed by mechanics out of 
any given magnitudes, cannot be exactly determined by 



244 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

numbers, having the same relation as the magnitudes one 
to another. It is for this reason, and for this reason only, 
that we can not, out of the same magnitudes, construct a 
square which is just twice as big as any other perfect 
square ; neither can we find the perfect root of such a square 
by decimal numbers. If this reasoning be true, then, 
because the problem of three gravitating bodies is a mechan- 
ical operation daily performed in nature, it is hence a thing 
capable of being proved by numbers. The great difficulty 
of this problem has arisen, I think, from the impossibility 
of its full display by diagram, and the difficulty of embrac- 
ing, in any formulas, all the conditions contained in its 
elements. The plan of exacting a display by diagram of 
all the geometrical propositions is safe, and perhaps it is 
the only plan by which the yet untaught mind can be initia- 
ted into the truths of geometry; but is always necessary 
in every original demonstration? Are there not other 
means equally true and equally safe in the hands of one 
accustomed to examination, and acquainted with the prop- 
erties of numbers and of shapes? I think there are; and 
without taking the least unwarrantable latitude, or de- 
parting from the clearest perceptions of reason, I think 
this problem may be easily and accurately solved. 

"The thing required of every demonstration is, that 
it shall give a sufficient reason for the truth which it asserts. 
But, in order that a reason may be sufficient, and the con- 
clusion drawn from it safe, it is necessary, not only that 
the relations of cause and effect shall be made clear to our 
perceptions, but also that the conclusion, when drawn, 
shall abide the test of practical application. Any demon- 
stration which does less than this cannot be relied on, 
and no demonstration ever made has ever done more than 
this. 

"We know very well that things are possible or im- 
possible to be done, only in proportion as the means applied 
are adequate or inadequate to the purpose. We know also 
that because different principles exist in the various forms 



THE SOUBCE OF MEASUEES 245 

of matter, therefore it is impossible to demonstrate every- 
thing by the same means or same principles. It is a narrow 
minded prejitd ce, therefore, which exacts that every dem- 
onstration shall be made by the prescribed rules of science, 
as if science already embraced every principle which exists 
in nature. Yet none are more frequently guilty of this 
narrow-mindedness than mathematicians, who often require 
that things shall be done by the means which the written 
science affords, well knowing at the same time that such 
means are inadequate. Such has always been the case in 
respect to the quadrature of the circle. Mathematicians 
have demanded that it should be demonstrated by the 
properties of straight lines, knowing at the same time that 
straight lines are inadequate. Therefore {and therefore 
only) the thing has been found impossible, and all other 
demonstrations are rejected, because they cannot be shown 
by straight lines. I do not consent to such unreasonable- 
ness of decision; but, in every proposition where the suffi- 
cient reason is manifest, I hold the proposition to be demon- 
strated until it can be disproved. 

"In entering upon the solution of the problem of three 
gravitating bodies, we must first examine and see of what 
elements the problem is composed. 

"The elements which I shall consider in this case, will 
not be such as a mathematician of the schools would 
think it necessary to consider. They will be far more simple, 
more conclusive (for such as the schools can furnish, have 
yet decided nothing), and I think, more comprehensible, 
yet equally true to nature (for I consult nature's laws only 
and not the method or opinions of any other man), and 
equally accurate and precise with any which can be given 
by any other method. 

"And, first, each revolving body is impressed by nature 
with certain laws making it susceptible of the operation of 
force, which being applied, impels motion. These laws 
may all be expressed under the general term forces, which, 
though various in their nature, possess an equalizing power, 



246 THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 

controlling each other in such a way that neither can pre- 
dominate beyond a certain limit; and consequently, these 
bodies can never approach nearer to each other than a 
certain point, nor recede from each other beyond another 
certain point. Hence, these forces are, at some mean point, 
made perfectly equal, and therefore they may be considered 
as but one force, and hence but one element in the problem. 

"Secondly, these revolving bodies have magnitude, 
shape, density, etc., which affect the operations of force 
in producing motion. These properties of revolving bodies 
have all the same inherent power of equalization as forces. 
For example, if density be greater in one than another, 
then magnitude will be relatively less, force will be less 
(the direct force), and the momentum from velocity greater, 
but the whole shall be equal. On the other hand, if magni- 
tude be greater, and density less, then force will be greater 
and velocity less, but the whole shall be equal. 

"The second element of this problem may, therefore, 
be comprehended under the term magnitude, which shall 
include shape, density, and every other quality or condition 
which affects the operation of force in producing motion, 
and the whole constitute but one element in the problem, 
which I term magnitude, as referring to the bodies them- 
selve ; rather than to any of their qualities, as density, 
gravity, or otherwise. 

"The third element in this problem is distance, by 
which I would be understood to mean the chosen distances 
from one another, at which these bodies perform their 
revolutions in space. It is well understood, that from 
the nature of the case, these revolving bodies must take 
up their mean distances from one another in exact propor- 
tion to their respective magnitudes and forces, and in 
proportion as these are greater or less, the distance from 
each other will be greater or less. Hence, it is seen that 
the same inherent power of equalization exists in respect 
to distances as in respect to the forces and magnitudes, 
and whether their distances from each other be greater or 



THE SOUECE OF MEASUEES 247 

less, equal or unequal, they still constitute but one element 
in the problem. 

"The fourth and last element in this problem is motion, 
or velocity, by which distances are to be performed or over- 
come by revolution. And here again, it will be seen, that 
because the distances to be thus performed by revolution 
depend entirely -on the chosen distances from one another, 
and these again depend on magnitude and force, therefore 
the same equalizing power exists in regard to motion or 
velocity, as exists in regard to all the other elements, and 
therefore this also constitutes but one element in the 
problem, which I will term velocity, as including momen- 
tum, and every other quality, condition, or effect of motion. 

"These four in number, are all the elements necessary 
for the mechanical performance of the problem, and con- 
sequently all that are necessary for its determination by 
numbers; and it has been seen that such is the nature of the 
problem itself, and the power of these elements over one 
another, that every other quality or condition affecting 
either, is equalized by, and held in subservience to these, 
and these again are equalized by, and held in subservience 
to one another, and all controlled by magnitude, so that th<j 
whole constitute but one problem or mechanical operation 
in which four elements are concerned. 

"The difficulty of reducing impalpable things to a 
palpable standard of measure is generally conceded; but, 
in this case, I think the difficulty does not exist, and that 
these elements may all be as truly represented by numbers 
and magnitudes as if they were palpable things in them- 
selves, having the qualities of length, breadth, and thick- 
ness. For example, let a stone be a magnitude, having 
^hape, bulk, density, etc. Now, a force which can raise 
this stone one foot from the ground, and hold it suspended 
there, is, in its relation to the magnitude or stone, exactly 
equal to one foot of measure; and because the stone is 
held suspended, and does not descend again, nor rise higher, 
it is evident that the force and magnitude have become 



248 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



equal at that point of elevation, and therefore, vice versa, 
the magnitude or stone is, in its relation to the force, 
exactly equal to one foot of measure, and consequently 
distance and motion are each seen to be equal to one foot ; 
and the same principles of applicability to measure exist in 
three bodies suspended in space, and made to revolve about 
each other by forces inherent in themselves. It matters 
not that other and disturbing forces exist outside or inside 
the space in which these bodies revolve, because, if another 
and disturbing force be considered, then it ceases to be a 
problem of three gravitating bodies; and also, because such 
disturbing forces, if they exist, operate proportionally on 
all three of the revolving bodies, and in the course of a revo- 
lution, and consequent change of relative position, these 
disturbances must find their perfect equality. 

"Now, let us suppose that we have here three bodies, 
revolving together in space by their own gravitating power, 
and let the magnitudes of these bodies be exactly equal to 
one another; then their forces shall be equal, their distances 
equal, and their velocities equal, 
and it will be seen that they can- 
not revolve about each other, but 
must follow each other round a 
common center, and their relative 
motion, in respect to any point in 
space (as the point or star A) must 
be on the value of the circum- 
ference of the circle B, which 
passes through the center of each body, as in the accom- 
panying figure. 

"Now, let us suppose that each of the elements con- 
tained in the problem of three gravitating bodies, is an equal 
portion of the area of the circle which these bodies describe 
in a revolution; then the circle will be divided from the 
center into four equal parts, as at the points a, b, c, d, and 
let each part be equal to one. It will be seen that in each 
relative change of position, each revolving body passes over 




THE SOURCE OF MEASURES 



249 



an area equal to one and one-third. In other words, their 
relative motion is as four to three. So, also, if each element 
shall be an equal portion of the circumference of the circle 
B, or an equal portion of the square of the diameter of B, 
the same result is manifest, and the relative motion of 
each revolving body is as four to three of such magnitude as is 
made the standard of measure. 

"Again: Secondly. Let the area of the circle inscribed 
in the equilateral triangle, whose sides make the distance 
between these revolving bodies, be one, as in the following 
figure. It is seen that the circle B, whose circumference 
these bodies describe by their revolution, is four times great- 
er than such inscribed circle. Hence again, their relative 
change of position is seen to be as four to three, or one and 
one-third of the primary magnitude which is made the 
standard of measure, and (Proposition I, Sec. 31.) it is 
seen that the circle inscribed in the triangle, (as follows), 

forms the basis of the area of that 
triangle, when it shall be measured 
by circumference and radius, which 
are the only legitimate elements of 
area in all shapes alike. 

"Again: Thirdly. It i> seen 
that the equilateral triangle [see 
preceding figure], whose sides make 
the distance between these revolv- 
ing bodies, is an angular shape and being measured in the 
usual way of measuring angular shapes, its area equals 
the perpendicular Vd, equal one. Then it is seen that 
the diameter of the circle B, which these bodies describe 
in a revolution, is one-third greater than the perpendicu- 
lar. Hence, in performing a complete revolution, these 
bodies describe a circumference equal to one and and one 
third the circumference of one diameter. In other words, 
their relative motion is again seen to be as four to three 
of one primary circumference. 




250 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

li Fourthly. These bodies, which are revolving together, 
are known (by hypothesis) to be equal to one another in 
magnitude, and consequently equal to one another in all 
the elements concerned in their revolution. Now, let us 
suppose that their distance from each other equals one. 
That distance is seen to be the side of an equilateral tri- 
angle inscribed in the circle B, whose circumference they 
describe in one complete revolution. [See preceding figure.] 
Now, the side of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle 
equals the perpendicular from the base of an equilateral 
triangle, whose side equals the diameter of the aforesaid 
circle; and therefore, because the square of the side of any 
equilateral triangle equals one-third added to the square of 
its perpendicular, and because the square of the side of the 
equilateral triangle inscribed in B equals only, therefore the 
square of the diameter of B equals one and one -third. 
Hence the area of B equals one and one-third the area of 
a circle whose diameter is one. Hence, in describing the 
circumference of B, the relative motion of the three re- 
volving bodies shall be as four to three, or one and one-third 
the area of a circle whose diameter is one. 

"By Proposition XII., Sec. 23, it is shown that the 
true and primary ratio of circumference to diameter of all 
circles, which can be expressed in whole numbers, is four 
times the area of one circle inscribed in one square, for the 
ratio of circumference, to the area of the circumscribed square, 
for a ratio of diameter. [See preceeding figure] Therefore, 
it is evident that if the circumference of B shall be resolved 
into such primary parts as shall express the circumference of 
one diameter in whole numbers, and in its exact relation to 
area and diameter, without a remainder in either, then the 
circumference B shall equal one and one-third of one primary 
circumference, such as may be expressed in whole numbers ; 
because the area of the square circumscribing B equals one 
and one-third, when ths side of the equilateral triangle 
inscribed in B equals one. 



THE SOURCE OF MEASURES 251 

" Fifth and lastly. These revolving bodies must be 
supposed to revolve upon a value, in which diameter and 
area form exact and equal portions, and the only circle in 
nature whose diameter and area are equal to one another, 
and identical in numbers is a circle whose circumference is 
four; hence the relative motion of three bodies of equal 
magnitude, revolving together, can not be otherwise than 
one and one-third of such parts. 

"It is evident from all the foregoing demonstrations, 
that, if we suppose the elements of which this problem is 
composed to be magnitudes, and take them as a standard of 
measure, whether such magnitudes shall be equal portions 
of the area of a circle, or of its circumference, or of the square 
of its diameter or wnether we take as our standard of meas- 
ure the distance between these revolving bodies, which 
makes the side of a triangle, or the perpendicular of such 
triangle, or its inscribed circle', in all cases, and in every 
case, the relative motion of these three revolving bodies 
must be as four to three, or one and one-third of such magnitude 
as is made the standard of measure, and there is no other 
standard of measure which can be mathematically assumed 
in the premises which I have not here considered. 

"The proposition is therefore demonstrated that three 
gravitating bodies of equal magnitude, revolving together, 
their relative motion shall be as four to three, or one and one- 
third of one primary circumference. 

"It will be obvious to anyone that, in the foregoing 
demonstration, I have assumed that the magnitude of the 
revolving bodies are all equal to one another, and hence their 
forces, distances, and velocities are all equal to one another; 
consequently they all revolve on the same circumference 
as shown in the several plates; therefore, they cannot 
revolve about each other, but must follow each other round 
a common center. But, in the problem of the revolution 
of the moon about the earth, and the earth and moon to- 
gether about the sun ; the magnitudes are all unequal, and 
hence their distances from each other, their forces and velo- 



252 THE GEEAT PYBAMID JEEZEH 

cities, are all unequal, and they are known not to follow each 
other, as in the foregoing demonstration, but to revolve 
about each other in the order above stated. 

"It may perhaps, therefore, be inferred that the fore- 
going demonstration is not applicable to such gravitating 
bodies. But it must be observed, also, that the equalizing 
power of all the elements of the problem are in full force 
and operation here, as well as in the problem just solved, 
and that the chosen distances, forces, and velocities are 
in exact proportion to the relative magnitudes of the bodies 
revolving; and hence their relative motion shall be still 
the same, with this difference only, that because the moon 
revolves about the earth, and the earth and moon together 
revolve about the sun, therefore their relative motions 
being expressed by time (which is also relative), the fol- 
lowing proportions ensue." 

(Sec. 34.) While Mr. Parker seeks to set forth his 
own clearly conceived opinions that nature, in the construc- 
tion of the solar system, and of the cosmos, founds all 
bodies as to their size, shape, density, motion, relation to 
each other, and relative motion to each other, upon an 
underlying law, capable of mental realization and of geomet- 
rical setting forth, by which, if some one unit fact of these 
phenomena is known, then all these various elements may 
be had in a correlating and co-ordinating method of nota- 
tion, he also intends to say that there is one, and but one 
number form, for a flux through which all these relations 
may become manifested and known. The base of the law 
is the relation of the geometrical elements of the triangle, 
the circle, and the square; the second, or measuring, or 
notating, stage is the relation of the area and rectification 
of the circle in terms of the square . Now, these relations 
may be variously set forth, as of unity for diameter to 
3. 1 41 59~i~ for circumference, and so on; but there is but 
one numerical form for the expression of these relations, 
through which all these phenomena will correlatively work 
themselves out, and that is in the Parker forms of 6561 : 
5 1 53x4 = 206 1 2 , and none other; and this is the form on which 



THE SOURCE OF MEASURES 253 

under his quadrature value, and his problem of three 
revolving bodies, Mr. Parker proceeds to the calculation of 
the time periods of the earth and moon. 

Suppose that nature herself recognizes the division 
of the solar day into the same subdivisions that man does, 
viz., 5184000'" (or, in other words, suppose that man has 
been taught these number relations from nature, as by 
revelation, in whatsoever way we may understand it as 
coming), as a time circle actually made by the revolution 
of a planet; and suppose she herself has so adjusted her 
works that this circle has relation to the abstract relation of 
square area to circular area and circular rectification in 
one peculiar number form, and none other, so that she shall 
preserve harmonious connection in all her works, between 
geometrical principles of change and the power of trans- 
lating or notating them through just these number forms, 
and none other. The conclusion is irresistible that the numer- 
ical methods, which we as mortals do possess, are, after all, 
but the very ones which some unseen power has been work- 
ing by in the very creation of our cosmos, and in some way 
has actually implanted in us for our use. The test of this is 
in the application. Mr. Parker has the right of comparison 
of two distinct forms of circular use. For instance, a point 
on the equator performs a circle of time in what we call 
360 degrees of space, or 24 hours of time, or 5184000 thirds 
of last subdivisions of time. Then 5184 is the index of 
this work done and of a circular value accomplished. 
Again, Mr. Parker finds that 5153 is abstractly the area of 
a circle inscribed in a square of an area of 6561. He has the 
right to institute whatever comparisons he sees fit between 
these two relations, because of the common property which 
they have of being circular admeasurements. But this is 
but his right, and it does not follow that nature has had any 
like weakness or any like strength of design. However, 
she has a measure of her own to mark the same time period, 
which is in the rising and setting of the sun as a fact, or 



254 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

in the alterations of day and night. If Mr. Parker's uses 
are such that nature's use is seen accurately to fit and adapt 
to them, then instead of speaking of "Mr. Parker's applica- 
tions" we can say and should say "Nature's applications 
as discovered by Mr. Parker." 

(Sec. 35.) Mr. Parker takes the characteristic value 
of a solar day as a circular admeasurement in its division 
of 5184. With this he claims that in nature, the abstract 
value of circular area is connected in mechanical construc- 
tion , which value is 5 1 5 3 . As the one is the s olar day value in 
thirds, so he makes the second the abstract circular value in 
thirds, or like denomination. He says: 

"The length of one 'circular day' is 5153000'" 
"The length of one 'solar day' is 5184000'" 
"The length of one 'sidereal day' is 5169846"' 
"The difference between one circular and one solar 
day is 8' 36" 40"' (or, it is 31-000"', the differential 31 
being a number of great use). 

"The difference between one circular and one sidereal 
day is 4' 40" 46'"." 

His relation of area of square to that of inscribed 
circle is: area of square, 6561; area of inscribed 
circle, 5153. 

His relation of rectification is: diameter of circle, 
6561; circumference of circle, 5153x4 = 20612. 

His general formula for the calculation of time periods, 
under his "problem of the revolving bodies," is: 

20612x4 = 27482.666 + , and this x4= 36643.55 5 + , 
3 3 

in which the base is the area of the inscribed circle x by 4= its 
rectification; the second term is numerically the value of 
the moon's lunation, and the third is the base of the calcula- 
tion of the solar year. To illustrate what has been said: 
Take the second term as the value of the moon's lunation; 
numerically it is the value of abstract circumference, plus 
one-third of itself, and Mr. Parker says of it that it is "the 
value of the moon's passage around the earth over the value 
of one complete circle in space, in circular days"; that is, 



THE SOURCE OF MEASURES 255 

it is in terms of the abstract value of 5153 and in its de- 
nominations, for it was raised from it. Reduce this to 
solar time, thus: 

• • s 1 1? 3000 1 

27482666 + x J °° = 273183220164+ : 

5 184000 
Take this result as 27 .3 1832 20 164 + solar days, and reduced 
to the proper divisions of solar time, there results 2 7d. 
7I1. 38' 23" i'" 20"". Now, this result is too small for a 
sidereal lunation by the quantity 4' 40" 46"', but strangely 
enough, or rather magnificently enough, as proving all that 
has been advanced, this quantity as will be seen by reference 
to the differences above, is just the difference between one 
circular and one sidereal day, that difference being just 
4' 40" 46"'. Thus there are the integral calculations: (1.) 
The Parker abstract form, raised by his problem of 
three revolving bodies, to a numerical value of a sidereal 
lunation, which, (2.) reduced to solar circular value, by 
the addition of the difference between the abstract circular 
value and the real sidereal value of a solar day, gives the 
real mean lunation in natural periods of days. There could 
be no stronger proof that in our resultant number forms of 
360 degrees, 24 hours, and 518400c/", we have simply been 
making use of a system with which we have had no hand 
or part in its invention. It is to be observed that this result 
is one -fifth of one second in a lunar month, less than the 
period given in astronomical time. But let it be remember- 
ed that from the received astronomical value, it has been 
inferred that with regard to ancient astronomical time, the 
moon's motion has been accelerated, and this has given 
rise to the opinion that the solar system of movement is 
winding down, or closing up. By Mr. Parker's time, on 
this same ground, the moon's is shown to be equable and 
perfectly true to itself, going to show that the solar system 
is not a system of projectiles, but is a permanency, having 
a far more subtle and life-like cause of movement. 

The third term of Mr. Parker's application of his prob- 
lem of three revolving bodies, is 36643.555 + , which he 



//r 

//// 



256 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

says is "the exact value of the earth's passage around the 
sun, over the value of one complete circle in space, in 
circular days"; and on this he proceeds to the reduction to 
the exact period of the earth in solar time. 

(Sec. 36.) His periods of time agree to a marvelously 
small fraction with the standard periods. The following 
tabulation shows this: 

(1.) A Sidereal Lunation. 
Astronomical time 2 7d. 7I1. 43' 4" 

By Mr. Parker 27d. 7I1. 43' 3" 47'" 20"" 

(2.) A Solar Lunation. 
Astronomical time as usually given 2od. 12I1. 44' 3" 
By Mr. Parker 2od. 12I1. 44' 2" .84 + 

The synodic period, as given by 

McKay, the English navigator 2od. 12I1. 44' 2" 48 
By Mr. Parker 2<;d. 12I1. 44' 2" 50'" 31 

(3.) A Mean Year. 
Astronomical time as given 

"sixty-one years since," 363d. 5I1. 48' 49" 

"By the latest authorities as taken 

from a work of Dr. Dick" 365d. 5I1. 48' 51" 
By Mr. Parker s 6 S^- 5&- 4 8 ' 5°" 53"' 6 

(4.) A Solar Year. 
Astronomical time 3^5^- sh. 48' 6" 

By Mr. Parker 363d. $h. 48' 6" 1'" 6 

(Sec. 37.) The above statements are given to exhibit 
the use made by Mr. Parker of his problem of three revolv- 
ing bodies, based on his abstract circular values, and the 
Use of the factors 4 and 3 in the formula 

20612 xl = 27482.66 + , and this x — = 36643 . 55+ ; 

o 3 

the use of which factors will be shown to be very prominent 
in the pyramid works and measures. 

And here, as in relation to his Quadrature, it is stated 
distinctly that the setting forth of the problems or claims 
of Mr. Parker are not in any way as affirming either his 
establishment of the Quadrature or of the problem of 
three revolving bodies. It is absolutely necessary to set 



//// 



//// 



THE SOUKCE OF MEASUKES 257 

forth the results of his labors, because it will be shown 
beyond all controversy, that the construction of the Great 
Pyramid was the architectural display of his results; and 
without the use of his conclusions and results, it will 
forever prove impossible to reconstruct that mass agreeably 
to the conception of the architect. 

THE ANSATED CROSS OF THE EGYPTIANS AND 

THE CHRISTIAN CROSS THE EMBLEMATIC 

DISPLAY OF THE ORIGIN OF 

MEASURES. 

(Sec. 38.) If it is desired to display the process of 
the establishment of the co-ordinating unit of measure 
spoken of, by way of symbol, it would be by the figure of the 
cube unfolded, in connection with the circle, whose measure 
is taken off onto the edges of the cube. The cube unfolded 
becomes, in superficial display, a cross proper, or of the tau 
form, and the attachment of the circle to this last gives 
the ansated cross of the Egyptians, with its obvious meaning 
of the origin of measures. Because, also, this kind of 
measure was made to co-ordinate with the origin of hitman 
life, it was secondarily made to assume the type of the 
pudenda hermaphrodite, and, in fact, it is placed by repre- 
sentation to cover this part of the human person in the 
Hindu form. It is very observable that, while there are 
but six faces to a cube, the representation of the cross as 
the cube unfolded, as to the cross-bars, displays one face 
of the cube as common to two bars, counted as belonging to 
either; then while the faces originally represented are but 6, 
the use of the two bars counts the square as 4 for the up- 
right and three for the cross-bar, making seven in all. 
Here we have the famous 4 and 3 and 7. The 4 and 3 are 
the factor members of the Parker problem. But, what is 
very much to the purpose here, is, that the golden candle- 
stick in the temple was so composed that, Counting on 
either side, there were four candle-sockets; while, at the 
apex, there being one in common to both sides, there were 

17 



258 THE GKEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 

in fact 3 to be counted on one side and 4 on the other, 
making in all the number 7 , upon the self -same idea of one 
in common with the cross display. Take a line of one 
unit in breadth by 3 units long, and place it on an incline ; 
take another of 4 units long, and lean it upon this one, from 
an opposite incline, making the top unit of the 4 in length 
the corner or apex of a triangle. This is the display of the 
candlestick. Now, take away the line of three units in 
length, and cross it on the one of 4 units in length, and the 
cross form results. The same idea is conveyed in the six 
days of the week in Genesis, crowned by the seventh, 
which was used by itself as a base of circular measure. 

(vSec. 39.) These are symbols of ancient use of the 
Parker forms and their connections. It serves but to 
confirm thh use to notice the conclusion to which Professor 
Seyffarth arrived at from the study of the Egyptian hiero- 
glyphic signification of the ansated cross. It will be ob- 
served that this cross, being surmounted by the circle, or 
circular figure, in fact roughly represents the form of a man, 
with arms extended. Professor Seyffarth says: "It 
represents, as I now believe, the skull with the brains, the 
seat of the soul, and with the nerves extending to the spine, 
back, and eyes or ears. For the Tanis stone translates it 
repeatedly by anthropos (man), and this very word is 
alphabetically written (Egyptian) ank. Hence we have 
the Coptic ank, vita, properly anima, which corresponds 
with the Hebrew anosh, properly meaning anima. The 
Egyptian auki signifies my soul." 

It is curious that this Hebrew equivalent, Anosh, 
for "man" by Prof. Seyffarth, reads numerically 365 — 1, 
which could be intended to mean either 365 + 1 =366, or 
365 — 1 = 364, or the time phases of the solar year, thus 
shadowing forth the astronomical connection. 

The Hebrew word for a lunar year, "shanah," directly 
connects the idea of "man" with an astronomical value, 
as also an abstract circular value. As said, the two values 
of 113 to 355 and 6561 to 20612 are, as it were, welded 



THE SOUECE OF MEASUEES 



259 



together in ancient use. The attachment of a man to the 
cross would be, in display, the symbol of such welding. In 
fact, this is a plainer and more perfect symbolization of 



/ 









* 










fci& 


\ 


¥ 


/ 





& 

















the ancient use than any other. It was one made use of in 
this form of display by the Hindus. In fact, the Old Testa- 
ment is rabbinically and kabbalistically familiar with the 
expression of crucifying a man, or men, before the Lord and 
the sun. In symbol, the nails of the cross have for the shape 
of the heads thereof a solid pyramid, and a tapering square 
obeliscal shaft, for the nail. Taking the position of the 
three nails in the man's extremities, and on the cross they 
form or mark a triangle in shape, one nail being at each 
corner of the triangle. The wounds, or stigmata, in the 
extremities are necessarily four, distinctive of the square; 
and, as in the candlestick, there have been two used as one, 
or rather one used as two, in the connection of the three 
nails with the four extremities. The three nails with the 
three wounds are in number 6, which denotes the six 
faces of the cube unfolded, on which the man is placed; and 
this in turn points to the circular measure transferred onto 
the edges of the cube. The one wound of the feet separates 
into two when the feet are separated, making three together 
for all, and four when separated, or 7 in all — another and 
most holy feminine base number. 

PRIMORDIAL VESTIGES OF THESE SYMBOLS 

Under the general view taken of the nature of the 
number forms of Mr. Parker, it becoms a matter of research 
of the utmost interest as to when and where their existence 



260 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

and their use first became known. Has it been a matter of 
revelation in what we know as the historic age — a cycle 
exceedingly modern when the age of the human race is 
contemplated? It seems, in fact, as to the date of its 
possession by man, to have been further removed, in the 
past, from the old Egyptians than are the old Egyptians 
from us. 

(Sec. 40.) (1.) the easter isles in "mid- 
Pacific" located about 2,300 miles from the S. W. coast of 
South America, in 27 ° 6' S. Lat., and 109 17' W. Long., 
present the feature of the remaining peaks of the mountains 
of a submerged continent, for the reason that these peaks 
are thickly studded with cyclopean statues, (some of which 
exceed 27 feet in height), remnants of the civilization of a 
dense and cultivated people, who must have of necessity 
occupied a widely extended area. On the backs of these 
images is to be found the "ansated cross," and the same 
modified to the outlines of the human form. A full descrip- 
tion with plate showing the land, with the thickly planted 
statues, also with copies of the images, is to be found in 
the January number, 1870, of the "London Builder". 
Some of the statues exhibiting the markings of the cross, it is . 
thought, are in the British Museum. It will be noted, that 
the "Easter Isles" are the exact "antipodes" of the territory 
of Southern Egypt, immediately surrounding the Great 
Pyramid Jeezeh. This will, in a manner, account for 
(at least) a partial preservation of the "Easter Isles" during 
the last cataclysm, occupying as they do, the poising point 
of the earth, exactly opposite the Great Pyramid. 

(2.) CRUCIFIED MAN OF SOUTH AMERICA. In the 

"Naturalist," published at Salem, Mass., in one of the 
early numbers (about 36), is to be found a description of 
some very ancient and curious carving on the crest walls 
of the mountains of South America, older by far, it is 
averred, than the races now living. The strangeness of 
these tracings is in that they exhibit the outlines of a man, 
stretched out on a cross, by a series of drawings, by which 



THE SOURCE OF MEASURES 261 

from the form of a man that of a cross springs, but so done 
that the cross may be taken as the man, or the man as the 
cross; thus exhibiting a symbolic display of the interde- 
pendency of the forms set forth in the text. 

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE GREAT PYRAMID. 

(Sec. 41.) To a mind unbiased by the possession of 
previous fixed theories, the assertion that the Great Pyra- 
mid of Egypt was built for the dual purpose (1 .) "to perpet- 
uate a series of weights and measures, astronomical and 
otherwise, containing a system of mathematical and geo- 
metrical admeasurement," and (2.) for an "Initiates Asylum 
wherein adepts were obligated in the hidden mysteries," 
can be received with credulity — and the only possible 
theory left, but what has already been investigated and 
in the main found wanting. None but proof of an extra- 
ordinary kind as to ability to reconstruct, after the mental 
conception of what the architect intended to represent, 
ought to become, or will become, acceptable. This is 
especially the case where the time of the building of the 
mass dates back beyond what may be ca 1 led the historic 
age, and where every theory advanced must rest for sup- 
port upon its own intrinsic merit, unsupported by positive 
evidence of any kind filtering through the historical channels 
of the world. 

The further step required is, 01 eliminating all theory, 
and all probability, and all possibility, leaving a standard 
of measure as fixed and rigid, for instance as the English 
inch. As a sequence to this, the restoration of the mass is 
to be made in terms and divisions of this measure. Sub- 
ject to these considerations, and they seem to be fair and 
pertinent, if a standard of measure can be arrived at, as 
a rigid and fixed one, derivable from an elemental source, 
by use of which a structure can be erected, as to its whole 
and most of its parts, similar to that of the Great Pyramid 
in its geometrical shapes, and in such manner that the 
evidence is convincing that the actual measure of its original 



262 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

construction is being used, then, indeed, the recognition of 
that standard, its source, and its use in that connection, it is 
thought, should be conceded, even though the particulari- 
ties of the method of use may not be certain. 

Before closing this work in a coming chapter, we shall 
attempt to show that there are other and even more im- 
portant rooms in this great asylum, than have yet been 
exposed to "eavesdroppers" and the vulgar public. To 
any that have "traveled extensively" or knocked at the 
outer portals of any of the principal Secret Organizations, 
y will recognize in the great stone Sphinx, a part and parcel 
of the Great Pyramid. You may call it, the Tyler, or 
Sentinel, or Outer Guard, etc., through which, some time 
in the future, the entrance to the Great Pyramid will be 
effected, and not via the northern, narrow, astronomical 
passage, built only for the purpose of exposing to an 
initiate, his "guiding star" during his travels. 

(Sec. 42.) Professor Piazzi Smyth has given to the world 
a mass of measures of this structure. He was laboriously, 
and even painfully, careful in their taking, on a measure 
adjusted to the British standard at Edinburgh, even to the 
balancing and dwelling upon tenths and sometimes hun- 
dredths of inches. He had found such discrepancies in the 
measures of the multitudes of those who had preceded him 
that he was prepared beforehand for his work. Besides, 
he desired to discover who of those others had done their 
work well. Of those who had preceded him, he found the 
measures of Col. Howard Vyse, of the French savants, and 
of Professor Greaves, exact and reliable. 

That it is next to impossible to have measuring in- 
struments alike, though taken from a same standard; and 
it is almost impossible that, even though having the same 
measures, their uses will bring out the same results. Dis- 
crepancies are liable, from these causes, to show themselves 
in tenths of inches, and even more, where lengths of thirty 
or more feet are taken. No one better appreciated this 
statement than Professor Smvth. 



THE SOURCE OF MEASURES 263 

As to the objects of construction of the Great Pyramid 
of Egypt: the one most generally accepted is, that of an 
astronomical center, from the facts that the north base side 
of the structure coincides with the parallel of 30 ° north 
latitude, and that the mass, as to its sides, evidenced by its 
corner socket lines, are oriented more perfectly than could 
be expected of human ability today. 

The Rev. Mr. Taylor, who made this structure a study 
in his day, saw its geometrical side more than any other. 
and thought that it was so built that its height should be 
to one-half its circumference as diameter to circumference 
of a circle. Corroborated later by the measurements of 
Prof. Smyth; who upon carefully taken measures, linear 
and angular, and upon computation, comes to the result 
that the structure was: In height, 486 feet 2 inches; 
and that its base side was, by the measures of Col. Howard 
Vyse, in length, 764 feet, and by the measures of the 
French Corps, 763.62 feet. 

STANDARD MEASURES OF THE KING'S CHAMBER. 

(Sec. 43.) Take, as one set of derivations in detail, 
the dimensions of the King's chamber: — 

(1.) 206 . 1 2 inches -=- 1 2 = 1 o cubits — ,or 17 . 1766 — feet. 
(2.) 17 . 1766 — feet X2 = 2o cubits — , or 34. 3533 — feet. 

(3.) 20.6I2 -r-_i__ 

l6 

or \ = 19.0851— feet. 



10 
34.3533 x — 

18 



J 

Which measures, agreeably to the conditions, are the 
measures, taken at the standard, of the King's chamber; 
(1.) or 17 . 1766 — , being standard breadth, (2.) or 34 . 3533 — 
being standard length, and (3.) or 19.0851 — , being the 
standard height, all in English feet; subject to variations 
therefrom for special purposes, as will be shown. The 
measures of this chamber, as given by Prof. Smyth are: 
breadth, 17.19 fret; length. 34 . 38 feet; height, from 



264 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

19. 1 feet to 19. 179 feet. (As to height, Professor Smyth 
gives his measures 19. 1 to 19.179, with allowance, or as 
conjectured, because of the broken state of the floor 
when he took them. "Floor broken up thus since the 
measures of Col. Howard Vyse." His measure for height 
was 19. 1 feet.) 

ACTUAL PYRAMID MEASURES, AS ENLARGE- 
MENTS ON THE STANDARD, WITH THE 
REASON FOR THE VARIATION. 

(Sec. 44.) The following is a method of variation on 
the standard measures as given; and one which seemingly 
controls the entire pyramid structure. The Parker ele- 
ments are 20612 to 6561. The cubit value is 20.612^-12 
= 1. 71766 + feet; and 10 cubits are 17 . 1766 + feet. If the 
value of diameter 6561 taken as feet, be divided by 17.- 
1766 +, or the measure of 10 cubits, thus derived, the 
quotient will be 381.97166 + feet. This method is given 
for its results in the actual measure desired. 

This, in effect, is the same as the division, or quotient, 
of diameter value of 6561 by circumference value, or 20612, 
under a formulation to obtain a diameter value to a cir- 
cumference of unity, thus : 

(1.) 20612 .'6561 :: 1 1.3183097 + , and, 

(2.) 31.83097x12 = 381.97166 + , 

and this x 2 = 763 . 94333. 

The effect is a very curious one. Take .the following: 
2 
(3.) 20612 xi- = 36643.55^-48 = 763.407 + , 
3 
where the standard base side is obtained from the primary 
circumference value. By (1.), 31830907 is a diameter value, 
and raising it as shown, it becomes 763 . 94333, being almost 
the same by comparison. Then, working in circumference 
values, the standard pyramid measures are found; working 
in diameter values, the exactitude comes by the enlargement. 
Referred to a primary principle, original circumference 
is 20612; changing to diameter value, it becomes 
20626 .47001 + . 



THE SOUKCE OF MEASURES 265 

(45.) The standard of the size of the pyramid is, 
763.4074+ feet. The half of this is 381 . 7037 + feet. 
Compare this value with that obtained by the method of 
variation shown in (Sec. 44.): standard, 381.7037 + , 
variation, 381. 97 16 + . 

This last multiplied by 2 = 763 . 94333 + feet for the side 
of base of pyramid, instead of 763 .4074 + feet; and let 
it be assumed that this was, in fact, a variation taken on 
the standard measure, yet one growing out of the Parker 
elements. 

Taking the base side at 763.94333+ feet, the propor- 
tionate height of the mass would be, 486.341+ feet, in- 
stead of 486 feet as by the standard. 

This measure of the pyramid's base agrees with that 
taken by Col. Howard Vyse, as follows: Vyse, 764.000 
feet, Above 763. 943 + feet, Difference. 05 6+ feet, or, to be 
within less than one inch in 9168 inches. 

If this variation on the standard be applied, for the 
admeasurements of the king's chamber, to ascertain the 
enlargements on the standard, there will result the following 
differences: viz. — less in breadth, by 13-10000 (.0013) of a 
foot; less in length, by 26-10000 (.0026) of a foot; and less 
in height by 15-10000 (.0015) of a foot. Or, literally the 
difference has become so inappreciable that there is no 
method of ascertainment as to what the correct admeasure- 
ment is by any practicable test of actual measure. //, 
however, a law can be ascertained, which will in its fulfill- 
ment demand the use of these variations on the standard, 
then they should be considered as data correctly taken. 
There is such a law; and its demands as to their nature 
coincide with the spirit or genius of the pyramid structure, as 
a measure of time. 

ENUNCIATION OF THE LAW. 

(Sec. 46.) The very great value of the number 6 as a 
factor, is at once recognized in the base of the English 
(British and U. S.) long and land measures, and also in the 



266 THE GEEAT PYBAMID JEEZEH 

construction of the celestial time circle. That circle is 
of the value of 360 °; it is divided into minutes, seconds y 
thirds, etc., in the scale of 60' = i°, 60" = 1', 60'"= 1", and 
so on. This circle is subject to another division, as applied 
geographically to the eartn, where 36o°-^-24 = i5° to the 
hour of longitude, where 24 is also a multiple of 6, as 6 x 4 
= 24, and where each degree = 69 + miles English. The 
primary division of this circle is on the base of 6 parts, 
subdivided for each part into 3600 parts, or 6 x 3600 = 
21600'; or, 360 x 6o' = 2i6oo'. 

Now, by the variation on the Parker elements (stan- 
dard), worked out, as seen, through the simple use of the 
elements themselves, the result is obtained of a diameter 
value (by change on a circumference value), of 190985 + . 
From enlarged length of the King's Chamber, viz., 34.- 

3774 x — = 19.0985. This factor, 6, which is of such great 
18 

value, is not taken empirically , merely because it proves to 

be of such great practical use in the admeasurement and 

subdivision of time periods of land measuring rests, or 

stops, but it is a legitimate circumference value, derivable 

from this variation on the standard of the Parker elements 

of diameter and circumference, for (1.) 

6561: 20612 :: 381.97166: 1200:: 190.985 -f- :6oo:: 1.90985 :6 ; 

where the reduction from — - — = 318309-^x12 = 38197166 

20612 

or = 381.97166, divided b\ T 2= 190.985, becomes 

17.1766 

the diameter value of a circumference of 600; or, 1.90985 

becomes the diameter value of a circumference of 6 ; and 

this properly, and rightly, and exactly, belongs to the use 

of the Parker elements ; so, this height of the king's chamber 

is diameter to a circumference of 60. See the play of 

change! The Parker circumference 20612, changed to a 

diameter value of variation, gave the exactitudes of measure 

of the pyramid in diameter for circumference terms. 



THE SOURCE OF MEASURES 267 

Among these is the height of the king's chamber, which 
now turns out to be a means of regetting an integral cir- 
cumference value, in the Number 6, or 60. The obtaining of 
this end seems to be the law of pyramid actual construction. 

(2.) 19.0985 + inches x 'or ~-rv= 4T2 . .5204 + inches, 

10 10 ° 

which equals the length of the king's chamber in inches, as 

the enlargement or variation on the standard; and, 

(3.) 6561 : 20612 :: 412 . 5294 + : 1296 ; 

or, there results, the length of the king's chamber, in inches, 

as a diameter value, proportioned to the number of inches 

in the square yard British, as a circumference; and it is 

well to reflect that 1296 x 4 = 5184, the characteristic 

value of one solar day reduced to thirds. 

. 41259.24 : 129600 , ' ' 

(4.) - — — — — =6875.48+ : 21600, and, 

6 

, . 6875.48 : 21600 

(5.) 1- = 19.0985 :6o; 

360 

where the celestial, or geographical earth, circle of (6 x 60, 
or) 360 x 6o', equals 21600' of division, in terms for cir- 
cumference to height of the king's chamber as diameter. 
This, as a foundation, embraces all the time subdivisions 

rl A A ~\ 2 
I 2 J 

x 1000 = 5 184000'", as well as the distance divisions of 
the circumference of the earth in miles to the degree), 
minutes, or primes, seconds, and thirds. So, also, as to the 
width of the king's chamber. 

(6.) 6561 : 20612 :: 206. 264 + inches : 648 inches. 
So the law of construction of the pyramid is assumed to 
have been found on this showing. 

Note: — That the base side of the pyramid, by actual 
measure, being thus shown to be a diameter of 763.943 + 
to a circumference of 2400 feet, this is 24 x 100, and 24 is 
four times the factor 6. The base of the pyramid, then, 
would be co-ordinately represented by a square of 24, or 



268 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

6 x 4 = 24, to the side; and this is the Garden of Eden form: 
and, also, it is the square Hebrew Zodiac of the 12 months. 

THE DISCOVERY OF THIS LAW. 

(Sec. 47.) The discovery of this law, and of its appli- 
cation, arose from a suggestion of thought on reading a 
passage in the " Historical View of the Hindu Astronomy," 
by Mr. John Bentley. It is almost evident that one inten- 
tion of the architect of the pyramid, has been exactly 
reproduced in the use of a numerical system; and this 
accomplishment is but the going back to the original sources 
of the numerical instrumentalities which are in use today. 
Considering the value of this discovery, it is appropriate 
to give the original notes made on the subject as follows: 

A very remarkable blending of all these systems can 
be given, arising from the actual method used by the Hindus 
for tne calculations of sines, tangents, cosines, cotangents , 
etc., which belongs to their most ancient system of astrono- 
mical calculations. This method is given by Mr. John 
Bentley, in his "Historical View of the Hindu Astronomy" 
(Sec. 3, page 156). He is giving the various values for 
the computations of the value of pi, one after the other, 
until coming to one very nearly approximating the true 
relation, he says: 

"But Argabhatta, in the 17th chapter, in speaking of 
the orbits of the planets, gives us a nearer approach to the 
truth; for he there states the proportion as 191 to 600, or 
as 1 : 3. 1 41 36, which gives the circumference a small 
matter less than the proportion of Bhaskara in the Lilavati. 
This, however, is not the invention of Argabhatta; for it 
is employed in the Brahma Siddhanta, Surga Siddhanta, 
and by all astronomers before the time of Argabhatta, as 
well as since, for computing the tables of sines, etc., though 
not immediately apparent. Thus, in computing the sines, 
they take the radius at 3438', and the circumference they 
divide into 2160c/; the diameter is therefore 6876: hence 
the proportion is 6876 : 21600. Reduce these numbers 



THE SOUECE OF MEASUEES 269 

to their last terms by dividing them by 36, the result will 
be 191 : 600, as stated by Argabhatta." Mr. Bentley, 
greatly familiar with Hindu astronomical and mathematical 
knowledge ; not as a foreigner studying the reach of a nation 
in such matters, but as a resident in Hindustan of some 
fifty years. This statement of his may, then, be taken 
as authentic. The same remarkable trait, among so many 
Eastern and ancient nations, of sedulously concealing the 
arcana of this kind of knowledge, is a marked one among 
the Hindus. That which was given out to be popularly 
taught, and to be exposed to popular inspection, was but 
the approximation of a more exact but hidden knowledge. 
And this very formulation of Mr. Bentley will strangely 
exemplify the assertion; and, explained, will show that 
it was derived from a system exact beyond the European 
one, in which Mr. Bentley himself, of course, trusted, as 
far in advance of the Hindu knowledge, at any time, in 
any generation. 

"This formtdation is the taking of a radius of 3438 to 
obtain a circumference to be divided into 21600 equal parts. 
The diameter would be 6876, and the reduction of this 

by 36 would be 191. Now 216 is 6 3 , or, 36 x 6, which shows 
use of a system founded on a multiple of which 6 is the 
basic factor; 3438 is an exceedingly near approach to 
a pure circumference value, which goes to show, as it is 
used as a radius, that which has been so observable here- 
tofore of the expression of diameter, or straight line, values 
in terms of circumference. 

"Take the reduction of 20612, the Parker circumference 
value, that give the dimensions of the king's chamber: 

(1.) 20612-^600 = 34.3533-1- feet = standard length. 

(2.) 20612-^1200 = 17. 1766 + feet = standard width. 

(3.) 20612-^1080^ 

343-S33~ f " J 8 )- =19.0851 + feet = standard height. 

T90 . 851: -S- TO J 

"These are the standard measures of these dimensions, 
for comparison; or, on which variations are raised in the 



270 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

working out of various problems for which they were the 
base. Take it that this Hindu problem involves these 
measures, and that the system of factoring by 6 is intro- 
duced, by which with these measures to work out tables 
of sines, cosines, tangents, cotangents, etc., and for calcula- 
tions of planetary times, or distances. So (i.) perfect cir- 
cular elements are required; and (2.) the circumference of 
these elements is to be divided into 21600 equal parts. 
Cannot the Hindu system be traced back to an absolutely 
perfect one, based on the Parker elements? And, at the 
same time, cannot this same Hindu svstem be attached 
through the same Parker elements, by actual measures, to 
the king's chamber, the passage way therefrom, and to the 
ante-chamber works? If this can be done plainly, and 
mathematically, it will be an important achievement. 

MEASURES AS ACTUALLY MADE OR COMPUTED 
IN TERMS OF THE ENGLISH INCH 
AND FOOT. 

(Sec. 48.) Height (estimated or computed by Prof. 

Smyth) , in feet 486 . 2 

Side of base (French measures) in feet 763 . 62 

Side of base (Col. Vyse's measures), in feet 764.0 

Length of King's Chamber, in feet 34. 38 

Width of King's Chamber, in feet 17 . 19 

Height of King's Chamber, in feet 19. 1 

EQUATORIAL AND POLAR DIAMETERS OF THE 

EARTH. 

(Sec. 49.) Equatorial diameter (as ascertained) of 

the earth in feet 41, 85 2,864 + 

Polar diameter (as ascertained) in feet 41,708,710-7- 

Diflerence • • • .' 144,154 + 

Equatorial diameter in English miles 7,926.9268 

Polar diameter in English miles 7,899.6248 

Difference 27 . 3020 



THE SOUECE OF MEASUEES 271 

Let the values of the earth's diameters be taken at, for 

Equatorial diameter 41,854,174+ feet 

And another at some other point 41,739,954+ feet 

Difference is ..... . -. . 114,219.758 

If the larger diameter be divided by this difference the 
quotient will be 366.4355 + , and this is numerically that 

4 2 
value springing from the Parker elements of 206.12 x— = 

3 2 

366.4355 +, which as he says, is "the exact value of the 

passage of the earth about the sun over one complete 

circle in space in circular days'; and used otherwise for 

pyramidal purposes, is in 36643.55 inches the standard 

circumference of the pyramid. 

[The question has been raised, by what authority 

Parker points this value at 366 . 4355 + , and in truth he is 

not clear on this. But a way can be shown, by throwing 

206 1 2 
the values from inches into feet, thus: = 1.7 17 66 feet, 

12000 

or the value of one cubit; 120 cubits, then, is 206 . 12 feet, 

4 2 
and this x - =366 . 4355 + , as the Parker time dav value, 

3 2 
thus shown to be in British feet.] 

In this formulation, since the smaller diameter taken 
is less than the dividend by the amount of the divisor, 
the quotient of the smaller divided by the difference, will 
be one less than the first quotient, or 365.4355 + . 
There results : 

3 f- 4355 J x 1142x9.758 = { 4i,854,i74 + feet 
365-4355 41 ,739,954+ feet 

where the products are the return of the diameter values of 
the earth as taken. 

THE DIMENSIONS OF THE DESCENDING PASSAGE 

WAY. 

(Sec. 50.) [Note. — This (misnamed) 'entrance' or 
"descending passageway" of the Great Pyramid is located 



V 



272 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

on the north side of that structure, at a point 24.42 feet 
east of the axial line of the pyramid, and begins its descent 
in a southerly direction at a point 49 feet above the pave- 
ment. To get to the mouth of this (misnamed) "entrance 
passageway," when the north pavement was clear from 
sand and other debris, and the angle casing stones were all 
in position, a visitor would have had to scale the side of the 
pyramid at an angle of 51 ° 51' 41.3", up 49 feet, then 
shorten his height (by crouching) to 47 inches, to be able 
to descend this narrow 'passage' at an angle of 26 ° for 
82 feet, before he could stand erect. A very improbable 
proposition. For these and other tangible reasons, we shall 
presently state that this was not the original entrance to 
the building; in fact, never intended as an entrance at 
all. Another, and the real entrance, will be named to 
all those worthy and well qualified to enter, before closing 
the final chapters of this work.] 

The questions as to the descending passageway may 
now be taken up. It has been seen that all the measures of 
this pyramid have their origin in the relation of circumfer- 
ence and diameter values of a circle. It will be exceedingly 
appropriate that in the act of entering the passageway, 
one should, as a matter of fact, enter through the actual 
expression of those values. Such seems to have been the 
case. Col. Vyse's measures of this passage are: 

(1.) Breadth - - . 41 . 5 inches 

Height perpendicular to incline. .. .47 .0 inches 
Professor Smyth's measures are grouped together, as means 
of a series, and are as follows: 

(2.) Breadth near bottom 41.61 to 41.46 inches 

Breadth near top 41-63 to 41 .41 inches 

Mean of all • • • 41 . 53 inches 

(3.) Height perpendicular to incline: 

West side of floor 47 . 16 to 47 . 30 inches 

East side of floor 47 . 14 to 47 . 32 inches 

Mean of all 47-24 inches 

but he characterizes this measure as 47 . 3 inches. 



THE SOUECE OF MEASUEES 273 

(4.) Height verticle to base of pyramid: 
In one place, 52.68 inches; in another place, 52.36 inches. 
There seems to be very little, if any, difference between 
the dimensions of the descending, and of the ascending, 
passageway; and, as the red granite portcullis blocks 
seem to have been intended to give these measures, it is 
well to give Prof. Smyth's measures of the same, viz: 

(5.) Height perpendicular to incline 47-3 inches 

Breadth . . 41.6 inches 

Height verticle to base of pyramid. . . . 53 . o inches 
(Sec. 51.) the trowel face. — The commence- 
ment of the pyramid proper was by placing an ideal 
pyramid in a sphere. In that problem, all the pyramid 
elements of construction are displayed. So that a mason's 
trowel constructed after those proportions, on the scale of the 
English inch, would afford to the mason the whole elaborate 
plan of his work with the relations of the elements from 
whence these plans took their rise. Let us now diverge 
from the pyramid proper, for an investigation of the meas- 
urements of the Temple of Solomon. 

It was an old tradition that in the accomplishment 
of any great and good work involving the more abstruse 
and recondite knowledges, the workmen would be beset 
by the powers of the realms of darkness, with their frights, 
and horrors, and scares. As against these the master 
workman would protect his work by the display of the seal 
of Solomon, the wise man, and the king, even over the 
Efreets, the Jinn, and the J ami. But even here, he had to 
summon up an amazing amount of resisting force ; nor could 
he do this unless by the assistance of the unseen powers of 
light, of truth, and of goodness. As encouragement to 
the failing power and courage of the master workman, 
on whom the whole charge rested, a voice, like as the 
Bath-Col, Daughter of the Voice, would come, in terms, like 
the following, which were given to Hasan El Basrah in 
his terrible trials: 



is 



274 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



"I disposed thine affair at the time when thou wast 
in thy mother's womb, 

"And inclined her heart to thee so that she fostered 
thee in her bosom : 

"We will suffice thee in matters that occasion thee 

anxiety and sorrow : 

"So, submit to us, and arise: we will aid thee in thy 

enterprise." 

THE TEMPLE OF SOLOMON. 

(Sec. 52.) Kabbalistic tradition, passed down in 
Succoth, states that when Solomon was about to erect the 
temple, he found the measure wherewith to build it, by 
placing the name of Jehovah upon the round mouth of 
the well hole in digging the foundations; and, again, it is 
said, by placing this name upon the 'bung-hole' of a cask. 
The round mouth and the bung-hole were circles. The 
Israelites converted circular and spherical measures into 
square and cubic measures, in their representations of them. 
It will be shown that the, or one of the, values of the name 
Jehovah was that of the diameter of a circle ; and it especially 
meant the unit measure of a right-line, or sqaare surface, 
or cube-solid, having a purely circular value. Hence the 
definition of the architectural idea of construction is thus 
conveyed in Succoth, if this was the channel of the tradition. 

The description of the temple measures are to be graded 
in the following order : 

( 1 .) From the Book of Kings. ( 2 .) From the descrip- 
tion of the Tabernacle; because it was perfect in all its 
proportions, and Solomon could do no more than to re- 
produce it, however much he might vary the style of archi- 
tecture . ( 3 . ) From the Book of Chronicles , not so authentic 
but rather a targum, or paraphrase, on Kings; and (4.) 
from Josephus. 

DETAILS OF DESCRIPTION. 

(a.) The entrance to the temple faced toward the 
east, and the holy of holies was in the extreme west end. 



THE SOURCE OF MEASURES 275 

As to the ground plan, the description in I Kings 6, is 
concise, plain, and specific. This ground plan has three 
distinctly separated parts: (i.) The house, 'Bayith/ 
(2.) The temple, or open vault of heaven, before the face 
or door of the house, 'Hecal.' (3.) The porch before 
the face or door of the temple, 'Olaum.' Verse 2 says: 
"And the house which King Solomon built for the Lord 
(Jehovah), the length thereof 60 cubits, and the breadth 
thereof 20, and the height thereof 30 cubits." Verse 3 says : 
"And the porch before the mouth or door of the temple of 
the house 20 cubits was the length before the face of the 
breadth of the house, 10 cubits the breadth before the face 
(or door) of the house." Verse 17 says: "And 40 cubits 
was the house, that is to sa\ , hua, the temple, before its 
face (or door)." 

There is, then the house, bayith, 60 cubits; the temple, 
hecal, 40 cubits; and the length of the porch, olaum, 20 
cubits, one length connected with another, for the ground 
plan, or a total of 120 cubits. This gives, or embraces, 
in the house and temple inclosure, the length of the tabernacle 
and court inclosure, of 100 cubits. As to the porch, olaum, 
in front of the temple, II. Chronicles, chapter 3, verse 4, 
says : "And the porch that was in the front, the length was 
according to (or agreeing with) the breadth of the house, and 
the height was an hundred and twenty (120) cubits, and he 
overlaid it within with pure gold." Here, it is observable 
that the holy of holies was lined with gold ; it was at the 
extreme end of the length of 120 cubits. Here, the base of 
the porch, or bottom of a height of 120 cubits, of the same 
dimensions as to the length, and one-half the width of the 
most holy place, is also lined with gold, going to show what 
the connection of these gold-lined rooms had to do with the 
distance of 120 cubits. Josephus says there was a super- 
structure above the house equal to it in height (30 x 2 = 60) 
and then doubled, making a total height of 120 cubits. 

What the inclosure of the temple, hecal, part was, as 
distinguished from the house, bayith, is not specified; but 



276 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

it is simply stated that the door of the house opened into 
the temple part, and the door of the temple part into that of 
the porch. It may have been an intermediate court like 
the court of 60 cubits before the tabernacle structure; 
the difference not being in the sum of the lengths, which, 
in either case, was 40 + 60 = 100 cubits, but in the one case 
the court is 40, and in the other 60 cubits long. The 
temple, likely, was a court looking to the open vault of the 
heavens, and surrounded by other inclosures? But 
what became of the altar of incense ? Of the table 
for shew bread? Of that for the golden candlestick? 
These supposed to be placed in the most holy place before 
the veil, as in the tabernacle, then the only further change 
of arrangement seems to have been simply in the location of 
the brazen sea in the northeast corner of the house inclosure, 
part of the court before the tabernacle, now, or here, 
placed under roof; the great brazen altar being located 
before the house in the temple part. -II. Kings 16, 14, 
mentions this as in the forefront of the house, and this is 
again implied in I. Kings 8, 64. It cotdd not be located with- 
in the house, as there would be no space around it. This 
fact of its being before the house, gives a distance between 
the house and the porch, as the temple part. I. Kings 6, 
says that there were two pillars — -Jachin, which, according 
to Josephus, was on the south side, and Boaz, which was 
on the north side of the porch entrance. They were 18 
cubits in height each, or, together, 36 cubits, or the 1-10 
of 360 °; and they girded 12 cubits. 

The holy of holies was a cube of 20x20x20 cubits, 
located, as stated, in the west end of the house, bayith. 
Five colors seemed to be involved about and in it. It was, 
according to Josephus, built in white, or the color of the 
ether. Inside it was lined with red cedar. This again, 
was lined with orange gold. The interior was closed against 
the light, and was in the blackness of darkness, as the proper 
place for the ark of the covenant (or the meeting together 
of two opposite principles). It is thought that these 



THE SOUECE OF MEASURES 277 

colors typical — red, earth; golden, of the sun in general, 
or the sunny part of the year, when, or as, contrasted with 
the brazen sun of winter; white, or silver color, of the moon ; 
and black, of the night, of the womb, of the nadir. The 
condition of the room as to colors would seem to indicate 
time and earth measures, and also the place where those 
earth measures were to be found, or to be originated, 
as down in the depths at the center of a mass, in the dark; 
like finding a starting point of construction by placing a 
pyramid in a sphere. 

(b.) The holy of holies was divided, as to its cubical 
contents, by the placing of the cherubims. There seems 
to be no especial meaning to this word, fitting it for such 
a place. The meanings usually assigned, though perhaps 
pioper enough after a fashion as man, angel, cherub, are 
really not proper to the term. The word comes from Carab, 
meaning prehensile , to seize, grasp as with talons, or between 
talons; as substantive, it means a bird (as a griffin or eagle), 
fierce, because of its quality of closing upon something, or 
anything, with its talons. It is the English word crab, that 
seizes with its circular pincers; also the word grab, as closing 
the fingers upon something. On looking at the Zodiac 
signs for June and October, it will be seen that they are 
represented as closely alike — one as the scorpion, and the 
other as the crab; and, in fact, for the zodiac, these two 
answered, as stretching over or embracing the two cubes 
lepresenting that quadrant of the year between cancer 
and scorpio, just as the cherubims stretched over and em- 
braced the covenant or meeting of the two halves of the ark. 
This word is especially used as to the Garden of Eden, 
guarding the way to the tree of life in the center of the space, 
the place of covenant or of meeting. In one sense, they may 
be taken as the hooks barring the opening of the sistrum. 
It is used as spanning half the space over the ark of the 
covenant; and the same use is here made as for one span- 
ning half the space over 10 cubits. The real value of the 
word is thought to be in its numerical value, which is 



278 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



(7a/?/z = 2o, ResJi = 200, Beth— 2, or a total of 222. These 
cherubims were 10 cubits in height, and stood with out- 
stretched wings of 5 cubits in length, each touching as to 
each, the wall upon one side, and the tip of the wing of the 
other, in the midst. Underneath the meeting or covenant 
of the wings was the division line, either of separation or of 
meeting of the two rectangular solids of the ark of the cove- 
nant (signifying the two sexes). 

Comparison of the Measures of the Temple with 
those of the great pyramid. 

(c.) (1.) As to the pillars. 18 cubits = 20. 612 + 
10.306 feet, or 30.918 feet; and these are the numerical 
values, divided by 10, to give the standard measures of 
the vertical axial line of the pyramid, to embrace the dis- 
tance between the top of Campbell's chamber and the base 
of the pyramid, and between the base and subterranean 

(floor of) passageway. 30.918-^- — =25.765, and 1-2 

1 2 

the length of the ark is 25.765 mches. The girth of the 
pillars was 12 cubits = 20. 61 2 feet, showing that the cir- 
cumference was in terms of a perfect circumference value. 
Whether the sum of the heights, or 36, was to represent 
a reduction of the circle of 360 , is a matter of conjecture; 
but it is strengthened by the fact that Boaz was the repre- 
sentative of Typhon, or the North, or the dark or winter 
part of the year, and Jachin was the opposite, and as a 
division of the standard circle of 360 , each would indicate 
the half, or 180 : and they are each noted as 18. If the con- 
jecture is right, one entered the temple the gateway of the 
birth of the year circle. This is perfectly paralleled by 
the qualities of the descending passageway in the pyramid, 
as it involved both the circular elements and their applica- 
tion to the measures of the earth in its equatorial value 
of 360 °, by its diameters in miles, and then the measures 
of the time circles about the sun made by this very equa- 
torial. 



THE SOUKCE OF MEASURES 279 

(2.) The porch was 120 cubits high, or 206.12 feet, 
that so familiar value of the pyramid. It was 20 cubits 
long, or 34.3533 + feet, or the standard length of the king's 
chamber in the pyramid. It was 1 o cubits broad, 17.1766 + 
feet, 206 . 1 2 inches, the standard width of the king's chamber 

(3.) The porch, temple, and house lengths, together, 
were 1 20 cubits, or 206 . 1 2 feet, also ; while the holy of holies 
plus the most holy place, or 40 cubits in all, or 68 . 7064 feet, 
was, as to measure, and comparative location, the veri- 
table measure of the king's chamber region, with respect 
to its like location in the 120 cubit height in the pyramid. 

(4.) The temple and house lengths, together, or 60 + 40 
'=100 cubits = 171 . 766+ feet, or 2061 . 2 inches, was that 
beautiful proportion, as extending from the base of the 
pyramid to the center point of the king's chamber region. 
From the base of the pyramid to the roof of Campbell's 
chamber is 137 . 509 + 68. 7066 = 206. 12 feet, or 120 cubits 
(taken at the standard measures). The king's chamber 
region taken from a point in the center of the floor, with 
a radius of 34. 3533 + feet, 68. 706 feet, or 20 x 2=40 cubits. 
There can be no mistake as to the sameness of intention as 
regards these like measures. (The value 206.12 feet, or 
120 cubits, was a great governing measure, and as it im- 
plied also the full numerical value 20612, being constructed 
from it, it was the great number value, after all, of all 
construction, as is fully set forth in the foregoing sections 
of this work. This number of 120. cubits, then, thus com- 
posed, is 206, and its use thus, and in its original term of 
20612, is implied in the great measuring word throughout 
Scripture and Kabbala. That word is Dabvar, in Hebrew, 
or 206, and is the Logos word.) 

(5.) The holy of holies, as a cube of 20, was just 1-8 
of the cube of the king's chamber region in the pyramid, or 
the full cube of the length of the king's chamber. (This 
use, emblematically, is referred to elsewhere; but it is of so 
curious a nature that it is well to state it again . The primal 
one, or cube, was taken as containing all material and all 



280 THE GREAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

life within itself. It was male-female ; but when disinte- 
gration took place of the one into two separated and opposed 
existences, as of male and female, each had to be a perfect 
one, also, in its special construction. To make, therefore, 
a perfect one, which will combine these opposed relations, 
they were to be used together, and it requires just 8 of the 
smaller cubes, viz., 4 males and 4 females, together to make 
the larger. The king's chamber region is the great cube 
of this union; and the king's chamber, as to its length of 
20 cubits, was the eighth part of the whole cube, and, of 
itself, was, as to its length, an oblong of two cubes, or, in 
itself, male-female.) The division by the cherubims 
divided into halves, making a nearer approximation to- 
the king's chamber proportions. The ark, though similarly 
a small rectangular solid or oblong, placed in the holy of 
holies, as the coffer was in the king's chamber, was differ- 
ently proportioned, showing a difference of use in the meas- 
urement. 

(6.) As to colors, the white and red, and black of the 
temple tallied with the like of the pyramid, the golden being 
an exception. (And, possibly that exception would not 
have been noted, in the palmy days of its practical use). 

(7.) As to the ark, it was 2 1-2 cubits long, or 51 . 53 
inches, or, numerically, the area of the circle inscribed in 
the square of 6561. Its height added to its breadth = 
3 cubits, or 5 . 153 feet; showing, for one thing, that it was 
so contrived as to be reducible back to the elements whence 
its, and all the temple measures were derived; and this 
could not be done by possibility, except by the intervention 
of two grades of measure, and those were, respectfully, 
the English inch and foot. 

(8.) But the sameness of relations of the temple 
with those of the pyramid seems to be confirmed by the use 
of the cherubims. They were 10 cubits high, and by their 
use marked out the division of the holy of holies into 10 
cubits measures. Take some pyramid developments : 



THE SOUECE OF MEASUEES 281 

(i.) 5153X 8 = 41 2 2 4. inches, the circumference of the 
base of the pyramid placed in the sphere. 

(2.) 5153x2 = 20612; 206. 12 = 17.17666 feet, or 10 

4 ~™ 

cubits. 17.17666 x — = 3053 + feet, or 36643.55 inches, or 

3 2 
the circumference of the base of the pyramid proper; 

1-8 this circumference is 381.7037 + feet, or, 

222.222 + cubits. 

It is thus seen that the use of the 10 cubits value develops the 

1-2 base side of the Great Pyramid in the measure of 222 

cubits. It is seen that in the development of the holy of 

holies, the ark contains the original measures. It is placed 

in a space of 10 cubits. This 10 cubits measure of division 

is made by the use of, the (Hebrew word) cherub, and the 

numerical value of cherub is 222. 

(Sec. 53.) There is^ a most strange and far-reaching 

value connected with this cubit value of 444.444 for the 

base side of the pyramid. The four sides would equal 

1777 . 777 + cubits. The pyramid was constructed from 

4. 2 
that value of the Parker elements of 2061 2 x — = 36643.55 + 

3 2 

4 2 
for circumference value, and 6561 x — = 11664 for diameter 

3 2 

value, or for height. Now, 

(1.) 36643.55-^20.612=1777.77, and 

(2.) 11664-^-6.561 = 1777.77; or, numerically, this 

very pyramid base value. This is brought about by the 

.2 4 2 1 6 

factor ■ — as common to both. — = — ; and, as was shown, 
9 2 * 

3 3" 9 

this expression embraces the factors of the square foot 

English , because 16 x 9 = 1 44 . The reverse use or 1 6 -*- 9 = 
1777.777 + , showing that these factor numbers, by another 
change of use, at once lay the foundation of the pyramid 
and temple works; the knowledge of the scales of measure, 
and the use as applied to geometrical elements, being implied. 
Somehow, all the systems — Hindu, Egyptian, Hebrew, and 



282 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



British — belong to one another, and are, in fact, one system. 

So, here in this temple and its holy of holies, and its 
ark, we have the ear-marks of the full use of the pyramid 
measures, under another style of architecture. Was there 
ever such a concordance of measures, unless attended by 
a similarity of uss? 

(d.) The representation of the holy of holies, in ver- 
tical cross section is as follows : 




The ark was the residence of Jehovah, and he specifies 
his place as at the meeting of the cubes of the ark, between 
the cherubims. What was his numerical essential, to 
accord with all these measuring properties? He was the 
perfect one, or i — o, or a straight line, one, of a denomina- 
tion of the perfect circle, o — viz., 20612 ; reduced evenly and 
by scale, to an inappreciable minuteness, not to be seen by 
the eye, nor conceivable by the senses, yet, nevertheless, this 
perfect one. 

KABBALISTIC MATTERS CONNECTED WITH THE TEMPLE 

DESCRIPTION. 

(e.) The astronomical features about the temple were 
plain. The entrance was toward the rising sun, or the 
vernal equinox. The holy of holies was in the west of the 
structure, toward the place of the setting sun, the autumnal 
equinox. The great quadrangular was oriented and faced 
to the four winds, or N., E., S., and W. The brazen sea 
had on its ledges the ox, the cherub or man, and the lion. 
The lion was the sign of the summer, the man of the winter 



THE SOUECE OF MEASURES 283 

and the ox of the spring. The sign of autumn, or Dan, 
was left out — that worm all-devouring, never-dying, the 
scorpion. This has an architectural parallel. Nork relates 
that the temple of Notre Dame, in Paris, was formerly a 
temple of the goddess I sis, or the sign Virgo. On this tem- 
ple was sculptured the zodiac with its signs; that of Virgo 
(Isis) was left out, because the whole temple was dedicated 
to her. So with the temple. The whole religious cultus 
of the Israelites was located in the sign Dan, or Scorpio f 
for it was here that "I have waited for thy salvation, O 
Lord (Jehovah)" Take the two squares of the zodiac, 
representing two quarters, or quadrants, of the year; one 
lorded over by Leo, the lion, next to the summer solstice, 
and then going west and downward, the second quadrant 
is reached, extending to the winter solstice, and lorded over 
by Dan, the scorpion, who holds the entrance. This upper 
square, or cube, is golden, the male, full of the fructifying 
power of the sun; the lower one is the female, and black, 
the womb, the brazen part. Now it will be seen that Solo- 
mon, the son of David, of the tribe of Judah, whose sign 
was the lion, made all the gold work. But it was Huram 
that made tne brazen sea and all the brass work. Wno was 
Huram? The son of a widow, a woman of dark or black 
weeds, of the tribe of Dan, whose sign was the Scorpion. 
He made the work pertaining to his portion of the zodiac — 
that is, the place of Typhon, of winter, of darkness, of 
woman, etc. So, here is represented the western half , and 
the summer and winter quarters of the celestial sphere, 
squared, or cubed. 

There is something peculiar as to the opening of the 
6th Chapter of I. Kings: "And it came to pass, in the four 
hundred and eightieth year after the children of Isreal 
were come out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of 
Solomon's reign over Israel in the month Zif, which is the 
second month, that he began to btild the house of (Jehovah) 
the Lord." The chronological date here pointed out has 
been a very great vexation and stumbling-block to commen- 



284 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



tators. It is generally looked on as a date falsely taken. 
But it is well enough a determination of the meaning of the 
structure which was about to be built, for 480 + 4+ 2=486, 

which, in feet, as coming from 6561 x — = 11664 inches, 

9 
was the height of the great pyramid, or sun measure, the 
interior works of which were copied after in the temple, 
as has been shown. 

QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE, AND SQUARE 

ROOT OF TWO. 

By W. A. Myers. 

(Sec. 54.) Of Melchizedek (Pater-Sadie), Hebrew 
learning has handed down that he was without beginning or 
ending of days. True, but he was a means also of determin- 
ing both by correction, holding the balance of the ecliptic. 
(As to the value of Melchizedek of 294, this is 49 x 6; and 
as to the number 49, or j 2 , attention is called to "Proposi- 
tion 2, Theorem," and to "Proposition 3, Theorem," of a 
"Quadrature of the Circle," and "The Square Root of Two" 
by W. A. Myers, of Louisville, Ky. (Wilstach, Baldwin & 
Co. , Cincinnati.) It may be that Mr. Myers has reproduced 
an ancient method for the calculations of circular elements as 
sines, cosines, etc. His Proposition 3 is as follows : 

"(1.) If a circle be described with the square root of two 
for a radius, and the one-fiftieth of the square described on 
the radius be deducted therefrom, the square root of the 
remaining forty-nine fiftieths can be extracted exactly. 
(2.) The square root of the one-fiftieth so deducted will be 
the sine of the given arc. (3.) The square root of the 
remaining forty-nine fiftieths will be the cosine of the given 
arc." In many respects his work is well worth mention 



THE SOURCE OF MEASURES 285 

NOTE AS TO FISHES. 

From The Source of Measures. 
By J. Ralston Skinner. 

(Sec. 55.) "The symbol of the 'fish' was a favorite one 
among all the ancients. Mr. Bryant shows its origin, in 
the mythologies, to have been in the figure of the Deluge; 
the type being of a fish with the head of a man. In Pnceni- 
cia, especially, it was of great import in the idol Dagon. 
The Christian Kabbala, or Gnosticism, deals very largely 
in tne mention of fishes; in such sort, tnat it may be said to 
be rested upon the symbol, though its use everywhere is 
made to appear as incidental and natural. The New 
Testament narratives have been so highly colored by the 
kabbalistic import, that, commonly, too sweeping or em- 
bracing a quality has been given to the idea of fishermen, as 
appliedtothe apostles. The character of fishermen, it is true, 
is attached to Peter and Andrew, to John and James; but, 
beyond the little that is said of their catching fish with 
nets in boats, no great stress is laid on fishing as a trade, 
or fixed occupation. There was sufficient to introduce the 
use of the ancient symbol, without departing from what 
might truthfully have been the case as to fishing in the 
Jordan. The fishing as conducted by these men, was in 
the Sea of Galilee, or of Tiberius. This, lake or sea, is but 
an enlargement of the river Jordan, where it spreads out 
into wide water, or small lake, or rather pond, of some ten 
to twelve miles in length by about six miles in breadth. 
The fishing carried on in it was in ships, or small fishing 
vessels, with sails, by means of seines or nets. The popula- 
tion to be supplied was a dense one at that time, and the 
occupation is represented as pertaining to quite a class, 
thus exhibiting a settled business. It seems impossible 
that this could have been the case. The only condition 
by which fishing of that kind could have existed, and could 
have been carried on as a trade, in such a piece of water, 
would have had to depend upon a constant supply of fish to 



286 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

catch, from some large body of water as a breeding ground, 
trie fishing taking place in what is called the run of the fish, 
at stated seasons. Communication with such a body of 
water — as, for instance, the ocean — would stock such a 
pond with a few fish at all times, but not in such quantity 
as to justify an occupation as described, save at certain 
seasons of the year. This is a simple and truthful state- 
ment, justified by all the registered experience in such 
matters. But the conditions of the Jordan river are fearful 
for sustaining fleets of fishing vessels plying the trade on the 
waters of the sea, or pond, of Tiberius. It is almost a 
straight stream, with a very rapid descent from its source 
to its mouth (it is called The Descender), save when it 
enlarges out in the morass of Merom and into the waters 
of this inland sea. Its condition parts of the year is that 
of a brook. It rises in the springs of Mount Hermon, and, 
after a run down hill of 150 miles, empties into the asphal- 
tum lake, in which no fish can live or breed. If the river 
was far enough north, brook trout might abound to some 
extent in its waters, but these would have to be preserved 
with care, for it would require but little angling to depopu- 
late it of this species. The whole of the fisheries of the Sea 
of Galilee would, therefore, have to depend upon its own 
breeding-grounds, of which, it may be said, there can be 
none, save of the species of what are called mud or cat fish, 
which were prohibited from use, as having no scales, and 
a few others, utterly unfit to found a fishery on, as a busi- 
ness of continuous calling. The conclusion seems irresis- 
tible, that to have stpported a mode of fishing, such as is 
commonly thought and taken to have been the case, would 
have required a continuous miracle of keeping up the supply. 
All this seems to confirm the idea that the relation of fishing 
was to raise a symbol, comporting with and necessary to 
display ancient uses and meanings." 

(Sec. 56.) As is seen, the great display of the creative 
law of measure among the Egyptians was in the "first 
great wonder oj the world" the great pyramid. Among the 



ESOTEEIC TEACHING LIMITED 287 

Hebrews it was in (i.) the Garden of Eden; (2.) the Ark of 
Noah; (3.) the Tabernacle; and (4.) the Temple of Solomon. 
Around these actual displays, descriptions were conveyed 
"by the hieroglyphic reading of the narratives of Holy Writ. 
"Woe be to the man who says that the Doctrine delivers 
common stories and daily words! For if this were so, 
then we also in our time could compose a doctrine in daily 
words which would deserve far more praise. If it delivered 
usual words, then we should only have to follow the law- 
givers of the earth, among whom we find far loftier words 
to compose a doctrine. Therefore we must not believe that 
every word of the doctrine contains in it a loftier sense 
and a. higher meaning. The narratives of the doctrine are 
its cloak. The simple look only at the garment — that is, 
upon the narrative of the Doctrine; more they know not. 
The instructed, however, see not merely the cloak, but 
what the cloak covers." (The Sohar, III., 152; Franck 
119.) 

THE ESOTERIC TEACHING CONFINED TO THE FEW 

(Sec. 57.) The author believes that no man can study 
trie Bible a great while, carefully and dispassionately noting 
its place in the world, its surroundings, its handings down, 
its prophetical bearings, not considered in detail, but in 
their large and comprehensive scope, without coming to the 
conviction that a Divine power and providence doth 
in some way or sort hedge it about, and without coming to 
the conviction that this Divine Power is a conscious entity, 
just as we are; that he is, by his superiority, wisdom, and 
power, continually and everywhere, intelligently present 
as the immediate cause of each sequence in all the universe, 
however minute. (Not working by positive fixed laws 
of construction, which, once enacted, the work can forever 
go on, without any immediate supervision of the Master, 
a postulate so commonly assumed; for it is observable, 
where investigation can reach, that while every type of 
work seems to be under a general type law, yet every indivi- 



288 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

dual production under a type is clearly enough seen to be 
a variation upon every other individual, thereby necessi- 
tating the actual intervention of creative power for every 
individual created under such a law.) He who considers 
that man alone is the only phenomenon in all the wide 
universe of a conscious intelligence, as concreted from an 
infinite number of blind happenings or accidents, arrogates 
very much to the superiority of his accidental position, 
especially when he takes into view his own acknowledged 
littleness and inferiority; for he that can make nothing is 
yet superior to the blind working of the elements to which 
he is indebted for himself, which elements come under the 
general term of God or Nature. What a picture of self- 
sufficiency! The conscious entity, man, simply proves 
series after series of such a class of entities, graded upward, 
past man's power of recognition. Man's ego, as connected, 
even, say inseparably with his body, is just that phenome- 
non of nature that implies an ego function of nature herself, 
as inseparably connected with grosser material than that 
function. The only question is as to whether, in man, or 
otherwise, this function can shed its covering for another; 
or whether, in fact, he may have two kinds of material 
body, one of which may continue, the other perishing. 

But apart from this, and as to the Bible this being said, 
there are, nevertheless, some strange features connected 
with its promulgation and condition. Those who compiled 
this Book were men as we are. They knew, saw, handled, 
and realized, through the key measure, the law of the living 
ever-active God. They needed no faith that he was, that 
he worked, planned, and accomplished, as a mighty mechan- 
ic and architect. What was it then, that reserved to them 
alone this knowledge, while, first, as men of God, and second, 
as apostles of Jesus the Christ, they doled out a blinding 
ritual service, and an empty teaching of faith, and no sub- 
stance as proof, properly coming through the exercise of 
just those senses which the Deity has given all men as 
the essential means of obtaining any right understanding? 



IS THIS ESOTEEICISM LOST? 289 

Mystery and parable and dark saying and cloaking of the 
true meanings are the burdens of the Testaments, Old and 
New. Take it that the narratives of the Bible were purposed 
inventions to deceive the ignorant masses, even while 
enforcing a most perfect code of moral obligations: How 
is it possible to justify so great frauds, as part of a Divine 
economy, when to that economy the attribute of simple and 
perfect truth) nine ss must, in the nature of things, be as- 
cribed? What has, or what by possibility ought mystery 
to have, with the promulgation of the truths of God? 

ARE THE KEYS OF THIS ESOTERICISM LOST? 

(Sec. 58.) Men like ourselves, who were capable of 
teaching the multitudes, held this knowledge, both in the 
times of the Old and New Testament. If at all, when was 
this knowledge lost? There is witness, by the emblems 
remaining in use, that two modern bodies have at one time 
been in possession of the keys — viz., (1.) that order called 
the Roman Catholic Church, which is catholic to the extent 
of possession of the emblems of the universal knowledge, 
which was confounded by the confusion of lip, and which 
possession has been dropped by all sects, creeds, etc., 
which have dropped the consideration of the "basic know- 
ledge" or dabvar; and (2.) that body of men called Free 
Masons. It is probable that the Greek Church, and the 
Brahmin system also, come under this category. The elimi- 
nation of the vestiges of the workings by the key system can 
even be seen in the English Church ; for one of the great 
functions of the church was to regulate the order and times 
of its holidays. This was done agreeably to the passage 
of the sun in his circuits through the signs; but in the prep- 
aration of the order of service, as it is to be seen on the origi- 
nal rolls (see fac-simile of the Black Letter Prayer Book, 
made in 1663, as taken from the original rolls or scrolls 
in the British Archives), it was deemed, for some reason, 
best to wipe out these calendars teaching the progress of 
the sun through his signs. (There is but little doubt that 
the rules for the calculation of tables of time, to mark the 

19 



290 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

proper observance of religious festivals, which tables are 
prefixed to the Book of Common Prayer, are precisely 
the same to be found in the first chapters of Genesis, relating 
to the founding the year values on lunar tables. Christianity 
is almost undoubtedly indebted to the ancient Jewish and 
Egyptian calendar rules, on which she built up the special 
exceptional details of her own forms.) 

Mr. J. R. Skinner, at the close of his work, "The Source 
of Measures" states: 

(Sec. 59.) "One of the most remarkable proofs of 
the existence of this knowledge (of the foundation of these 
mysteries on the Parker and Metius relations of circum- 
ference to diameter of a circle) down to a very late dav, 
lays, as it would seem, in the resolutions passed by those 
two learned bodies of men, the Academy of Sciences at 
Paris and the Royal Society of London. (See Parker's 
Quadrature.) It was in the period of the revival of know- 
ledge, when the world, possessed of extraordinary intellects 
and wholly athirst for learning, was investigating every 
cranny and department of nature. All recognized the fact 
that in nature one of the most interesting relations was 
that of circular to plane shape, and the flux of one into 
the other. Ordinarily, in matters of research, promising 
great rewards, none so persistently encouraging of inter- 
minable effort in the pursuit of the obscure realms of science 
as these bodies. What was the reason, then, that on the 
production by Legendre of his acknowledgedly approxi- 
mate value of pi, the Academy of Sciences passed that 
famous resolution that it would never entertain any thesis 
on the subject of the quadrature of the circle? What was 
tne reason that, in a few years afterward, upon Play fair's 
following in the footsteps of Legendre, the Royal Society of 
London passed, perhaps, a copy of the same resolutions? 
Since that time, ever} man daring to venture into that 
forbidden field of research has been, by a mysterious com- 
mon consent hooted down, laughed at, and derided, by 
the manifestations of a mocking false piety; and just in 



MODEBN KNOWLEDGE IN SYMBOLISM 291 

the measure that his works have proved valuable, just in 
that measure has the effort been strong to remove them 
from the study of the people. Now it is barely possible 
that the keys of these old mysteries are still known and 
held by very few; that these few are recognized by the 
very highest of the order, so that an order to that effect 
of procurement of just such a piece of chicanery as that 
practiced by these societies, once promulgated, would be 
obeyed and carried into effect willingly, and even zealously, 
by m altitudes of those who might remain in perfect ignor- 
ance as to the source of the order or as to its real object. 

"There are, moreover, two evidences of the modern exist- 
ence of this knowledge in symbolism. 

(i.) "In 'The Gnostic,' Plate VI., i, is to be found a 
Templar or Rosicrucian emblem. It is of that 'IdoV or 
'old man,' a worship of which was charged against the Tem- 
plars. It is an old man, with his arms crossed in front. At 
his feet, on one side, is a celestial globe, with its subdivisions 
and on the other side the pentapla, or five pointed star, 
or seal of Solomon. Here are displayed the man, 113, or 
diameter value to a circumference of 355, or the Hebrew 
man, the celestial circle, and the pyramid. The pentapla, as 
it is drawn, is but the lined display of a pyramid. It is 
a pentagon, as well as a rayed star. Retain the rays, and 
then join the corners by lines, and the object of setting 
forth a pyramid is at once apparent. The pyramid involves 

all the measures, with the purposes 
,---/\^ thereof enumerated in the text; so 

; <i/ 0^*. the whole of this picture symbol, 

; / ^X^\A though modern in its use, really dis- 
j^^__ ^^>^ plays the possession of the keys of the 

ancient knowledge in a most masterly 
manner. 

(2.) In "Land-Marks of Free Masonry," by Oliver, 
is to be found a frontispiece, which, for magnificence of 
conception and for comprehensiveness of grasp, is most 
remarkable. "It is said to contain the svmbolization 



X 



292 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

of the genius of free masonry, and is said to have been 
designed by Bro. Com. J. Harris, P. M. and P. Z. The 
author ventures to state positively that if this was really 
designed by this gentleman — that is, if he did not compile 
it from simply traditionary sources — then, indeed, he 
must have been acquainted with the elements of the quad- 
rature as John A. Parker has, since that time, set them 
forth, their astronomical application in architecture, and 
their Biblical containment, in a fashion of such wisdom 
that if trie author had possessed it in its details, his efforts 
in this work could have been relieved of suggestion. The 
reading of this frontispiece by its symbols, even with the 
imperfect ability of the author, is always a source of exqui- 
site delight and unalloyed amazement. The representation 
is in a rectangular oblong of too squares. At the center of 
the top line there is located the triple circle, or three circles, 
one within the other, with an inclosed triangle. In the 
triangle is written the great name (Jehovah). It exhibits 
the origin of measures, in the form of the straight line one, 
of a denomination of 20612, the only numerical value of the 
perfect circle, the straight line being male and the circle 
female; which 20612 is the Logos, or Dabvar, or Word. 
The triangle and circles indicate the pyramid containing the 
ase of the measures, with the three sets of circular elements 
necessary to the display of its various problems. This 
emblem is in an effulgence of light, above the brightness 
of the sun, and the One of the word is the holy 10, and cir- 
cumference to 318, the Gnostic value of Christ, whence this 
spiritual effulgence. From this upper essence of effulgence, 
a strong bar of light descends obliquely to the foot of the 
oblong. On the one side of this all is darkness, and chaos, 
and confusion, containing darkness and dragons, and 
all deeps. It is the female or sin side. At the foot 
of the oblong is a pavement of squared blocks, in cubes, 
alternating in black and white chequers, indicating the 
female and male elements of construction; and on the dark 
side, this pavement is not made, but is in confusion. At 



ESOTERIC EXPLANATION 293 



the foot on the dark side, stands a little cherub, striving 
to work out one of these pavement cubes from a rough 
block or ashler, but without success. He stands holding 
his chisel and hammer in a helpless sort of way, as if having 
a dim idea of what is wanted, but as lacking in the requisite 
knowledge for elaboration. The other side of the bar of 
light is bathed in the essence of wisdom and peace. On 
this side the foot has a completed pavement of the black 
and white chequers, of a general oval, indicating the meas- 
ure of the surface of the earth. Just opposite the discon- r 
tented cherub is seated another, but on the light side. He 
is looking with a pleased expression at his brother in the 
obscurity. His right arm is raised, and he is pointing 
with his forefinger, the rest of his hand being closed, aloft 
up the bar of light to its source. This forefinger thus 
pointing is the symbol of the Hebrew jod, or Jehovah, or 
the number 10, whose origin is in the male-female word 
Jehovah, significant of the same number as emanating from 
the Deity name in the triangle above. His left arm is 
thrown over as embracing two parallel upright bars, in- 
closing a circle in the square, the measures of which have 
been revealed to man from above. The parallel bars are 
supported on a cube, which is one of the cubes of the pave- 
ment raised out of its place to the level of the floor, and 
the upright bars are but the extension of the sides of the 
cube. This is the cubical stone, and the square of the bars 
is 6561, and the value of the circle is 5153. The reading 
is instruction on the part of the enlightened cherub to his 
brother, telling him that from the geometrical elements, 
with the least one of a denomination of 20612, located aloft, 
as the law 0} the Deity, the measures of work have been 
revealed to man, and are under his control, as exhibited 
in the circle, the square, and the cube; that with these 
measures the cubical blocks measuring the earth are to be 
formed. In this is the lesson. The oblong then contains 
the sun and the moon and the stars as further being measur- 
able by man through this knowledge. In the center of the 



294 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

piece there flies or hovers a female, as the genius of the 
whole. Her badge is on her forehead, and it is the penta- 
pla, or rive rayed star, denoting, as shown above, the 
pyramid as the containment of all measures. The moon, 
with the seven planets, represent the Garden of Eden woman 
w T hile the sun denotes the issuance of lunar measures in 
terms of solar. 

"All this condition of things goes to show that the mys- 
tery held, as not to be thrown open to the people, but to 
be retained as the property of a class, and a caste, in the 
more ancient days, may never have passed away; but, to 
the contrary, may even exist today, dominating the souls 
of men, women, and children, by keeping them in perpetual 
ignorance, and in religious feeding them on the worn-out 
husks of faith, without any relief, by way of setting forth 
actual connections between man and the Deity." 

THE PROVINCE OF RITUALISM. 

(S,ee. 60.) "How plainly can now be seen the origin 
or source and reason of ritualism. Ritualism was not an 
empty thing. The adoration of the Deity was simply a 
constant reminder of man's dependence upon, connection 
with, and knowledge of Him. The worship, then, was, 
the expression under this or that form, by gesture, action, 
signs, voice, dress, accompanied by visible symbols of 
some one or more of the exact mathematical formulations, 
or geometrical formulations, or numerical combinations, 
pertaining to the known method of measuring the works of 
the Deity." A conclusion of Sir William Drummond in 
Edipus Judicus indirectly favors this view: "The priests 
of Egypt and of Chaldea," he says, "had made a progress in 
the science of astronomy which will be found more astonish- 
ing the more it is examined. Their cycles were calculated 
with extraordinary precision, and their knowledge of the 
most important parts of astronomy must appear evident to 
all who candidly consider the question. But the people 
appear to have been purposely left in gross ignorance on 



THE PEOVINCE OF EITUALISM. 295 

this subject. Their vague and their rural years were 
neither of them correct. The festivals were fixed according 
to calendars made for the people, and the religious insti- 
tutions were only calculated to confirm the errors of the 
ignorant. The truths of science were the arcana of the 
priests" because they were the sources of religious cultus. 
Thus ritualism was an intelligible rite, one to be under- 
stood in all its parts and ramifications; one in which there 
was no possible deception as to the use of a symbol, to 
those who could read the symbol. No danger then or at 
that time, of paying a worship to the thing. A carpenter 
might as easily be taught to fall down before the instru- 
ments by which he copied the sums of his Father in heaven. 
Intrinsically, one would be as silly and fruitless of good 
results as the other. It has been the gradual and finally 
almost perfect extinguishment of the knowledge of the 
origin of ritualism on the part of the priests themselves that 
has entailed a superstitious use on the part of the laity. 
On the other hand, Free Masonry holds to the elemental 
working by geometrical display — i. e., by the harder, more 
exact and purer outlines of the same system of problems. 
As between the two systems, in their ultimate, there is no 
difference at all. Lord God of a common humanity ! loosen 
the shackles from the bodies and enlarge the souls of men. 
Let freedom be the seed, and let wisdom, love, peace — but 
above and before all, charity — be the harvest. And 

so MOTE IT UE. 



296 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 

The commencement of the Christian Era is the 1st of January in the 4th year of 
the 194th Olympiad, the 753d from the foundation of Rome, and the 471dth of the 
Julian period. It is usually supposed to begin with the birth of Christ, but the 
opinions with regard to his birth are various. The generally accepted opinion i* 
that his birth took place three years and seven days before the first day ot tfie 

The observance of the 25th of December in commemoration of the birth of Christ, 
is ascribed to Julius, bishop of Rome, A. D. 337-352. The Eastern Church had previ- 
ously observed the 6th of January in commemoration of the birth and baptism ot 
Christ. 

The year of the birth of Christ, according to different authorities, is as follows: 

Benedictine Authors of L'Art de Verifier les Dates B.C. 7 

Kepler, Pagi, Dodwell, etc. ■>• £ 

Chrysostom, Hales, Blair, Clinton, etc » 

Sulpicius (Sacred History) and Usher vac. zo, 4 

Clemens, Irenseus and Cassiodorus j* 

Eusebius, Jerome, Epiphanius, Orosius, Scaliger, etc ^ 

Chron. Alex., Tertulian, Dionysius, Luther, etc J- 

Nori6ius and Herwart A. D. i 

Paul of Middelburg 

Lydiat 

MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 

January— Latin, Januarius, is named after Janus, an ancient Italian deity, the 
god of the sun and the year, whom the Romans presented on the first of this montn 
the Janual, an offering consisting of wines and fruits. The month was added to the 
calendar by the Emperor Numa Pompilius. 

February— Latin, Februarius, is supposed to have been so named from the t eD- 
rualia a feast of purification and atonement celebrated in Rome during this month. 
The Emperor Numa added it to the end of the year, and from this the name of the 
month is supposed to have been derived from an old Latin word, fibar, meaning the 
end. The decemvirs placed this month after January in the year 452 B.C. 

March— Latin, Martins. The name is derived from Mars, the god of War. March 
was the first month of the year in the old Roman calendar. 

April— Latin, Aprilis. The word is from aperire, to open, refenng to the opening 
of the buds during this month. %. rmm ^ 

Mat— Latin, Maius, from a word which signifies to grow, so named m honor ot 
the goddess Maia, daughter of Atlas, and mother of Mercury, by Jupiter. 

June by some is said to have been derived from juniores, the young men, to whom 
Romulus is said to have assigned it; by others from Juno; by others from Junius 
Brutus, the first consul, and by others from jungo, to join, with reference to the 
union of the Romans and Sabines. t.^„„ «.« ««th 

JuLT-this month was originally called Quinhhus, the fifth, it being the fifth 
month of the old Roman calendar. It was named Julius in honor of Julius Caesar. 

AuGUST-this month was originally called Sextilis, the sixth, and was named in 
honor of the Emperor Augustus. 

September is from the Latin septem, seven. 

October is from the Latin octo, eight. 

November is from the Latin novem, nine. 

December is from the Latin decern, ten. 

DAYS OF THE WEEK. 
Roman, Saxon. English. 

Sunday. 
Monday. 
Tuesday. 
Wednesday. 
Thursday. 



Dies Solis— Day of the Sun I Sunnandaeg— Day of the Sun . 

Dies Lunge— Day of the Moon Monandaeg— Day of the Moon 



Tuesdaeg— Day of Tuisco 
Wodensdaeg— Day of Woden 

Thorsdaeg— Day of Thor 

Frigadaeg— Day of Friga Friday. 

Saterdaeg— Day of Sator [Saturday. 



Dies Martis— Day of Mars. 
Dies Mercurii— Day of Mercury. 

Dies Jovis— Day of Jupiter 

Dies Veneris— Day of Venus 

Dies Saturni— Day of Saturn — 
An Astronomical Day commences at noon, and is counted from the first to the 

^AC^aDay commences at midnight, and is counted from the first to the twelfth 
hour, from which time the count is repeated. 
A Nautical Day is counted as a civil day, but commences like an astronomical day, 

at A Solar Day is measured by the rotation of the earth upon its axis, and is of dif- 
ferent lengths, owing to the ellipticity of the earth's orbit and other causes. A mew 
solar day is twenty-four hours long. 



HISTORY OF THE INTERIOR OF THE PYRAMID. 

PART III. 

(Sec. 61.) There is little enough of hollow interior 
space to enter into, in any of the Egyptian Pyramids, as 
they are generally all but solid masses of masonry. And 
yet what very little there is, will be found quite character- 
istic enough to raise up a most radical distinction of kind, 
as well as degree, between the Great Pyramid and every 
other monument, large or small, pyramidal or otherwise, 
in all tne continent of Africa, and Asia as well. 

The progress of historical knowledge, with regard to 
what constituted the hollow interior of the Great Pyramid, 
from the earliest times down, not only to Greek and Roman 
eras, but to this enlightened day and date (1907) has been 
both slow and peculiar. Had we now before us in one 
meridianal section of the monument, all that is now pub- 
lically known and arrived at, the tale would amount to 
little more than this — (1.) that when the Great Pyramid 
stood on the Jeezeh nill in the Tjrimeval age of the world 
in white masonry, unassailed; a simple, apparantly solid, 
crystalline shape, with the secret of its inner nature un- 
touched. Clothed completely on every side, with its bev- 
elled sheet of polished casing stones, the whole structure 
rising from a duly levelled area of also white rock surface 
in four grand triangular flanks up to a single pointed sum- 
mit. This is the sum total of all that was positively known 
about this "first great wonder of the world" down to the 
spring of the year 820 A. D., (all other authorities to the 
contrary notwithstanding) by the present race of people; 
when the Egyptian Caliph Al Mamoun forced his passage- 
way into the north side of the pyramid, and thereby acci- 
dentally discovered the present way of entering that world 
renowned structure. 

(2.) The author does not desire to intimate that Al 
Mamoun, the Egyptian Caliph, was the first man to enter 



298 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

the "great pyramid" since it was sealed up by its original 
builders; but that his men, whom he employed to force a 
passageway, were the very first, that history records as 
having entered this particular pyramid. In our researches, 
extending over 35 years, we have laid under contribution 
the principal authorities published on both sides of the 
Atlantic, and we have utterly failed to discover any positive 
information to the contrary of the above assertion. If 
any one else is known to have entered it, before 820 A. D., 
how did he get in? The secret passageway (which we 
have hinted at) extending from (under) the Sphinx, by a 
circuitous course, and entered at the N. E. corner of the 
building, the entrance being completely stopped with granite 
plugs, has not been open to the uninitiated during the ad- 
vent of our present race of people. Therefore, there was 
no possible way of entering the pyramid (known) until 
the hirelings of the Caliph Al Mamoun, forced the key 
stone out of the (present) entrance passage, from the inside, 
through his forced passage way, in the year 820 A. D. 
And that "key stone" as well as tne lid to the coffer 
in tne king's chamber, together with many of the (outside 
covering) angle stones, have been carried away into India; 
and possibly are now in the possession of the wealthier 
Maharajas of that country. 

(3.) Barring the space occupied by the forced pas- 
sageway of Caliph Al Mamoun, the following named 
chambers and passageways will account for all the hollow 
space in the interior of the great pyramid, so far as is 
known to the scientific world, at this date, 1907: viz., 
The King's Chamber, located on the 50th layer of stone 
at an elevation of (about) 142.82 feet above the pavement 
and (about) 9 . 68 feet south of the verticle axis of the 
pyramid. 

The Ante-Chamber is situated adjoining the king's 
chamber, on its north side, at the same elevation; the ver- 
ticle axis of the pyramid forming its north boundary. 



HOLLOW SPACE IN THE PYRAMID 299 

The Queen's Chamber is located on the 25th layer of 
stone, at an elevation of (about) 7 5 . 58 feet above the pave- 
ment, the verticle axis of the pyramid forming its south 
boundary line. 

The Subterranean Chamber is situated (about) 100 feet 
below the basal plane of the pyramid ( 1 'n native limestone 
rock) , the center of which chamber is located directly under 
the verticle axis of the building and the floor of which is 
about 586 feet below the apex of the structure, as it stood 
in the early part of the year 820 A. D. The entrance to 
which is reached (at present) through the entrance on the 
north side of the pyramid: you descend at an angle of 26 ° 
for 340 feet to reach the subterranean chamber. The 
following extract from the 4th edition of "Our Inheritance 
in the Great Pyramid" by Piazzi Smyth, will thoroughly 
illustrate the shape, and present (and ancient) condition of 
th 1 's chamber; and at the same time show that Prof. Smyth 
did not know, or conceive, the purpose for which this 
chamber was originally constructed; viz. — "that then it 
contained within, or beneath its foot (trending down from 
the north, and entering at a point about 49 feet above the 
ground, near the middle of that northern side) merely an 
inclined descending passage of very small bore, leading to 
a sort of subterranean, excavated chamber in the rock, 
about 100 feet vertically under the center of the base of 
the whole built monument. 

"This one subterranean chamber did really exist, in so 
far as it had been begun to be carved out, deep in the heart 
of the rock, with admirable skill. For the workmen, 
having cut their sloping way down to the necessary depth 
by the passage, commenced with the chamber's ceiling, 
making it exquisitely smooth, and on so large a scale as 
46 feet long by 28 broad. Then sinking down the walls 
from its edges in verticle planes, there was every promise 
of their having presently, at that notable 100-foot depth 
inside, or rather underneath the surface of the otherwise 
solid limestone mountain, a rectangular hollow space, 



300 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

or chamber, whose walls, ceiling and floor should all be 
perfect, pattern planes. But when the said men, the origin- 
al workers it must be presumed, had cut downwards from 
the ceiling to a depth of about 4 feet at the west end, and 
13 feet at the east end, they stopped in the very midst of 
their occupation. A small, very small, bored passage was 
pushed into the rock merely a few feet further toward the 
south, and then that was also left -unfinished; a similar 
abortive attempt was likewise made downwards, but with 
the only result, that the whole floor, from one end of the 
chamber to the other, was left a lamentable scene of holes, 
rocks, and up-and-down, fragmentary confusion. Verily, 
(seeing that the whole light of day was reduced down 
there to a mere star-like point at the upper end of the long 
entrance passage, nearly 340 feet long) verily, it was an 
answering locality for "the stones of darkness and the 
shadow of death." (See Plate VI. and IX.)." 

Will any enthusiastic Egyptologist of this day, that 
has already accepted Prof. Smyth's theory of a Deified 
Architect, still believe with him, that the Subterranean 
Chamber, or any other portion of the pyramid, is unfinished, 
or in other words, not completed in exactly the way it was 
originally designed? We think not; for, when the reader 
broadens out to the theory — that the whole pyramid, in- 
cluding the Sphinx, the different passageways and this 
Subterranean Chamber, constitutes one "grand initiatory 
asylum," he will perceive that the perfection of the 
ceiling, and the chaos of the floor, represents "the un- 
finished state of the temple.''' This is where the candidate 
was first brought to light and received his first lesson in 
astronomy. 

The remaining portion of the hollow or vacant space 
in the pyramid, is to be found in the passageway (descend- 
ing) from the north side of the pyramid down to the sub- 
terranean chamber, 370. 5 feet; the horizontal passage from 
the lower end of the grand gallery to the entrance of the 
Queen's Chamber, 108.6 feet; the ascending passageway 






MOEE CHAMBEES SUGGESTED 301 

from a point on the descending passage way 82 feet from 
the north end, to the beginning of the Grand Gallery, 
128.5 feet; the Grand Gallery, ascending, from a point 
commencing at the entrance of the horizontal passage- 
way, to its ending at the Ante-Chamber, 156.75 feet. 
And then the well, 191 feet, nearly verticle, and the Grotto, 
an enlarged space within the well. The above mentioned 
points constitute about all the space known to exist within 
the Great Pyramid. The area and size of each will be 
given in another chapter. To the student who has followed 
our argument and conjectures up to this point, we would 
put the query: Do you think, or imagine, that the above 
mentioned "hollow" or blank space, or chambers and. passage- 
ways are the only chambers, etc., contained in that massive 
grand structure ? Think of the size of it-^-covering as it does 
over 13.34 acres andabout 486 feet high when it was perfectly 
encased in its original form, and containing over 93,060,000 
cubic feet of masonry. Unless, some time in the future 
other chambers are discovered, and found to be even more 
spacious than those now known to the world at large, 
intelligent humanity will begin to a.uery, and stand in awe! 
at this w r onderful waste of material. It will be on a par 
with the heavenly bodies, i. e., if we discover that this little 
insignificant earth of ours, is the only planet inhabited? 
The author does believe that many of the fixed stars are 
inhabited; and further (which will be possible to prove) 
that the Great Pyramid Jeezeh contains at least three 
more chambers, located between the King's Chamber and 
the apex and at least one with double the capacity of the 
latter. And we will now suggest their location. After 
the Queen's Chamber on the 25th layer of stone; and the 
King's Chamber at the 50th layer; we would place the next 
larger chamber on the 75th layer, and the very largest hall, 
or chamber on the 100th layer of masonry. This chamber 
should equal in capacity the other three below it. The 
final, or fifth chamber on the 120th course of masonry; 
and its size should be just xOne-half that of the King's 



302 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

Chamber. A further explanation of the above will appear 
in our closing chapter. 

(Sec. 62.) The records of all past history (regarding 
the Great Pyramid) are a unit on the "tombic subject" 
that "No remains of any kind of coffin have ever been report- 
ed to have been found in any chamber or passageway of 
the Great Pyramid." 

There has been some scholastic question of late years 
as to whether Herodotus in 445 B. C, Strabo 18 A. D., 
Pliny 70 A. D., and others of the more medieval ancients, 
or their immediate informants, were ever actually inside 
the Great Pyramid ; for sometimes it has been maintained 
that the edifice was inviolably sealed, and that what they 
mentioned of the interior was only on the reports of tradi- 
tion. All written history seems to corroborate the above 
statement. 

That subterranean chamber, which ought to have been 
the first thing finished, according to both all ancient Egyp- 
tian ideas and the "Lepsius Law" of profane Egyp- 
tian-Pyramid building, — but was not. The very chamber 
which ought to have contained (if it was built for the same 
purpose, that all subsequent pyramids were) a real sculp- 
tured sarcophagus, mummy, paintings, and inscriptions, 
— but which only really held the rough, natural rock-con- 
tents of the lower part of the room, not yet cut out of the 
bowels of the mountain. 

In short, all the classic and idolatrous nations of old 
(say from 1400 B. C. to 820 A. D.) knew nothing whatever 
about the now known real interior of the Great Pyramid's 
construction or purpose. 



THE GREAT PYRAMID ENTERED FOR THE FIRST 

TIME, SINCE ITS ORIGINAL BUILDERS SEALED 

IT UP, THE DATE OF WHICH IS UNKNOWN. 

(Sec 63.) Caliph Al Mamoun, son of Harcun Al 
Raschid, of the "Arabian Nights", during the early part of 
the year 820 A. D. with the aid of his Mohammedan work- 
men, has to his credit "the first to enter"( by a forced pas- 
sageway) this First Great Wonder of the World. He 
directed his Mohammedan workmen to begin at the mid- 
dle of the northern side; precisely, says Sir Gardner Wilk- 
inson, "as the founders of the Great Pyramid had foreseen, 
when they placed the entrance, (present entrance) not in 
the middle of that side, but 24 feet and some inches away 
to the east, as well as many feet above the ground level. 
Hard labor, therefore, was it to these masons, quarrying 
with the rude instruments of that barbarous time, into 
stone-work as solid (almost before them) as the side of a hill. 

They soon indeed began to cry out "Open that won- 
derful Pyramid! It could not possibly be done!" But the 
Caliph only replied, "I will have it most certainly done." 
So his followers perforce had to quarry on unceasingly by 
night and by day. Weeks after weeks, and months too, were 
consumed in these toilsome exertions; the progress, how- 
ever, though slow, was so persevering that they had pen- 
etrated at length to no less than 100 feet in depth from the 
entrance. But by that time becoming thoroughly ex- 
hausted, and beginning again to despair of the hard and 
hitherto fruitless labor, some of them ventured to remember 
certain improving tales of an old king, who had found, 
on making the calculation, that all the wealth of Egypt in his 
time would not enable him to destroy one of the Pyramids. 
These murmuring disciples of the Arabian prophet were in 
the midst of their various counsel, they heard a great stone 
evidently fall in some hollow space within no more than 
a few feet on one side of them ! In the fall of that particular 



304 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

stone, there almost seems to have been an accident that 
was more than an accident. Energetically, however, they 
instantly pushed on in the direction of the strange noise; 
hammers, and fire, and vinegar being employed again and 
again, until, breaking through a wall surface, they burst 
into the hollow way, "exceeding dark, dreadful to look at, 
and difficult to pass," they said at first, where the sound 
had occurred. It was the same hollow way, or properly 
the pyramid's inclined and descending (present) entrance 
passage; but now it not only stood before another race, and 
another religion, but with something that the others never 
saw, viz., its chief leading secret, for the first time since 
the foundation of the building, nakedly exposed; and 
exhibiting the beginning of an internal arrangement in 
the Great Pyramid, which is not only unknown in any and 
every other Pyramid in Egypt, but which the architect 
tiere, carefully finished, scrupulously perfected, and then 
most remarkably sealed up before he left the building to 
fulfil its prophetic destination at the end of its appointed 
thousands of years. A large angular fitting stone that 
had made for ages, with its lower flat side, a smooth and 
polished portion of the ceiling of the inclined- and narrow 
entrance passage, quite indistinguishable from any other 
part of the whole of its line, had now dropped onto the 
floor before their eyes; and revealed that there was just 
behind it, or at and in that point of the ceiling which it 
had covered, the end of another passage, clearly ascending 
therefrom and towards the south, out of this also south- 
ward going but descending one! (See Plate IX.) 

But that ascending passage itself was still closed a 
litcle further up by an adamantine portcullis, or rather, 
stopper, formed by a series of huge granite plugs of square 
wedge-like shape dropped, or slipped down, and then 
jammed in immovably, from above. (Note che above 
fact, which we shall hereafter commenc apon.) To break 
them in pieces within the confined entrance passage space, and 
pull out the fragments there, was entirely out of the ques- 



PYRAMID ENTERED, FIRST TIME NOTED 305 

tion; so the grim crew of Saracen Mussulmans broke away 
sideways or round about to the west through the smaller 
ordinary masonry, and so up again (by a huge chasm still 
to be seen, and indeed still used by all would-be entrants 
into the further interior) to the newly discovered ascend- 
ing passage, at a point past the terrific hardness 
of its lower granite obstruction. They did up there, or 
at an elevation above, and a position beyond the port- 
callis, find the passage way still blocked,, but the filling 
material at that part was only limestone; so, making them- 
selves a very great hole in the masonry along the western 
side, they there wielded their tools with energy on the long 
fair blocks which presented themselves to their view. But 
as fast as they broke up and pulled out the pieces of one of 
the blocks in this strange ascending passage, other blocks 
above it, also of a bore just to fill its full dimensions, slid 
down from above, and still what should be the passage for 
human locomotion was solid stone filling. No help, however, 
for the workmen — the Commander of the Faithful is present 
and insists that, whatever the number of stone plugs still 
to come down from the mysterious reservior, his men shall 
hammer and hammer them, one after the other, and bit 
by bit to little pieces at the only opening where they can get 
at them, until they do at last come to the end of all. So 
the people tire, but the work goes on; and at last, yes! at 
last ! the ascending passage, beginning just above the granite 
portcullis, and leading thence upward and to the south 
is announced to be free from obstruction and ready for 
essay. Then, by Allah, they shouted, the treasures of 
the Great Pyramid, sealed up from the fabulous times 
of the mighty Ibn Salhouk, and undesecrated, as it was 
long supposed, by mortal eye during all the intervening 
thousands of years, lay full in their grasp before them. 

On they rushed, that bearded crew, thirsting for the 
promised wealth. Up no less than no feet of the steep 
incline, crouched hands and knees and chin togecher, 
through a passage of royally polished white limestone, but 

20 



306 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

only 47 inches in height and 41 in breadth they had pain- 
fully to crawl, with their torches burning low. Then 
suddenly they emerge into a long tall gallery, of seven times 
the passage height, but all black as night and in a death- 
like calm (see Plate XI.); still ascending though at the 
strange steep angle, and leading them away farther and 
still more far into the very inmost heart of darkness of this 
imprisoning mountain of stone. In front of them, at first 
entering into this part of the now termed "Grand Galleiy," 
and on the level, see another low passage; on their right 
hand (see Plates IX. and X.) a black, ominous-looking 
well's mouth, more than 140 feet deep, and not reaching 
water but only lower darkness, even then; while onwards 
and above them, a continuation of the glorious gallery 
or upward rising hall of seven times, leading them on, as 
they expected, to the possession of all the treasures of the 
great ones of antediluvian times. Narrow, certainly, was the 
way — only 6 feet broad anywhere, and contracted to 3 
feet at the floor — but 28 feet high, or almost above the 
power of their smoky lights to illuminate ; and of polished, 
glistening, marble-like, Cyclopean stone throughout. (See 
Plate XIV.) 

That must surely, thought they, be the high-road 
to fortune and wealth. Up and up its long ascending 
floor line, therefore, ascending at an angle of 26 °, these 
determined marauders, with their lurid fire-lights, had to 
push their dangerous and slippery way for 150 feet of 
distance more; then an obstructing 3 foot step to climb 
oyer (what could the architect have meant by making a 
step so tall as that ?) ; next a low doorway to bow their 
heads most humbly beneath ("It is a rocky road up to 
the zenith of the hill of science and even the king on his 
throne, must stoop to conquer.") (See Plates XII. and 
XIV.); then a hanging portcullis to pass, almost to creep 
under, most submissively; then another low doorway, 
in awful blocks of frowning red granite both on either side, 
and above and below. But after that, they leaped without 



CALIPH AL MAMOUN ENTEKS PYRAMID 307 

further let or hindrance at once into the grand chamber, 
which was and is still, the conclusion (so far as is known) 
of everything forming the Great Pyramid's interior; the 
chamber to which, and for which, and toward which, 
according to every subsequent writer (for no older ones 
knew any fragment of a thing about it), in whatever 
other theoretical point he may diifer from his modern 
fellows — the whole Great Pyramid was originally built. 
(See Plate XV.) 

And what find they there, those maddened followers 
in Caliph AlMamoun 'strain? A right noble apartment, now 
called the King's Chamber, roughly 34 feet long, 17 broad, 
and 19 high, of polished red granite throughout — walls, 
floor, and ceiling; in blocks squared and true, put together 
with such exquisite skill that no autocrat emperor of recent 
times could desire anything more solidly noble and at the 
same time beautifully refined. 

Ay, ay, no doubt a well-built room, and a handsome 
one, too; but what does it contain? where is the treasure? 
The treasure! Yes, indeed, where are the promised silver 
and gold, the jewels and the arms? The plundering fana- 
tics look wildly around them, but can see nothing, not a 
single dirhem anywhere. 1 They trim their torches and 
carry them again and again to every part of that red-walled, 
flinty hall, but without any better success. Nought but 
pure, polished, red granite, in mighty slabs, looks calmly 
down upon them from every side. The room is clean, 
garnished too, as it were; and, according to the ideas of 
its founders, complete and perfectly ready for its visitors, 
so long expected, and not arrived yet; for the gross minds 
of those who occupy it now find it all barren ; and declare 
that there is nothing whatever of value there, in the whole 
extent of the apartment from one end to another; nothing, 
except an empty stone chest without a lid. 

The Caliph Al Mamoun was thunderstruck, on receipc 
of this inf orma tion . He had , through hi s workmen , arrived 
at the very ultimate part of the interior of the Great Pyra- 



308 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

mid he had so long desired to take possession of; and had 
now, on at last carrying it by storm, found absolutely 
nothing that he could make any use of, or saw the smallest 
value in. So being signally defeated though a commander 
of the Faithful, his people began plotting against him. 

But Al Mamoun was a Caliph of the able day of East- 
ern rulers for managing mankind ; so he had a large sum of 
money secretly brought from his treasury, and buried by 
night in a cercain spot near the end of his own quarried en- 
trance-hole. Next day he caused these same workmen to 
dig precisely there, and behold! although they were only 
digging in the Pyramid masonry just as they had been doing 
during so many previous days, yet on this day they found 
a treasure of gold; and the Caliph ordered it to be counted 
and lo! it amounted to the exact sum that had been in- 
curred in the works, neither more nor less. And the Caliph 
(of course) was astonished, and said he could not under- 
stand how the kings of the Pyramid of old, actually before 
the Deluge, could have known exactly how much money he 
would have expended in his undertaking; and he was (ap- 
parently) lost in surprise. But as the workmen got paid for 
their labor, and cared not whose gold they were paid with 
so long as they did get their wages, they ceased their com- 
plaints, and dispersed; while as for the Caliph, he returned 
to the city, El Fostat, notably subdued, musing on the won- 
derful events that had happened; and both the Grand Gal- 
lery, and the King's Chamber, with its "stone chest with- 
out a lid" were troubled by him no more. 

The way once opened, though no more traversed, by 
the Caliph Al Mamoun (as he oresen tly left Egypt for his more 
imperial residence in Bagdad, Asiatic Turkey, and ended his 
days there in 842 A. D., about 40 years before the time of 
Alfred the Great. That way into the Great Pyramid then 
remained free to all; and "men did occasionally enter it," 
says one of the most honest chroniclers of that period, "for 
many years, and descended by the slippery passage which 
is in it, with no other alleged result than that some of 
them came out safe, and others died." (?) 



CITY OF EL FOSTAT BURNED 309 

The history of Egypt, from the reign of the Caliph Al 
Mamoun down to the invasion of that land by Napoleon 
Bonaparce, wich his 70,000 red-republican soldiers in 
the year 1798, is one of bloodshed and murder; as very 
few, if any, of its rulers actually died a natural death. 
Under such circumstances, very little reliable history exists; 
either regarding that country, or the Great Pyramid that 
still stands on the banks of the Nile. 

The city of El Fostat, in sight of the Great Pyramdi 
was taken and burned, and the women reduced to slavery, 
A. D., 905. From that time down to 970 A. D. when El 
Kahireh, or Cairo, was founded by Gohar — anarchy, 
bloodshed, rival and shortlived rulers, invasions, desola- 
tions, slaughters and battles form the record; and little or 
no better for a century following. 

Professor John Greaves, the Oxford Astronomer, Vis- 
its the Great Pyramid. 

(Sec. 64) Among the first of the scientists to visit the 
Great Pyramid in modern times, was Prof. Greaves, in the 
year T637 A. D. His conclusions, after making many scien- 
tific measurements, were given to the public through his 
writings, and lectures, and started the scientific world to 
thinking. His example soon found imitators, that visited 
the pyramid, and they increased in numbers as the centuries 
passed by. 

The natural instinct of nations soon singled out the 
Great Pyramid as being far more interesting than any ocher 
monument of the general Pyramid kind; while in that one 
building again, the same empty stone chest, which had so 
affronted the Caliph Al Mamoun, still offered itself there 
in the interior too, as the chief object for explanation. 
Why was it in such a place of honor? Why was the whole 
Pyramid arranged in subservience to it? Why was it, 
this mere coffer-box, so unpretending and plain? Why 
was it empty, lidless and utterly without inscription, 
continually demanded modern Europe? (It should be ^ 
no enigma to an "Illustrious Mason.") 



310 THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 

Gradually the notion grew that it might be a sarcopha- 
gus ; and that it was a sarcophagus ; and that it had been 
intended for "that Pharaoh who (in 1542 B. C.) drove the 
Israelites out of Egypt; and who, in the end, leaving his 
body in the Red Sea, never had the opportunity of being 
deposited in his own tomb." 

But this idea was effectually quashed, for amongst 
other reasons, this forcible one — that the Great Pyramid 
was not only built, but had been sealed up too in all its 
more special portions, long before the birth even of that 
Pharaoh. Nay, before the birth of Isaac and Jacob as well; 
which disposes likewise of the attempt to call the Great 
Pyramid "the tomb of Joseph," whose mortal remains 
being carried away by the Israelites in their exodus, left 
the vacancy we now see in the coffer or stone box. Also 
the story of its being the coffer of King Cheops, or Chemmis, 
of the Royal and Fourth Dynasty, and supposed builder 
of the Great Pyramid according to the Greeks. Where- 
upon Professor Greaves pointed out "that Diodorus had 
left, over 1,600 years since, a memorable passage concerning 
Chemmis (Cheops) the builder {supposed) of the Great Pyra- 
mid, and Cephren (Shafre) the equally royal founder 
of the Pyramid adjoining. Although," said he, "those 
kings intended these for their sepulchres, yet it happened 
that neither of them were buried there. For the people 
being exasperated against them by reason of the toilsome- 
ness of these works, and for their cruelty and oppression, 
threatened to tear in pieces their bodies, and with ignominy 
to throw them out of their sepulchres. Whereupon both 
of them, dying, commanded their friends to bury them in 
an obscure place." 

Again, both Professor Greaves and other scholars sal- 
utarily brought up to check the then public mania for call- 
ing the coffer Cheops' coffin, the very clear account of 
Herodotus that King Cheops could not possibly have been 
buried in the Great Pyramid building above, simply because 
he was buried low down, in a totally different place; viz., 



SAKCOPHAGUS THEOEY EXPLODED 311 

"in a subterranean region, on an island there surrounded 
by the waters of the Nile." And as that both necessarily 
and hydraulically means a level into which the Nile water 
could naturally flow, it must have been at a depth of more 
than fifty feet beneath the very bottom of even the un- 
finished subterranean chamber, the deepest work found 
yet underneath, or connected in any way with, the Great 
Pyramid. Exactly such a locality, too , both sepulchral, and 
with precisely the required hydraulic conditions, has since 
then been found about i ,000 feet southeast of the Pyramid 
building. (See Plate XIX.) 

The Sarcophagus Theory Successfully Exploded. 

(Sec. 65.) All the single sarcophagus propositions 
for the benefit of that most remarkable stone chest in 
the red-granite chamber of the Great Pyramid having failed 
their remains have been merged into a sort of general sar- 
cophagus theory, that some one must have been buried in it. 
And this notion finds much favor with the Egyptologists, 
as a school; though facts are numerously against them, 
even to their own knowledge. They allow, for instance, 
that in no other Pyramid is the sarcophagus — as they boldly 
call the empty stone chest, or granite box of other authors — 
contained high up in the body of the Pyramid, far above 
the surface of the ground outside; that in no other case, 
("excepting the sarcophagus of the second Pyramid, but 
which is not known to have ever been occupied by a mum- 
my"), it is perfectly devoid of adornment or inscription; 
that in no other case, not even the exception just alluded to 
in regard to the Second Pyramid, has the lid so strangely 
vanished; in no other case are the neighboring walls and 
passages so devoid of hieratic and every mythological 
emblem; in fact, they confess that the red granite coffer, 
with all that part of the Great Pyramid's chambers and 
ascending passages where it is found, is entirely unique 



312 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

was unknown before Caliph Al Mamoun's day (820 A. D.) 
and is strictly peculiar to the Great Pyramid. 

Observe also with the alleged "sarcophagus," in the 
King's Chamber (for so is that apartment now most gener- 
ally termed), that there was no ancient attempt to build 
the vessel up and about in solid masonry, in the most usual 
and truly effective manner for securing a dead body invio- 
late. On the contrary there were magnificently built 
white stone passages of a most lasting description, ready to 
lead a stranger right up to such far interior sarcophagus 
from the very entrance itself; while, more notably still, 
the shapely King's Chamber was intended to be ventilated in 
the. most admirable manner by the "air channels" dis- 
covered by Col. Howard Vyse, in 1837 A. D.; evidently 
(as the actual fact almost enables us to say with security) 
in order that men might come there in the latter day, 
and look on and deal with, that granite chest, (key to the 
"Source of Measures") and look on, and deal with that 
open chest and live and not die. 

Meanwhile, some few men with broad views and true 
in scientific researches — witness M. Jomard in the celebrated 
"Description de l'Egypte," and Sir Gardner Wilkinson in 
his own most deservedly popular works — had begun to 
express occasional doubts as to whether any dead body 
either of a king or of any other mortal man ever was deposit- 
ed in the open vessel of the King's Chamber. 

To quote all the "pro's and con's" of even the scientific 
and noted men of the past, requiring this "stone puzzle," 
would require over 100 volumes, as large as this to give 
the subject fair publicity. We cannot, however, overlook 
the celebrated 

John Taylor's Theory. 

In the midst of such scenes, illustrating, unfortunately, 
what is actually going on, and chiefly applauded still, 
among the Egyptologists of the nineteenth century, came in- 
to public favor the celebrated John Taylor. (He was born 
in 1781 and died in 1864.) The result of his long and 



TAYLOR'S COFFER THEORY 313 

respectful researches, suggests more or less that, "The 
coffer in the King's Chamber of the Great Pyramid was 
intended to be a standard measure of capacity and weight; 
primarily in a special, exclusive, or selective manner, 
but ultimately for all nations; and certain nations, he con- 
sidered, did thence originally receive their weights and 
measures; so that those of them who still preserve, to some 
degree, with their language and history, their hereditary, 
aboriginal weights and measures, may yet trace their 
prehistoric connection substantially with that one primeval, 
standard, metrological center for all the future world, the 
Great Pyramid. 

"When the British farmer measures his wheat, in 
what term does he measure it? In quarters. Quarters of 
what? The existing British farmer does not know; for 
there is no capacity measure now on the Statute book 
above the quarter; but, from old custom, he calls his largest 
corn measure a quarter. Whereupon John Taylor adds 
in effect: "The quarter corn measures of the British 
farmer are fourth parts or quarters of the contents of the 
coffer in the King's Chamber of the Great Pyramid; and 
the true value in size of its particular corn measure, has 
not sensibly deteroriated during all the varied revolutions 
of mankind in the last 4,000 years." 

John Taylor's Coffer Theory Practically 

Examined. 

The above is a statement not to be implicitly accepted 
without a full examination ; and something in that way can 
fortunately be instituted very easily; as thus: — The first 
part of the problem is merely to determine the cubical 
contents of the vessel known successively, from Caliph 
Al Mamoun's day to our own, as the "sarcophagus," 
"the empty box," "the lidless stone chest," or more philo- 
sophically and safely, so as not to entangle ourselves with 
any theory, "the coffer," in the King's Chamber of the 
Great Pyramid. From Colonel Howard Vyse's important 



314 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



work are drawn forth and arranged, in the following table, 
all the chief mensurations taken between 1550 A. D. and 
1840 A. D., some of the principal authors being consulted 
in their original writings. Their measures, generally- 
given in feet, or feet and inches, (the feet of all authors 
when not otherwise particularized, have been here assumed 
as English feet, and in some cases may require a correction 
on that account, but not to any extent sufficient to explain 
the chief anomalies observed) or Metres, are all here set 
down in British inches, to give a clearer view of the prog- 
ress of knowledge in this particular matter. And now 
our only bounds to exactness will be, the capability of 
these educated men of Europe to apply accurate instrumen- 
tation to a regularly formed and exquisitely prepared 
specimen of ancient mechanical art. 

MODERN MEASURES OF THE GREAT PYRAMID COFFER UP TO 1864 



Authors of 
Measurements 



Date 



Coffer 



Material as Named 



Exterior 



Length |Breadth| Height 



Interior 



Length |Breadth| Depth 



Bellonius 

P. Alpiaus 

Sandys 

De Villamont. . 
Prof. Greaves. . 
De Monconys . . 
M. Thevenot. . . 
M. Lebrun. . . . . 

M. Maillet 

De Careri 

Lucas 

Egmont 

Pere Sicard.. . . 

Dr. Shaw 

Dr. Perry 

M. Denon 

M. Jomard and 
Eg. Fr. Ac. . 

Dr. Clarke 

Mr. Hamilton. . 
Dr. Whitman . . 

Dr. Wilson 

M. Caviglia. . . . 
Dr. Richardson 
Sir G.Wilkinson 
Howard Vyse . . 
Piazzi Smyth... 

Dr. Grant 

Mr .Jas. Simpson 



A. D 
1553 
1591 
1610 

1618 
1638 
1647 
1655 
1674 
1692 
1693 
1699 
1709 
1715 
1721 
1743 
1799 

1799 
1801 
1801 
1801 
1805 
1817 
1817 
1831 
1837 
1864 
1864 
1864 



Black Marble.. 
Black Marble.. 



Black Marble.. 
Thebaic 



Hard Porphyry 



Granite 

Marble 

Like Porphyry . 
Thebaic Marble 

Granite . 

Granite 

Granite . 

.?. 



Granite . 
Granite . 
Granite . 



Red Granite. 
Red Granite. 



Red Granite. 
Red Granite. 



144 
144 

84 

102 
87.5 
86. 
86. 
74. 
90. 
86. 
84. 
84. 
84. 
84. 
84. 
84. 

90.592 

87.5 

90. 

78. 

92. 

90. 

90. 

88. 

90.5 

90.1 



89.92 



72 
60 
47 



39.75 

37. 

40. 

37. 

48. 

37. 

36. 



42. 
36. 

30. 
48. 

39.450 

39.75 

42. 

38.75 

38. 

39. 

39. 

36. 

39.0 

3872 

38.75 

38.68 



60 

Breast 

High 

60 
39.75 
40. 
40. 
40. 
48. 
39. 
42. 
42. 
36. 
42. 
36. 
38. 

44.765 
39.75 
42. 
41.5 



77.856 



75.? 



74.? 
72.? 



72.? 



77.836 



42. 

39.5 

37. 

41.0 

4127 



78.? 
66.? 
80.? 
78.? 



78.0 
7793 



41.23 



77.85 



26.616 



29.? 



26.? 



24. 



26.694 



30.? 
26.75? 
26.? 
27.? 



26.5 
2673 



26.70 



34.320 



37.285 



32. 
34.5 



34.5 
3434 



34.31 



N.B. — A note of interrogation after any of the interior 
measures indicates that tney have been obtained by ap- 



EEVIEW OF COFFEE MEASURE 315 

plying to the exterior measures the "thickness', as given 
by the observer; such thickness being supposed to apply 
to the sides, and not to the bottom, which maybe different. 

Review of the "Coffer Measure" as Given Above. 

Look at them, is not the list a little appalling? An ordi- 
nary carpenter amongst us uses sixteentos of an inch quite 
frequently, and sometimes undertakes to make a special 
piece of cabinet work "fit to a thirty-secondth of an inch"; 
but our learned travelers commit errors of many whole 
inches; and this when they are voluntarily, and of their 
own prompting only, measuring the one and only internal 
object which they found to measure, or thought should be 
described by measure, in the whole interior of the Great 
Pyramid. 

Professor Piazzi Smyth, after making several visits, 
and spending many months in measuring the Great Pyramid 
both inside and outside, with the most carefully prepared 
special implements of measure, says: "I feel compelled to 
say, that out of the twenty-seven quoted authors no less 
than twenty-two must be discharged summarily as quite 
incompetent, whatever their mental attainments other- 
wise, to talk before the world about either size or propor- 
tion in any important practical matter. 

"Professor Greaves in 1638, the French Academicians 
in 1799, and Colonel Howard Vyse in 1837, are therefore 
the only three names that deserve to live as coffer measurers 
in the course of 250 years of legions of educated European 
visitors. Of these three parties thus provisionally accepted, 
the foremost position might have been expected for the 
Academicians of Paris. Professor Greaves lived before 
the day of European science proper. While Colonel How- 
ard Vyse did not lay himself out for very refined measure- 
ments; but rather went through what he felt himself 
obliged to undertake in that direction, in the same fearless, 
thorough-going, artless but most honest manner in which 
the Duke of Wellington was accustomed to review a picture 



316 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

exhibition in London, beginning with No. i in the catalogue 
and going through with the whole of them conscientiously 
to the very last number on the list. 

"The Colonel's measures, therefore, are respectable 
and solidly trustworthy with regard to large quantities, 
hut not much more. 

"With the French Academicians it is quite another 
thing; they were the men, and the successors of the men, 
who had been for generations measuring arcs of the meri- 
dian, and exhausting all the refinements of microscopic 
bisections and levers of contact in . determining the precise 
standard scales. Their measures, therefore, ought to be 
true to the thousandth, and even the ten-thousandth part 
of an inch ; and perhaps they are so in giving the length 
and breadth of the coffer; but, alas! in their statements of 
the depth inside, and the height outside, there seems to have 
been some incomprehensible mistake. committed, amounting 
to nearly three inches. Under such circumstances and after 
having failed to obtain any satisfactory explanation from 
the Perpetual Secretary of the Academy in Paris, I have 
been compelled to discharge the French Academy, also, 
from the list of fully trustworthy competitors for usefulness 
and fame in Pyramid coffer metrology. Only two 
names therefore, are left — Howard Vyse, who has been 
already characterized and Greaves, in whom we have most 
fortunately a host indeed." 

Sketch of the Eastern Traveling Oxford Astron- 
omer, Prof. Greaves, in 1673 
(Sec. 66.) He lived before the full birth of European 
science, but on the edge of an horizon which is eventful 
in scientific history; with an unusual knowledge, too, of 
Oriental languages, and a taste for travelling in the then 
turbulent regions of the East, Prof. Greaves belongs al- 
most to the heroic time. Immediately behind him were, 
if not the dark ages, the scholastic periods of profitless 
verbal disquisitions; and in front, to be revealed after his 
death, were the germs of the mechanical and physical 



GREAVES' AND VYSE'S COFFEE MEASURES 317 



natural philosophy which have since then changed the 
face of the world. 

Now every other visitor to the Great Pyramid, both, 
before and since Greaves, paid vastly more attention to 
the exterior than the interior of the coffer, he defined it 
particularly thus: — "It is in length on the west side 6 .488 
feet," "in breadth at the north end, 2.218 feet," "the 
depth is 2 . 860 feet." 

Greaves' and Vyse's Coffer Capacity Determinations. 

Cubical contents of the coffer in English inches by 
Greaves' full measures, in 1838 : — 

77. 856 x 26. 616 x 34. 3 20 = 71. 118. 

And by Howard Vyse's measures, taken in 1837: — 
78. ox 26.5 X34. 5 = 71. 311. 

Several small corrections may possibly be applicable 
to these numbers as read off; we may accept for a first 
approximation the mean of the above statements, or 71,214 
cubic inches, as the apparent capacity contents of the coffer 
of the King's Chamber. 

Now, what proportion does that number bear, to the 
capacity of four modern English corn quarters, in terms of 
which British wheat is measured and sold at this date 
(1907)? 

One English gallon is declared to be equal to 277 . 274 
cubic inches; which quantity being multiplied for bushels, 
quarters, and four quarters, yields 70,982.144 English 
cubic inches. Whence the degree of agreement between 
a quarter modern British and a fourth part of the ancient 
coffer, or granite box, and possible type of a both primeval 
and ancient corn measure in the Great Pyramid, is at this 
present time as 17,746 : 17,804. 

Red Granite the True Material of the Coffer. 

By reference to the third column in our last table of 
"Modern Measurements of the Coffer," it will be observed 
that travellers have assigned the coffer to almost every 



318 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

mineral, from black marble to red granite, and porphyry 
of a color which no one has ventured to name. Yet John 
Taylor concluded for porphyry, and called the vessel the 
"Porphyry Coffer," even Piazzi Smyth in his early volume 
of "Life and Work," published before visiting the pyramid, 
named it porphyry. 

He says: "Nevertheless, I having at last visited 
Egypt in 1864-5, after the publication of the first edition 
of my work, spent almost whole days and weeks in the 
King's Chamber of the Great Pyramid until all sense of 
novelty and needless mystery in small things had worn 
away; and decided without the smallest hesitation, for the 
material of the coffer being syenitic granite, exceedingly 
like but perhaps a little harder as well as darker than 
the constructive blocks of the walls of the King's Chamber 
containing it." 

In every possible or even imaginable instance, such 
hard granite is wonderfully distinct, naturally from the 
soft limestone (sometimes, but with less error, called 
marble) of the rest of the Great Pyramid's structure; and 
it is not a little important, in all Pyramid research there 
to be able in that monument to detect for certain when- 
ever the primeval architect abandoned the use of the lime- 
stone he had at hand, and adopted the granite procured 
with utmost toil and expense from a distance; whether 
it came from Syene, as modern Egyptologists usually de- 
termine, or from Sinai, as Professor Greaves infers; or 
from Atlantis, or America, as we think. 

Professor Smyth again says: — "Sad confusion here 
between granite and porphyry in the seventeenth century; 
while in the 'unheroic eighteenth century' Anglo-Saxon 
ignorance of granite culminated. No fresh granite was 
then being worked anywhere direct from nature, and the 
monuments of antiquity composed of it were first suspected, 
and then alleged to be fictitious ; as thus stated by a Medi- 
terranean traveller in 1702: — 'The column of Pompey' 
at Alexandria. Some think it of a kind of marble, but 



WHERE THE GRANITE CAME FROM 319 

others incline rather to believe that it was manufactured 
stone, or, as some writers put it 'of melted stone' cast 
in moulds upon the place. The latter reason is indulged 
in by many, for two reasons, (i.) for there is not the least 
piece of that stone to be found (naturally) in any part of 
the world, at this time; (2.) and the pillar is so prodigiously 
big and high that it could hardly be erected without a 
miracle." Prof. Smyth says : "I know it is alleged by those 
who believe the story of the Rhodian colossus that the 
ancients had the advantage of admirable machines to 
raise such bulky pieces; but I should reckon myself ex- 
tremely obliged to those gentlemen if they would show 
me any probable reason why among so great a variety of 
Egyptian monuments of antiquity, there is not one of 
marble', and by what unaccountable accident the stone 
called granite, which was then so common, is now grown so 
scarce that the most curious inquiries into the works of 
nature cannot find the least fragment of it, that was not 
employed in ancient structures? - 

''And even though I should suppose with my adver- 
saries, that the quarries out of which this stone was dug 
were by degrees so entirely exhausted that there is not the 
least footstep of 'em left, and that Nature herself has lost 
so much of ancient vigor and fecundity that she is not able 
to produce new ones, I may still be allowed to ask why 
granite was only used in obelisks or columns of a prodi- 
gious bigness ; for if it were really a sort of (natural) stone 
or marble, I see no reason why we might not find small 
pieces of it, as well as of porphyry and other kinds of 
marble." 

Replying to Professor Smyth's argument, and queries, 
as quoted above, we would say: (1.) the reason why we 
cannot find any similar piece of marble, or granite, to corres- 
pond with that of the coffer or walls in the King's Chamber, 
or the Column of Pompey (or Pompey's Pillar) that stands 
about 1,800 feet south of the walls of Alexandria is, that 
none of this stone was ever formed on, or brought from 



320 THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 



any landed continent now in existence. But, as one of 
the proofs of our theory, is, that it came from the "Conti- 
nent of Atlantis," or the land that once formed the conti- 
nent, now known as the Atlantic Ocean. (2.) And the 
reason why it seems miraculous to most students of Egypto- 
logy, in this enlightened day, that such massive stones 
as constitute the principal parts of the Great Pyramid, 
and such Monoliths as above mentioned, could be brought 
any great distance, or be raised, or placed in position when 
on the ground is: that they cannot conceive of any "lost 
art" or wisdom, not possessed by the mechanics and wise 
men of this enlightened day. (3.) While our present day 
mathematicians, have (practically) found a correct "quad- 
rature of the circle," and the "Aztec Tempered Copper 
Manufacturing Company," of Seattle, Washington, has 
successfully tempered copper (97 per cent pure) to equal 
or excel the very best quality of steel, and the "Georgia 
Girl" has accomplished the feat of "overcoming gravita- 
tion" \ we have much more to accomplish before the wise 
architects of this enlightened day and age, can duplicate 
the Great Pyramid. 

(Sec. 67.) Wise Men Differ as to What is 
Limestone or Granite — Prof. Smyth says: — "When, 
for instance, my wife and I were living through sev- 
eral months in a tomb of the eastern cliff of the Great 
Pyramid Hill in 1865, a Cambridge man, with a most 
respectable name in science, and a sage-looking, experienced 
head of iron-grey hair, called upon us and remarked (to the 
lady, too, who knows a great deal more about minerals 
than I do) 'What a fine granite cavern you are living in!' 
Granite, indeed, poor man! when the petrified mummulites 
were staring at him all the time out of the nought but 
limestone on every side! And other travellers within the 
last few years have confidently talked of having seen granite 
in the entrance passage of the Great Pyramid, granite in 
the subterranean chamber, granite forming the casing 
stone heaps outside, granite, in fact, anywhere and every- 



GKANITE OE LIMESTONE, WHICH? 321 

where; and basalt dykes in the Pyramid hill too, though 
in a country of pure mummulithic limestone. 

"They, however, being free and independent writers, 
cannot be easily interfered with; but will my readers at 
least excuse me for insisting upon it, that for any would- 
be Pyramidist scholar it is a most awful mistake to say 
granite when he means limestone, or vice versa; and to 
see limestone where the primeval architect went to infinite 
pains to place granite. To talk thus interchangeably of 
the two is, indeed, over and above saying the thing that 
is not in minerology over and above taking hard for soft, 
and soft for hard ; Neptunian for Plutonian ; repletion with 
traces of organic existence for nought but crystals that 
never had a breath of life in them — it is also on the part 
of such individual a depriving himself of the only absolutely 
positive feature that can, or should, speak to in all Pyramid 
inquiry; as thus: — Questions of amount of angle, length 
of line, and measure of weight are all, even in the best 
modern science researches, questions of degree of approxi- 
mation only; or of limits of approach to a something which 
may never be actually touched, or finally defined. But 
if white mummulithic limestone cannot be distinguished 
absolutely from red granite, or if one of those substances 
is said to glide so insensibly into the other, that no man 
can say with confidence where one begins and the other 
ends — the age for interpretering the long secret interior 
of the Great Pyramid has not yet arrived. 

"But I will not consent to any such state of mind 
afflicting the readers of this present edition; and would 
rather, with them, as one amongst friends and often, in 
many other learned subjects, betters than myself, request 
their attention (before further discussing the coffer in 
the King's Chamber) to a prevailing feature of the manner 
in which the Great Pyramid makes its chief mechanical 
use of this triple rock, of strong colors and strange tradi- 
tions, granite. 

"There is granite in the Great Pyramid, and granite 

21 



322 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



in various small Pyramids ; yet so far from their being there- 
fore alike, it is on that very account, or by that very means, 
that most difference may be detected both in their designs 
and even in the minds of their designers. 

"Take the third Pyramid as an example; the Egyp- 
tological world hailed it as the 'Coloured Pyramid'; colour- 
ed, for sooth, because its casing-stones more than half-way 
up, were of red granite. That that little third Pyramid was 
therefore more expensive than the Great one, all its friends 
admit, and even boast of; but what else did it gain thereby? 
Lasting power, is the general idea; because granite is so 
proverbially hard. But, alas ! granite, besides being hard, is 
also very brittle on account chiefly of its tri-crystallization, 
and is so largely expansible by heat, (Note— Having pre- 
pared in 1873, a number of slabs of different materials, both 
natural and artificial and then examined their lengths with 
a misroscopic beam-compass both in summer and winter, I 
found all the harder stones, agate, chalcedony, green-stone 
flint, porphyry, and marble too, afflicted with larger heat 
expansions than the soft, fine-grained lime-stones, such as 
either the white lime-stone of the Great Pyramid, or the 
black lime-stone of Ireland) that under the influence of a 
hot sun by day and cold sky by night, it loosens and crush- 
es minutely the materials of its own surface to little pie- 
ces, film by film, and age after age — until now, after 3,000 
years, those hard granitic casing-stones of the third Pyra- 
mid are rounded along their edges into pudding shapes, 
which can hardly indicate the angle they were originally 
bevelled to, within a handful of degrees. Yet the softer, 
and fair, white lime-stone which was chosen of old for 
the casing of the Great Pyramid (a variety of which 
lime-stone is found in the Mokattam hill on the east side 
of the Nile) , and which was begun to be exposed to the wea- 
ther before the third Pyramid or its builders were born, has 
joined to that softness, so much tenacity, smallness of heat 
expansion, and strong tendency to varnish itself with a 
brownish iron oxide exudation, that it has in some instances 



REASON FOR USING LIMESTONE 323 



preserved the original angle of the casing-stones within a 
minute of a degree, and their original surface within the 
hundredth of an inch. 

"But because the Great Pyramid architect found lime- 
stone to answer his purpose for casing-stones, did he there- 
fore use it everywhere? No, certainly not. He knew it to 
be too soft to keep its size and figure in places where men 
do tend to congregate ; and where strains and wear and tear 
may accumulate, and have to be strenuously resisted. In 
and towards the center, therefore, of the whole mass of the 
Great Pyramid, where strains do increase and the treasure 
was supposed to be kept, and where Caliph Al Mamoun in 
one age, and middle-class passengers from Australian 
steamers in another, rush trampling in to see what they can 
get by force, — there, whatever other purpose we may pre- 
sently discover he also had, the Great Pyramid'arch- 
itect begin to use granite in place of lime-stone. And in 
the deep and solemn interior of that building, where he did 
so employ it, there was no sun to shine and heat up by day, 
no open sky to radiate cold at night; but only closed-in 
darkness and a uniform temperature from year to year, 
and century to century. 

"There was, therefore, no tendency in granite to sep- 
arate its component crystals there; but very great necessity 
for its hardness to resist the continual treading, or hammer- 
ing and mischief-working by the countless visitors of 
these latter days. For the granite portion of the Great 
Pyramid (excepting only the portcullis, or stopper, blocks 
at the lower end of the first ascending passage) begins in the 
so-called ante-chamber apartment. A narrow chamber 
through which all visitors must pass, in order to reach that 
further, grander, and final Kings' Chamber wherein the em- 
ployment of granite culminates ; and wherein is to be seen 
standing loose and quite movable, except for its immense 
weight, on the open, level, granite floor, that Pyramid coffer 
or long and high granite box, which is still awaiting our 
further and higher examination." 



324 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Professor Smyth again asks — "Why of that Size? 
If we grant, temporarily, for mere present argument's 
sake, that the long rectangular granite box, or coffer, in 
the King's Chamber of the Great Pyramid was intended by 
the precise, measured, amount of its cubic contents to 
typify, as Mr. Taylor has suggested, a grand and universal 
standard of capacity measure — can any reason in either 
nature or science be shown, why it should have been made 
of that particular size and no other? In a later age the 
designer of such a metrological vessel would have been 
hampered by custom, confined by law, or led by precedent. 
But in the primeval day of the foundation of the Great 
Pyramid, who was there then to control its architect; 
or from whom could that truly original genius have copied 
anything; or lastly, what was there to prevent his making 
the coffer therein of any size he pleased?" 

I will tell you why : If the coffer had been carved out 
for no other purpose than for a "capacity measure," the 
architect and designer would, most probably, have been 
"hampered by custom, confined by law, or led by prece- 
dent." But, as this vessel was constructed for a double 
purpose, there was but one size and shape to make it. 
One of its purposes was most certainly intended for an 
"International measure of capacity," or at least a copy of 
the then existing law; the other, and principal purpose was, 
to " illustrate to candidates seeking knowledge of the hidden 
mysteries of life, both here, and beyond the veil." Any 
"illustrious mason" could reveal the details. 

In the primeval day of the building of the Great Pyra- 
mid, over one thousand millions of people inhabited the 
earth; and, as that civilization had then a genealogy 
reaching back for at least 50,000 years, there were hundreds 
of similar designs extant to copy from; and the architect 
and builders of the Great Pyramid, would not have ranked, 
in their day, higher than hundreds of their fellows. Can 
there be any doubt in the mind of the reader, at this stage 
of our argument, that the Great Pyramid, including its 



COFFEE MEASURES IN DETAIL 325 

mysterious coffer, was not built in 2170 B. C? When 
semi -barbarism and mechanical ignorance, grouped their 
way through Lower Egypt's darkness? Or, if built by 
a Deified architect and Deified workmen, (as suggested by 
Professor Smyth,) then why, if built for a moral or religious 
landmark, has it not had Deific protection from the marau- 
ders? It has been protected, but just in that proportion 
that the ancient founders outwitted the strength and 
willingness of the primeval and modern marauder. 

The Coffer Measures in Detail in English Inches. 

By Prof. P. Smyth, in 1865, with corrections down 
to 1880: "This vessel, the sole contents of the dark King's 
Chamber, and termed according to various writers, stone 
box, granite chest, lidless vessel, porphyry vase, black mar- 
ble sarcophagus, and coffer — is composed, as to its material, 
of a darkish variety of red, and possibly syenitic, granite. 
And there is no difficulty in seeing this; for although the 
ancient polished sides have long since acquired a deep 
chocolate hue, there are such numerous chips effected on 
all the edges in recent years, that the component crystals, 
quartz, mica, and felspar, may be seen (by the light of a 
good candle) even brilliantly. 

"The vessel is chipped around, or along, every line and 
edge of bottom, sides, and top; and at its southeast corner, 
the extra accumulation of chippings extends to a breaking 
away of nearly half its height from the top downwards. 
It is, moreover, tilted up at its south end by a black jasper 
pebble about 1.5 inches high (such pebbles are found 
abundantly on the desert hills outside and west of the 
Great Pyramid) recently pushed in underneath the south- 
west corner. The vessel is therefore in a state of strain, 
aggravated by the depth to which the verticle sides have 
been broken down as above; and great care must be 
taken in outside measures, not to be misled by the space 
between some parts of the bottom and the floor, itself also 
of polished red granite. 



326 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

"As for the under surface of the bottom of the coffer 
(speculated on by some persons as containing a long in- 
scription) I felt it near the south end with my hand, and 
tried to look under it also when a piece of magnesium 
wire was burning there, without being sensible of any 
approach to hieroglyphics or engraving. But as to the 
inner or upper surface, of the bottom, and also the verticle 
sides of the vessel, both inside and ou — all the ancient 
surfaces there are plainly enough polished smooth, and are 
without any carving, inscription, design, or any intentional 
line or lines; they are also all of them simple, plain, and 
flat (sensibly to common observation) ; excepting only 
the top margin, which is cut into in a manner implying 
that a sarcophagus lid once fitted on, sliding into its place 
from the west, and rlxable by three steady pins, entering 
from the lid into holes on the western side. The west 
side of the coffer is therefore lowered all over its top sur- 
face, except at the north and south ends, by the amount 
of depth of such ledge cut-out, or 1.72 inch; and the other, 
or east, north, and south sides are, or should be lowered 
to the same depth on their inner edges, and to a distance 
from inside to out of 1.63 inch. But the fullness of this 
arrangement cannot be seen now, because in some places 
both ledge and top of sides are broken away together; 
and in others, though much of the inner base-line of the 
ledge remains — thanks to its protected position — the upper 
and true surface of the coffer's side has all been chipped 
away. In fact, it is only over a short length near the north- 
east corner of the coffer that the chippers have left any 
portion of its original top edge. And a cast of that corner 
taken in 1879, by Mr. Wayman Dixon shows (as compared 
with my photograph and also with the frontispiece to 
Vol. I. of "Life and Work"), that a further portion of 
the side's top surface, indeed an awfully large con- 
choidal-shaped block, has disappeared since 1865. 

"The whole question, therefore, of the full depth of the 
coffer rests on one very small portion of the northeast 



THE COFFER'S LEDGE 327 



wall, so to speak, of the coffer — a portion, too, which be- 
comes smaller and smaller every year that we live. 

"Only at that northeast corner, too, is there an oppor- 
tunity of measuring the verticle depth between the ancient 
top surface of a side and the bottom surface of the ledge; 
and it was, by repeated measure, found by me = from i . 68 
to i . 70 and 1.75; say mean= 1.72 inch. 

"The sides of the ledge depression appeared to me to 
have been vertical, or without any dovetailing; and the 
horizontal base breadth of such cut-out measuring from 
within, to, or towards the "without" of the coffer — and 
restoring the sides to their original completeness before the 
chipping away of the edges is — 

On and near Western portion of Northern side . . . 1 . 65 
On and near Middle portion of Northern side ... .1.62 
On and near Eastern portion of Northern side . . . .1.73 

On and near Northern part of Eastern side I -55 

On and near Southern part of Eastern side. ..4// Broken 
On and near Eastern and Western parts of Southern 

side 4// Broken 

Mean =1 .63 in. 

"But this appearance of the coffer's ledge having been 
rectangular has been, since my visit, successfully shown 
by Dr. Grant and Mr. W. Dixon to be a mistake. For 
although everywhere else all the overhangings of an acute 
ledge have been broken away to beyond the vertical, yet 
there is a small part left near the northeast corner, which 
speaks unmistakably to an acute-angled shape ; not bv 
any means so sharply acute as that of the sarcophagus of 
the Second Pyramid, but decidedly and intentionally on 
the acute side of rectangular. 

"Along the western side are three fixing-pin holes, 
12 inches deep, and 0.84 in diameter save where they are 
broken larger, as is chiefly the case with the middle and 
southern one. The three holes have their centers at the 



328 THE GKEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

following distances from the north end: viz., 16.0, 45.3 
and 75.1 respectively. 

"It is inconceivable how the French Academicians could 
have pictured the coffer, as they did, without representing 
anything of this ledge cut-out, or of the fixing-pin holes; 
unless they looked upon these traces as a comparatively 
modern attempt to convert the original pure coffer into 
a sarcophagus, and which they were therefore bound to 
overlook in their description of the original vessel. But 
we are to note both states." 

Outside of Coffer: Minuter Details of its Figure. 

"The planes forming the four external vertical sides 
of the coffer, which have never yet been questioned by any 
other measurer, appeared to me to be not very true; 
excepting the east one, whose errors are under 0.02 or 
perhaps 0.01 inch; while the north, west and south sides 
are so decidedly concave as to have central depressions of 
o . 3 and o . 5 inches ; or more particularly 

"At North side, central or hollow depression of 
coffer's side (measured from a horizontal straight- 
edge touching the side at either end, and in a hori- 
zontal plane), or the quantity of central depression, inches 

near bottom, say d o . 45 

Central depression, near middle of height 0.20 

Central depression, near top 0.12 

Mean 0.26 

At West side, central depression, near bottom- ■ -. . 0.35 

At West side, central depression, near middle - J S 

At West side, central depression, near top 0.10 

Mean 0.20 

At South side, central depression, near bottom 0.28 

At South side, central depression, near middle.-. . . .0.18 

At South side, central depression, near top. - 0.10 

Mean - 0.19 

"Again, when the straight-edge is applied vertically to 
the sides, east side comes out true, but the others concave. 



EXTERNAL MEASURES OF COFFER 329 

On North side, the maxima of such vertical depression 

or d ==0 . 20 and o . 28 

On West side, d\ at South end =0.00 

On West side, d\ at North end =0. 20 

And on South side, d\ at different distances from 

East to West =0.08,0.12, and o . 04 

External Measures of the Coffer. 

"The corners and edges of the coffer are so much 
chipped, that the steel claws I had had prepared for the slid- 
ing rods, to adapt them from inside to outside measures, 
were found not long enough to span these modern fractures 
and reach the original polished surfaces. A method was 
therefore adopted of making up the sides of the coffer with 
straight edges projecting beyond it at either end; and then 
measuring between such straight edges and on either side 
or end of the coffer. 

Length of Coffer Outside Result of Three Tests. 

On East side, near bottom 90 .50 

On East side, 10 inches under top 90 . 15 

On East side, above top 90 . 20 

On West side, near bottom 89 . 20 

On West side, near top 89 . 95 

On West side, above top 90 . 05 

Mean length go .01 

The above mean, however, represents only the mean 
length of the edges of the two sides, not of the whole coffer, 
on account of the concavity of the two external ends ; 
wherefore, if we desire to state the mean length for the 
mean of each end surface, we must subtract two-thirds 
of the mean central concavity, as previously determined; 
i. £. = 0.17 for the north end, and similarly 0.13 for the 
south end; so that, then, the mean length for mean of each 
end of coffer = 89.7 1 British inches, or = 89. 62 Pyramid 
inches. 

Breadth of Coffer, Outside. 

At North end, near bottom 39 . 05 



330 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

At North end, near top • • 38 

At North end, over top 38 

At South end, near bottom 38 

At South end, near top • 38 

At South end, over top 38 

Mean 38 

Correction for curvature of West side 



Mean breadth of mean sides 38 

Concluded breadth — British inches 38 

or = Pyramid inches 38 



70 

67 
80 

60 
50 



72 



07 



65 
61 



Height of Coffer, Outside. 

"Height of coffer outside, eliminating the stone under 
bottom, and the sarcophagus ledge of 1.72; i. e., measuring 
from coffer bottom to extreme ancient top of sides, is — 

At North end, eastern part of it ■ =41 . 30 

At North end, northeastern part of it =41 • 22 

At other parts, no original top left. 

Mean height = 41 . 27 British, or 41 . 23 Pyramid inches. 

"Corrections in capacity computations for a supposed 
hollow curvature of under side of bottom; agreeably with 
three, out of four upright sides; and also agreeably with 
the construction of the under sides of casing stones, which 
rest on their circumferences; on account of a slight hol- 
lowing away of their central areas; say =0.10 inch. Con- 
cluded capacity computation height = 4 1 . 1 7 British, or 
41.13 Pyramid inches. 

Sides, Thickness of. 

' ' For this purpose two vertical straight edges higher than 
the sides were placed opposite each other, in contact with 
the inside and outside surfaces of any flank of the coffer ; 
rinding at successive parts of the coffer circumference 
bearing from center: inches 

South-southwest thickness = 6 . 00 

South thickness = 6 . 00 



THICKNESS OF BOTTOM OF COFFER 331 



South-southeast thickness 
East-southeast thickness . 

East thickness 

East-northeast thickness . 
North -northeast thickness 

North thickness 

North -northwest thickness 
West-northwest thickness 

West thickness 

West-southwest thickness 



= 5 


95 


= 5 


85 


= 5 


95 


= 6 


10 


= 5 


95 


= 5 


98 


= 6 


10 


= 5 


95 


= 6 


10 


= 5 


95 



Mean thickness of vertical sides, British inches — 5.99 
"The above measures were repeated (on March 28, 1865), 
and proved sensibly true for this method of measurement 
over the top edge of coffer; but if calipered lower down, 
it is probable that a slightly increased thickness would 
have been found there. 

Bottom of Coffer, Thickness of. 

"By difference of heights of two straight edges of equal 
length, applied, one inside and one outside — the outside 
one being further propped up, where required, by a third 
straight edge inserted under the bottom — there was found : 
Under Southwest corner, thickness of bottom .... = 7 . 00 

Under East side, thickness of bottom = 6 . 6a 

Under East-northeast, thickness of bottom =6.87 

Under East-northeast again, thickness of bottom . =6.90 

Under North end, thickness = 6 . 90 

Under North-northwest, thickness of bottom . ... = 6.85 
Under North-northeast, thickness of bottom ...... = 6 . 80 

Under West-northwest, thickness of bottom = 7 . 20 

Under West, thickness of bottom . = 6 . 90 

Under South-southwest, thickness of bottom ..... = 7.15 

Mean thickness of bottom around the edges (the 
thickness of bottom in the center cannot at present 
be satisfactorily or easily measured). British 
inches =6.92 



332 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Internal Measures of the Coffer. 

"The surfaces of the coffer seem very true and fiat over 
the greater part of their extent, but betray, on examination 
by straight edges, a slight convergence at the bottom to- 
ward the center. 

Inside Length of Coffer by Slider 70. 

(Correction +0.13 added to all the readings for length of 
this Slider.) 

Distance between East and West|Level at Which Observations 

Were Taken 

Sides of the North and South|^-g- 
ends. 



ches un- 
der top 



Middle 

of 
Height 



6 to 7 
;n. above 
bottom 



0.6 in. 

above 
bottom 



Close to Eastern side tt'cor. 

At }^d breadth from East ... . . 78 . 06 
Half way between East and West . 1 78 . 06 

At %ds breadth from East 78.05 

Close to West side 78.03 



Mean at each level • • • 78 . 05 



7« 
78 
78 
78 
78 



78 



08 
06 
08 
09 
06 



07 



77-93 
77-97 
78.06 
78.06 
78.01 



77 
77 
77 
77 
77 



78.01 77 



68 
56 
53 
59 

57 



59 



Mean of the whole, or the ) (77-93 British inches. 

inside length of coffer ) (77.85 Pyramid inches. 

Inside Breadth of Coffer. 
(By Slider 25, not requiring any correction.) 



Distance between North and 
South ends, along the East 
and West sides. 



Level at Which Observations 
Were Taken 



Near 
Tod 



Near 
Middle 



6 to 7 in. 
above 
bottom 



0.6 in. above bottom 



1st time 2nd time 



Close to North end 126.68 

At 3^d length from N. end 26.60 



26. 77 
26.63 



Near middle of length 26 . 64 

At %ds length from N. end 26.67 
Close to South end. ....... 26.78 

Mean at each level... [26 . 67I 26 . 75(26. 83I26. 67|26.64 

Mean of the whole, or the 



26 . 69 
26.69 

26.80 
26.78 
26.78 



26 .65 26 . 40 26 . 39 

27 .00 26. 72 26 . 54 
27 . 10 27 .05 27 .05 



26 . 6726. 75 
26.49 26.49 



inside breadth of coffer 



=H 



f 26.73 British inches. 



[26.70 Pyramid inches. 



FUKTHER COFFER MEASURES 



333 



Inside Depth of Coffer. 



"The measure of this element is taken from the inside 
bottom of the coffer — which is apparently smooth and 
flat — up in the shortest line to the level of the original top 
surface of the north, the east, and the south sides; and of 
the west side also, presumably, before it was cut down to 
the level of the ledge which runs around the inner edges 
of the north, east, and south sides, and all across the west 
side's top. 

"Now, the depth of that ledge was before ascertained 
= 1.72 inch below the original top; a block of wood was 
therefore prepared of that thickness, and placed on the 
west side, and also on the base surface of the ledge wherever 
found on the other sides, to support one end of a straight 
edge, whose other end rested on some parts of the original 
top of the coffer's sides, which are still visible at and about 
the northeast corner. 

Inside Depth From Original Top of North, East, and 

South Sides 

(By Slider 25, not requiring any correction.) 



Part of Length where observa- 
tions were taken. 



Part of Breadth Where Observa- 
tions Were Taken 



Near 
East 
Side 



Near 
Middle 



Near 
West 
Side 



Mean at 
each part 
of Len gth 

~28 



0.6 inches South of inner N. end 

3 .0 inches South of inner N. end 

5 .0 inches South of inner N. end 

1 0.0 inches South of inner N. end 

24.0 inches South of inner N. end 



34 
34 
34 
34 
34 



Mean at each part of breadth|34 



3° 
44 
42 
40 
36 



34 
34 
34 
34 
34 



3834 



28 
36 
41 
38 
38 



34.26 
34 



34 
34 
34 



36 34 



35 
28 

28 

26 



34 
34 
34 
34 
34 



29 33 



General mean, or the in-j (34.34 British inches 



side depth of coffer 



38 
37 
35 
33 



44 



J 



34.31 Pyramid inches. 



Inside Diagonal Measures of Coffer. 

"Diagonals inside the north end ; from either low corner 
at bottom up to a measured height of 30.0 inches, *. e. y 



33i THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

the greatest height quite free from fractures; then — 
From low northeast to 30. high northwest = 39 . 71 Br. in. 
and from low northwest to 30. high northeast = 39 . 70 Br. 
inches. 

"Diagonals inside west side; from either corner below, 
up to a height of 30 inches measured at the sides — 
Or from low southwest to 30. high northwest = 8 3. 19 Br. in. 
and from low northwest to 30. high south west = 8 3. 13 Br. in. 

Cubic Diagonals of Coffer. 

British Inches 
From low southwest to 30. inches high northeast = 8 7. 13 
From low southeast to 30. inches high northwest = 8 7. 05 
From low northeast to 30. inches high southwest = 87.06 
From low northwest to 30. inches high southeast 



j 7 . 1 1 

(temporarily supplied) 

"These cubical diagonals give sensibly less than the 
diagonals computed from the lengths and breadths; on 
account, apparently, of the extreme points of the corners 
of the bottom not being perfectly worked out to the exact 
intersections of the general planes of the entire sides. 
But thev seem abundantly sufficient to prove general 
rectangularity of figure, in all the main part of the coffer's 
interior." 

The Sarcophagus Theory of the Coffer. 

"With all this accumulation of little bits of information, 
then, let us now try what is the size of the coffer as a whole. 
And on so doing, we must, of course, let the opposition 
sarcophagus theory of Egyptologists be heard over again; 
especially when it has something to say touching shape, 
as well as size. 

"The inside dimensions of the coffer being (roughly) 
6.5 feet long, 2.2 feet wide, and almost 3 feet deep, are 
at least long enough and broad enough for a coffin (for 
the averaged sized man); except, that a very corpulent 
individual or a man much over 6 feet tall, would have to 



SARCOPHAGUS THEORY OF COFFER 335 

be planed down to fit the receptacle. And if it is rather 
deeper than convenient or necessary, no objections are 
interposed, as there is now proved to be a ledge cut into 
the top of the thick sides of the vessel, and quite suitably 
for a lid. 

"As there is a ledge, an intention at some time to put 
on a lid may be inferred; but it is still to be proved whether 
a lid ever was put on by the architect of the Great Pyramid, 
and especially for sarcophagus purposes; because, first, with 
a sarcophagus lid of the ordinary style and thickness fastened 
into that ledge, the coffer could not have passed through 
the closely fitting doorway of the room; it would have been 
several inches too high; in fact, the coffer itself without 
a lid is too large by over half an inch to get it in or out of 
this chamber: showing conclusively, that this receptacle 
was placed there before the completion of the Pyramid itself 
above the 50th layer of stone. Second, a sarcophagus 
lid fastened into that ledge would have betokened the 
accomplishment of the last rites to the dead; and they 
would have included among all Eastern nations, but more 
especially the contemporary, indigenous Egyptians, the 
engraving of the deceased's name, titles, deeds, and history 
on the coffer, both inside and out. But there is nothing 
of that kind there ; so the Great Pyramid coffer remains 
still the smooth sided, vacant, lidless chest of Caliph Al 
Mamoun's Arab tale; quite capable of having been made 
at any time into a sarcophagus ; but testifying in the most 
positive manner that it never was completely so converted, 
whatever may have been the reason why or wherefore. 

"Taking the coffer measures, for instance, as of the 
whole vessel before the ledge was cut out, from the previous 
pages, in Pyramid inches, then — 

Length, Breadth, Depth, Volume. 
Coffer interior — 77. 85x26 . 70x34. 31 = 71,317 Pyramid ins. 
Coffer exterior = 89.6 2x38 .61x411.31 =42,316 Pyramid ins. 
That is, within the limits of accuracy of the modern measures 
the volume of the exterior is double that of the interior; 



V 



336 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

and the simplest even relation between them is that of 
capacity. 

"Again, the mean thickness of the sides of the coffer 
being assumed from the measures, in Pyramid inches 5 . 952, 
and of the bottom 6.866 we have (from a formula first 
prepared by Mr. Henry Perigal) — 

Coffer's bottom = 89.62x38.61x6.866= 2 3>75& 

Coffer's sides=2(89. 62x26 . 7o)x34. 31x5 . 952== ' 47,508 

71,266 
or again, we find a duplicity of the one quantity against 
the other; and the only apparent simple relation between 
the two, and of the sum of both with the interior of the 
vessel, is that of capacity. 

"If then, now we may justifiably say, that though the 
coffer is possibly what John Taylor did not think it, viz. — 
a blind sarcophagus and a symbolical coffin, it is also most 
positively what he did consider it, viz. — a vessel at whose 
birth certain leading geometrical requirements both of, 
and for, capacity measure presided and governed: — then, 
in that case, what is its precise capacity? 

What Did the Capacity of the Coffer Prove to be? 

"For the coffer's length and breadth elements we can 
quote plenty of measures, but the equally necessary depth 
is a weak point; because, as already explained, every 
particle of the original top of the sides is cut or broken 
away, except some little patches near the northeast corner. 
Those were in place when measured by Professor Smyth in 
1867, but who will guarantee that they are there still, 
when men will hammer that exquisite gift inherited from 
the remote past, merely in the ignorant notion of sending 
their friends at home a chip of "Cheops' coffin." 

"No lid has ever been seen by any historical individual; 
but every man of the present age may test the truth of 
the following mechanical adaptation: viz. — the ledge, though 
acute angled, is cut out with precisely such a base breadth 



WHAT DID COFFEE CAPACITY PROVE? 337 

and depth that a frame made to fit it flush with the ancient 
top of the sides would, when let down in vertical plane, 
and diagonally inside the coffer, just form the diagonal 
of said coffer's interior; and the frame's height at that 
moment would exactly measure the coffer's depth. Hence 
the breadth of the ledge, continued across the coffer from 
west to east, would continue to give us an outstanding 
test of the coffer's original depth, long after all thoughtless 
visitors, whither soever scattered, shall have thoughtlessly 
knocked away every particle of the original top of the sides. 

"In coffer measuring, however, just as it usually is 
in all matters of science, (in our day) no two human 
measurers ever agree exactly even on the same parts ; and 
all that finite man can hope for is, to come within moderate 
limits. So then, must it be with the coffer's cubic contents. 

"Taking the ledge breadth as 34. 282 Pyramid inches, 
then the coffer's cubic contents in cubic Pyramid inches, 
are: — 
(1.) By interior length and breadth and by depth 

from ledge breadth =71,258 

(2.) By interior of coffer, by all direct measures. =71,317 

(3.) By half the exterior volume directly measured =71,160 

(4.) By sum of bottom and sides directly measured =71,266 

Mean of the whole 71,250. 

"The above statement shows that we here have a 
vessel, on the whole excessively near to 71,250 cubic 
Pyramid inches, but it was pretty evidently intended — 
by enabling us so nearly to bring out that number in several 
different ways. While that precise quantity, and the care 
for that quantity, of just so many cubic inches, rather than 
any other, expressed in Great Pyramid measure, are so 
impossible for the Egyptologists to explain on any sarcopha- 
gus theory of their own, that they do not attempt it; we 
must now see what the Great Pyramid itself may have to 
add to this, in setting forth some scientific reason why this 
vessel before us, the coffer in the King's Chamber, is not only 
'a symbolical sarcophagus, but one adapted likewise to 



338 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



something further and higher connected with capacity 

measure.' ' 

Density and Temperature. 

(Sec. 68.) Of both Earth and' Great Pyramid from 
the Latest Measures. — "There are no inscriptions, yet is 
there much instruction on the interior walls of the Great 
Pyramid; and as the coffer, when taken merely by itself, 
has proved, thus far, too hard a riddle for our full interpre- 
tation, let us try something of the teaching of the walls 
which precede, as well as those which surround it. 

Granite Symbolisms of the Ante-Chamber. 

In order to enter the Great Pyramid's so-called King's 
Chamber, we have to pass, from the Grand Gallery, through 
the "Ante-Chamber." (See Plates XIII. and XIV.) It is 
very appropriately so called, because it is a little room 
which must be passed through before the King's Chamber 
can be entered or the coffer seen ; and in passing through it 
the attentive eye may note many more complicated forms 
there than in any other (known) part of the Great Pyramid. 
Amongst these notanda are certain vertical lines above the 
southern or further doorway. 

Travelers have contradicted each other so much 
about the number of these lines, that nothing less than a 
perfect picture of them, will set the matter at rest. (See 
Plate XIII.) They extend the whole way evenly from 
ceiling to door-top, nearly, ending in a short curved bevel. 
They are each 107 . 4 inches long, 2 . 8 inches deep, and 3 . 8 
inches broad; with six inch spaces between, and with similar 
six inch spaces also between the outer side of each outer- 
most line, and the bounding of the ante-room's south wall 
containing them. It is not so much a system of four lines 
as an example of surface divided into five equal portions or 
spaces. 

As the doorway is only 42 inches high, and the dividing 
lines of the wall above it are apparantly drawn down to 
the doorway's (now broken) top, a man of ordinary height 
standing in the ante-room and looking southward (the 



WALL COURSES BY DIFFERENT TRAVELERS 339 

direction he desires to go, in order to reach the King's 
Chamber), cannot fail (if he has a candle with him, for 
otherwise everything is in darkness here) to see this space 
divided into five. And when he bows his head very low, 
as he must do to pass under the said southern doorway of 
only 42 inches high, he bends his head submissively under 
that svmbol of division into five; and should remember 
that five is the first and most characteristic of the Pyramid 
numbers. (See Plate XIV.) 

Wall Courses of the King's Chamber as Described by 
Different Travelers. 

(Sec. 69.) Owing to the prominence of the individuals 
quoted, this is amusing. Not without reason, therefore, 
was it, as the intelligent traveller may readily believe, 
that the Architect of the Great Pyramid desired to impress 
that division into five upon every visitor's mind, just the 
last thing before such visitor should bow down, previously 
to passing through the low, solid doorway, cut out of granite 
100 inches thick. But after that, rising up in the midst 
of the ultimate King's Chamber beyond — what should any 
and every beholder witness there? 

According to that usually most correct of travelers, 
Professor Greaves, he says of the King's Chamber that every 
one may see there "from the top of it descending to the 
bottom, there are but six ranges of stone, all which, being 
respectively sized to an equal height, very gracefully in 
one and the same altitude run round the room." 

Well, though that is a very pretty arrangement, and the 
grace of it is perfectly true, it is not the accomplishment 
of a division into five; so let us try an older traveler, 
Sandys, of a curt and epigrammatic style, and writing in 
16 10. Says he, of the self same King's Chamber: "A 
right royal apartment, and so large that eight floors it, 
eight roofs it; eight stones flagge the ends and sixteen the 
sides." Worse and worse. 

Says Dr. Pocock in 1743: "Six tiers of stones of equal 



340 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

breadth cempose the sides;" which account M. Fourmont, 
on the part of France, confirms in 1755 by laying down that 
"the walls are composed of six equal ranges." The still 
more famous traveler, Dr. Clarke, makes Cambridge in 
1 80 1 support Oxford in 1639, by particularizing that 
"there are only six ranges of stone from the floor to the 
roof " ; while, finally, that usually infallible author on Egypt, 
Mr. Lane, with his clever relatives, the Pooles, almost 
natives of Cairo, seem to set a seal forever on the mistake 
by declaring: "Number of courses in the walls of the King's 
Chamber, six." 

What could have blinded all these duly warned men, 
and sent them following each other down one and the same 
too easy rut of simple, ridiculous error? Dr. Richardson, 
in 181 7, was more original, if error there apparently must 
be in these dark room investigations by candle light in the 
interior of the Great Pyramid; for he chose a new and 
hitherto untrodden line of erring for himself, sententiously 
writing of the room, "Lined with broad, flat stones, smooth 
and highly polished; each stone ascending from the floor 
to the ceiling." But having once begun this new mis- 
description, he soon has followers; we find Lord Lindsay, of 
1838, announcing: "A noble apartment, cased with enor- 
mous slabs of granite 20 feet high" (or a little more than 
the whole height of the room) ; and Sir William R. Wilde 
with his companion signing himself M. R. I. A., in 1837, 
equally publish to the world, as observed by themselves: 
"An oblong apartment, the sides of which are formed 
of granite reaching from the floor to the ceiling." 

And yet will it be credited that the walls of this cham- 
ber are divided into five horizontal courses, neither more 
nor less, almost four feet (47.09 inches) high each; and 
that these courses are most easy to count, as they must 
have been undoubtedly most expensive for the architect 
to have constructed, because every course is, as Professor 
Greaves indicated, of the same height as every other, 
except the lowest, which course is less by nearly 1-10 part, 



KING'S CHAMBEB'S WALL COURSES 341 

(about 5 Pyramid inches) if measured from - the floor ; 
but is the same height if measured from the base of its own 
granite component blocks, which descend in the wall to 
beneath the floor's level. (See Plate XV.) 

The Pyramid Number of the King's Chamber's Wall 
Courses and the Stones in Them. 

(Sec. 70.) The first traveller noted, as having dis- 
covered that there were but five courses of stone contained 
in the- walls of the King's Chamber, was Lord Egmont in 
1709, and the second Dr. Shaw in 1721, perhaps, however, 
some others earlier or later ; but Professor Smyth was the 
very first to contend against the world for the correctness 
of this number of courses, and connecting the teaching of 
the architect in the ante-chamber, and the quinary char- 
acter of the Pyramid's first arithmetic. 

Yet, quinary though it be for some purposes, it is deci- 
mal for others, as shown here in almost juxtaposition; first, 
by the tenth part nearly, taken off the height of the lower 
course, by the manner of introduction of the floor ; and then 
by the 10x10 number of stones, exactly, of which the walls 
of this beautiful chamber are composed; no two of which 
are exactly the same size or dimensions, with the possible 
exception, of the top layer on both the east and west ends 
of the chamber. It will be noted (see Plate XV.) that 
there is one break in the continuity of the wall courses, on 
the north side, ending in the N. E. corner; at that point, one 
stone extends through the 2nd and 3d layers, (or 94.18 
inches high, or wide) and extends from the northeast corner 
west, about 135.5 pyramid inches. Or, in other words, 
here is placed one granite block, that shows a face of 7 feet 
10 and 18 one-hundredths inches high or wide, by 11 feet 
33^2 inches long. We shall contend in the closing article 
of this work, that through the space occupied by this im- 
mense granite block, there is a door, or outlet to other 
chambers, and hinted at in a previous section, as possibly 
being located on the 75th and ioodth layers of stone. 



342 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

The ancient occupiers of this most remarkable building, 
must have had, not only some extraordinary method of 
lighting these several chambers, but had also a method by 
secret touch, or mysterious force, to cause these walls to 
open at their pleasure. 

A Marked Portion of the King's Chamber and the 

Coffer are Mutually Commensurable in 

Pyramid Numbers. 

But the tenth part, nearly, taken off the visible height 
of the lower granite course of the chamber's walls; what 
was that for? Its first effect was to make that course, 
within the fraction of an inch, the same height as the coffer; 
and the second was, more exactly, to make the capacity, 
or cubic contents of that lowest course of the room, so 
decreased, equal to fifty times the cubic contents of the 
coffer, already shown to be 71,250 cubic Pyramid inches. 
Two separate sets of measured numbers in Pyramid inches 
for the length, breadth and height, of that lowest chamber 
course giving as follows, when divided by the coffer's 
contents — 

412.14x206.09x41.9 3,558,899. 

71,250 7i, 2 5 

And 412x206x42 3,564,624. 

71,250 7 I > 2 5° 

Hence, close as was the connection of the several 
parts of the coffer with each other by the tie of capacity, 
equally close is the connection of the coffer with the ad- 
justed course of the granite room in which it stands, and 
by capacity measure also. While, if the multiple before was 
2, and is 50 now — is not 50 twice 25, or double the number 
of its own inches in the cubit of the Great Pyramid, the 
significant 5x5? 

commensurabilities between the klng's chamber and 

the Structural Masonry Courses of the 

Whole Pyramid. 

The significent fives and tens that play such a promi- 



EXTENSIVE ARRANGEMENTS BEFOREHAND 343 



nent part in the King's Chamber, do not end there. Vio- 
lently different are the courses of masonry in their successive 
heights of the Great Pyramid ; but whatever height or thick- 
ness of stones any one course is begun with, it is kept on 
at that thickness precisely right through the whole Pyra- 
mid at that level (i. e., if we may judge of the unknown 
interior of the stratum by the four external edges thereof) ; 
though the area of the horizontal section may amount to 
from ten feet square to a dozen acres. 

To secure this equality of thickness for a course — in 
fact, just as with the equal height of the granite courses 
in the King's Chamber walls, but on a larger scale — it is 
plain that immense arrangements must have been instituted 
beforehand, with the masons of many quarries; and such 
arrangements imply method, mind, and above all, intention. 
The level of the 50th course of construction of the whole 
Pyramid is the level also of that granite floor in the King's 
Chamber, whereon is resting the coffer, a vessel with com- 
mensurable capacity proportions between its walls and floor, 
in a room with 5 courses, composed of 100 stones, and 
with a capacity proportion (the coffer) of 50 to the lowest 
of those courses ; which lowest course has been made 5 
inches less in height than any of the others of its fellows. 

Any person could hardly but see, then, that the so- 
called, in the dark ages, King's Chamber, should rather 
have been termed the chamber of the standard of 50. Can 
we also say, with reference to our ^present inquiry — of 50 
Pyramid inches employed in capacity measure. 

Fifty Pyramid inches form the ten-millionth of the 
earth's axis of rotation; or decidedly the proper fraction 
to begin with for capacity measure, when we have already 
chosen one-ten-millionth of the semi-axis for linear measure. 
The reason being, that in measuring linear distances, say 
amongst the spheres of the universe, men measure them 
from center to center, and therefore have only to take 
account of the radii of each; but in dealing with either 
their capacity or weight, we must take each sphere in its 



SU THE GEEAT PYEAMTD JEEZEH 

entirety, or from side to side, that is, by its diameter 
rather than radius. 

Symbolic Hints From the Ante-Chamber. 

(Sec. 71.) A hint how to deal with this second part 
of the question, may be gathered from some of the hitherto 
incomprehensible things in the little ante-chamber to this 
far grander chamber. Little indeed, is the ante-chamber, 
when it measures only 5 feet, 5.2 inches in breadth from 
east to west, 8 feet and 8 . 3 inches long from north to south, 
and 1 2 feet 5 . 4 inches high ; but it has a sort of granite 
wainscot on either side of it, full of detail. (See Plate XIII.) 

On the east side, this wainscot is only 8 feet, 9 . 1 inches 
high, and is flat and level on the top; but on the west side 
it is 9 feet, 3.8 inches high, and has three semi-cylindrical 
cross hollows of nine inches radius, cut down into it, and 
also back through its whole thickness of 8 . 5 to 11 . 7 inches 
to the wall. Each of those semi-cylindrical hollows stands 
over a broad, shallow, vertical, flat groove 21.6 inches 
wide, 3. 2 inches deep, running from top to bottom of the 
wainscot, leaving a plaster-like separation between them. 
The greater part of the pilasters has long since been ham- 
mered away, but their fractured places are easily traced; 
and with this allowance to researchers in the present day, 
the groove and pilaster part of the arrangement is precisely 
repeated on the east side, within its lower compass of height. 

These three grand, flat, vertical grooves, then, on 
either side of the narrow ante-chamber, have been pro- 
nounced long since by Egyptologists to be part of a vertical, 
sliding portcullis system for the defence of the door of the 
King's Chamber. There are no blocks now to slide up and 
down in these grooves, nor have such things ever been seen 
there, by our race of people; but the gentlemen point 
triumphantly to a fourth groove, of a different order, 
existing to the north of all the others, near the north 
beginning of the ante-chamber; and with its portcullis 
block, they say, still suspended, and ready for work. 



ANTE-CHAMBER PARTICULARS 345 

The Granite Leaf of the Ante-Chamber. 

The portcullis block, however, referred to above, con- 
tains many peculiarities which modern Egyptologists 
have never explained; it was first carefully described by 
Professor Greaves under the appellation of "the granite 
leaf," (from the so-called 'leaf or 'slat,' or sliding door 
over the water-way of a lock-gate in an English navigation 
canal). Unlike the others, its groove is only 17. 1 inches 
broad (against 21.6 inches for the others), and in place 
of being like them cut down to, and even several inches 
into, the floor, and terminates 3 feet, 7 . 7 inches above that 
basal plane ; so that the leaf's blocks — for it is in two pieces, 
one above the other — stand on solid stone of the walls 
on either side, and could not be immediately lowered to 
act as a portcullis, though an Emperor should desire it. 
When this portcullis was in real use, there were other parts 
connected with it, that are now hidden awav in some one 
of the secret vaults, in the apparent solid Pyramid. This is 
evident, for if chiseled down in their vertical plane, there 
would still be 21 inches free space between the leaf and the 
north entering wall and doorway where a man might worm 
himself in, in front of that face of it; and 4 feet, 9 inches 
above the leaf's utmost top, where men might clamber 
over; and where many adventurers have sat, candle in 
hand, in absolute solitude, thinking over what it might 
mean. 

The granite leaf is, therefore, even by the meagre 
data given, a something which a simple portcullis 
will not explain. And so do likewise the three broader 
empty pairs of grooves to the south of it, remark- 
able with their semi-cylindrical hollows on the west side 
of the chamber. Various ideas as to their uses have been 
given out from time to time, but no single idea advanced, 
has ever received much of a following. But the real 
Masonic student, however, can read volumes in every cham- 
ber and passageway of this most remarkable structure. 



346 THE GKEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

Earth's Density Number in the Great Pyramid. 

The Pyramid's earth's mean density comes out, if at all, 
most simply, and to an accuracy at once of three places 
of figures, certain, from — the cubic contents of the coffer in 
Pyramid inches, divided by the ioth part of 50 inches cubed. 
Whence, trusting to the most analytical measures yet taken, 
it is: 71,250 divided by 12,500; the quotient being 5.70; 
a number which modern science may confirm, at some 
future day, and does meanwhile include near the very center 
of its best results thus far. While the grand 5 . 7 of the 
seven stones forming the 5th and topmost course of the 
walls of the King's Chamber, crown the conclusion. 

Oe Temperature Corrections and How Affected. 

(Sec. 72.) Thus, at the great observatory of Pulkova, 
near St. Petersburg, where they value an insight into 
small fractions of a second perhaps more than anywhere 
else in the world, the very able Russian astronomers have 
placed their chief clock in the "subterraneans," or cellars, 
of the observatory. Something of the same sort is now 
practiced at the Royal Observatory, at Greenwich; while 
the Paris Observatory has beat the record by placing its 
clock 95 feet under the surface of the ground, in the very 
peculiar 'caves' which exist there. 

Over forty years ago, at the Royal Observatory, 
at Edinburgh, Scotland, observations were taken with 
very long-stemmed thermometers, whose bulbs were let 
down into rock at various depths; and it was found that, 
notwithstanding the possibly disturbing effect of rain- 
water soaking down through fissures, there is such an as- 
tonishing power in a mass of stony matter to decrease 
temperature variations, that at the surface of the ground — 
The mean semi-annual variation of heat amounts to 50 ° F. 

At three inches under the surface 30 ° F. 

At three feet under the surface 16 ° F. 

At six feet under the surface io° F. 

At twelve feet under the surface 5 F. 



KING'S CHAMBER TEMPERATURE 347 

At twenty-four feet under the surface i° F. 

At 95 feet, then, from the surface, as in the case of 
the Paris Observatory, how very slight and innocuous to 
the most refined observation of season temperature. 
But how much more slightly affected still, and how ad- 
mirably suited to a scientific observing room, must not the 
King's Chamber in the Great Pyramid be, seeing that it 
is shielded from the outside summer heat and winter cold, 
by a thickness of nowhere less than 180 feet of solid masonry. 

Temperature of the King's Chamber. 

In the Great Pyramid, as before observed, there is a 
grand tendency for numbers, things, and principles going 
by "fives"; and this seems carried out even in its temper- 
ature, for it may be described, first of all, as a temperature 
of one-fifth ; that is, one-fifth the distance between the freez- 
ing and boiling points of water, above the former. 

The first grounds for this belief were certain approx- 
imate observations by M. Jomard, in the "Description de 
1' Egypt"; and which indicate something like 68° Fahr. as 
nearly the original temperature of the King's Chamber of 
the Great Pyramid, if under both ventilation and other in- 
tended normal circumstances of its foundation. And 68° 
Fahr. is precisely a temperature by, and according to, 
nature of one-fifth. And I learn that the mean annual 
temperature of the city of Cairo is identical, or 68° Fahr.; 
the authority is, from a five years record of the Austrian 
Meteorological Society, A. Buchan, Esq., reporting. 

Thirty-seven years after M. Jomard had measured in 
the King's Chamber the extra temperature of 71. 6° Fahr. 
(i. e. 3.6 ° extra according to this subsequent theory), 
Colonel Howard Vyse cleared out the two ventilating chan- 
nels; and reported, without having heard any idea that the 
temperature had been theoretically too high — that inst- 
antly upon the channels being opened, the ventilation re- 
established itself, and with a feeling to those in the chamber 
of most agreeable coolness. But no sooner had he left, than 



348 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

the Arabs most perversely stopped up the ventilating 
channels again ; and now, the temperature ranges anywhere 
from 70 ° to 76 ° Fahr. according to the number and class 
of visitors, just preceding the recording of the same. 

The Vibration of the King's Chamber Is Said To Be 
the Tone of Nature, the Letter "F." 

(Sec. 73.) If so, this was important in the pre- 
sentation of certain degrees of the ancient Cult. It is stated 
by certain musical experts that have visited this chamber, 
that when not more than half a dozen persons are present, 
by striking on the coffer with a drum-stick, 446 vibrations, 
or the musical sound of the letter "F." is heard . 

Temperature and Pressure Data for the Coffer's 
Weight and Capacity Measure. 

The coffer at the present moment, in no more of its 
right, or original temperature, than its right and original 
size, when so much of it has been broken bodily away by the 
hammering of the representative men of modern society and 
their attendant trains. But the barometric pressure in the 
chamber happily defies such power of disturbance, and 
keeps, by the law of the atmosphere over all region, ex- 
pressively close to 30.000 Pyramid inches. 

At the above mentioned atmospheric pressure, 
68° temperature, and the coffer's cubic contents of 71,250 
Pyramid inches of capacity, filled with pure water (though 
only as a temporary practice expedient) — do form the 
grand, earth-commensurable, weight standard of the an- 
cient Great Pyramid. 

Of all parts of the Great Pyramid amenable to accurate 
linear measure, there are none presenting such advantages 
therefore as the King's Chamber, far in its interior; because 
the said Chamber is — 1. Equable in temperature; 2. Un- 
visited by wind, sand, or other such natural disturbances cf 
the outside of the building ; 3. Of simple rectangular figure ; 
4. Erected in polished, dense, hard, red granite, and, 5. It 
exhibits the longest lines of any part of the Pyramid, both 



KING'S CHAMBER IN DETAIL 349 

in that hard material, and in a horizontal position; with 
vertical end-pieces too, in rectangular emplacement, or ex- 
actly as most suitable to the modern refinements of "end- 
measure" (See Plates XIV. and XV). 

King's Cham her Measurements in Detail. 
By Prof. P. Smyth. 

(Sec. 74.) Probably the most correct statement eve 1 " 
published of the measurements in detail, of the King's 
Chamber, in the' Great Pyramid, are those that follow, from 
the pen of that painstaking Egyptologist, Professor Smyth, 
on his last visit there, viz: 
Length of South side, near floor level Inches. 

Mean of four measurements =412.6 

North side, Mean of three measurements =412.47 

Mean of both North and South sides, (British 

Inches) =412.54 

(Pyramid Inches) ==412.13 
Assumed true length on the whole, (Pyramid In.) =412. 132 
(Or, 34 feet, 4 + inches.) 
Breadth of King's Chamber near East end 

Mean of two measures = 206 . 3 

Near West end, (British Inches) = 206.3 

Mean East and West ends, (British Inches) . . . = 206 3 

(Pyramid Inches) = 206 . 09 
Assumed true Breadth on the whole (Pyra- 
mid Inches) . . = 206 . 066 

(Or, 17 feet, 2+ inches.) 
Height of King's Chamber near Northeast angle 
of room; Mean of seven measurements in 

British Inches =230.70 

(In Pyramid Inches) == 230.47 
Assumed true height on the whole, (Pyr. In.) = 230.389 
(Or, 19 feet, 2]^ + inches.) 
Diagonals of Floor: — 

From Southwest to Northeast corner =462 . o 

From Northwest to southeast corner =461.3 



350 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

Mean measured floor diagonals, (British inches) =461 . 65 

(Pyramid Inches) = 461 . 19 
(Or, 38 feet, $\ inches.) 
Diagonals of East Wall: — 

Low Northeast to high Southeast corner ...... = 309 . 2 

Low Southeast to high Northeast corner, sub- 
stracting 1 . 6 inches for hole in low Southeast 

corner =310.0 

Mean length of diagonals, (British Inches) . . . — 309.6 
Mean length of diagonals, (Pyramid Inches) . . . . = 309 . 3 
Diagonal of West Wall:- — 

Low Southwest to high Northwest corner =310.4 

Substract one inch for a sunken floor stone = 1.0 
(The other diagonal not measureable on account 
of a large and deep hole in floor in northwest 
corner of chamber, whereby men entering have 
gone on excavating at some time to under- 
neath that part of the floor whereon the coffer 
stands ; but are not known to have found any- 
thing but solid limestone masonry and mortar.) 
Mean of the west wall, (in British Inches). . . . = 309.4 

(In Pyramid Inches) . . . . = 309. 1" 
Again considering Pyramid inches in the King's Cham- 
ber to signify Pyramid cubits outside the building, the fol- 
lowing results come out correct to six places of figures: — 
Take the length of the King's Chamber 412. 132 to express 
the diameter of a circle. Compute by the best methods of 
modern science, the area of that circle; throw that area into 
a square shape, and find the length of a side of such a square. 
The answer will be 365.242 Pyramid cubits; a quantity 
which not only represents the mean of all the measures 
of the length of the Great Pyramid's base side, but defines 
the number of mean solar days in a mean solar tropical year. 

Symbolisms of the Ante-Chamber. 

(Sec. 75.) To reach the King's Chamber of the Great 
Pyramid we have to pass through the Ante-Chamber; we 



THE ANCIENT ARCHITECT QUESTIONED 351 

have already gathered some useful hints from there, yet 
far from all that it was capable of giving. 

One of the principal features mentioned regarding this 
Chamber, in a previous section was, the three curved hollows 
in the higher, or western, granite wainscot. There are no 
such hollows on the eastern side, and it is, moreover, cut 
off at the top to an absolutely lower level than what the 
western hollows descend to. Nearly every investigator 
asks, why was this east wainscot so cut down; evidently 
it was done purposely, from the perfection of the work by 
the original builders. 

The architect is dead, but you may still virtually ques- 
tion him, in such a building of number, weight, and measure, 
by ascertaining how much? What height, for instance, 
was the eastern wainscot cut down to ? 

The answer is: 103.0 inches; since assumed, within 
the limits of the measures, — 103.033 Pyramid inches. 
That is just half the King's Chamber breadth, and is therefore 
important. It has been found that the floor of the Ante- 
Chamber, is partly in granite and partly in limestone; and 
that the length of the former portion is given (in the mean) 
as 103 .033 Pyramid inches; and here are placed two similar 
and of the place characteristic lengths of granite in rectangu- 
lar position to each other. This is said to represent square 
measure; but what is the circular equal, in area, of such a 
square? The mean length of the whole ante-chamber is 
given at 116.26 Pyramid inches; this is made up of 103.03 
of granite, and 13.23 of limestone; Major U. A. Tracey, 
pointed out, that 116. 260 is the diameter of a circle having 
precisely equal area to a square of 103.033 in the side. 
Whereupon the Abbe and Chanovine Moigno exclaimed in 
his scientific journal, Les Moudes, "Who could pretend now 
that the diversity of the materials forming the floor, and 
their relations and differences of length, were a brute accident 
on the part of the ancient architect of 4,000 years ago?" 
And still less when the following additional features are 
produced by these numbers, 103.03 and 116.26, in their 



352 THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 

Pyramid positions, and Pyramid inch units of measure there : 
(i.) 103.033x5 (Pyramid number) = 515 . 165 ; or is the 

length in Pyramid inches of the cubic diagonal of 

the King's Chamber. 
(2.) 103.033x50 (the number of masonry courses of the 

Pyramid the chamber stands upon) = 5 1 5 1 . 6 5 ; or 

is in Pyramid inches the length of the side of square 

of equal area to a triangle of the shape and size of 

the Great Pyramid's vertical meridian section. 
(3.) 116 . 260x2 = 232 . 520; or is, in Pyramid inches, the 

mean, nearly, of the 1st and 2nd heights of the 

King's Chamber. 
(4.) 116 . 260X pi = T,6$ . 242 . .&c. ; or shows the number 

of mean solar days in a mean solar tropical year. 
(5) 116 . 26ox/nx 5 x 5=9131 .05 ; or is, in Pyramid inches, 

the length of a side of the base of the Great Pyramid 

from a mean of all the measures. 
(6.) 116.260x50 = 5813.0; or is, in Pyramid inches, the 
ancient vertical height of the Great Pyramid, from a mean 

of all the measures. 
Hence, as the earlier of the above cases, including the 103 . - 
033, show, the uses of the east wianscot of the ante-chamber, 
in being lower than the west wainscot, have been most 
remarkable. But, as every student of the Great Pyramid 
is led to ask — "can any object be assigned to the west wain- 
scot being of the greater height it has been found to be by 
measure, viz: — 11 1.8 Pyramid inches?" 

It being so signal a feature of the chamber, and executed 
expensively and solidly, shows conclusively, that it was 
purposely intended by the builders of the Great Pyramid 
through their architect. And for the purpose to have an 
additional design to assist in solving, the hidden mysteries 
of perfect mathematics. 

Mr. W. C. Pierrepont, of Pierre Pont Manor, Jefferson 
County, N. Y., some ^8 years ago, pointed out, that "if 
a model of a meridian section of the Great Pyramid be con- 
ceived to stand on the flooring of the ante-chamber, verti- 



INCH MEASUEE OF GEANITE LEAF 353 

cally over the center of the granite leaf, then, the north foot 
of such pyramidal section rests on the great step at the head 
of the grand gallery, exactly there where the ramp line con- 
tinued comes through ; and south of such pyramidal section 
rests on the granite floor of the passage leading from the ante- 
chamber onwards to the King's Chamber; and is defined 
there to within a tenth of an inch by a 'joint' line in the 
granite ; the only joint line too in that passage. 

From that joint line in the floor, then, the vertical 
angle to the ceiling of the ante-chamber immediately over 
the singular and most important, granite leaf's center = 
51 ° 51', or the Great Pyramid's angle side rise ; and from the 
same joint line to the center of the lower stone of the granite 
leaf (which divides the whole height, into base side and 
vertical height -?- 100) the angle of 26 ° 18' nearly, or the angle 
of all the inclined passages of the Pyramid." 

The Granite Leaf Inch Measurement. 

A strange structure is the granite leaf in the ante- 
chamber , standing all across the room between the floor and 
ceiling, as it does, is hedged about with important symbols 
connected with the scientific theory of the Great Pyramid; 
some objectors to the Pyramid scientific theory have said, 
"We do not admit the reality of Pyramid inches with its 
original builders, when such inches are obtainable by sub- 
dividing immense lengths; but show us a single such inch, 
and we may believe." Whereupon Major U. A. Tracey, 
R. A., pointed out that such single inch is actually marked, 
and in a Pyramid manner, on, or rather by means of, the 
above granite leaf in the ante-chamber; and is thus ex- 
plained : — 

"In that small apartment its grand symbol on the south 
wall is the already mentioned illustration of a division into 
five : and if the symbol had virtue enough to extend into and 
dominate some features in the next or King's Chamber 
(as in illustrating its now undoubted number of five wall 
courses), why should it not typify something in its own 

23 



354 THE GEEAT PYBAMID JEEZEH 

chamber as well? But what is there in the ante -chamber, 
divided into five? "The Great Pyramid's own scientific, 
earth-commensurable, cubit"; for here it is so divided in 
the shape of this projecting boss on the granite leaf, just 
five inches broad. And, further, that fifth part of that 
cubit of the Great Pyramid's symbolical design is divided 
before our eyes into five again; for the thickness of this 
remarkable boss is on fifth of its breadth. So there you 
have the division of the peculiar Pyramid cubit into 5x5 
inches." 

Further measures of the boss on the granite leaf, by 
Dr. J. A. S. Grant, in Dec, 1874: "We measured the boss 
and found it just out from its stone one inch; and also to be 
removed from the center of the breadth of its stone exactly 
one inch; measurements which corroberate former measure- 
ments." 

Principal and Leading Measures Connected With the 
Interior of the Great Pyramid. 

{For their application see Plates I. to XV.) 

(Present) Entrance Into Great Pyramid. 

(Sec. 76.) This is at present, simply a hole, or door 
way, at upper end of a hollow passageway, inclining thence 
downwards and inwards. It is situated on the northern 
flank of the Pyramid, in a very broken part of the masonry 
now, at a height above the ground, or pavement, rudely and 
imperfectly considered about : (in Pyramid feet and inches) — 
49 feet. 

Distance of the center of that doorway hole 

eastward of center of the Pyramid's north- Feet Ins. 
ern flank, as between its E. and W. ends. . 24 6 . 

Height of said doorway, transversely to length 
of the passage way, of which it is the 
outer, northern, end •••• 3 1 1 34 

Breadth of the same 3 5.56 

Angle of descent of the floor of the passage 

southwards 26 ° 28' 



UNFINISHED SUBTEEEANEAN CHAMBEE 355 



Length along that downward, and southward, 
slope, from a supposed original northern 
beginning of this passage, to its junction 
lower down with the first ascending passage 
inside the building, in Pyramid feet and Feet Ins. 

inches = 82 4. 

Thence to Caliph Al Mamoun's broken hole- = 17 10. 
Thence, cheifly by excavation through solid 
rock, but still in one straight, downwardly 
inclined line as before, to the well's lower 

mouth =2I 5 2 - 

Thence, to the end of the inclined and full bored 

part of the passage = 24 8 . 

Thence, in horizontal direction to the north wall 

of Subterranean Chamber = 27 

Whole length of descending entrance passage = 36 7 

Part length, or from' 'the 2 170 mark" in the up- 
per part of the passage to its falling into 

Subterranean Chamber ~337 9 • 

Bore in horizontal subterranean region : — 

For height = 3 

For breadth = 2 9. 

Subterranean Unfinished Chamber. 

Flat finished ceiling, length East to West . . . = 46 

breadth North to South =27 1 . 
Depth of walls from said ceiling, variously 
and irregularly, from 3 feet, 4 inches, to 13 
feet, 4 inches; floor not yet cut out of the 
rock, and walls not full depth. 
Small blind, horizontal hole or passage 
commencement, penetrating into the rock 
Southwards, from south wall of this cham- 
ber low down ; length = 52 9. 

height = 2 7. 

breadth = 2 5. 

The Ascending Passage; (Limestone.) 
Starts in an upward and Southward direction, from a 
point on the descending entrance passage, 82 feet, 4 inches 



356 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

inside the ancient building ; and the first 1 5 feet of its length 
is still filled up with the fast jammed granite plugs. 

(Note — If this passageway was cleaned out it would 
reveal a part of the real entrance.) 
The whole length, from the descending passage 

up to junction with, and entrance into the Feet Ins. 

Grand Gallery is =128 6.4 

Measured angle of floor's ascent southwards = 26 ° 8' 
Transverse height of the passage bore, now 3 

feet, 1 1 inches, to 4 feet, 1 1 inches ; anciently = 3 11.24 
Breadths now, in broken state from 3 feet, 6 

inches to 5 feet; anciently = 3 5 • 56 

Grand Gallery; (Limestone.) 
Also, and Further Ascending. 

Length of inclined floor line , from N . to S . wall =156 10 

Measured angle of ascent, southwards =26° 17' 

Vertical height, at any one average point = 28 3^ 

Overlappings of roof, in number = 36 

Overlappings of the walls, in number = 7 

Ramps height = 1 9 

breadth. ..-....•..• ......= 1 8 

Breadth of floor between ramps = 3 6 

Breadth of gallery above ramps = 6 10 

Breadth of gallery between first overlap = 6 4.2 

Breadth of gallery between 2nd. overlap .....= 5 10.4 

Breadth of gallery between 3rd. overlap .....= 5 4-6 

Breadth of gallery between 4th. overlap ....'.= 4 10.8 

Breadth of gallery between 5 th. overlap .....= 4 5 

Breadth of gallery between 6th. overlap .....= 3 1 1 . 2 

Breadth of gallery between 7 th. overlap .....= 3 5.4 
Great step at southern end of gallery, vertical 

height of north edge == 3 

Length along the flat top from north to south =5.1' 
Lower and further exit, or South doorway 

passage, height = 3 7-7 

breadth ■•• = 3 5-4 

length horizontally from G. G. to 

ante-chamber == 4 4% 



ANTE-CHAMBER, MATERIAL OF 



357 



26 
2 

3 
03 



Upper exit, at top of eastern wall at its south- Feet Ins. 

ern end, height — 2 9 

breadth = 1 8 

Ante-Chamber; (Limestone and Granite.) 

Extreme length, North to South = 9 8 

Extreme breadth at top, East to West = 5 5 

Extreme height at top, East to West = 12 5 

Eastern wainscot, granite, high = 8 7 

Western wainscot, granite, high = 9 3 

Granite (density = 0.479, earth's density =1) 
begins to be employed in the course of 
the length of this room, and in the Gran- 
ite Leaf which crosses it, at various dis- 
tances, as 8 to 24 inches, from North wall, 
in floor, and side walls. 
Exit passage, horizontal, from ante-chamber, 
southward to King's Chamber, in granite all 

the way ; length - = 8 

height at the North end = 3 

height at the South end = 3 

breadth at the South end. . . . = 3 

Number of vertical grooves on South wall . . . = 4 
Length of each groove = 8 

King's Chamber. (Granite.) 
Structure entirely in granite, form rectangular, 

length, East.to West = 34 

breadth, North to South = 17 

height, floor to ceiling — 19 

from base of walls , below the floor , to ceiling = 1 9 
The walls are in 5 equal height courses, and 
composed of 100 blocks, no two of which are 
exactly the same size; except the top course 
on the East and West ends; and they extend 
the entire width of the Chamber. 

The hollow coffer therein ; mean length outside = 7 601 
The hollow coffer therein ; mean length inside. = 6 5.85 



4.2 

7-7 
6 

5-4 
n. 4 



4-I3 2 
2 . 066 

2.389 
7 • 35 



358 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

Feet Ins. 
The hollow coffer therein ; mean height outside = 3 5.23 
The hollow coffer therein; mean depth inside — 2 10.31 
The hollow coffer therein ; mean breadth outside = 3 2.61 
The hollow coffer therein ; mean breadth inside == 2 2.7 
North air channel, length to exterior of Pyr. —233 
South air channel, length to exterior of Pyr. =174 3 
Supposed height of their exits there = 331 

The lower part of these air channels just before entering 
the King's Chamber, are bent at a large angle in the vertical 
and the Northern one is further tortuous in azimuth ; so that 
they cannot be used as a means of looking through to the 
daylight sky, from the King's Chamber — though they may 
ventilate it admirably when cleared of modern obstructions. 

The 'hollows' or needlessly called 'Chambers' of 
Construction above the King's Chamber, are of the same 
length and breadth of floor, but not above 30 to 50 inches 
high, except the uppermost Of the five, which angular, or 
gable, roofed (See Plate XIV.). 

Horizontal Passage to Queen's Chamber. 

Length from North end of Grand Gallery, 

Southward, to the beginning of low part of the Feet Ins. 

passage under Grand Gallery floor = 18 1.8 

Thence to low portion of floor = 90 5.5 

Thence to North wall of Queen's Chamber . . . - = 18 

Average height of longest part = 3 10. 34 

Of Southern deep part = 5ft, 7 Y% ins. ; breadth = 3 5.15 

Queen's Chamber. (Limestone.) 

Length from eastto west (in. Pyr. ft. and ins.) = 18 10.7 

Breadth — north to south (in Pyr. ft. and ins.) = 17 1.8 

Height at north and south walls (in Pyr. ft. & in.) = 15 2.4 

Height in center of gable ridge of ceiling = 20 4.4 

Grand niche in the East wall; Height of . . . . = 15 3 

Breadth, greatest below = 5 1.3 

Breadth, at 1st. overlap = 4 4. 25 

Breadth, at 2nd. overlap = 3 5.5 



THE WELL 



359 



Breadth, at 3rd. overlap = 

Breadth, at 4th. overlap = 

Eccentricity of Niche, or displacement of its 
vertical axis southward from central verti- 
cal line of the east wall = 

Air channels exist in North and South 
walls ; but blinded anciently inside, by a solidly 
left, uncut-out thickness of 5 inches of stone 
and their outcrop on the Pyramid flank now, 
not known. 

Wall courses, number of, equally heighted all 
round up to the level of the top of North and 

South walls - 

Additional wall courses in the upper gables 
of East and West walls, not yet examined. 

Wall courses, as reported by Mr. W. Dixon 
approximately — 

1st. or lowest, in height = 

2nd. from floor, in height ■ • • • = 

3rd. from floor, in height = 

zjth. from floor, in height = 

5th. from floor, in height = 

6th. from floor, in height • = 

The Well. (Lime-stone.) 

Enters near North-west corner of Grand Gallery 
shaft square in bore ; measures in length of 
side of bore = 

Distance of center of entrance from the North 
end of Grand Gallery = 

Vertical depth to grotto in rock, under masonry 
of Pyramid • 

Further vertical depth, with some horizontal 
distance, to junction with the lower part of 
the entrance passage near the Subterranean 
Chamber - 



Feet Ins. 
2 6 

1 7-5 



133 



10 



10 



= 58 6 



/?/ f*£k Pr*a 



S(5() 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



NAME OF DEITY IN VARIOUS TONGUES. 

These names of Goci include names of the Supreme Being, or, among polythelsts, 
th.se of theprincip.il deity or the chief of the gods; also the generic names, with 
the different nationalities, for god or a god. The alleged names of God range them- 
selves in three classes: (1) Those which are, beyond doubt, properly so designated; 
(2) those which are, beyond doubt, improperly so called,— are erroneously said to be 
names of the Deity: and (3) those of a doubtful character,— are said to be Deific 
names, but for which the evidence is not conclusive. Those in the second class 
have been excluded from this list. Those in the third class have been included 
herein, and have an asterisk (*) preceding them. All others pertain to the first 
class. Wm, Emmette Coleman. 



deity. 



TONGUE. 



Adi-Buddha Hindu 

Adon Hebrew 

Adonal Hebrew 

Ahura Mazda Eranian 

Akua Hawaiian 

Al Hebrew 

Aleim Hebrew 

Allah Arabic 

Almighty English 

Amen Egyptian 

Ammon Egyptian 

Amun Egyptian 

Ainun-Ra Egyptian 

Ana Chaldean 

Anu Chaldean 

Anyambia Gaboon 

*Artugon Tartar 

As Teutonic 

Assur Assyrian 

Asura Vedic 

Atua Tahitian 

Aum Hindu 

Avalokiteshwara....Hindu 

Baal Phoenician 

Batara Guru Javanese 

Batava „ Borneo 

Bel Babylonian 

Bel-Marduk. ...Babylonian 

'■Belu Welsh 

Bhagavata Hindu 

Bhagwan Gond 

Bilu-Bili Babylonian 

Bobowissi. Air. Gold Coast 

Bogh Russian 

Bogu Slavonic 

*Boze Polish 

Brahma Hindu 

BrihaspatI Vedic 

Buddha Hindu 

*Culi Irish 

Celi Welsh 

Chemosn Moabite 

♦Chodia ' Irish 

Christ English 

Christos Greco-Hebrew 

Conshobar Irish 

Creator English 

*Crom Irish 

Dea (female).... Roman 

Deity English 

Deon Welsh 

Deos Greek 

Deus Roman 

Deva Hindu 

Deva Lithuanian 

Dewas Lettish 

Dia Gaelic and Irish 

*Dla... Essequibo 

Dieu French 

Dlo Italian 

Dlos... Spanish, Portuguese 

Dlu Welsh 

Dovydd Welsh 

Dumnedeu Roumanian 

Duw „ Welsh 

Dyaus Vedic 

Dvaush-Pltar Vedic 

Eh yeh Hebrew 

Ei Hebrew 

Bloith Hebrew 



DEITY. 



TONGUE. 



Elohim Hebrew 

El-Shaddai Hebrew 

Elyon Hebrew 

Engai Masai 

Esus Gaulish 

Gad Hebrew 

God English 

Godh Icelandic 

Got Old German 

Gott , German 

Govinda Hindu 

Gud Scandinavian 

Gudh Icelandic 

Guth Gothic 

Hara Hindu 

Har-i Hindu 

Hara-Hari Hindu 

Heavenly Father..English 

Heitjubib Hottentot 

Herre (Lord) Swedish 

Hiranyagharba Vedic 

Hotoke Japanese 

*Hu Celtic 

Iddio Italian 

Iesous Greco-Hebrew 

Ilu Chaldean 

Indra .Vedic 

Inti Peruvian 

Iodhol Gaelic 

Ion Welsh 

Isten „ Hungarian 

Iswara Hindu 

Ishwara Hindu 

*Iunak Slavonic 

Jagannatha Hindu 

Jah Hebrew 

Jahweh Hebrew 

*Jain Irish 

*Jao Phoenician 

Jehovah Hebrew 

Jerroang Borneo 

Jesus Romano-Hebrew 

Joss Anglo-Chiuese 

Juggernaut Hindu 

Jupiter Roman 

Kami Japanese 

Karwar Papuan 

Keshava Hindu 

Khoda. Persian 

*Ko Tamil 

*Ku Yucatan 

Logos Greek 

Lord English 

Mahadeva Hindu 

Maker English 

Manabozho Algonquin 

Man etc. .American Indian 

Marang Buru Santal 

Mau Dahomey 

Maui Maori 

Melek Hebrew 

Mithra Eranian 

Mithras Greco-Persian 

Moloch Ammonite 

''Monimus Syrian 

Morimo Bechuana 

Motoro Polynesian 

Mulungu East African 

Kana-nyankupon,Afr.G.C. 
'•SNdengei Fijian 



Hodens Keltic 

Nuada.... Keltic 

Num Finnish 

Odin Norse 

Ogmios Gaulish 

Olorun Yoruba 

Om Hindu 

Omakuru Damara 

*Omh Keltic 

Ormuzd Persian 

Osiris Egyptian 

Ove Fijian 

Perkunos Slavonian 

Perun Slavonian 

Peryv Welsh 

Phthah. Egyptian 

Pillan Araucanian 

Prajapati Hindu 

Providence English 

Ptah Egymian 

Puthen „ Assamese 

Quabootze Nootka 

Ra Egyptian 

Rama Hindu 

Rangi Maori 

Rheen Welsh 

Rongo Polynesian 

Ruler English 

Sabazios Phrygian 

Serapis Egyptian 

Shaddai Hebrew 

Shang-ti Chinese 

Shin. Japanese 

Shiva Hindu 

Siva Hindu 

Supreme Being English 

Svantovit Baltic Slavoni'n 

Swayambhuva Hindu 

*Tamil Lapland 

Tando...African Gold Coast 

Tangeloa Polynesian 

Tengere Mongolian 

Teotl Aztec 

*Tharsco Gothic 

Theos Greek 

Thian Chinese 

Ti Chinese 

Tien Chinese 

Tinia Etruscan 

Tivi Icelandic 

Trimurti Hindu 

Turn Egyptian 

Tu-metua Polynesian 

Tupanau Brazilian 

Tuppa Borneo 

TJasar Egyptian 

Unkulunkulu Kaffir 

Varuna Vedic 

Vasudeva Hindu 

Vishnu Hindu 

Woden Teutonic 

Word, The English 

Wnotan Teutonic 

Yah Hebrew 

Yahweh Hebrew 

Yr Hen Ddihenydd. Welsh 
Yuh-hwang. China (Taoist) 

Yumala Finnish 

ZarvanaAkarana.Eranlan 
Zeus Greek 



Capacity Measure of the Great Pyramid Coffer. 

PART IV. 

(Sec. 77) In the Great Pyramid, as already stated, 
is given the grand standard of capacity, by the contents or 
internal cubical measure, of the granite Coffer at the further 
or western end of the King's Chamber; and that, the final 
and crowning apartment of the whole of the interior of our 
Earth's most gigantic monument of stone. 

The said coffer, however, is loose, isolated, standing on a 
flat floor without any guide -marks to show how it should be 
placed, and without the smallest hinderances (except its 
prodigious weight) to prevent it, in its present lidless con- 
dition, being pushed about anywhere; and except for the 
contraction, at one particular point in the first ascending 
passage way, might be pushed entirely out of the Pyramid. 
This point has been questioned by many, but Dr. Grant, of 
Cairo, accompanied by Mr. Waller, a medical man of the 
same place, specially looked into that matter in 1873; and 
settled then and there by direct and immediately successive 
measures, with the same scale on both the passage breadth 
at the indicated place, and the breadth of the coffer vessel; 
reporting the case as follows:. ."The coffer in the King's 
Chamber, although turned straight into the axis of the 
first ascending passage, could not have passed the whole 
way along it. Lower end of ascending passage, measured 
close to north end of portcullis, in British inches: breadth 
from East to West, across the top, or North edge, sensibly 
the same as the breadth of the passage itself at that point 
38.38 Br. inches; breadth across middle 38.44 Br. inches; 
breadth across bottom, or South edge 38 . 12 Br. inches. 

Coffer in King's Chamber. 

Breadth of North end 38.62; and breadth at South end 
38. 75 Br. inches. 



362 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

These, says Dr. Grant, "are my measures, and I can 
vouch for their accuracy within one-fourth of an inch." 

That being the case, the coffer could not have been 
introduced by the regular passage way leading to the King's 
Chamber, neither can it be taken out that way now. 

From the exactness with which the coffer was con- 
structed, it is self-evident that each and every feature of it 
was intended by the ancient architect. Intended, more- 
over, for a further very necessary purpose; for though the 
coffer as a capacity measure is larger than any other stan- 
dard unit of capacity in existence, it being four times the 
size of the English "quarter" — yet one, single coffer measure 
is a very small thing to set before the whole world, and ask 
all nations to accept it as a standard in preference to any 
other box or cylinder or other shaped measure which they 
might have already made, or be thinking of making, for 
themselves. I |$i 

All this difficulty was perfectly foreseen, however, 
by the ancient architect, as well as the possible questionings 
as to the authenticity and contemporaneousness of the vessel 
with the building of the Great Pyramid, after the thousands 
of years that has passed over its head. Therefore it was 
that he identified the coffer by certain abstruse, yet pos- 
itively identifiable, scientific features with the King's 
Chamber in which it is placed; and that chamber, the most 
glorious hall that has ever yet been constructed in polished 
red granite, with the enormous mass of the Great Pyramid 
itself; and that building with the sector shaped land of Lower 
Egypt; and Lower Egypt with the center of the inhabited 
land-surface of the whole world. So that, small though 
the coffer may be, in itself, there cannot be another vessel 
of such Gentral importance in the eye of Nature, and to the 
whole of mankind also, when explained. 

Evidently it requires some one who has been favored 
with more than oridnary understanding, to explain it. 
Professor Smyth gives the honors to Mr. James Simpson, 
a young bank clerk, in Edinburgh, during the early seventies 



OUTSIDE MEASUEES OF COFFER 363 

of the last century, for the most concise, and clear, mathe- 
matical elucidation yet published. As follows: — 

For the full measures of all the particulars of the coffer, 
the reader is referred to the proceeding pages. But for 
convenience we will repeat the chief results here, viz — 

Outside Measures of Coffer in Pyr. Inches. 
Length, from 89. 92 to 89. 62 corrected for concavity of sides 
Breadth from 38 . 68 to 38 . 61 corrected for concavity of sides 
Height from 41. 23 to 41.13 corrected for concavity of sides 

Inside Measures of Coffer in Pyr. Inches. 
Length — 77 . 85 supposed to be true to within 1-20 of an inch. 
Breadth — 26 . 70 supposed to be true to within 1-20 of an inch. 
Depth — 34 . 31 supposed to be true to within 1-20 of an inch. 
Thickness of bottom, 6.91 Pyramid inches. Thickness of 
sides, 5 . 98 Pyramid inches. 

Now all these numbers are necessary to be kept in mind, 
for they have all a part to play in the proofs to come. 

We have already shown, and Professor H. L. Smith, 
of New York, has independently confirmed, with regard to 
the coffer, taken in and by itself that — 
Exterior cubic size (In Pyr. cubic in.) = 142,316 

Interior cubic contents = 71,317 

Also that, Sides of coffer, cubic size= 47,508 
Bottom of coffer, cubic size = 23,758 

But now for the connections with the red granite cham- 
ber, which the coffer is placed in; and with the Pyramid 
building itself. By Mr. Simpson — 

(1.) "The chief line of the whole King's Chamber is 
geometrically its cubic diagonal, and that has been cer- 
tainly now ascertained by modern measure, assisted by 
computation, to be equal to 515.165 Pyramid inches. 
(This is Mr. Simpson's base line from which he reaches 
up to the Great Pyramid on one side and down to the 
coffer on the other thus: — ) 

(2.) 515 . 165 x 10 = 5151 .65=side of a square of equa 
area with the Great Pyramid's vertical right section. 




364 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

j (3.) 515 . 165= twice the greatest horizontal circumfer- 
ence of the coffer nearly — 

(4.) 5J ^ = 51.5165 = (A.) the mean length of all the 

coffer's "arris," or edge 
lines. 
= (B.) Diameter of a circle whose 
area is represented in the 
coffer's interior horizontal 
area i. e., its inside floor. 
= (C.) Side of a square whose area 
= mean area of the four ex- 
ternal vertical sides of coffer 
= (D.) The diameter of a sphere, 
whose contents (71,588) 
come very near those of the 
hollow part of the coffer, 
and do, in a sense, exist 
there. 
= (E.) The diameter of a circle 
in which the natural tan- 
gent of a Draconis (the 
Pyramid's Polar star at the 
date of erection) was at its 
higher culmination, viz. ,33° 
41' 20" =34.344 Pyramid 
inches = coffer's depth. 
So exactly, though extraneously, appears thus to be given 
the coffer's depth, that every element, which the senseless 
hammerings of modern travellers breaking off specimens 
of the material — have now very nearly deprived the world 
of seeing again in the body. 

(5.) At the same time the external correlative of inside 
depth, namely, the height is given simply by the tenth part 
the length of the King's Chamber containing it, viz., 41.213. 
(6.) While the breadth of the coffer base is given thus, 
based on the number of days in the solar year : — In a circle 
with circumference = 365 . 242 Pyramid inches, the natural 



COFFEE'S HEIGHT SQUARED 365 

tangent of 33 41' 20", or the Pyramid Polar star's upper 
culmination = 38 .753 Pyramid inches = breadth of coffer's 
base; and again = ante-chamber's length 116.260 divided 

by 3- 

(7) The depth and height are moreover thus related: 
— Depth squared : height squared : : so is area of side 
~r end. If 103.033 Pyramid inches was found an impor- 
tant touchstone of commensurability in the King's Chamber, 
bringing out the "sums of squares there," we may expect 
to find it in the coffer also ; where accordingly — 

(8.) 103 .o33 2: =area of four external sides of the cof- 
fer nearly. 

(9.) ^ 3 = 34. 344 = depth of coffer. 

(10.) °2p 3 i 32 — height of the coffer squared." 

This last theorem brings into view the invaluable quan- 
tity pi, which the Great Pyramid commemorates by the 
shape of its whole external figure. And now to that good 
beginning Mr. Simpson adds — 

(11.) "Coffer's internal floor has a boundary whose 
length = the circumference of a circle of equal area to coffer's 
outer floor or base ; a curious result this of the long shape 
of the coffer, compared with the cube, or cylinder, which 
it might have been for capacity measure alone. 

(12.) Coffer's depth multiplied by 2 pi=area of East 

and West (i. e., the two long) sides of the coffer. 

side + end 
(13.) Coffer's height squared = area of — — : — 

(14.) A circle with diameter 38.753 Pyramid inches 
(the breadth of the coffer's base), or again 

A square with side 34.344 Pyramid inches (the depth 
of the coffer), has an area = the area of the external long 
side divided by pi. 

(15.) Finally, if two vertical, right, sections be made 
through the middle of the coffer, then such are the propor- 
tions of lengths, breadths, and thicknesses, that 

(A.) Area of the sections of the walls of coffer, is to 
area of whole section included, as 1 to pi. And 



366 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

(B.) Area of sectional walls = height of coffer 'squared.' 
Then follow some most interesting correspondences, with 
distinctions, between these three apparently most diverse 
things, the pointed Great Pyramid, the enclosed King's 
Chamber, and the lidless granite coffer; thus — 

(16.) "In each of these three structures, one rule 
governs their shape viz., two principal dimensions added 
together are pi times the third. 
Illustrates thus : — 

In Great Pyramid, Length + breadth = pi height. 

In King's Chamber, Length 4~ height = pi breadth. 

In Coffer, Length + breadth = pi height. 
Wherefore Pyramid and Coffer have their radii vertical, 
and King's Chamber, horizontal." 

Position of Coffer in King's Chamber. 

The position of this remarkable vessel having been 
described as on a flat, smooth, unmarked floor, and that 
a nodule of hard jasper from the desert outside, had been 
pushed under one corner of the south end, and tilted it out 
of position ; supposed to have been done (by the native 
Arabs) in the interest of some investigator of modern times, 
in search of an inscription, which was never found. But 
in so doing the coffer was pushed some ten inches towards 
the north, of where it had been intended to stand; for after 
subtracting that quantity from the previous measured 
distance, from the south wall, each distance came out just 
4 feet 10. 2 Pyramid inches from both the north and south 
walls, which distance is = the height of the Great Pyramid 
divided by ioo. 

We have, theoretically, divided the King's Chamber, 
transversely to its length, into two equal halves. Is any- 
thing else gained by that? 

This most important illustration of the very ground- 
work of the claim of the coffer to be a vessel of capacity 
having an earth size reference. 

The earth size relations then of the coffer, as deducted 



PEACTICAL APPLICATION OF COFFER 367 

for itself alone, are justified by the whole King's Chamber; 
and the actual size is Pyramidally recognized by the lower 
course capacity of the chamber being 50 times the contents 
of the coffer, and the coffer standing on the 50th course 
of the masonry of the whole of the Great Pyramid from the 
pavement upwards. But the shape; yes, the shape of the 
coffer as a capacity measure — what is to justify that? 
John Taylor suggested, but not very strongly, "that the 
shape of the coffer was derived from the hot bath, the 
Calidarium, long known in the East — a long and deep box 
shape in which a man might lie down at full length, or sit 
up; and such a shape, he showed had been found more 
convenient for a corn holder, or large corn measure, than 
a cube of the same contents." 

Practical Application of the Coffer in 
Capacity Measure. 

The practical uses in capacity measure of the granite 
coffer in the King's Chamber, as its architect originally 
intended, is a vessel measuring very closely to 71,250 cubic 
Pyramid inches. 

The whole quantity subdivides itself easily, after the 
manner of the Pyramid arithemetic and Pyramid construc- 
tion, as follows: — the two most important steps being, 
first, the division into 4, as typifying the four sides of the 
Pyramid's base; and second, the division into 2,500, or 
50x50 parts; fifty being the special number of the room, 
and the number also of the masonry courses of the whole 
structure on which that chamber, or rather the two ad- 
joined chambers, rest in their places; this one, containing 
10,000 000 cubic inches. 



368 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Pyramid Capacity Measure. 



Division or 
number of 
each denomi- 
nation con- 
tained in the 
whole coffer 



Interme- 
diate di- 



Capacity of each 
denomination in 
Pyramid cubic 
inches 



Equivalent 
weight in Pyra- 
mid pounds of 
water 



Name proposed to be given to each 
successive portion 



1 


0. 


4 


4. 


10 


2.5 


25 


2.5 


250 


10. 


2,500 


10. 


25,000 


10. 


250,000 


10. 


25,000,000 


10. 



71,250 




17,812 


5 


7,125 




2,850 




285 




28 


5 


2 


85 





285 





00285 



2,500 . 

625. 

250. 

100. 

10. 

1. 

0.1 
0.01 
.0001 



Coffer. 

Quarter. 

Sack. 

Bushel. 

Gallon. 

Pint. 
Wine glass or fluid oz. 
Tea-spoon or fluid dr. 

Drop. 



The above table begins, the large measured and scienti- 
fic quantity of the confer ; and ends with a unit which, in an 
approximate form as a drop (i. e., the cubical space occupied 
by a drop of water falling freely in air at a given Pyramid 
temperature and -pressure) , is in everyone's hands, and is 
definable accurately upon the coffer by the stated propor- 
tion. 

Pyramid Weight Measure. 



Division or 
n um b e,r of 
each part 
contained i n 
the weight 
standard 



Interme- 
diate di- 
visions 



Weight of the 
part so divided 
in Pyramid lbs. 



Capacity of the 
parts in Pyramid 
cubical inches of 
earth's mean den- 
sity 



Capacity of the 
parts in Pyramid 
cubical inches of 
distilled water T 
50° B 30. of Pyr- 
amid 



Name proposed to- 
be given to each 
kind of part 



1 




4 


4. 


10 


2.5 


25 


2.5 


250 


10. 


2,500 


10. 


25,000 


10. 


250,000 


10. 


25,000,000 


10. 



500 




625 




zou 
100 




10 




1 







1 





01 





0001 



2,500 




3,125 




1,250 




500 




50 




5 







5 


0. 


05 


0. 


0005 



71,250 . 

17,812.5 
7,125. 
2,850 . 

285. 

28.5 
2.85 
0.285 
0.00285 



Ton. 

Quarter. 

Wey. 

Cwt. 
Stone. 
Pound. 
Ounce. 
Dram. 
Grain. 



We consider the above tables an improvement on the 
combination measures of the United States and Great 
Britain ; and should in time become International. 



SPECIFIC GEAVITIES AND TEMPERATURES 369 

Pyramid Weighings With Reference to Specific 
Gravities, Temperatures and Pressures. 

(Sec. 78.) Weights, then, on the Pyramid system 
are equally referable, as with the French system, to one 
given and scientifically definable, point on both the tem- 
perature and pressure scales, but when nicety is required. 
But that given point in the Pyramid case is an easier, 
pleasanter, and a better known one; while for the rough 
work of the world, the Pyramid weights are calculable at 
once from Pyramid linear measure, without any reference 
to observations of thermometer and barometer at the 
instant, much more accurately than the French can be 
from theirs, under similar circumstances. The Pyramid 
rules, too, being expressable in the following simple manner : 

For small things, ascertain their bulk in cubical inches, 
divide by 5, and the result is the weight in Pyramid pounds, 
if the said articles are of the same specific gravity as the 
earth's average material of construction. 

For large masses, ascertain their bulk in cubical 
Pyramid cubits, add 34 > an d the result is the weight in 
Pyramid tons — under the same conditions of specific 
gravity. 

But if the matter measured in either case were not 
of earth's mean density, but, say, ordinary stone, the real 
weight would be nearer a half, and if of the more common 
metals, double, the amount given by the above process; 
the raw number first procured by it, requiring for accuracy's 
sake, in the case of every different pyhsical substance, to 
be multiplied by its specific gravity in terms of that of the 
earth's. Hence, such tabular multiplier is 1 when the 
specific gravity is the same as that of the mean of the whole 
earth ball's contents; a fraction of 1 when lighter; and 1 
with something added to it, when heavier; as in the follow- 
table, prepared from various authors : — 



24 



370 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Pyramid System of Specific Gravites. 
(Sec. 79.) Earth's mean density = 1 ; Temperature = 
68° Fahr.; Barometric Pressure — 30. 02 5 English inches. 



Cork 043 

White pine (American) . . . .072 
Oats (loose as in bushel) . . .088 

Larch (Scotland) 093 

Lithium 100 

Riga fir 105 

Barley (loose as in bushel) .112 

Ether, sulphuric 129 

Wheat (as in bushel) 132 

Alcohol, pure 139 

Pumice stone 160 

Ice 163 

Butter, tallow, fat 165 

Beeswax 169 

Old oak 170 

Distilled water 175 

Sea water 180 

Blood 180 

Heart of oak 206 

Cannel coal 223 

Aloes 239 

Chloroform 267 

White sugar 282 

Bone of an ox 291 

Magnesium 310 

Ivory 321 

Brick .351 

Casing stone Great Pyr 367 

Sulphuric acid, concen... .373 
Numulitic limestone, Pyr. .412 

Porcelain (China) 420 

Glass, crown 439 

"Common stone" 442 



Desert sand, near Sphinx .454 

.Aluminum 460 

Red granite (Peterhead) . . .464 

Marble (Carrara) 477 

Red granite, Great Pyr.. . .479 

Emerald 487 

Jasper 494 

Basalt 500 

Glass, flint 527 

Sapphire 550 

Diamond 618 

Topaz 621 

Ironstone 670 

Sapphire, special 701 

Garnet 720 

Ruby 750 

Loadstone 843 

Silver ore 997 

Arsenic, molten 1 .010 

Chromium 1 .04 

Tungsten 1.07 

Tellurium 1.10 

Litharge 1.10 

Uranium 1.13 

Antimony 1 . 17 

Lead ore, black 1 .20 

Zinc in its common statel.21 

Tin ore, black 1.22 

Wolfram 1.25 

Zinc, compressed 1 . 26 

Tin, pure, Cornish 1.28 

Iron, cast 1.28 

Iron ore, prismatic 1 . 29 



Lead ore, cubic 1 .33 

Iron, wrought 1 .36 

Copper, native 1 . 37 

Steel, hardened 1.37 

Brass, cast 1.37 

Manganese 1 .40 

Brass, cast, special 1 .47 

Mercury, precipitated, redl.47 

Cobalt 1.48 

Cadmium 1 .50 

Brass wire, drawn 1 .50 

Nickel 1.54 

Copper wire, drawn 1 .56 

Bismuth, native 1 .58 

Bismuth, molten 1 .72 

Silver, native 1 .76 

Mercury, precipitated 1.91 

Lead, molten 2.00 

Palladium 2.07 

Thallium 2.10 

Mercury, fluent 2.38 

Mercury, congealed 2 .75 

Gold, not hammered 2 .76 

Gold, hammered 2 .77 

Gold, 22 carets 3.31 

Gold, 24 carets 3.38 

Gold, English standard, 

hammered 3 . 40 

Platinum, purified 3 . 42 

Platinum, hammered 3.57 

Platinum wire drawn. . . .3.60 
Platinum, compressed. . . .3.87 
Iridium 3.90 



No efficient system, then, of determining weights by 
linear measure, can possibly go unaccompanied by some 
kind of table of specific gravities. 

Harmonious Commensurability of Great Pyramid 
and the Earth, by Weight of the Whole. 

If we desired the weights in Pyramid pounds, we should 
begin by taking the linear dimensions of each of the bodies 
in inches. But as tons are usually employed for large 
weights, and the weights to be dealt with are large enough 
in this case, we will follow that custom (our tons, however, 
will be Pyramid tons), and begin with the dimensions of 



PYRAMID'S L1NEAK ELEMENTS 371 



the bodies before us, in linear cubits, of the Pyramid (each 
cubit 25 Pyramid inches long, and each Pyramid inch 
1-250 millionth of the earth's semi-axis of rotation.) 

Great Pyramid's Linear Elements of Size. 

(Sec. 80.) Pyramid Cubits. 

Vertical height of Great Pyramid = 232 . 52 

Inclined height of Pyramid face t . . . — 295 . 72 

Side of square base of Great Pyramid =365. 24 

Transverse thickness of ancient casing stone film = 4 . 00 
Cubical Contents of Size of Great Pyramid. 
Cubical Pyramid cubits in the whole building, 

computed from the above linear elements 10,339,850 

Subtract for hollow internal spaces, such as 
the grand gallery, chambers, and passages, com- 
puted extraneously 5> 2 5° 

Balance 10,334,600 

Subtract casing stone film's cubical contents = 861,952 
Remains, for cubical contents of general mass . .9,472,648 

All these calculations, thus far, would have to be per- 
formed on any system of computing weights from linear 
measurements, even on the French metrical system; and 
there, also, we should have still further to ascertain the 
specific gravity of the materials we are dealing with, not 
one of them being the same as water. But the casing stones, 
of which there are 861,952 cubical cubits, have a specific 
gravity (ascertained by direct experiment on hand speci- 
mens) of 0.367, where unity represents the mean density 
of the whole earth; while the general residual mass of the 
building, of which there are 9,472,648 cubical cubits, has 
a specific gravity, under the same circumstances of o ..41 2. 

Weight of Great Pyramid. 

The conversion of the previous data into weight, pro- 
ceeds thus: — 

Casing stone cubical cubits = 861,952 

Add 34 for Pyramid cubits = 215,488 

Total. . 1,077,440 



372 THE GEE AT P YE AMID JEEZEH 

Multiply by specific gravity 0.367 =tons 395,420 

And, Residual mass in cubical cubits = 9,472,648 

Add M • 2,368,162 

Total. .11,840,810 
Multiply by specific gravity = 0. 412 . . . . = tons 4,878,414 
Wherefore, 395,420 + 4,878,414= tons 5, 2 7 3, 834 = weight of 
whole Great Pyramid. 

Now let us proceed to ascertain the mass of practical 
weight of the whole earth. 

Linear Elements of the Earth. 

Polar diameter =20,000.000 Pyramid cubits 

Equatorial diameter ....... =20.070,000 Pyramid cubits 

Mean of all diameters, nearly = 20,047,000 Pyramid cubits 
Cubical Elements of the Earth. 

Cubical Pyramid cubits contained in the earth, com- 
puted from the above linear elements, on the usual formula 
depending on value of pi = 4,218,400,000,000,000,000,000. 

Now to turn these cubical cubits into tons, we have 
merely to add \i\ for as the earth itself is its own, and the 
Pyramid's unit of density, the multiplyer there is simply 
unity. Hence — 4,218,400,000,000,000,000,000 

-f- 1,054,600,000,000,000,000,000 

Weight of the earth ) 

. > = 5,2*3,000,000, 000, 000, 000. 000 

in Pyramid tons. . j ' 

Comparing now this weight, with that of the Great 
Pyramid as given above in the same tons (5,273,834), the 
first four places of numbers are found to be identical; quite 
as close, or rather much closer, correspondence than could 
well have been expected; while the difference in the number 
of times of figures, or the number of times that the weight 
of the earth is absolutely greater than that of the Great 
Pyramid, is in the proportion of io 15 to 1 ; or, as some prefer 
to express it io ox3 to 1. 

Now this very proportion is in peculiar Pyramid num- 
bers, and must further be considered to have been intended. 



WEIGHT MEASURES OF THE WORLD 



373 



International Appendix to Great Pyramid 

Weight Measure. 

(Sec. 8 1.) Pound Weight Measures, Different Countries. 



Country or City 



Name of Weight 



\\ eight 
in Avoir- 
dupois 
Grains 



Great Britain — United States 

Portugal 

Argentine, Geneva 

Lyons 

Bolivia, Canary Islands, Chile, Cuba, 
Guatamala, Honduras, Manila, Mexico, 

Spain and Uruguay 

Colombia, Venezuela 

Mecca 

St. Gall 

Brunswick, Leipsic 

Frankfort 

Great Pyramid 

Cologne 

Prussia 

Stettin 

Wurtemberg 

Dantzig, Konigsberg, Berlin 

Zurich 

Ulm, Aix-la-Chapelle 

Rotterdam 

Strasburg 

Constance, Erfurt 

Augsburg 

Liege 

Guiana 



Pound 

Arratel or Libra 

Libra 

Livre, poids de soie 



Libra 

Libra 

Rotolo 

Light Pound 

Pound 

Light Pound 

"Pound" 

Pound 



Pound 

Pound 

Pound 

Pound 

Light Pound 

Pound 

Light Pound 

Livre 

Pound 

Light Pound 

Pound 

Livre 



7,000 
7,077 
7,084 

7,088 



7,098 
7,112 
7,144 
7,175 
7,206 
7,210 
7,212 
7,216 
7,218 
7,219 
7,220 
7,231 
7,233 
7,234 
7,243 
7,266 
7,285 
7,295 
7,330 
7,539 



The above table speaks for itself; and while no one of the 
cities or countries enumerated, have ever adopted the exact 
number of grains, that the Pyramid pound is found to 
contain (7,212) yet, the variation of less or more is only 
slightly over 200 grains, or less than half of one per cent. 

Linear and Surface Measure Strictly 
Earth-commensurable. 

(Sec. 82.) The commercial arrangement of the most 
important of all the measures of a nation, we have now 



374 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

arrived at; and that one which requires parctically to be 
attended to first, and which was first attended to, and se- 
cured with more than sufficient accuracy, as well as w r ith 
the grandest of .suitable and harmonius earth-commen- 
surability, in the Great Pyramid; viz., linear, or length 
measure. And, after all that was accomplished in laying 
out the exterior of the building in terms of this standard, 
we have seen in previous sections, that the interior arrange- 
ments of the Pyramid are similarly laid out; and there, 
both in a harder material and in a constant temperature 
which brings all standards of all materials into a uniform 
and intercomparable condition, most unexceptionably. 

The Great Pyramid's particular standard of length 
measure is, viz., its 25 inch cubit, the one-ten -millionth of 
the earth's semi-axis of rotation, and has its length most 
exactly ascertainable by modern measure (combined with 
and understanding fromula, so as to take advantage of a 
multiple of the single standard arranged by the original 
builders, through the Architect himself), in the King's 
Chamber; where, as Prof. H. L. Smith has well shown, it is 
given with surpassing accuracy by the expression: "Cubic 
diagonal of the room multiplied by to, and divided by the 
breadth of the floor. That is, in Pyramid inches deduced 
from the English inches of actual measurement, ^'oostf 
= 25 .000 Pyramid, or 25 .025 English inches. 

Evidently this is the length to which, in a concrete, 
single, and distinctly separate shape, we were shown to 
exist in the granite leaf of the ante-chamber. While the 
granite leaf still further shows the subdivisions of a single 
cubit, first into five parts (25th parts of the whole cubit), 
which parts we will designate as "inches of the Great Pyra- 
mid." 

Any one of these inches is the unit standard of the Great 
Pyramid linear measure. Accurately this inch is the 
1-500, 000, oooth of the earth's axis of rotation, an inch, 
too, which decimally subdivided, whereon extreme accuracy 
is concerned. 



PYRAMID AND ENGLISH LINEAR MEASURE 



375 



Division or number of Interme- 
each part- in the grand diate' 
Length Standard division 


Length 
in Pyr- 
miles 


Length in Pyramid 
cubits 


Length in Pyramid 
inches 


Name of each division 












( Earth's half 


1 




4000- 


10,000,000. 


250,000,000. 


J breadth or semi_ 
/ axis of rotation 


1,000 


1000. 


4. 


10,000. 


250,000. 


League. 


4,000 


4. 


1. 


2,500. 


62,500. 


Mile. 


40,000 


10. 


0.4 


250. 


6,250. 


Furlong. 


100,000 


2.5 




100.00 


2,500. 


Acre-side. 


1,000,000 


10. 




10. 


250. 


Rod. 


10,000,000 


10. 




1. 


25. 


Cubit. 


(4,800,000 






0.48 


12. 


Foot.) 


250,000,000 


25. 






1. 


Inch. 


2,500,000,000 


10. 






0.1 


Tenths. 


25,000,000,000 


10. 






0.01 


Hundredths. 


250,000,000,000 


10. 






0.001 


Thousandths. 



A small standard, viz., the foot of 12 inches is left in 
place; because, although not evenly earth -commensurable, 
and inappropriate, therefore, for scientific purposes, there 
is a large operative use for it ; and it is connected at one end, 
though not at the other, with the Pyramid system. And 
if we next compare all the mutually approximating Pyra- 
mid items with the British, and in terms of present English 
inches (so that we may not be speaking in an unknown 
tongue) , we shall have the following table : — 

Pyramid and English Linear Measure. 

Compared through the temporary medium of English 
linear inches. 



Pyramid Inches. 



English Inches. 



1 earth's semi-axis 
of rotation . . =250,250,000,000 



league.. . 
mile .... 
arce-side 



1 rod 



1 cubit 
1 foot . 
1 inch . 



250,250.000 

62,562.500 

2,502.500 

250.250 

25.025 

12.012 

1.001 



1 league.. . 

1 mile 

1 acre-side 

1 rod 

2 foot rule . 

1 foot 

1 inch 



= 218,721.600 

= 63,360.000 

= 2,504.525 

= 198.000 

= . 24.000 

= 12.000 

= 1.000 



376 



THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



International Appendix to Great Pyramid 
Linear Measure. 

"Cloth Measure," Close to Pyramid Cubit. 



Country or City 



Name of Linear Measure 



Length 
in 

English 
Inches 



Algears 

Ancona 

Bergen, Copenhagen 

Betalfagui, Basoria, Mocha 

Bologna 

Candia 

Egypt 

Ferrara 

Great Pyramid 

Mantua 

Moldavia, Roumania 

Nancy 

Padua 

Parma 

Patras 

Persia 

Smyrna 

Trieste 

Tunis 

Venice 

Verona 

Zante 



Turkish pic 

Braccio 

Ell 

Guz 

Braccio (Woolen) 

Pic 

Derah 

Braccio (Silk) 
"Pyramid Cubit" . 

Braccio 

Kot 

Aune 

Braccio (Silk) 
Braccio (Cloth) . . 

Pic (Silk) 

Guerze 

Indise 

Ell (Silk) 

Pic (Silk) 

Braccio (Silk) 
Braccio (Silk) 
Braccio (Silk) 



24.53 

25.33 

24.71 

25.00 

25.00 

25.11 

25.49 

24.75 

25 .025 

25.00 

24.86 

25.18 

25.30 

25.10 

25.00 

25.00 

24.65 

25.22 

24.83 

24.81 

25.22 

25.37 



Thermometers and their Scales in Different Coun- 
tries. 

(Sec. 83.) A "thermometer" in this enlightened age is 
one of the most widely essential of all scientific instruments 
and there is probably no modern science which can advance 
far without its aid. 

Prominently connected with thermometers is the name 
of "Mynheer Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit," who was born 
at Hamburg as some say; at Dantzig, according to others; 
while all allow that he afterwards lived at Amsterdam. 
Exactly when his birth took place is not known, nor is the 
date of his death, but his "Dissertation on Thermometers" 



THERMOMETBIC SCALES 377 

was published in London in 1724, not many years after 
the first successful introduction of quicksilver, to take the 
place of air, in thermometers; and seems to have been the 
chief agent, over and above his own practical success in 
the manufacture of such thermometers, in causing his 
system of numbers and scale-graduations to become such 
an almost universal favorite in England. And yet it is 
now alleged that Fahrenheit was not the original inventor 
of the scale which bears his name; that having been really 
divised and first used by Olaus Roemer, the celebrated 
astronomer of Copenhagen, about 1 709. Touching absolute 
cold, is seen every winter to be a mistake, whenever his 
thermometer descends below its own carefully marked zero ; 
while the all-important point of the freezing of water is 
left at the not very signal, but certainly rather inconvenient 
number of 32°; and the boiling point at the not more con- 
venient one of 212 . 

Manv, therefore have been the demands that either the 
German Reaumur, or the French Centigrade should be 
adopted ; in terms of any of which, water freezing marks o° ; 
and all degrees below that notable point are nagative ; 
above, positive. 

As a greater number of states of temperature are 
generally demanded, between the freezing and boiling 
points, why not adopt the 250 of the Great Pyramid scale? 
For, by so doing, not only will the world's population reap 
that one advantage above mentioned, to a still greater 
extent, but they will suffer less shock, as it were, in their 
feelings, when talking of summer temperatures, than even 
if they retained the Fahrenheit degrees, but placed at o° 
at freezing; as simply illustrated by the following numbers 
giving the absolute temperatures in terms of five different 
thermometric scales : — 



Fahrenheit | Mod- Fahrenheit 


Centigrade 


Reaumur 


Pyramid 


122° 
104 


9° ° 

72° 


5°° 

40° 


40° 
32° 


125° 

IOO° 



The Pyramid system which so often ends with reference 



378 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

to the four sides of its base, again comes to our aid in the 
fixing of temperatures. Multiply, therefore, the 250 (of 
water -boiling by 4, making i,ooo°; at the notable and 
dividing line of heat, where it causes bodies to begin to give 
out light. Again, multiply this 1,000 by 5 (a Pyramid 
number) and we have 5,000° of the Pyramid, or that glow- 
ing white-hot heat, where the chemists of the different 
nations would place the melting point of the most dense 
and refractory of all metals, platinum. Or descend again 
to — 400° Pyramid, and we find a point regarded by some 
existing chemists as the absolute zero of temperature. 

The French metrical temperature reference was original- 
ly intended by its scientific authors, admirable for their 
day, to have been the freezing point for water; on the arith- 
metical and mathematical, rather than physical and ex- 
perimental, conclusion — that they would find water in 
its densest condition when coldest, or immediately before 
passing into the state of ice. But when they began to 
experiment, nature refused to be bound by human ideas, 
and water was discovered to be of the greatest density at a 
very sensible distance of heat above freezing, or at 39. 2 ° 
Fahr. 

But all these anomalies are corrected at once at the 
Great Pyramid; for its position on the earth's surface in 
that parallel of latitude (viz.30 ) which, by the geometry 
of a sphere, has an equal amount of terrestrial surface 
between itself and the equator on one side, and itself and 
the Pole on the other, evidently points to something 
like mean terrestrial surface temperature as the proper 
central point of comparison in the affairs of men. Equally, 
too, does the Pyramid point to 30 of its inches of mercurial 
pressure of the atmosphere, as the international reference 
in that department of Nature. Exhibiting the quantity 
also as the very clear and distinctlv separating line between 
good and bad of the weather all the world over; above 30 
inches of the barometer meaning dry weather, sun -shine 
and bracing Polar air ; below 30 inches, rain, clouds moisture 
and electric equatorial gales. 



DIFFERENT METALS MEET 



379 



The Pyramid reference indeed for pressure would not 
be exact, if observed very scientifically and microscopically 
in its own latitude and longitude at the sea level. But that 
low down reduction of all materiologists, is only another 
case of their going on one side, instead of to the middle, of 
the fact; for the bulk of mankind does not live at that 
most dangerous level, where the record of the "tidal- 
wave" tells its own story — but at such a mean and per- 
fectly safe height above it, as that of the King's Chamber 
of the Great Pyramid, viz., 4,297 inches (or 358 ft. 1 inch) 
A height which both gives out, on an annual mean of baro- 
metric observations, the required 30 inches; and at the 
same time makes the temperature observed there, under 
normal circumstances, the true Pyramidal 1-5 between 
boiling and freeing of water; and not the slightly higher 
temperature of that latitude and longitude, if reduced to 
what does not exist there the sea-shore and its level. 

Temperatures in Pyramid Thermometer Degress. 

(Sec. 84.) Atmospheric pressure = 30 inches, except 
when otherwise stated. 



Platinum melts 5000 

Wrought iron melts 4000 

Wrought iron melts 3750 

Steel melts : 3500 

Steel melts 3250 

Cast iron melts 3875 

Cast iron, grey, melts 3130 

Cast iron, white, melts .... 2625 

Gold, pure, melts 3125 

Gold, alloyed as in coinage2950 

Copper melts 2875 

Silver, pure, melts 2555 

Silver, pure, melts 2500 

Bronze melts 2250 

Sulphur boils 1100 

Antimony melts 1080 

Zinc melts 1028 

Zinc melts 900 

Iron visible in the dark. .1000 



Mercury boils 882 

Mercury boils 875 

Sulphuric acid, strong boils 845 

Sulphuric acid boils 812 

Lead melts 815 

Cadmium melts 788 

Phosphorus boils 725 

Bismuth melts 575 

Water boils under 20 at- 
mospheres 535 

Under 15 atmospheres.. 500 

Under 10 atmospheres.. 450 

Under 5 atmospheres.. 381 

Spirit of Turpentine boils 325 

Acetic acid boils 290 

Sulphur melts 278 

Water Boils 250 

Sodium melts 238 

Benzol boils 200 



380 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Alcohol, pure, boils 


198 


Ether boils 


28 


Alcohol, pure, boils 


195 


Mean temperature of Lon- 




Stearic acid melts 


174 


don 


25 


White wax melts 


170 


Low winter temperature at 




Wood spirit boils 


166 


Great Pyramid 


20 


Potassium melts 


158 


Water freezes 





Yellow wax melts 


155 


Freezing mixture, snow 




Greatest observed shade 




and salt - 


-50 


temperature 


139 


Sulphuric acid freezes . . . .- 


-87 


Stearine melts 


138 


Mercury freezes - 

Greatest cold experienced- 


-98 


Spermaceti melts 


122 


-125 


Summer temperature at 




Greatest artificial cold, ni- 




Great Pyramid 


100 


trious oxide and carbonic 




Ether, common, boils 


92 


disulphide, in vacuo. . . .- 


-350 


Blood heat 


91.5 


Absolute zero (Miller's 




Butter and lard melts. . . . 


82 


Chemistry — 


-400 


Mean temperature at level of 




Theoretical base of air 




King's Chamber in Great 




thermometer; or air sup- 




Pyramid 


50 


posed to be so excessive- 




Pyramid temperature — T I 




ly contracted in bulk by 




Mean temperature of all 




cold, as at last to occupy 




lands inhabited by man, 




no space at all, and in 




and temperature of the 




that case to become of 




most suitable degree to 




infinitely great specific 




man 


50 


gravity - 


-682 



PYRAMID ANGLE MEASURE. 

(Sec. 85.) Astronomical scientific development, feels 
the necessity, and demands an angular, -as well as a linear 
measure to refer to for distances: while the same demand 
for angular measure is experienced in each of the purely 
terrestrial sciences as well. 

The French savants of the Revolution attempted to 
introduce into their decimally arranged metrical system 
an angular graduation where the quadrant contained 100, 
and the whole circle 400, degrees. But, after trying it 
for some years, they had to give it up; for it seems the 
influence of "Great Babylon," which is, by many persons, 
believed to have originally invented, and then fixed on the 
world, our present sexagesimal system, or 360 ° to the circle, 
and 6o' to the degree, was too powerful for the then, 
mathematicians of Paris, to contend successfully against. 



SYSTEM OF ANGLE MEASURES 



381 



But there could have been no more community feeling 
among the Babylonians, and the extreme ancient Builders 
of the Great Pyramid in their goniometry, than in their 
methods of astronomical orientation, which we have 
alreadv seen were entirely diverse. What system, then, 
for angle was more probably employed at the Great Pyra- 
mid ? 

A system, apparently, of ioco° to the circle; 250 to the 
quadrant. This conclusion has been ventured, by promi- 
nent Egyptologists, to be deducted from the following 
features at the Pyramid : — 

(a.) The angle of rise of the Pyramid's flanks, and the 
angle of descent or ascent of its passages, are both very 
peculiar angles, characteristic of the Great Pyramid; and 
though rough and incommensurable on either the Baby- 
lonian, or French, or any known angular system, are in a 
practical wav evenly commensurable on the Pyramid 
svstem. 



Pyramid Feature 



System of Angle Measures 



Babylonian | French | Vulgar | Pyramid 



A whole circumference 
Angle of side with ) 

horizon \ 

Angle of passages. . . . . 



360 



50 51' 14" 

26 18' 10" 



400 ° 


32° 


57 °.62 


4°. 61 


2Q°- 2 3 


2°. 34 



TOOO 



i44°.o 



73°-o8 



(b.) Whereas the King's Chamber has been in a manner 
utilized as the chamber of the standard of 50, and the 
Queen's as that of the standard of 25, and are both of them 
witnessed to by the number of Pyramid courses on which 
they stand, the subterranean chamber may be considered 
the chamber of angular measure; and does, at its center, 
view the whole pyramid side, at an angle of 75 ° 15' 1" 
Babylonian, but 2og°.oT, Pyramid. And though there 
are now only 202, there are shown to have been in the 
original finished Pyramid somewhere between 209 and 218 
complete masonry courses; or agreeing within the limits 
of error of those researches, with the angular result of 209 °. 

(c.) And then there follows a useful practical result 



382 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

to Navigation, and its peculiar itinerary measure, the 
'knot,' or nautical, or sea-mile; viz., the length of a mean 
minute of a degree of latitude. 

At present there is much inconvenience from the large 
difference in the length between our land and sea miles; 
for they measure 5,280 and 6,085 . 88 + feet respectively. 
(See index for length of statute and nautical mile compared.) 
But granted that a Pyramid knot shall be 1-2 5th part of 
a Pyramid degree, then the respective lengths of a Pyramid 
land, and a Pyramid sea, mile will be the comparatively 
approaching quantities, in inches, of 62,500 and 62,995. 

Money. (Why not Pyramid Money?) 

(Sec. 86.) Many inquirers have demanded, '-'What 
about money on the Pyramid system?" 

Nothing whatever has been discovered up to this date 
(except coincidence) that has coupled the subject of money 
with the Great Pyramid. And, no wonder, for no one has 
as yet defined exactly, what money is. 

The nearest approximation to the subject (we have 
ever seen) we think is, in a small volume entitled "A Thirty 
Years' War on Silver," by Supreme Judge Fitsgerald, 
of the State of Nevada. Look at any piece of (coin) money 
whatever : whose image and superscription does it bear) 
That of some earthly Caesar or other. None of the present 
or past coinages, with which we are familiar, have any 
fixed weight or measurement, relative to any other fixed 
weight or measurement; with the single exception of the 
"5 cent nickel" of the United States, which is: "a milli- 
metre in thickness, and is said to weigh 15 grammes," 
in its relation to the "French metric system." The fol- 
lowing astonishing coincidence, however, is worth quoting; 
given to the world by Dr. Watson F. Quinby, of Wilmington 
Delaware, some forty years ago, as follows: — 

"Our (U. S.) silver coinage corresponds in grains to the 
measures of the King's Chamber in the Great P}ramid, in 
English inches. So that the length of that chamber being 



TRANSCENDENTALISMS OF ASTRONOMY 383 

412.5 of those inches, the standard weight of the "Dollar 
of the Fathers" is 412.5 grains; the half-dollar, weighing 
206 . 2 grains represents the breadth of the same chamber — 
206.25 English inches; and the quarter-dollar of 103. 1 
grains represents in inches the half breadth of the same 
chamber, or the 'touch-stone' length as it has been called 
of so many of the Great Pyramid's measurements. 

"At the same time the grander golden coin, the Ameri- 
can Eagle, contains 232.5 grains of pure gold, or the number 
of Pyramid cubits in the vertical height of the Great Pyra- 
mid; and the 'half-eagle' contains 116. 25 of the same gold 
in grains, equal almost exactly to the length of the Ante- 
Chamber of the King's Chamber in the same Pyramid 
expressed in Pyramid inches." 

Transcendentalisms of Great Pyramid Astronomy 

[By Prof. Piazzi Smyth, R. A., with comments by the 

author.] 

(Sec. 87.) "Now the only source from whence one uni- 
form system of siderial chronology, and which, though 
endued with some change in respect to the seasons, yet 
alters so slowly year by year and generation after generation 
as to require 25,827 years before it passes through all 
the seasons — the only source, I say, from whence it could 
have emanated in that early age of the world, and have been 
impressed upon the origines of all races of mankind, is, 
was, and ever will be, Divine inspiration; and the Divine 
intention touching that mystery of God, the human race 
on earth. 

"Bat not by any means implying that the terrestrial 
human race is the only object cared for by God, through- 
out all the siderial universe. For had it been so, they 
might have been created for man's chronological purposes 
alone — instead of man being taught, as in this case, to 
make the best practical use of pre-existant, pre-created 
means. Here, accordingly, what we are called upon to 
note, may rather remind us of that which Josephus records 



384 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

of the descendants of Seth, viz., that no creation miracles 
were wrought for them, but that they, though favored 
with Divine assistance, had to study astronomy in the laws 
of the stars as they already existed. And pushing our 
calculations to the extreme of modern science, we shall 
undoubtedly find that those stars were by no means in 
themselves absolutely perfect for this one end alone. But 
take them as they were 4,000 years ago, and after they had 
been already set in motion by the divine power aeons and 
aons of ages before the Pyramid day — and you will find 
that they did, at that epoch, come quite near enough to 
form an excellent practical chronological system of the 
kind indicated ; and no better mode of utilizing those actual 
phenomena of the starry sky, nor any better choice among 
the stars, ever has been imagined since then, in any country 
of the world. 

Thus, to moderate observation (and with far greater 
accuracy than the annuals of the profane history of man- 
kind have been kept to) all these hereinafter -f olio wing 
features may be said, in ordinary terms, to obtain — 

1. The Great Pyramid is astronomically oriented in its 
sides; and its passages are in the plane of the meridian. 

2. The entrance passage, with its alt. angle of 26 ° i6 A 
nearly, points 3 42' vertically below the Northern Pole 
of the sky. 

3. In the year 2170 B. C, a Draconis was 3 42' from 
the Pole of the sky, and therefore looked down the axis 
of the entrance passage, when at its lower culmination. 

4. When a Draconis was so looking down the entrance- 
passage in the North, then Tauri, the chief star in the 
Pleiades group, was crossing the local terrestrial meridian, 
towards the South ; in the vertical plane of direction of the 
Grand Gallery, but at a point high up in the sky, near the 
equator. 

5. At the same moment of that year, 2170 B. C, the 
celestial meridian of the Vernal Equinox also coincided 
with that same Tauri star, and gave it for the time an 
extraordinary, chronological, super-eminence over all others. 



THE POLE STAR 385 



6. That whole stellar combination had not taken place 
for 25,827 years previously, and will not take place again 
for 25,827 years subsequently. It has not consequently 
repeated, or confused, itself yet in all the history of the 
human race; through the Sothiac cycle, the Phoenix cycle, 
and other chronological inventions of the profane Egyptian 
priests, men long after the Pyramid day, and supposed 

generally to have been the most learned of the ancients 

have done so again and again ; to the lamentable confound- 
ing of dates in the old Pagan, and modern Egyptological 
world too." 

Note.— It will be observed in the above quotation, that 
Professor Smyth reaches back in his astronomical calcula- 
tions, nearly 30,000 years, but he does not go back with his 
dates, "to the first advent oj man upon the earth" beyond 
4,004 B. C, thereby, rather mixing his theory, of the 
"4th day of Creation," as recorded in the first chapter of 
Genesis. Again he says: — 

"But if the calculations on which the above Pyramid 
results are founded, shall be pushed to much greater 
refinement, or to proportions of space invisible to the naked 
eye,— it then appears that (1.) the Pole star, when it was 
3° 42' from the Pole, (2.) the equatorial star opposite to it, 
and (3.) the celestial meridian of the equinox, were not all 
of them on the Pyramid's meridian, below and above the 
Pole, precisely at the same instant, either in the year 2170 
B. C, or in any other year. 

But this difficulty is not by any means entirely depen- 
dent on the stars, in their places, not being as exact as if 
they had been created originally for no other than the above 
purpose ; for there are hindrances also to modern astronomy, 
in precisely realising every simple thing in number, weight' 
and measure, that has taken place in Nature dnring the last 
4,000 years. Two astronomers, for instance, using the same 
data, may compute back the place of a given star 4,000 
years ago from its present place, and they shall agree to a 
second in the result; but it does not therefore follow that 



25 



386 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

the star was precisely there at that time, as though a con- 
temporary astronomer had observed it then; because pro- 
per motion, and variations of proper motion, may exist, 
quite unknown to the short period of surveillance over the 
second in the result; but it does not therefore follow that 
the star was as precisely there at that time, as though a con- 
temporary astronomer had observed it then ; because prop- 
er motion, and variations of proper motion, may exist, quite 
unknown to the short period of surveillance over the stars 
yet enjoyed by modern astronomy. Some of the quantities 
too, of the celestial mechanics concerned ,such as the precise 
amount of the very precession of the equinoxes itself, and 
its accompanying phenomena of nutation and aberration, 
may have been erroneously assumed, and never can, or will 
be ascertained perfectly by man. The accepted numerical 
values of such quantities do, in fact, vary at the same time 
between one astronomer and another (unless both were 
brought up in the same school, and then both may differ 
from truth), and also between one generation and another 
of astronomers in the same place.* 

[At the request of Prof. Smyth, in 187 1, Dr. Brunnow, 
(then Astronomer-Royal for Ireland,) prepared the follow- 
ing table on the Pyramid star calculations], viz. — 
( 1 .) "a Draconis was for the first time (t) a "t the 

distance of 3 41' 50" from the pole in the 

year ■ = 3443 B - C. 

(2.) "It was at the least distance from the 

Pole, or o° 3' 25", in the year == 2790 B. C. 

(3.) "It was for the second time at the distance 

of 3 41' 42" from the Pole in the year. . . = 2136 B. C. 

* Viz — Astronomers even of 40 years ago are no longer 
quoted authoritively ; for it is found that the theories of 
Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, are all in 
need of revision. The Tables of the Planets by Professor 
M. Le Verrier, and Newcomb, differ materially from present 
observations. 

t How did he know that it was there for the first time ? 



STAES CEOSS THE POLE 387 



(4.) "Tauri (Alcyone of the Pleiades) was in 
the same right ascension as the equinoctial 

point in the year • == 2248 B. C. 

when it crossed the meridian above the Pole 
3 47' north of the Equator, with a Draconis 
crossing below the Pole, nearly but not ex- 
actly at the same instant; and a Draconis 
was then nearly 90 ° (89 ° 16') from Alcyone 
in the meridian, measured through the Pole. 
(5.) "a Draconis and Tauri were exactly 
opposite to each other, so that one of them 
could be on the meridian above the Pole, 
and the other on the meridian below the Pole 
at the same absolute instant, only at the 

date of == I574 p. Q. 

but when all the other data diverged largely. 
"We have now to deal with the last three dates. Of 
these three, the first two evidently include between them 
my own previous quantity of 2170 B. C; but the third 
differs extravagantly. Nevertheless, the visible effect 
in the sky of that one apparently very large difference in 
absolute date, is merely this, according to Dr. Brunnow's 
computation; viz., that when Tauri, or the Pleiades, 
were crossing the meridian above the Pole, at my Pyramid 
date of 2170 B. C, a Draconis was not doing the same thing, 
exactly beneath the pole, at the same instant; for the star 
was then at the distance of o° 17' west of the meridian. 
But it would have been doing the same thing perfectly, 
according to an entrance -pass age observation of it, if the 
northern end of that passage had been made by the builders 
to trend 17' westward, still keeping to its observed angular 
height in the vertical plane; viz., 26 ° 18'. 

"Whereupon comes the question whether — granting 
temporarily that Dr. Brunnow's excellent calculations 
in modern astronomy replace everything that has happened 
in Nature during the last 4,000 years — whether that 17' of 
the Pole star's west distance from the meridian was a thing 



388 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

of moment ; — and if so, is this the first occasion on which 
the divergence has been discovered? 

"Seventeen minutes of space, or less than the thousandth 
part of the azimuthal scale, is but a small quantity for 
any one to appreciate in all the round of the blue expanse, 
without instruments ; and the first effort of Greek astronomy 
i, 800 years after the Pyramid was built, [? how did he r 
or how does any other human being, living, know just 
when it was built?] is reported to have been the discovery 
that the Pole star of that day, then 6° from the Pole, was 
not as they, the Greeks, had previously held, exactly on the 
Pole. Greek and other profane nations, then, had been in 
the habit of overlooking, long, long after the epoch of the 
Pyramid, an error twenty times as great as this which is 
now charged on the Great Pyramid astronomy, by the 
present day science of precision, which has been at last 
elaborated amongst men after a further consumption of 4,- 
000 years. 

"And yet it was not all error either, on the part of the 
Great Pyramid. For here we should take account of the 
results of my observations in 1865, when I succeeded in 
comparing the directions of both the outside of the Pyramid, 
the internal axis of the entrance passage, and the axis of the 
azimuth trenches separately and successively with the 
Polar star. These observations were made with a powerful 
altitude-azimuth instrument, reading of its angles with 
micrometer-microscopes to tenths of seconds; and the con- 
clusions from them were, that everything at the Great 
Pyramid trended, at its, north end towards the west — the 
azimuth trenches by 19 minutes, the socket side of the base 
by 5 minutes, and the axis of the entrance passage by more 
nearly 4 minutes and a half. What could all these features 
have been laid out for with this slight tendency to the west 
of north ? was a question which I frequently pondered over 
at the Great Pyramid, and sometimes even accused the 
earth's surface of having shifted with respect to its axis 
of rotation during 4000 years. But now the true ex- 



ASTBONOMICAL CONCLUSIONS 389 

planation would appear to be, that the Seth-deseended 
acrhitect, knowing perfectly well the want of exactly the 
12 hours, or 50 inch, correspondence between his Polar and 
Equatorial stars (though they were the best in the sky), had 
so adjusted in a minute degree the position of the Great 
Pyramid when building it, as to reduce any error in his 
Pleiades system of chronology arising out of the stellar 
discrepance, to a minimum. Whence the fact of the 
western divergence of the north pointing of the entrance- 
passage, as detected by the modern astronomy observa- 
tions in 1865, combined with the computation in 187 1 — 
becomes the most convincing practical proof of inten- 
tion, and not accident, having guided all these time 
arrangements of the Great Pyramid. 

"On discussing recently with some of the astronomers 
who were sent to Egypt in December 1874, to observe the 
Transit of Venus (ns a stepping stone toward attaining a 
knowledge of the sun distance) — the palm of merit for 
the best time obseivations seemed to be unanimously 
accorded to those of them who had adopted a new method 
of using their transit instruments, recently elaborated 
by M. Otto Struve, of the Central Russian Observatory; 
and which consisted in observing, not exactly in the plane 
of the meridian (as usually done or tried to be done), 
but in the vertical of the Pole star at the instant; — or, as nearly 
as possible, on the very method of ultra-refinement adopted 
at the ancient Great Pyramid. Hence the object of this 
chapter is now fully obtained : for not only does the ancient 
monument fix an absolute date for itself, viz., something 
very close to 2170 B. C, which all the profane monuments 
were confessed to be incapable of even approximately 
attempting, but it does so by methods unknown of old 
elsewhere, and only recently begun to be appreciated in 
the best European astronomy." 

The foregoing copious notes, from Professor Smyth's 
final effort, before he passed to the beyond, in his attempt 
to fix the date of the building of the Great Pyramid, is 



390 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

one of the best efforts of his life, and is indicative of the 
man. He was a noted astronomer and mathematician, and 
wrote nothing but what he thoroughly believed to be true. 
But his science was narrow, and warped, at times, in his 
vain attempt to prove, that a "Deified Atchitect" directed 
the building of the Great Pyramid, in the year 2170 B. C. 

With the perfect mechanical skill which he knew was 
necessary, to construct the inner, finished portions of the 
Great Pyramid; and the mathematical and astronomical 
intelligence requisite for its architect to lay out and plan 
such a building, his knowledge of past history taught him : — 
that no such individual, or set of individuals had preceeded 
our present scientific age, within the last 6,000 years, or 
even existed today. 

And with his further belief, (and to him, knowledge) 
that this earth of ours was only about 5,883 years old in 
the year 1879 A. D. ; it was perfectly natural that he should 
not only suggest, but believe that the Architect was gifted 
with Deific intelligence. But in his great enthusiasm for 
his Deified Architect he neglected to apply that same term- 
to the mechanics and laborers on the Great Pyramid, 
which were certainly — equally necessary. That the Great 
Pyramid is the most perfect building in the world for a 
"Depositary of Weights and Measures," geographically, 
astronomically and mathematically, every person who has 
read up the subject must confess. And, every Fraternal 
man, no matter as to what organization he represents , 
must also acknowledge its perfect adaptability, as an 
asylum or lodge outfit. 

But just what use it could be to religious worshipers, 
we are at a loss to know, and Professor Smyth has not 
informed us. For, as a matter of course, if its architect 
was Deified, it was for a purpose; and, that purpose should 
stand out somewhere in that grand structure, to point out 
one "God," or the "Father and Son"; or, Heaven, and 
Hades. But, no such significence has been pointed out, 
by any Egyptologist as existing therein. 



AGE OF THE EAETH 391 

Our theory therefore, comes to the front. For, as 
no human being has appeared upon the face of the earth 
in the record of history; or that can be found today in the 
whole civilized world, that would be egotistical enough 
even to assert: that he could plan, and cause the erection 
of a similar structure, as that of the Great Pyramid Jeezeh; 
therefore, as the building really exists, somebody must have 
been the architect, and some body of intelligent human 
beings must have assisted him in its erection. Who were 
they? 

Let us reason together. The earth is proven to have 
been several millions of years in existence, by both geo- 
logy, and astronomy. If that is so, will any one attempt to 
argue in this enlightened age, that is has only been peopled 
for 6,000 years? Suppose in minimum figures, that the 
earth has stood just 1,000,000 years; and that it has been 
inhabited, off and on, for one-fourth of that period, or 
250,000 years; and that during some one of those inhabited 
periods, the geneology existed through more than 50,000 
years; could not they as a race of people, have gained more 
knowledge, general intelligence, scientific and mechanical 
skill, in 50,000 years, than we have stored up in our little 
insignificant 6,000 years? The internal fires of the earth, 
and the changing of the earth's polarity from various 
causes, has caused most of the continents to change 
places with the waters of the earth, many times, 
but at long intervals. During some one of these 
long inhabited periods, the wise men of their day, dis- 
covered' that there was a small peice of territory located 
near to 30 ° N. Lat., and 31 ° 10' 1" E. Lon. that would not 
again change places with the watery deep, for at least 500,- 
000 years. On this spot they erected that "Great First 
Wonder of the World," that has kept our geology guessing 
for over 5000 years. We have in a previous section of this 
work stated, the purpose that led to its erection. Before 
closing this volume we will picture one of the 'degrees' 



392 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



taken in this asylum over 50,000 years ago. But first, 
a little more conservative information in measurement and 
capacity. 

The Ark of the Covenant of Moses. 

(Sec. 88.) The size of that Ark-box of Moses is given 
in the Old Testament as being 2^ cubits long, ij^ cubits 
broad, and 1V2 high; which measures being reduced to 
Pyramid inches, on Sir Isaac Newton's valuation of the 
sacred cubit of Moses, = 62 .5x37. 5x37. 5 of those inches. 

But was this outside measure or inside measure? for 
that must make a very material difference in the cubical 
result. 

Outside measure, without a doubt, and for the following 

reasons : — 

Because the vertical component is spoken of as height, 
and not depth; and because the lower lid of gold, or the 
Mercy-seat, being made only the same stated length and 
breadth as the Ark itself, it would have stood insecure, and 
run a chance of tumbling down to the bottom of the box, 
if that length and breadth had signified the top of the 
box's inside, and not its outside area. Scripture does not 
inform us just what thickness the sides were, and therefore 
we do not know exactly how much to subtract from the 
outside, to give the inside dimensions; but the outside hav- 
ing been given, and the material stated, the limits within 
which such thickness must be found are left very narrow 
indeed. Let the thickness, for instance, be assumed to be 
1.8 Pyramid inches; then the length, breadth, and depth 
will be reduced from an outside of 62.5x37.5x37.5 to 
an inside of 58.9x33.9x35.7; which gives 71,282 cubic 
inches for the capacity contents of this open box without 

a lid. 

Or, if we place the sides and ends at 1.75 inch in thick- 
ness, and the bottom at 2 inches — which are very fair 
proportions in carpentry for such a sized box in such a 
quality of wood, as that from which it was constructed, — 
then its inside measure would be59.ox34.ox35-5; which 



SOLOMON'S MOLTEN SEA 393 

makes the cubical contents = 7 1,2 13 cubic inches. Which 
makes it almost identical with the capacity of the coffer in 
the King's Chamber of the Great Pyramid; or within 0.37 
of a cubic inch. 

The brazen lavers of Solomon's Temple were also of the 
same cubic capacity as the coffer in the Great Pyramid : and 
measured on the Hebrew system 40 baths or 4 homers; 
while each of those homers was of equal value in capacity 
as the Anglo-Saxon 'quarter,' used for corn measure 
amongst that people. 

Solomon's Molten Sea. 

(Sec. 89.) This vessel, by name the "Molten Sea" 
was cast in bronze, though of a shape and size which have 
defied all essayists hitherto to agree upon. Even in the 
Bible, something of what is said there about it, is stated 
variously in different books thereof, as in that of Kings, 
the cubical contents are given as 2,000 baths, while in 
Chronicles they are set down as 3,000. As the latter is 
only fragmentary, we will take the former statement; and 
then find that the statement in baths, that the 'molten 
sea' would have contained the contents of a laver 50 times; 
or a Pyramid number at once. 

In I. Kings, VII. 23-26, we are told that the 'molten 
sea' "was ten cubits from one brim to the other ; it was round 
all about, and its height was five cubits; and a line of thirty 
cubits did compass it round about and it was a hand's- 
breadth thick." 

To realize the shape is the first point. Some devout 
students have imagined it cylindrical; some of a swelling 
cauldron form, but the greater numbers, a hemispherical 
shape; and this, perhaps, is most agreeable (1.) to the 
phrase "round all about," (2.) to its diameter being twice 
its height, and (3.) to the traditionary testimony of Josephus 
that it was hemispherical. 

If this point is settled, are the measures given, of the 
inside, or outside denomination? By the rule established 



394 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

for the Ark, the breadth and height are outside, of course; 
but in that case, what is the meaning of a circle of 10 cubits 
in diameter, having a circumference of 30 cubits? That is 
a total impossibility; and wholly against the principal 
measurements of the Great Pyramid itself, which proves 
in various ways that the circumference of a circle having 
10 for diameter, cannot be less than 31 .4159, etc. 

We conclude therefore, (as an indication of the thick- 
ness of the vessel is given, viz. at a hand-breadth) that the 
inside circumference was alluded to, but the outside dia- 
meter. 

A hemisphere, then, with an inside circumference of 
30 Pyramid cubits, its diameter would be 238.73 Pyramid 
inches, giving, with an outside diameter of 10 cubits, 
nearly 5 . 5 inches for thickness (or the space which the hand 
of a strong man spread out would easily cover). The 
cubic contents, then, of such internal hemisphere will be 
3,562,070 Pyramid cubit inches; and divided by the Pyra- 
mid number of 50, give 71,241 of the same cubic inches; 
i. e., within a seven-thousandth part the same as either 
the Ark of the Covenant, or the Coffer of the Great Pyramid. 

Solomon's reason for making his "molten sea" 50 times 
larger than his already large brazen vessels, the lavers, 
was most probably occult; and used only for the purpose 
of demonstrating some of the mysteries of the great 
Unknoivable. Think of it, this "molten sea" of Solomon's 
had a capacity of over 15,420 U. S. gallons; could it have 
been used for storing corn, wine or oil? 

The cubit used by Solomon at the building of the Temple 
being also of the sme 25 inch, and earth-commensurable T 
length as that employed by Moses on the Tabernacle in 
the Wilderness; and that again identical with the cubit 
chiefly monumentalized in the design of the Great Pyramid : 
yet we have been obliged to conclude that Moses, though he 
lived long in Egypt, could never have been inside of the 
Great Pyramid, and had, therefore, no opportunity of 
humanly copying the cubic contents of the coffer; or supply- 



OTHER ROOMS IN THE PYRAMID 395 

ing himself with a note of the length of its cubit; vastly 
more certain may we be that King Solomon was never inside 
the Great Pyramid either, or in a position to note the exact 
amount of cubic contents of the lower course of the coffers' 
containing chamber, or to copy the Pyramid cubit length 
and its subdivisions from the granite leaf in the a te- 
chamber. 

Whence, then, came the metrological ideas common to 
three individuals in three different ages; and involving 
reference to deep cosmical attributes of the earth, under- 
stood by the best and highest of human learning at none of 
those times ? We leave the subject with you. 

ARE THERE OTHER ROOMS STILL UNDISCOV- 
ERED WITHIN THE GREAT PYRAMID? 

(Sec. 90.) Modern quarrying into this, nearly solid 
structure, at different periods, is evidence on its face, that 
the delvers into this massive structure, expected to dis- 
cover other open space. And, as only about 1 -2000th 
of the whole mass, is found to be open space, it is not to 
be wondered at; and we believe it, as we have previously 
stated. 

Several important personages have delved into the 
floor of the Queen's Chamber, in years past, expecting to 
find a passageway leading to the "Sphinx." While we 
firmly believe that such a passage way exists, we think it 
will be found to enter somewhere beneath the N. E. corner. 
As the "Sphinx" is located about three-fourths of a mile 
away from the S. E. corner of the Pyramid, the passage 
way would have to run in a circuitous course and quite 
deep down to enter the building at the point we have sug- 
gested . 

Everyone has read or been told the story of Caliph Al 
Mamoun, after blasting his way from the middle of the 
northern side into the solid fabric of the Great Pyramid 
for six weeks, was just about to give up the research when 
he heard a stone fall in a hollow space close on one side 



396 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

and breaking on further in that direction, he presently 
found himself in the entrance passage ; while the stone which 
had fallen at that precise instant, was a ^mm-shaped 
block that had been anciently inserted in the ceiling. 
While the space to be filled up by the base of the stone is 
square, the two sides parallel with the walls of the passage 
require to be triangular, on account of the angle, at which 
the bottom of the portcullis block of the ascending passage 
meets the ceiling, of this entrance and descending passage 
prismoidal shape meets the case exactly. Professor 
Smyth asks : — 

"Would that first ascending passage, then, never have 
been discovered, if that faithless, perhaps timer ous, block 
had not fallen out, whether in Al Mamoun's or any other 
day? Let the following facts indicate: — When measuring 
the cross joints in the floor of the entrance passage in 1865, 
I went on chronicling their angles, each one proving to be 
very nearly at right angles to the axis, until suddenly one 
came which was diagonal', another, and that was diagonal 
too, but after that the rectangular position was resumed. 
Further, the stone material carrying these diagonal joints 
was harder and better than elsewhere in the floor, so as to 
have saved that part from the monstrous central holes 
and ditches perpetrated in other parts of the same inclined 
floor by some moderns. Why then did the builders 
change the rectangular joint angle at that point, and execute 
such unusual angle as they chose in place of it, in a better 
material of stone than elsewhere; and yet with so little 
desire to call general attention to it, that they made the 
joints fine and close to such a degree that they had escaped 
the attention of all men until 1865 A. D. ? 

"The answer came from the diagonal joints themselves, 
on discovering that the stone between them was opposite 
to the butt end of the portcullis of first ascending passage, 
or to the hole whence the prismatic stone of concealment 
through 3,000 years, had dropped out almost before Al 
Mamoun's eyes. Here, therefore, in a peculiar relation 



QUEEN'S CHAMBEE ONCE CONCEALED 39^ 



of position to something concealed, was a secret sign in 
the pavement of the entrance passage, appreciable only to 
a careful eye and a measurement of angle, but made in such 
hard material that it was evidently intended to last to the 
end of human time with the Geat Pyramid, and has done 
so thus far." 

Again the Professor is at sea, and lost both as to his 
reasoning, and to account for another hidden mystery; our 
answer is: — that this is one of the doors, or inlets, that lead 
to other hidden passages, and chambers; of which there are 
many more to be brought to light. There are no 'doors' 
on hinges, nor padlocks, hasps or staples, to allow or pre- 
vent the entering to any part of the Great Pyramid. 
But, in time, it will be found, that there is a perfect system 
of inlets and outlets, through the apparently solid walls; 
by a system of pressure, which we have yet to discover. 
Still another as great a mystery exists; how did they light it ? 
certainly not by torches or candles. 

The Queen's Chamber, Now Open, Was Once So 

Concealed. 

(Sec. 91.) There was once, at or just inside the northern 
end of the Grand Gallery, and in, or beneath, the rising 
floor thereof — a more extensive trap-door, which then 
concealed all access to the now so-called Queen's Chamber 
and the horizontal passage in these days leading so clearly 
to it. At present, when the traveller enters the north end 
of the grand gallery from the sloping difficulties of the first 
ascending passage, he is delighted to meet witn a level floor ; 
but following that southward, he finds that it guides present- 
ly, not to the further end of the grand gallery, but to a 
hole under a steep escarpment, only a few feet further on, 
formed by a cleft broken down of that gallery's true floor; 
in fact to the beginning of the low horizontal passage lead- 
ing to the, in modern times, so-called Queen's Chamber. 
(See Plates IX., X., and XI.) The floor surface of the 
grand gallery itself is inclined upwards at the typical 



398 THE GKEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



angle of 26 ° 18'; and did once run from the lowest north 
end, directly up, through 150 feet of distance, to the "great 
step" at the south, or upper, and further, termination of 
the gallery, in one continued slope. But now we are met, 
at the very beginning by a great hole, or absence of gallery 
floor. Yet there are traces still visible in the masonry on 
either side of that hole, well interpreted, first by Mr. 
Perring, and later by Mr. W. Dixon, both engineers; show- 
ing, that a neatly laid and joist-supported flooring, nine 
inches thick, did once exist all along over that hole, com- 
pleting thereby the grand gallery's floor; and in that case 
entirely concealing and utterly shutting out all approach 
to, or knowledge touching the very existence of, the Queen's 
Chamber. 

The Queen's Chamber seems to have given the principal 
Egyptologists, more than the average food for thought. 
Mr. Perring, for instance, imagined that it was used for 
a store room during the building of the Pyramid. To 
which others queried: — "and if so, to what end are all the 
following features; features, too, which are more certain 
than that use; for the features exist still, and can be seen 
every day ; but who ever witnessed the alleged use ? 

(1.) The central axis of the niche in the east wall (and 
that niche is this Queen's Chamber's only architectural 
adornment, but a most noticably grand one) is strangely 
not in the central vertical line of that wall but is removed 
southward therefrom, by just one Pyramid cubit (=25.025 
English inches). See Plate XI.) 

(2.) The height of the niche, multiplied by that grandlv 
fundamental quantity in the Great Pyramid, pi, and that 
multiplied by the Pyramid number, 10 = the height of the 
Great Pyramid; or 185. x^x 10 = 5812, in place of 5813 
inches. This very close approach must, however, be acci- 
dental, for the height of the niche is uncertain, on account 
of the roughness of the floor, by 2 or 3 inches." One of 
the most curious points, however, regarding this chamber, is : 
its salt-encrusted stone, both from the floor and on one side. 



THEOREMS OF PROF. H. S. SMITH 399 



(?) is there not another chamber adjoining, filled with salt? 
-used to demonstrate the 'life-giving' qualities of this 
mineral substance? 

(3.) The hieght of the niche, less the height of its inner 
species of long shelf, equals similarly the half of the base- 
side length of the Great Pyramid; or 185 ( — 39.6) x 10 pi = 
4568, in place of 4566 inches. (The shelf's height is by 
the very rough measures, between 38 and 40 inches.) 

(4.) The height of the north and south walls of the 
Queen's Chamber measured=i5 feet 2.22 Pyramid inches 
= 1 inch, and assumed 182.62 give — 
182 .62 x 100 
(a.) = 9 1 3 1 = length of Great Pyramid's 

base side in Pyramid inches. 

(b.) 182 . 62 x 2 = 365 . 24 = solar days in solar tropical 
year. 

(5.) The breadth of the Queen's Chamber measured = 
205 . 6 assumed 205 . o, gives — 

182.62:205 1:205 : 230. 1 = height of King's Chamber from 
floor to ceiling: *. e., the first height there. 

(6.) The square root of 10 times the height of the north 
or south wall, divided by the hieght of the niche = pi; or, 
/182.62 x 10 

V 185 

All of the above theorems, save the first, are the dis- 
coveries of Professor Hamilton L. Smith (of Hobart College, 
Geneva, New York), who, without having been to Egypt, 
has, by successfully interpreting the principal authorities 
on the Great Pyramid, constituted himself in a most un- 
exceptional manner the chief authority on the Queen's 
Chamber. 'Either,' said he, "there is proof in that cham- 
ber of supernatural inspiration granted to the architect; 
or — that primeval official possessed, without inspiration, in 
an age of absolute scientific ignorance, 4,000 years ago, 
scientific knowledge equal to, if not surpassing, that of the 
present highly developed state of science in the modern 
world." 



400 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

Mr. W. Dixon, in 1872, discovered that the Queen's 
Chamber is supplied with two perfect ventilating channels 
in its north and south walls, nearly similar to those in the 
King's Chamber ; although aparently they have never been 
put to use. Through the aid of a hired man with a hammer 
and chisel, Mr. Dixon has a hole driven into each of those 
ventilating channels; and in each, the said hired man lost 
(by accident) a steel chisel, in endeavoring by over zealous 
force, to break into the said channels. Some day those 
chisels will be found, and then the cry will go forth, "oh! 
the Pyramid is only a modern structure ; I told you so." 

The Queen's Chamber's Air Channels 

-^Unexplained Feature. 

When the inner ends, or ports, were proved to have been 
separated from the air of said chamber merely by a thin 
plate of soft limestone (so easily pierced by the laborer's 
chisel), that the general impression was, that they had 
originally been in use, but had been stopped by some 
mediaeval traveller with a small stone patch. But this 
was not the case ; for Dr. Grant and Mr. Dixon successfully 
proved that there was no jointing, and that the thin plate 
was a 'left,' and a very skillfully and symmetrically left, 
part of the grand block composing that portion of the wall 
on either side. That block, had had the air channel tube 
(9 x 8) inches sculptured into it (from the outside direction 
as of the whole building), neatly and beautifully so far as 
it went; but that distance was not quite through the whole 
block and into the room, by the typical quantity in the 
Great Pyramid of five inches. The whole air channel then, 
save that little unopened bit, was in place; but could never 
have been used. Not, too, that it had been tried, found 
inconvenient, and was then stopped up by the original 
builders; for they would in that case, according to their 
usual style of masonry, either have filled the port with a 
long plug, or would have replaced the whole block carrying 
the inner end of the channel, with another solid block 



ENTRANCE TO PYRAMID DISCUSSED 401 

The whole air channel, however, is in place, but just how 
far the channels courses are carried through the 300 feet 
of masonry which separate this chamber from the outer 
air, is not yet known, but believed to have had an outer 
entrance. 

ENTRANCE INTO THE GREAT PYRAMID. 

(Sec. 92.) What sort of entrance had the Great Pyramid 
originally? The front and chief gate, or door, of almost 
every other species of public building, from temples to 
churches, and castles to palaces, is usually the most elabor- 
ated and ornamental part of the whole structure to which 
it belongs; but, excepting only the obscure mention of a 
movable stone in Strabo's time, bv which a man might 
just creep into the descending entrance passage — it is 
believed there was nothing to mark any entering-in place 
at all at the Great Pyramid; but that the smooth, planed- 
down surface of the casing-stones covered, and concealed, 
all that region; and in fact did most effectually hide the 
essential point from any one who approached without tra- 
ditional information to guide him. 

Nothing of what we see now connected with the internal 
masonry and constructive arrangements, ever projected 
through the casing stone film; and the very fact of Caliph 
Al Mamoun making his excavation in a different place, 
may be taken as a proof that nothing ever did, in any con- 
spicuous manner, externally mark the spot. 

Then why did the builders commemorate the one and 
only (apparently) outside entrance, not on the exterior, 
but in the interior masonry; and so grandly, with four 
inclined stones, which we can now see? 

The above and similar questions have been kept before 
the public, from 820 A. D., down to the present date. 

But, what sort of entrance had the Great Pyramid 
originally? We will try to present a "key to the Mystery." 
In the first place, we can see no reason why there should 
be any exception to the generally accepted conditions, 

26 



402 THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 



for a large and "elaborate entrance" to the Great Pyramid, 
than for any other prominent building in the world; in this, 
or during an}' other age. Acknowledging as we do, that 
the builders of the Great Pyramid were far wiser than the 
wisest of our present civilization, then what? Why, they 
did leave a very elaborate, and appropriate entrance to 
that building. What kind of an entrance would be appro- 
priate for a structure of that magnitude, irrespective of its 
character? ..--•--.> 

Let us draw a pen picture of its size : The Great Pyrat 
mid when it stood perfectly enveloped with all its angle 
stones in place, in and previous to the year 820 A. D,\ 
covered an area of about 13% (English measurement) 
acres; it stood in perfect pyramidal shape, with its apex 
486 feet above the pavement on which ut stands; and 
weighed 5,273,834- (Pyramid): tons. j 

Such a large mass of material as that, could not .{con - 
sistantly) be represented by an entrance, so insignificant as 
the present (supposed) entrance on the north side of the 
building represents ; with an opening of only 47 by 42 inches^. 
But, you will say; that is the only entrance visible, or that 
can be found. Let us see : imagine yourself standing on the 
top of the Great Pyramid in its present dilapidated con- 
dition, near the center of the structure, then cast your 
eyes away in a southeast direction; and at a point 5,380 feet 
from where you stand, or about J/ 8 of a mile from the S. E. 
corner of the Pyramid', you will discover the (very much 
abused 'Sphinx,' looking away from you in the same 
direction. This inaminate stone being is the Guardian >, 
(or Tyler) of this greatest of all structures, the Great Pyra- 
mid. The entrance to which, we firmly believe, will be 
found to be, beneath the body of this oldest and most re- 
markable statute in the world today. Which, if it could 
speak — would say: — "Knock, and you may enter here." 

The distance we have given above, of the location of 
the "Sphinx" away from the S. E. corner of the Pyramid, 
is found to be just five times the distance of the 'diagonal 



THE GREAT SPHINX 403 

socket length' of the Great Pyramid, from the center of 
the Subterranean Chamber, under the Pyramid, to the 
supposed entrance under the Sphinx. 

We quote from the 'American Cyclopaedia,' a little 
modern history of the Sphinx, viz. — "The great Sphinx at 
the pyramids was supposed by Lepsius to represent King 
Cephren, the builder of the second pyramid; but an in- 
scription has lately been discovered which renders it pro- 
bable that it was sculptured even before the time of Cheops, 
the builder of the first pyramid. The Egyptians called it 
Hor-em-khu, or Har-ma-khu, the 'setting sun,' the name 
of the god to whom it was dedicated, which was converted 
by the Greeks into Armachis. It is near the eastern edge 
of the platform on which the pyramid stands, with its 
head turned toward the Nile. The head measures 28 feet 
6 inches, from the top to the chin. The total length of the 
body, which is that of a lion crouching close to the ground, 
is 146 feet. Across the shoulders it measures 36 feet, and 
the paws are extended about 50 feet. Between the paws 
was built a small temple, which was of masonry, as were 
the paws, while all the rest of the Sphinx seems to be carved 
out of solid rock. Col. Vyse drilled a hole 27 feet deep into 
one of the shoulders, and found that it was one piece of stone 
throughout. Near the sphinx Mariette discovered a vast 
temple buried in the sand, which is supposed to have been 
dedicated to the worship of the divinity of the sphinx. 
The countance is now so much mulitated that the outline 
of the features can with difficulty be traced. The head has 
been covered with a cap, the lower part of which remains, 
and it had originally a beard, the fragments of which were 
found below. Immediately under the breast stood a 
granite tablet, and another of limestone on either side ■ 
resting against the paws. The first contains a representa- 
tion of Thotmes IV. offering inscense and making libation 
to the sphinx, with a long inscription in hieroglyphics 
reciting the titles of the king. On the paws are inscriptions 
of the Roman times, expressive of adoration to the sphinx 
Qr to the Egyptian deities." 



404 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

FURTHER FROM THE CRITICS OF THE 
"GREAT SPHINX." 

(Sec. 93.) Nearly every Egyptologist, and writer upon 
the subjects of antiquity and Egyptology have studiously 
avoided giving any deatils regarding the Great Sphinx. 
When they have, it has usually been couched in a language 
of abuse for its design ors, and sculptors ; designating them — 
as idolators and pagans. Apparantly avoiding the sub- 
ject as though it were dangerous. Let us quote from Prof. 
Smyth : — 

"But the reign of the Great Sphinx over the souls of 
some men, is not over yet. 

"Long since I had remarked that there is no agreement 
possible between the Great Sphinx and the Great Pyramid. 
Those who admire the one cannot appreciate, and rather 
war against, the other. 

"So it was given lately to a pure Egyptologist, quite 
anti-Pyramidal in sentiment — the eminent Mariette Bey, 
to set the whole of his world alight (for a time) with a 
supposed monumental proof that the Sphinx, instead of 
belonging, as hitherto so generally supposed, to the nth 
or 15th dynasty, was far older than the Great Pyramid in 
the 4th dynasty; and was, in fact, so ancient, that it had 
become an object of dilapidated, but revered, antiquity 
in the time of King Cheops himself; who immortalized his 
name, in his very primeval day, by repairing it." Again, 
Mariette Bey states in his fourth edition of his "Catalogue 
of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities at Boulak: — 

"A fragmentary stone which may be supposed to have 
formed once part of a wall of a certain building, or temple, 
some problematical ruins only of which have been found 
near one of the small Pyramids on the east side of the Great 
Pyramid." 

"The stone is abundantly inscribed with little hierogly- 
phics; in good preservation, but of mediocre style." 

Dr. Grant, of Cairo, said to a friend, that the hierogly- 
phics on the Sphinx, were 'more like scratches than any- 



THE GREAT SPHINX 405 

thing else.' And adds further that 'Mariette's Sphinx 
temple stone bears a lie on the face of it — that the style of 
sculpture is not very ancient, and that the whole inscription 
is simply a legend that has been scratched upon it at a late 
date, and that it cannot be quoted as an authority on any 
of the points mentioned in it.' " 

That is just what we should have expected to have found. 
As we firmly believe that every scratch or hieroglyphic 
carved upon tne Great Sphinx, or upon any thing adjoining 
or in close proximity to it have all been done by others 
than the original. sculptors, thousands of years after the 
original was placed in position. 

The builders of the Great Pyramid (and that includes 
the Sphinx) placed no names, numbers, or hieroglyphics, 
upon their work; but by the looks, and mathematical pro- 
portions, the intelligence of their followers knew what each 
design meant. Every chamber, passage-way, and layer 
of stone, had its meaning. So, that at each step taken 
by a candidate for higher honors, the unwritten lesson 
appealed to his intelligence, but, was whispered in his ear. 
In comparison with which a "French ist degree in Masonry 
was boys' play. 

Let me paint a little pen picture of the Great Sphinx, 
appealing to all intelligent 'travelers' who are unable, or 
cannot visit the Great Pyramid and Sphinx: — imagine a 
perfectly sculptured image of a "lion's" body 146 feet in 
length, with the strong grip of his paws extending fifty feet 
from his shoulders; the whole body covered by a propor- 
tionate sized intelligent human head. Then ask yourself 
if the greatest human intelligence, coupled with the greatest 
animal strength; appeals to your sense of being raised from 
the grave and an ignominous death, and asked to live on? 

Then as a fitting climax to close this subject of the 
"Sphinx" we will ask — is this a suitable, proper, and suffi- 
ciently imposing "entrance" to a building 486 feet high, 
wieghing 5,273,834 tons, and covering 13% acres in area? 



406 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

The Sphinx has at Least one Investigator. 

For several years previous to 1896 A. D., Mr. Geo. 
E. Raum, a resident of San Francisco, Cal., has been delving 
under the Great Sphinx with the aid of a number of Egyptian 
natives. His friends say that he has issued a small book 
on the subject of the Sphinx, giving his discoveries. If so 
(?) we have been unable to trace it, or to have the pleasure 
of meeting Mr. Raum. A rumor exists, however, that 
he has discovered something regarding the Sphinx, that 
he desires to keep as a secret for the present. Be this as 
it may, we have written the above in self defense, that our 
friends will not charge our theory of the Sphinx to have been 
taken from any person or publication. — The Author. 

The Vertical Axis, and the N. E. Corner of 
Great Pyramid — Conclusions of Mr. C. Mnir. 

(Sec. 94.) The length of the King's Chamber is now 
known to be 412 . 132 Pyramid inches. Subtract from that 
quantity half the already well-measured breadth of the 
doorway, viz., 20.606 Pyramid inches, at the east end, to 
get the place of the central plane of the passages themselves ; 
and then subtract from the other end ioodth of the Pyra- 
mid's base-side, or 91.310, and we have left 300.216 
Pyramid inches, displacement of the passage plane, east 
of the meridian plane of the whole Great Pyramid; and the 
horizontal distance from the north-east corner of the coffer 
to the central vertical axis of the Pyramid, in meridian 
direction. That is not at present to be tested accurately 
but it cannot be far from the truth ; and it places the north- 
east corner of the coffer in a very remarkable position 
vertically over the Great Pyramid's base, it reminds also 
that the northeast corner socket of the four corner sockets 
of the base, is the largest of the whole of those sockets ; and 
that, of the northeastern socket's own corner's, its north- 
east one is the most accurately finished ; and is the one which 
defines the ancient position of the northeast angle of the 
whole basal plane. 



CUBIC CONTEXTS DIFFERENT CHAMBERS 407 

What then shall we make of the 300 . 2 1 6 Pyramid inches 
quantity obtained in this manner? The first use is to 
multiply it by 10, as with the cubic diagonal of the King's 
Chamber, to translate it into whole Pyramid proportions; 
and then to use it as the sine for its actually overlying radial 
quantity, the inclined height of the Great Pyramid, otner- 
wise determined = 7391 . 55 Pyramid inches; when it yields 
the angle = 23° 57' 50". Which is within 49 seconds of 
arc of what the obliquity of the ecliptic was in 2170 B. C." 

Cubic Contents In Pyramid Inches. 

(Sec. 95.) Of the Queen's Chamber = 10,000,000; or 
69,444.44 cubic feet. 

Of the King's Chamber = 20,000,000; or 138,888 88 
cubit feet. 

Of the Grand Gallery = 36,000,000; or 250,000 cubit 
feet. 

The Grand Gallery has exactly 3 6 roof stones = 1 ,000,000 
cubic inches capacity, for each roof stone. 

The Grand Gallery's Ramps and Ramp Holes. 

The ramps, or inclined stone benches, that extend along 
the entire length of the Grand Gallery number 28 on each 
side; if you count one on each end of the great step. Of 
these 28, on either side 25, viz., all except the lowest two 
and upper one, are distinguished by a piece of stone some- 
thing like 13 Pyramid inches broad and 18 high, but with 
considerable variations, being let into the wall vertically 
and immediately over them; while of those 25, no less than 
24 (on either side) are crossed slantingly, not by another 
let-in stone, says Dr. Grant, but by a broad, transverse, 
shallow groove, measuring more or less about 22 inches long 
1 2 broad, and 1 deep ; with its lower edge about three inches 
above the ramp's surface. 

Our aim in placing this volume before the general 
public at this time is; that every important point existing 
in the Great Pyramid, or regarding the Great Sphinx, that 



408 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

has really been discovered, and positively known to exist 
at this date; shall find a place somewhere in these pages. 
And, not be dependent upon a score of 'other references.' 
The purely theoretical, 'of others,' will only be used, for 
comment in self defense. 

At a point about 180 feet, 10 inches, (or 2170 inches, as 
Professor Smyth puts it), from the entrance of the north 
passageway (or present way of entering the Great Pyramid) 
there exists a double joint; with a line ruled across, or cut 
into the stone, that has created considerable comment, from 
the time it was first given publicity in 1865, down to this 
date. It is located at a place where two adjacent wall- 
joints, similarly too, on either side of the passage, and al- 
most vertical; while every other wall-joint above and below 
it, are rectangular to the length of the passage, and therefore 
largely inclined to the vertical. It has been speculated on 
by various persons as possibly pointing to some still un- 
discovered chamber; and it may do so, just as the diagonal 
joints in the floor at a lower level are now clearly seen to 
point, to the upper ascending passage, and all that it leads 
to. This mark was a line, nothing more, ruled on the stone, 
from top to bottom of the passage wall, at right angles to its 
floor. Such a line might be ruled with a blunt steel instru- 
ment, but by a master hand for power, evenness, straightness 
and still more eminently for rectangularity to the passage 
axis. Every engineer that has placed his square upon this 
line, in modern times, that supposed it was out of true, 
on reversing his instrument — was led to remark, "I cannot 
positively accuse the ancient line on the stone of anything 
wrong." There is one such line on either wall, the west and 
the east, of the passage; and the two lines seem to pretty 
accurately opposite to each other; nor is any such agree- 
ment required for mere mechanical considerations in the 
masonry simply as such ; for that is rather in favor of the 
joints on one wall 'breaking joint' with those on the other. 
This is the point, where Professor Smyth, gets his date of the 
building of the Great Pyramid, viz., in 2170 B. C, as it is 



DISCOVERY OF THE ROSETTA STONE 409 

located just that many Pyramid inches from the beginning 
of the angle passage on the north side of the building. 
We think, that it simply shows the anniversary of l a Dra- 
conis' being central in that passageway, at that time, if 
it means anything regarding a date. 

DISCOVERY OF THE ROSETTA STONE. 

(Sec. 96.) The discovery of the "Rosetta Stone" by<ZJ 
Young and Champollion, occurred in 1802; this 'trilin- 
gual,' or, as it is known, "Rosetta Stone," takes its name 
from the village of the same name, located some 36 miles 
E. N. E. of Alexandria, on the westerly or Rosetta branch 
of the Nile; and about 6 miles from the Mideterranean, 
by way of the river. The vivifying of this noted 'relic' 
by Professors Young and Champollion, in 1820, was followed 
and most ably developed, by Professors Birch, Brugsch, 
Chabas, De Rouge, De Saulcy, Lepsius, Mariette, Osburn, 
Poole, Rossellini, and man)* others. The interpretation of 
"which, makes it rank among the most extraordinary 
discoveries of the last century. Of which, more later. 

Chronology of the Egyptologists. 

(Sec. 97.) The leading principal, of the best Egyptolo- 
gical chronologists is to seek out and confide in monuments; 
to consider nothing fixed in Egyptian history or fact unless 
there is a monument for it it to show, and that monument 
contemporary, or nearly so, with the facts which it relates — 
they allow faithfully that they know of no monuments what- 
ever at all earlier; Dr. Lepsius is very clear on this point. 
In his "Letters from Egypt," he wrote from his encampment 
amongst the tombs in the neighborhood of the Great Pyra- 
mid in 1843; — "Nor have I yet found a single cartouche 
that can be safely assigned to a period previous to the 
fourth dynasty. The builders of the Great Pyramid, seem 
to assert their right to form the commencement of monu- 
mental history." 

c 



410 THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

To make an exhibit of how little any of the Egyptological 
scholars know regarding back dates; especially regarding; 
the first fifteen Dynasties of Egypt: Let us quote: — The 
date of the first dynasty is placed in the year 5735 B. C. by 
Lesueur, Mariette, Renan, etc., and in 3892 B. C, by 
Lepsius, Bunsen, Fergusson, etc.; and in 2700 B. C, by 
Lane, Wilkinson, Rawlinson, etc.; and by William Osburn 
in 2429 B. C, a difference between the two extremes, of 
3306 years. The difference is not a very great quantity; 
only about one half the present age of the earth, (as figured 
by biblical scholars) ; but just think of our depending upon 
these eminent gentlemen for real information. The extremes, 
between the above named eminent gentlemen, in the 
15th dynasty dates is only 201 years. But even that makes 
us turn grey at 2 1 and feel young at five score. 

Architectural Facts of the Great Pyramid. 

(Sec. 98.) From all the Egyptological writings, and 
from all the authors, whose works we have been privileged 
to investigate, and quote; those of Professor James Fer- 
guson have been of the most satisfying character. Es- 
pecially where sound, theoretical judgment was necessary; 
of the detective character. And, this class of judgment, 
is needed at every step in Egyptological research. 

Speaking of the Great Pyramid professionally, and 
because professionally with him, learnedly, Mr. Ferguson 
allows it to be "the most perfect and gigantic specimen 
of masonry that the world has yet seen"; and that, accord- 
ing to mere human methods of development and all ration- 
alistic theories of progression, almost infinite myraids of 
years must have intervened between the first rude tumuli r 
(or stone sepulchres) erected, or which he believes were, or 
should have been, erected in Egypt, and the building of 
such a Pyramid. 

But in steps a dozen other Egyptologists, with the 
query: "In that case, there ought to be vastly more stone 
monuments scattered around Egypt, representing the work 



THE NOACHIAN DELUGE 411 

of man before the day of the Great Pyramid, than after it; 
especially as in the dry Egyptian climate, we are told again 
and again that nothing decays." In reply to this we repeat 
what we said in the early portion of this work: that, the 
builders of the Great Pyramid, obtained their experience 
(through thousands of generations) in another country,, 
with a different climate, that now lies at the bottom of an 
ocean; now covered by over 500 feet of chalk; the formation 
and accumulation of thousands of years. And some day,. 
it will again be a continent; and reveal to survivors of 
other parts of the earth, or the new created population; the- 
wonders of the misty past. 

Professor Ferguson, Dr. Lepsius, and many other Egyp- 
tologists announce: "that however multitudinous may be- 
the Egyptian mounments after the Great Pyramid, there 
are no monuments at all in and throughout Egypt older 
than the Great Pyramid." 

We claim, and the substantial theory of our reasoning is: 
that when the Great Pyramid was erected, on the banks of 
(what we now call) the Nile, that there were no inhabitants- 
then living in the whole of Egypt. And, if there were, they 
represented the lowest class of intelligence of that age. 
This Pyramid was placed there, (as we have previously- 
stated) because it was the center of all the land of the earth- 
And, would withstand a "cataclysm." 

The Noachian Deluge of the Bible. 

(Sec. 99.) Dates of, by prominent Divines, and Biblical 
scholars, viz. — A letter written 41 years ago, by the Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, states: (1.) "The Church of England, 
has assigned no date to the Noachian Deluge. (2.) the 
Church has not fixed any dates between which it must 
have taken place. (3.) The Church of England has not 
authorized the insertion into the authorized copy of the 
English Bible, of any system of dates." 



412 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

Authorities. Date of Deluge, B.C. 

Septuagint, Alexandrine (Kitto's Palestine = 3246 

Jackson =3170 

Hales... =3i55 

R. Stewart Poole (Smith's Bible Dictionary) =3129 

Samaritan (Kitto's Palestine) = 2998 

W. Osburn (Monumental History of Egypt) = 2500 

Elliot's Horae Apocalypticae = 2482 

Browne's Ordo Saeclorum = 2446 

Playfair = 2351 

Usher = 2348 

Petavius (Smith's Bible Dictionary) ...........=2327 

Smyth, Mean of the whole = 2741 

Variation of the extremes — 919 years. 

Future of the Great Pyramid. 

(Sec. 100.) Of all the Egyptologists and writers on the 
past, present, and future of the Great Pyramid, none have 
been so devoted, and persistent, in their efforts to establish 
a theory of their own, as Professor Piazzi Smyth. He has 
devoted hundreds of pages in his different issues regarding 
the 'Great Pyramid,' to substantiate his theory of the 
'Divine origin' of this "First Great Wonder of the World." 
Hundreds of quotations from the prophesies of the Bible 
have been lined up by Professor Smyth to prove his measure- 
ments. The most noted point that we now desire to call 
attention to is, his measurement of the principal passage- 
way, up to a point in the Grand Gallery; which distance, 
as measured is: 1881 .4 Pyramid inches. The beginning of 
this passage way (to him) indicated the birth of Christ. 
The measurement '1881.4 inches' up that passage way 
appealed to him — that some great religious change would 
occur, about the year 1881, A. D., or before the (4th) fourth 
month of 1882. He did not think, (so he wrote) that it 
would bring us to the end of all things terrestrial; but some- 
thing equal to the "Second Coming" would occur. 



SEVEN NATUKAL WONDERS 413 

As the Professor passed to the beyond (peace to his 
ashes), just before the final months of that date, he was 
not present at the peaceful passing of that year ; barring the 
usual 'earthquake reminders,' of the frailness of this orb 
which we still inhabit. 

Professor Howard Vyse made the length of the Grand 
Gallery only 1872 inches; this (1872 A. D.) was his date for 
the phenomena. And, a Mr. Lane, had a date (1894), 
for extraordinary occurrences. 

As all those dates have come and gone we must seek other 
conditions to satisfy our tape line and square. 

THE SEVEN NATURAL WONDERS OF THE 

WORLD. 

1. The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River. 

(Sec. 101.) Nature has prepared the most wonderful 
combination of chaos and harmony for many miles along 
the Colorado river, that can be found in the known world. 
The views to behold from "Rowe's Point" and at, or near 
the site of the Santa Fe R. R. Co.'s new hotel, located some 
59 miles north of Williams, on the main line, on the south 
side of the river, are simply indescribable. At the points 
above mentioned in viewing the north shore of the canyon y 
known to be some 400 feet greater elevation, than on the 
south side at the points mentioned; it is so deceptive y 
that you imagine with a good rifle you could kill a deer on 
the opposite bank from where you stand, yet you are told 
that the distance is ij miles away; and the stream itself 
over a mile beneath your feet. Wrapped in such an in- 
extricable and bewildering labyrinth of matter and color r 
as to deaden your senses. 

It is noted, that all visitors irrespective of character y 
on first viewing the scenes above mentioned, either remain 
mute for some minutes, or speak in subdued tones. 

2. The Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. 

The largest cavern known, is situated in Edmondson 
County, near Green river, and about 75 miles S. S. W. 



414 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



of Louisville, Kentucky. The entrance to which is reached 
by passing down a wild, rocky ravine through a dense 
forest; it is an irregular, funnel-shaped opening, from 50 to 
100 feet in diameter at the top, with steep walls about 50 
feet high. The cave extends about nine miles, and it is 
said that to visit the portions already traversed requires 
from 150 to 200 miles of travel. This vast interior con- 
tains a succession of marvelous avenues, chambers, domes, 
abysses, grottoes, lakes, rivers, cataracts, etc., which for 
size and wonderful appearance are unsurpassed. One of 
its avenues (Stillman's) is about i3^ miles long, from 20 
to 200 feet wide, and from 20 to 40 feet high. The "Temple 
or Chief City" in it, is a chamber having an area of about 
five acres, and covered by a single dome of solid rock 120 
feet high. There are several bodies of water in the cave, 
the most considerable being Echo River, which is about 
.% of a mile long, 200 feet wide at some points, and from 
10 to 30 feet deep; its course is beneath an arched ceiling 
of smooth rock about 15 feet high. This river has invisible 
communication with Green River, the depth of water and 
the direction of the current in the former being regulated 
by the stage of water in the latter. The river Styx, 450 
feet long, from 15 to 40 feet wide, and 30 to 40 feet deep, 
is spanned by an interesting natural bridge about 30 feet 
above it. Two remarkable species of animal life are found 
in the cave, in the form of an eyeless fish and an eyeless 
crawfish, nearly white in color. Another species of fish 
has been found with eyes, but totally blind. The atmos- 
phere of the cave is pure and healthful ; the temperature is 
about 59 and the same in winter and summer. 

3. Calaveras Grove of Big Trees. — (Arba Vita.) 

This grove (which includes South Grove 3 miles distant) 
is located 14 miles north of Murphy's in Calaveras County, 
California; and contains about 275 trees (of Arba Vita) 
that are from 16 to 38 feet in diameter, and from 175 to 350 
feet in height. One of the fallen 'Monarchs' of this grove. 



SEVEN NATURAL WONDERS 415 



known as the "Father of the Forest," stood 450 feet in 
height, and 40 feet in diameter. Some 375 feet of this 
remarkable tree still remains. It is estimated that this 
tree was 4,500 years old when it fell; and as another tree 
known as the "Mother of the Forest," has grown up since, 
on the same spot where this tree was uprooted, that is 
estimated to be now over 2,500 old, the "Father of the 
Forest" (the fallen monarch) must have stood over 7,000 
-years ago. 

Some 25 years ago the proprietors of the Calaveras 
Big Tree Grove, had the ground pieced near where the 
Father of the Forest lies ; with the result that their auger ran 
;into an arba vita log in perfect preservation at some 30 feet 
J)ejow the surface. How old must that log have been 
before the Father of the Forest was even a seed? And still 
they say the earth is only 5,900 years old. 

4. Yosemite Valley. 

This noted valley, through which flows the Merced 
River, is located in Mariposa County, California; distant 
some 88 miles from Merced (on the S. P. Co.'s R. R.) and 
is now reached by the Y. V. R. R. via Merced to El Portal, 
(80 miles) thence by stage (12 miles) into the valley. 

The valley proper is about 3^ miles long, and varies 
from Y2 to 1 34 miles in width; with walls almost perpen- 
dicular (of natural rock) on either side of the valley, from 
Y2 to 1 mile high. The climate is so mild, that (although 
the surrounding peaks are covered with snow and ice for 
six months in the year) the wild flowers are in bloom the 
year around, throughout the valley. 

Its waterfalls; 'The Cascades,' 'Bridal Veil,' and 
'Nevada Fall,' are noted for their beauty; but the 'Yosem- 
ite Fall' near the center of the valley, is probably the high- 
est waterfall in the world. During the spring and early 
summer months, this fall has a clear descent of 2,600 feet. 

But the wonderful features of this valley, consist of what 
can be seen pictured on the face of the rocks that surround 



416 THE GREAT PYBAMID JEEZEH 



it y/2;__0n the face of the rock, or peak, 'El Capitan.* 
can be seen the perfect figure of an 'Indian Chief,' in full 
dress, standing erect, looking down the valley. This 
figure is estimated to be over 80 feet in length, and is 
situated at least half a mile vertically above the valley. 
There are many other pictures of human beings on the 
adjacent rocks, but of lesser importance. 

Also on the face of a peak in the upper end of the valley 
known as 'The South Dome,' if viewed about the hour 
of sunset, will reveal what would startle an astronomer: 
v j z — a perfect picture of the principal constellations of 
the northern heavens. Just after a visit to this valley 
during the year 1865, the Rev. T. Star King, was asked, 
if the above assertion was a fact? King replied: "Well, 
yes, but I would rather some one else would tell the story. " 

5. Niagara Falls. 

Located in the Niagara River, connecting the great 
lakes of Erie and Ontario, between the State of New York 
and the Province of Ontario; although only 164 feet in 
height, and less than a mile wide, has the largest body of 
water passing over it of any single waterfall in the world 
besides being the most beautiful clean-cut waterfall known. 
The scene from the Suspension Bridge, below the falls in 
midwinter, when almost encased in ice is almost beyond 
description. 

This fall ran dry once in the history of the U. S.; it 
occurred on March 31, 1848, caused by an ice jam in the 
river between Buffalo, N. Y., and the Canadian side; 
coincident with a strong east wind which drove the waters 
of Lake Erie to the west side. It lasted about a whole day. 
During which time a lady walked from "Table Rock" 
one third of the way across to Goat Island and returned 
in safetv. 



SIXTH NATURAL WONDER 417 



6. The Rocking Stone of Truckee, California. 
Owned and Housed by Hon. C. F. McGlashan. 

There are several rocking stones throughout the U. S. 
and Europe ; but none of them so completely mystifies the 
observer, as the one located as above stated. This one is 
so isolated from the surrounding rocks, and the rocking stone 
itself so perfectly and delicately poised in the center of its 
perfectly level (on top) table stone, as to leave a .doubt 
in the minds of most visitors, as to whether a freak of nature 
did the work, or, as some important personages claim, it 
was done by an extinct race of giants that flourished in the 
time of the 'giant Og,' who was 16 feet tall. (See Deuteron- 
omy 3-1 1.) 

The table (stone) upon which this particular rocking 
stone rests, is shaped (very) like the 'human heart' and 
stands on the small end, perfectly poised, some 30 feet 
high, with the strata or grain of the rock, running perpen- 
dicular. The top almost perfectly level, and some 25 feet 
in diameter. The Rocking Stone itself, shaped also like 
the 'human heart' (but more perfect than its table stone), 
is located almost exactly in the center of the one on which 
it stands, (also poised on its small end) and weighs about 16 
tons ; and yet it is so perfectly balanced that a child of five 
years can move it either way. The table stone upon which 
this Rocking Stone rests, may contain a considerable amount 
of 'radium' ; but whether it does or not, it is noted that snow 
(which lies all around it during the winter season, for weeks 
at a time) has never been known to remain upon this rock 
more than a few hours after any snow storm. 

7. Ancient Animal and Human Footprints (or Tracks) 

on the Floor of the State Prison Yard at 

Carson, Nevada. 

The tracks of a 'Mastoden' or 'mammoth elephant' 
showing a stride of between 6 and seven feet and a track 
nearly 2 feet in diameter ; together with a trail of human 



418 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

{moccasined feet) foot prints that are over 18 inches in 
length, and well proportioned; and bird tracks that are 
larger than those of our ostrich, are some of the preserved 
curiosities to be seen, on the floor of the State Prison, at 
Carson, Nevada. 

Over 40 feet in thickness of rock, limestone in character, 
apparently of original formation, was removed from over 
the tracks, when the prison was built. Geologists assert: 
that over 40,000 years elapsed during the formation of the 
rocks, that overlaid the footprints above mentioned. 

The bones of one 'Baby Elephant' were found here; 
also a single piece of 'horn-blende granite,' over 30 feet 
down in the limestone, large enough for a doorstep; they 
have preserved it. 



THE SCIENCES IX A NUTSHELL 419 



EMPIRICISM— PHYSICAL SCIENCE-POSITIVISM. 

Modern science accepts sensations, emotions, thoughts and volitions as the 
ultimate premises lrom which all our knowledge is derived. The spiritual and 
'be supernatural it relegates to the domain of the unknowable, and takes no 
L-ognizance of them as facts. As mankind are divided into Aristotelians and 
Platonists, the modern scientist would call himself an Aristotelian minus meta- 
physics. Science proper as we know it to-day dates back to the 17th cen- 
tury—the age of Bacon and Harvey; but the greatest strides in its progress have 
been made since 1830. It was not till then that a philosophical classification of 
the sciences was attempted. Even to-day the method of arranging the sciences 
is a matter of serious debate. According to Comte (1840) the dependence and 
order of the sciences follow the dependence of the phenomena. The more par- 
ticular and complex depend upon the simpler and more general. The lattejcare 
easier to study. Therefore science will begin with those attributes and objects 
which are most general, and pass on gradually to others that are combined in 
greater complexity. Each science rests on the truths of the sciences that pre- 
cede it, while it adds to them the truths by which it is itself constituted. Comte's 
series or hierarchy of the sciences is, in its main divisions, as follows: Math= 
ematics, i. e., number, geometry, mechanics; Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, 
Biology, Sciology, Ethics. Each member of the series is one degree more 
special than the science preceding it, and depends upon the facts of all the 
former members, and can not be fully understood without them. Herbert Spen- 
cer takes issue with Comte and denies that the principle of the development of 
the sciences is the principle of decreasing generality. Heassertsthat there are a& 
many examples of the advent of a science being determined by increasing gen- 
erality as by increasing specialty. He holds atrain that any grouping of the sciences 
in a succession gives a radically wrong idea of their genesis and interdependence; 
no true filiation exists; no science develops itself in isolation; no one of them is in- 
dependent either logically or historically. Huxley agrees with Spencer; but still 
Comte has a large following all over the world. For the purpose of this work it 
will suffice to set down the greatest of the sciences in an order that will be in- 
telligible and conform in some degree with their origin and development. Math- 
ematics and mechanics are treated at some length in other parts of this work. 

General Classification. — Mathematics, pure, arithmetic, algebra, geom try, 
trigonometry, calculus, applied, mechanics. Astronomy, physics, solids, 
fluids, gases, hear, light, sound, magnetism, etc. Chemistry, inorganic, organic, 
practical, pure. Biology, science of life, protoplasm, protein, germs, evolution, 
species, development. Sociology,, social science, human society — yet in its 
infancy. Before there can be reached in sociology generalizations worthy of 
being called scientific, there must be definite accounts of the institutions and 
activities of societies, of various types and in various stages of evolution, so 
arranged as to furnish the means of ascertaining what social phenomena are 
habitually associated. Sociology will narrate how men became grouped in polit- 
ical communities, how they constituted authority and property, how they orig- 
inated castes and guilds, and by degrees separated into high and low, ricl and 
poor. To this comprehensive science many will be subservient, especially, an- 
thropology, ethnology, philology, history, archaeology, politics, religion, lit- 
erature, and political economy. In all the main divisions there are number- 
less subdivisions, from elementary mathematics to ethics. The modern tendency 
is to specialize, and a lifetime now is not long enough for the mastery of one of 
the special sciences. Unfortunately, the moral sciences, rr those dealing with 
man, are least developed, and have not yet been rescued by philosophy from em- 
piricism. A disposition is, however, manifest now all over the world to employ 
ln the moral sciences those methods which have heaped up such useful and 
undisputed truths in the physical sciences, especially in astronomy, physics, 
chemistry and physiology. Beyond sociology, a further step remains to be 
taken, viz., to morals. At this point theory and practice tend to coincide, be- 
cause every element of eonduct has to be considered in relation to the general 
good. In the final synthesis all the previous analyses will have to be used as 
instrumental— all the great laws which regulate the phenomena of the inorganic 
world, of organized beings, and of society, must be the material from which 
ethics, the coping-stone of the sciences, is to be wrought. Before there can be 
satisfactory human morals, based on rational altruism, every field of inquiry 
must be diligently explored in order that every real quality of things and men 
may be made to converge to the welfare of humanity. This is the creed of many 
a modern scientist. 



420 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZ EH 



TRANSCENDENTALISM, METAPHYSICAL PHILOSOPHY MYSTICISM. 



The platonist, idealist, or speculative philosopher of the German school asserts 
that sensations, emotions, thoughts and volitions are not ultimate premises or 
fundamental truths, but only derivative and dependent for their validity on a 
spiritual, intangible, and universal reality or noumenon, the Pure Reason or 
Idea, of which all material phenomena, including sensations, etc., are only 
evidences. It is from this reality that mind and matter spring. There have 
been only two complete encyclopedic constructions in philosophy, viz., Aris- 
totle's (323 b.c.) and Hegel's (1830). They embodied the philosophic aspects of all 
human experience in their respective epochs. Though the ancient Greek has 
not been wholly superseded by the modern German, it accords with the tenor 
of this work to presen t only a scheme of the Hegelian system. The Great IiUro~ 
duction opens with a re view of man's experience, showing his mind, in respect 
to nature, under six aspects, viz.: mere consciousness, self-consciousness, reason, 
spirit, religion, philosophy. .He can not rest till he has found absolute knowl- 
edge (absolutes wisseri). He discovers that truth has three phases, dogmatism, 
skepticism, mysticism, or thesis, anithesis, synthesis. The universe is the self- 
evolution of the idea, or pure spirit, which first expands in nature, endued with 
mind, the product of both. The logic, which is at the same time a metaphysic, 
is an account, called transcendental dialectic, of the process in its infinite grada- 
tions, subdivided into three stages: (1) Being, becoming, and pure number and 
quantity by which Being is measured. (2) Essence, those correlative terms, law 
and phenomenon, cause and effect, substance and attribute, by which we ex- 
plain the world. (3) Notion, the subjective terms, conception, judgment, syllo- 
gism, appearing in forms mechanical, chemical and teleological, leading to life 
and science as the complete interpretation of thought and objectivity, called the 
perfect Idea, with which begins the philosophy of nature. Here thought be- 
comes perception, dialectic, gravitation, and causation, sequence in time. (l> 
Mechanics, space in time, matter, force. (2) Physics, the laws of heat, motion, 
sound, light, electricity, chemical affinity, and all material movements of change 
and interchange. (3) Organic, the completed work of these forces in space and 
time, ending in geology, botany and animal physiology. With the perfection of 
organized existence, begins the philosophy of mind. (1) Subjecti e deals with, 
anthropology, or the natural soul, races, ages, dreams, insanity, phrenology, 
etc., and under phenomenology, with simple consciousness, self-consciousness, 
reason, spirit; under psychology, with theoretical and practical mind tracing 
the course of intelligence from the animal sensitivity of the Dryad up to the 
realization of spirit by mind. (2) Objective, including philosophical jurispru- 
dence, morals, politics, and the philosophy of history. (3) Wisdom (absolutes 
urissen), the final grasp of the absolute in art, religion, and philosophy— the 
aesthetic, the philosophy of religion, and the history of philosophy. This 
wonderful construction of Hegel gave a great impetus to science by prov- 
ing the sameness of many apparently different forces. He pointed out in the 
logic the path to be followed by philosophic inquirers, viz., a criticism of the 
terms of ordinary and scientific thought in their filiation and interdependence. 
The logic of Hegel is the only rival of the logic of Aristotle. What Aristotle did 
for the theory of demonstrative reasoning, Hegel attempted to do for the whole 
of human knowledge. Though Hegelianism has now ceased to exist as an isso- 
lated system, its spirit and method have leavened the whole mass of philosophic 
thought. French criticism of modern German metaphysicians declares that their 
vast constructions now hang in ruins, because with a high notion of human 
powers, they had none of human limitations. Abstraction is a German failing; 
cold "act, the English. Spencer, finding that sensible knowledge alone can be 
proved, declares that our own and all other existence is a mystery, absolutely 
and forever beyond our comprehension. Modern agnosticism and transcen- 
dentalism are antipodes of thought. Hegel's philosophy is so hard to under- 
stand that he once said, "Only one man has understood me, and even he has. 
not." It has been eloquently said: "Prom all periods of history; from medieval 
piety and stoical pride; from Kant and Sophocles, science and art, religion and 
philosophy, Hegel gathered, in the vineyard of the human spirit, the grapes 
from which he crushed the wine of thought." 



EXPLANATION OF CHARACTERS 

Used in Calculating-, Mathematics, Etc. 
(Sec. 102). 

= Equal to, as 12 inches = 1 foot, or 3 feet = 1 yard. 

+ Plus or More, signifies addition; as 7+9+8=24. 

— Minus or Less signifies subtraction; as 21—7 + 10=24. 

x Multiplied by, or into, signifies multiplication; as 3x8=24. , .'" 

•s- Divided by, signifies division; as a-t-b; that is, a divided by b; 72-^3=24. 

tf^Division is also indicated thus: -; that is, a divided by &;V 2 =24. 

b . a 

I Is to; also, To; the ratio of; ) —signifies proportion; as 3 : 6 : : 12 : 24; that is, ai 

'.'. As; or So is; equals; ) 3 is to 6, so is 12 to 24. 

* Vinculum, or Bar, signifies that t he n umbers, etc. , over which it is placed. 

»re to be taken together; 12—2+14=24, or 3+5x3=24. 
• Decimal point signifies, when prefixed to a mimber, that that number has som& 

power of 10 for its denominator; as .1 is jq, .12 is yVo' .123 is tVVo* .1234 is iVWb", 

.12345 is tVoWo > etc. 

~ Difference signifies, when placed between two quantities, that their difference is 
to be taken, it being unknown which is the greater. 

° '. '.' "' s >g n ify Degrees, Minutes, Seconds, and Thirds of Seconds. 

£ Signifies A ngle. J_ Signifies Perpendicular. A Signifies Triangle. 

□ Signifies Square, as □ inches; and ^ Cube, as cubic inches, o Rectangle. 

> Is greater than or q Is greater than; as, a > b; that is, a is greater than b; 6>5. 

< Is less than, or L Is less than; as, a < b; that is, a is less than b; 5 < 6. 

J> Is not greater than; the contradictory of >; as, a J> b; that is, a is nob greater 
than b; may be equal to, or less than, but not greater. 

<£ Is not less than; the contradictory of <; as, a <£ b; that is, a is not less than b; 
may be equal to, or more than, but not less. 

°o Indefinitely great; infinite; infinity; — used to denote a quantity greater than any 
finite or assignable quantity. A Finite difference. 

Indefinitely small; infinitesimal;— used to denote a quantity less than any assign- 
able quantity; also, naught; nothing; zero. 

.*. signifies Therefore or Hence; '.' signifies Because. 

( ) [ ] Parenthesis and Brackets, signify that all the figures, etc. , within them are to 
be operated upon as if they were only one; thus, (6+2)x3=24; [8— 2]x4=24. 

1 Parallel; is parallel to; as, AB || CD. 

p or 7T is used to express the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diam- 
eter=3.1416 

O Circle; circumference; 360*. *"* Arc of a circle; arc. a' a" a"' signify a prime, 
% second, a third, etc. 

± ^ signify that the formula is to be adapted to two distinct cases. 

\/. or V Root or radical sign; indicating when used without a figure placed 
above it, the square root ; as, \/4=2; »/4a 2 =2a. To denote any other than the square 
root, a figure, (called the index) expressing the degree of the required root, is placed 
above the sign; as, 3 \/a, e \/a, \*i/a, &c. ; that is, the cube root, the fifth root, the 
thirteenth root, &c., of a. JSTThe root of a quantity is also denoted by a fractional 
index at the right-hand side of the quantity and above it, the denominator of the 
index expressing the degree of the root; as, a\, a\, c£; that is, the square, cube, and 
sixth roots of a, respectively; or, as 4 3 is=4x 4x4=64. 

g is the common expression for gravity=32.166; 2^=64.33; a/2(j=8.02 feet. 

&J signifies Dead Flat, or the location of the frame of a vessel at its greatest trans- 
verse section. ' " set superior to a figure or figures, signify feet and inches. 

ft (Lat. Recipe.) Take; aa, of each; lb, pound; § , Ounce; 5 > Drachm; 

3 Scruple; 1^, Minim, or drop; O or o, Pint; f g , fluid Ounce; f 5 > nm( ^ Drachm; 
as, g ss, half an ounce; 5 i, one ounce; 5 iss, one ounce and a half; 5 ij, two ounces; 
etc., etc. 

* Asterisk; t Dagger; I Double Dagger; § Section; B Parallels; *fl Paragraph; 
£2T Index; and %"* or *% Asterism, are used in printing and writing as a reference to 
a passage or note in the margin, and take precedence in the order arranged above, when 
MM or more than one are use* 



422 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



DAY OF THE WEEK OF ANY GIVEN DATE, 

For Sixty Centuries. 



Ratios for Centuries. 



4 


a 





1 
5 


4 


2 


O 


5 


4 
4000 


2 


O 


5 


* 


100 


200 


300 


2000 


2100 


2200 


2300 


4100 


4200 


4300 


400 


500 


600 


700 


2400 


2500 


2600 


2700 


4400 


4500 


4600 


4700 


800 


900 


1000 


1100 


2800 


2900 


3000 


3100 


4800 


4900 


5000 


5100 


1200 


1300 


1400 


1500 


, 3200 


3300 


3400 


3500 ; 


5200 


5300 


5400 


5500 


if.oo 


1700 


1803 


1900 


3600 


3700 


3800 


3900 


5600 


5700 


5800 


5900 



*The years 1 to 99, inclusive. 

Ratios of Mouths. 



January 3 

" Leap Year 2 

February 6 

" Leap Year 5 

March 6 



April 2 September. 

May 4 October .. 

June O November. 

July 2 December. 

August 5|| 



RULE. — Of the figures denoting the year, strike off those occupying the place 
of units and tens; to this number add its one-fourth part, (disregarding the remain- 
der, if any) the day of the month, the ratio for the century and the ratio for t he- 
month. Divide the sum by 7, and the remainder will denote the day of the week. 

If the remainder be 1 the day denoted is Sunday. 
■i « •• 2 " " Monday. 

" " " 3 " " Tuesday. 

" " " 4 " " ' Wednesday. 

" " " 5 " «■ Thursday. 

" " 6 " «* Friday. 

If there be no remainder " " Saturday. 

Example 1. — Upon what day of the week did Columbus discover America? 

Solution.— Date October 12, 14 | 92 

One-fourth of 92 23 

Day of month 12 

Ratio for century 1400. . 

Ratio for month of Oct . . 3 

Ratio for Old Style Date 2 

Divide by 7 ) 132 



ng that the day of the week was Friday. 

Example 2 — Upon what day of the week 



Solution.— Date February 22, 17 | 32 

One-fourth of 32 8 

Day of the month 22 

Ratio for century 1700 . . 2 

Ratio for month of Feb. 5 



18 — 6 remainder, denot- 
was George Washington born? 



Divide by 7 ) 69 

9 — 6 remainder, denot- 
ing that the day of the week was Friday. 

THE OLD AND NEW STYLE. 

A year is the time required for the revolution of the earth around the 6un, 
viz.: 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 49 7-10 seconds. To include the fraction 
of a day Julius Caesar decreed that every fourth year should consist of 366 days. 
This is the Julian, or Old Style, and is an excess for each year of 11 minutes, and 
10 3-10 seconds, so that in 1582 there had been an over-reckoning of ten days. To 
correct this the 5th of October of that year was reckoned the 15th. Still there 
was an overplus amounting in a century to 18 hours, 37 minutes and 10 seconds 
so it was agreed that every centurial year that was not divisable by 400 should 
not be a leap year. This is the Gregorian or New Style, and was adopted by an 
act of the British Parliament, September 3, 1752. The difference between" the 
New and Old Style is twelve days. The dates of some of the events previous to 
that year of that century (the date of Washington's birth, for example) were changed. 
to accord with the New Style. In using the above rule regarding dates of events, 
previous to 1752, care must be used as to what style they belong. 



MATHEMATICS. 



DBFIXITIOXS. 

Fraction U ens or mora parts of 1 unit. 

Decimal 1* a fraction, having for its denominator a emit with as many cipher? 
annexed as the numerator has places. It is usually expressed by writing the primer 
♦tor only with a point at the left of it. 

Rule Of Three applies to cases in which three terms or numbers are given te 
ascertain a fourth and is direct or inverse. 

Compound Proportion— resolves into one statement questions which 
require several statings in rule of three. 

Involution is multiplying any number into Itself a certain number of time*, 
the products are called powers, and the number is called the root or first power. *, 

Evolution is finding root of any number ' 

Properties Of Slumbers. — If the sum of the digits constituting any number 
it divisible by 3 or 9, the whole is divisible by them. A square number cannot end 
with an odd number of ciphers. No square number can end with two equal digits 
except two ciphers or two fours. No number, the last digit of which is 1, 8, 7 or 8, 
Is a square number. 

Position is single or double and determined by the number of suppositions. 

Fellowship is a method of ascertaining gains or losses of individuals engaged 
in joint operations. 

Permutation determines in how many different ways any number of things 
may be varied in their position. 

Arithmetical Progression is a series of numbers Increasing or decreasing 
by a constant number or difference. 

Geometrical Progression is any series of numbers continually ienreasing 
by a constant multiplier or decreasing by a constant divisor. 

A 1 ligation discovers the mean rate or quality of materials when mixed together. 

Discount or Rebate Is a deduction from money paid before It Is due. 

Perpetuities are annuities that continue forever. 

Unit of Circular Measure is an angle which is subtended at center el a 
circle by an arc equal to radius of that circle. Circular measure of an angle is equal 
to a fraction which has for its numerator the arc subtended by that angle at center of 
any circle, and for Its denominator the radius of that circle. 

Probability that an event will occur Is the ratio of the favorable cases to all the 
cases which are similarly circumstanced in reference to that event. The probabilities 
of two or more single events being known, the probability of their occurring in suc- 
cession may be determined by multiplying together the probabilities of their events, 
considered singly. 

Reciprocal of a number Is the quotient arising from the division of 1 by the 
number. The product of a number and its reciprocal Is always equal to 1. The recip- 
rocal of a vulgar fraction is the denominator divided by the numerator. 

Logarithms facilitate numerical computation and the logarithm of a number is 
the exponent of a power to which 10 must be raised to give that number* Addition 
is substituted for multiplication, subtraction for division, multiplication for invofo. 
tien, and division for evolution. 

Cone is made by the revolution of a right-angled triangle about one of Its legs. 

Conle Sections are made by planes cutting a cone. 

Ellipse is made by an oblique plane cutting a cone above Its base. 

Parabola Is made by a plane cutting a cone parallel to its side. 
Hyperbola Is made by a plane cutting a cone at any angle with base greater thaa 
that of the side of the cone. The ptrinuUr of a figure is the sum of all its sides. A 
problem is something proposed to be done. A pottulate is something supposed at 
assumed. A theorem is something proposed to be demonstrated. A lemma Is some- 
thing premised* to render what follows mere easy. A corollary follows from a pre- 
ceding demonstration. A schciium is a remark upon something which precedes it 



424 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



TabUlof Geometrical Progression. 

Whereby any Questions of Geometrical Progression and of Double JKatto may 5e 
m nereoy w^ b y Imp J ection . the Number of Term s not Exceeding 56. 

4398046511194: 

8796093022208 

17592186044416 

35184372088832 

70368744177664 

140737488355328 

281474976710656 

562949953421312 

1125899906842624 

2251799813685248 

450?599627370496 

9007199254740992 

1801439S509481984 

36028797018963968 



1 


11 


15 


2 


2 


16 


3 


4 


17 


- 4? 


& *.«= 8 


18 


5 


: 16 


19 


6 


32 


20 


7 


64 


21 


8 


128 


22 


9 


256 


23 


10 


512 


24 


11 


1024 


25 


12 


2048 


, 26 


13 


4096 


: 27 


14 


8192 


P =28 



16384 

32768 

65536 

131072 

262144 

524288 

'1048576 

2097152 

4194304 

8388608 

16777216 

33554432 

67108864 

134217728 fj 



29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 



268435456 


43 


536870912 


44 


1073741824 


45 


2147483648 


46 


4294967296 


47 


8589934592 


48 


17179869184 


49 


34359738368 


50 


68719476736 


51 


137438953472 


52 


274877906944 


53 


549755813888 


54 


1099511627776 


55 


2199023255552 


1 56 



"Illustrations— The 13th power of 2=8192, and the 8th root of '2ob=2. 
GEOMETRICAL DEFINITIONS. 

Curviform Figures. ', n 

A ClUCLE is a plain figure bounded by a regular curved line, every part of which is 
squally distant from a point within it called the center. . v-z . 

The Circumference of a circle is the curved line by which the circle is bounded. 

The Diameter of a circle is a straight line terminating in the circumference and 
passing through the center; or, the longest straight line that can be drawn within a 
circle 

The Radius of a circle is a straight line extending from its center to any point in its 
circumference; or, the semi -diameter of a circle. 

An Arc is a portion of a circumference. 

A Chord is a straight line uniting the extremities of an are of a circle, but does not 
pass through the center. 

A Segment is that part of a circle included within a chord and an arc; or, that part 
of a circle cut off by a chord. 

A Sector is that part of a circle bounded by two radii and the included arc. 

A Semi-circle is half of a circle. 

A Quadrant is one quarter of a circle. 

A Periphery is the circumference of a circle, ellipse or other curvilinear figure. 

An Ellipse is a figure bounded by an oval curved line having one longand one »hort 
diameter at right angles to one another. 

A Cycloid is a curve generated by a point in the plane of a circle when the circle is 
rolled along a straight line, keeping always in the same plane. A common cycloid is 
the curve described when the generating point is on the circumference of the generat- 
ing circle; the curtate cycloid when that point is without the circumference; the pro- 
late or inflected cycloid when the generating point lies within the circumference. 

A Parabola is formed by the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane 

parallel to one of its sides. 

Angles . . 

An Angle is the opening of two lines that meet at one point, or that would meet if 
sufficiently extended. The point of meeting is called the vertex of the »ngle. 

The number of degrees of a circle contained in the arc of a sector is the measure 
of the angle formed by the two radii. m 

A Right Angle is one formed by a line joining another perpendicularly, or, at a-j 
angle of 90° marked by a quarter circle. 

An Acute Angle is less than a right angle; or, less than 90°. 

An Obtuse Angle is more than a right angle; or, more than 90° 

Triangles. 

A Triangle or Trigon is a figure of three sides. 

An Equilateral Triangle has all of its sides equal 

An t 3 osc*les Triangle has only two of its sides equal 

A Scalene Triangle has all of its sides uneqi 1 ^. 

A Right-angled Triangle has one right angle. 

An Acute-angled Triangle has all of its angles acute. 

An Obtuse-angled Triangle has one obtuse angle. 



PROPOSITIONS AND FORMULAS 42o 



Quadrangles. 

A Quadrangle is a figure of four sides. 

A Parallelogram has its opposite sides parallel, and its opposite angles equal. 
A Square or Tetragon has its four sides equal and four right angles. 
A Rectangle has its opposite sides equal and four right angles. 
A Rhombus has four equal sides and its opposite angles equal, two of the angles 
fceing acute and two obtuse. 
A Rhomboid is the same as a parallelogram. 
A Trapezoid has only two opposite sides parallel. 
A Trapezium has no two sides parallel or equal. 

Polygons. ;■ ; 

A Polygon is a plane and right lined figure. .....-.- <J -.'. 

A Regular Polygon has its sides equal. 

An Irregular Polygon has its sides unequal. 

Solids. 

A Cube or Hexahedron is a solid with six equal faces. 

A Sphere is a solid, every part of whose surface is equally distant from a point 
Within called a center. 

A Spheroid is a sphere flattened or depressed at two opposite sides ; an oblate 
spheroid is a sphere flattened or depressed at the poles ; a prolate spheroid is a sphere 
extended, or elongated at the poles. 

A Paraboloid is a solid described by the revolution of a parabola about its axis. 

A Cylinder is a solid described by the revolution of a rectangle about one of its 
sides. . ,. 

A Cone is a solid described by the revolution of a right-angled triangle about one 
of its sides. 

A Pyramid is a solid the base of which is any kind of a polygon, and its other 
faces triangles uniting at a common point called a vertex. 

A Frustum of a cone or pyramid is the part which remains after the top is cut 
off by a plane parallel to the base. 

An Ungdla is the part of a cone or cylinder which remains after the top is cut off 
by a plane oblique to the base. 

A Parallelopiped is bounded with six parallelograms. 

A Prism is a solid whose ends, called bases, are equal polygons, and whose sides or 
faces are parallelograms. 

A Prismoid is a prism cut obliquely at the ends. 

A Perimeter is the sum of all the sides of a figure plane or solid 

Polyhedrons. 
A Polyhedron is a solid contained by many faces or planes. 
A Regolar Polyhedron is a solid its faces or planes being equal. 
An Irregular Polyhedron is a solid its faces or planes being unequal. 

Units of Measure. 
The unit of measure for lines is a linear unit. 
The unit of measure for area or surface is a square unit. 
The unit of measure for solidity or contents is a cubic unit. 
All similar lines are to each other as their like dimensions. 

All similar areas or surfaces are to each other as the squares of their like dimen- 
sions. 
All similar solids are to each other as the cubes of their like dimensions. 



426 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



PROPOSITIONS AND FORMULAS. 

1. The diameter (d) of a circle being given, required the circumference (e): 

dX3.U16=c. 

2. The circumference (c) of a circle being given, required the diameter (d) : 

c. -*-3.1416=d. 

3. The diameter (d) of a circle being given, required the area (a) : 

d 2 X .7854= a. 

4. The diameter (d) and circumference (c) of a circle being given, required tha 

area (a) : 

dXc-f-4=a. 

5. The number of degrees (a) contained in an arc, and the diameter (d) of th© 
circle being given, required the length (c) of the arc: 

aX dX3 . 1416-^360 =■ c. 

6. The chord (a) of an arc and the chord (6) of one-half the arc being given, re- 
quired the length (c) of the arc: 

&X8— a-s-3=c. 

7. The base (a) and height (c) of a segment of a circle being given, required the» 

diameter (d) : 

(a-=-2)2-=-3 + c=d. 

8. The number of degrees (c) in the arc of a sector and the diameter (d) of the 
circle being given, required the area (a) of the sector: 

cX3.1416-=-360Xd-^2X %d = a. 

9. The greater (c) and less (d) diameters of a circular ring being given, required 

the area (a) : 

c'2— d2X-7854=a. 

10. The greater (c) and le6S (d) diameters of a ellipse being given, required the 

area (a) : 

cXdX- 7854=a. 

11. The diameter (d) of the generating circle of a common cycloid being givea, 
required the length (a) of the cycloid: 

dX4=a. 

12. The diameter (d) of tne generating circle of a common cycloid being given, 
required the area (a) of the cycloid: 

d^x. 7854X3 -a. 

13. The base (b) and parameter (c) of a common parabola being given, required 
the altitude (a) : 

(5-5-2) * -Hex?) =a. 

14. The base (b) and altitude (a) of a common parabola being given, required 
the area (c) : 

6X«X2^-3 = c. 

15. The base (b) and perpendicular (c) of a triangle being given, required th' 
area ( a) : 

6Xc-f-2=a. 

16. The base (a) and perpendicular (b) of a right angled triangle being given, re- 
quired the hypotenuse (c) : 

s/a 2 ^ b* = c. 

17. The hypotenuse (c) and one of the sides (b) of aright-angled triangle being: 
given, required the other side (a) : 

s/c*—b*^a. 

18. The longer (a) and short (b) parallel sides of a trapezoid and the distance (c? 
between them being given, required the area (d) : 

a+6Xc-=-2^d. 

19. The diameter (d) or circumference (c) of a circle being given, required the 
side (a) of an inscribed square: 

dx • 7071 = a or cX .2251 = a. 

20. The diameter id) or circumference (c) of a circle being given, required th© 
side (a) of a square of equal area: 

dX . 8862= o or cX . 282. -= 



PROPOSITIONS AND FORMULAS 



427 



TABLB Or REGT7LAB POLYGONS WHOSE SIDE8 ABE ONE. 



NAME. 


No. 
SideB. 


AREA(A-) 


Radius (n) 
Inscribed Circle. 


Radius f) 

Circumscribed 

Circle. 




3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 


.4330127 
1.0000000 
1.7204774 
2.5980762 
3.6339124 
4.8284271 
6.1818242 
7.6942088 
9.3656399 
11.1961524 


.2886751 

.5000000 

.6881910 

.8660254 

1.0382617 

1.2071068 

1.3737387 

1.5388418 

1.2028437 

1.8660254 


.5773503 


Pentagon 


.7071068 

.8506508 
1.0000000 




1.1523824 
1.3065628 




1.4619022 




1.6180340 




1.7747324 
1.9318517 



21. A side (a) of a regular polygon being given, required the area (c). 

kxa' 2 =c. * 

22. A side (a) of a regular polygon being given, required the radius (r) of an 
inscribed circle: 

ny,a=r. 

23. A side (a) of a regular polygon being given, required the radius (r) of a cir« 
cuinscribed circle: 

24. The diameter (d) of a sphere being given, required its surface (s) : 

dX3.1416X<^*. 

25. The diameter (d) of a sphere being given, required its cubic contents tc) : 

d3 X .5236=c. 

26. The greater (a) and less (b) diameters of an oblate spheroid being given, 
required its cubic contents (c). 

a*X&X-5236=c. 

27. The greater (a) and less (6) diameters of a prolate spheroid being given, 
required its cubic contents (c): 

& 2 XaX-5236=c. 

28. The diameter (d) and altitude (a) of a paraboloid being given, required its 
cubic contents (c) 

d 2 X«X-3927 = c. 

29. The length (a) and diameter (d) of a cylinder being given, required its con- 
vex surface (s) : 

dX3.1416Xa^». 

30. The length (a) and diameter (d) of a cylinder being given, required its cubic 
contents (c) : 

d2X-7854Xa=c. 

31. The diameter (d, of the base and the slant height [a; of a cone being gi^en, 
required its convex surface (s) : 

dX3.1416Xa-^2=s. 

32. The diameter (d) of the base and the altitude (a) of a cone being given, 
required its cubic contents (c) : 

d* X .7854Xa-^-3=c. 

33. The perimeter (a) of the base and the slant height (5) of a regular pyramid 
being given, required its slant surface (s) : 

«X&h-2-s. 

34. A side (b) of the base and the altitude (a) of a regular pyramid being given, 
required its cubic contents (c): 

&X& 2 X«-^3=c. 
33. The greater (a) and less (b) diameters, and the slant heighth (c) of the frus- 
tum of a cone being given, required its convex surface (s) : 
(aX3.1416> + (bX3.1416)-H2Xc-S. 
36. The perimeter (a) of the greater base, the perimeter (5) of the less base, and 
thesUnt height c) of the frustum of a regular pyramid being given, required the 
slant 6urf ace (s) : 

aib-i-2Xc=S. 
?"*. The greater (a) and less(&)diameters, and the altitude (d) of the frustrum ot 
a core being given, required, its cubic conients (c) : 

a* i 62 -t (aXty X.7854Xd+3=«. 



428 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



38. A side (a) of the greater base, a side (6) of the lesser base and the altitude (c) 
of the frustrum of a regular pyramid being given, required the cubic contents (d.) 

a 2 -r6 2 - (aXb)XkXc-^3=d. 

39. The perimeter (a) of the base and the altitude (6) of a prism being given, 
required the convex surface (s) : 

axb=s. ' 

40. A side (a) of the base and the altitude (b) of a regular prism being given, 
required its cubic contents (c) : 

fcXa 2 X6=c. 







TABLE OF REGULAR POLYHEDRONS. 












1 Diameter (z) 




No. 


Surface (») 


Cubic Contents 


Diameter (y) In- Circumscribed 


Name. 


Edge of Poly- 


(x) Edge of 


scribed Sphere 'sphere being one 


Faces hedron being 


Polyhedron 


being 1 the Edge, the Edge ot 






one. 


being one. 


of Polyhedron is 


Polyhedron is 


Tetrahedron.. 


4 


1.7320508 


.1178513 


2.4494897 


.8164966 


Hexahedron . . 


6 


6.0000000 


1.0000000 


1.0000000 


.5773503 


Octahedron . . 


8 


3.4641016 


.4714045 


1.2247447 


.7071068 


Dodecahedron 


12 


20.6457288 


7.6631189 


.4490279 


.3568221 


Icosahedron . . 


20 8.6602540 


2.1816950 


.6615845 


.5257309 



41. An edge (a) of a regular polyhedron being given, required its surface (s) : 

42. An edge (a) of a regular polyhedron being given, require its cubic contents (c;. 

z/a 3 - c. 

43. The diameter (d) of an inscribed sphere being given, required the edge (a) 
of the' circumscribing polyhedron: 

yXd = a. 

44. The diameter (d) of a circumscribed sphere being given, required the edge 
ia.) of the inscribing polyhedron: 

zXd=a. 





NUMERALS, OR NOTATION. 



Arabic. 

Naught 
One 



Ram, 

1 I 
Two 2 II 

Three 3 III 

Four 4 IV 

Five 5 V 

Six G VI 

Seven 7 VII 

Eight 8 VIII 

Nine 9 IX 

Ten 10 X 

Eleven 11 XI 
Twelve 12 XII 

Arabic. 
Three thousand 3,000 
Four thousand 4,000 
Five thousand 5,000 
Six thousand 6,000 
Seven thousand 7,000 
Eight thousand 8,000 
Nine thousand 9,000 



Ten thousand 10,000 X 



Arabic. Rom. Arabic. Rom. 

13 XIII Eighty »0 LXXX 

Ninety 90 XC 

One hundred 100 C 

Two hundred 200 CC 

Three hundred 300 CCC 

Four hundred 400 CCCC 

Five hundred 500 D 

Six hundred 60o DC 

Seven hundred 700 DCC 

Eight hundred 800 DCCO 

Nine hundred 900 CM 

One thousand 1,000 M 

Two thousand 2,000 Mil 

Arabic, Roman. 
50,000 L 
60,000 LX 
100,000 ^C 
1,000,000 M 
10,000,000 CCCCCIOOOOO 
100,000,000 CCCCCCIOOOOCO 



Thirteen 

Fourteen 14 XIV 

Fifteen 15 XV 

Sixteen 16 XVI 

Seventeen 17 XVII 

Eighteen 18 XVIII 

Nineteen 19 XIX 

Twenty 20 XX 

Thirty 30 XXX 

Forty 40 XL 

Fifty 50 L 

Sixty 60 LX 

Seventy 70 LXX 

Rom. 

MM Fifty thousand 

IV Sixty thousand 

V One hundred thousand 

VI One million 
YII Ten million 
yjjj One hundred million 

IX 



One thousand million* 1,000,000,000 CCCCIOOOO 



One billion f 1,000,000,000,000 CCCCCCClgMMOa 

As. often as a character is repeated, so many times is its value repeated. 

A less character before a greater diminishes its value, as IV=I— V , or 1 sub- 
tracted from 5=4. li -l in 11 

A less character after a greater increases its value, as XI=X-r I, or 1 added iu=u. 

For every o annexed the sum is increased 10 times. 

For every C and q placed one at each end (of the character I) , the sum becomes 
twice as many as the o placed singly. ir >rwi 

A bar! thus , over any number increases it 1,000 times. ^Illustration.— 10.00ft 

=CCIOO, or X. 1883,MDCCCLXXXIH; 1,883,000 MD^CLXXXm. 
* French and American for a billion, f English 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



LINEAR OR LONG MEASURE. 

12 Inches = 1 Foot Inches. Feet. Fords. Rodi, Ihiir. 

3 Feet = 1 Yard = 36 

6J£ Yards =1 Rod or Pole = 198 = 16^ 

40 Bods = 1 Furlong = 7,920 = 660 = 220 

8 Furl'gs- 1 Mile (Statute) = 63,360 = 5,280 =■ 1,760 = 320 

3 Miles = 1 League •= 190,080 = 15,840 = 5,280 = 960 =- 24 

The English Standard unit of long measure is the yard, which is determined from 
the length of a pendulum vibrating seconds of mean time in vacuo in London at 
the level of the sea. The measurement is made on a brass scale at a temperature of 
62° Fahrenheit. The length of the pendulum thus measured is 39 13929 Imperial 
inches; the length of the standard yard is 36 inches of that measurement of inches. 

The United States standard, of which the State standards are copies, is a brass 
scale 82 inches in length which is in the office of Weights and Measures at Washing- 
ton ; and was prepared in London for the survey of the coast of the United States. 
The English and United States standards are identical. 



LENGTH OF A PENDULUM VIBRATING SECONDS AT THE LEVEL OF THE 
SEA IN VARIOUS PLACES. 

Latitude 00* 00* 00" 39.0152 inches 

Latitude 45* 00* 00" 39.1270 inches 

Washington, Latitude 38° 53' 23'' 39.0958 inches 

New York, Latitude 40° 42' 40* 39.1017 inches 

London, Latitude 51° 31' 00" 39.1393 inches 

Stockholm, Latitude 59* 21' 30'' 39.1845 inches 

SURVEYORS ' AND ENGINEERS' MEASURE. 

7.92 Inches = 1 Link Inches. Feet. Yds. Lks. Rods. 

23 Links = 1 Rod or Pole = 198 = 16j£= 5J$ 

4 Rods = 1 Chain = 792 = 66 = 22 = 100 

80 Chains = 1 Mile (Statute) = 63,360 = 5,280 = 1,760 = 8,000 = 320 
Engineers use another chain which consists of 100 links, each one foot long. 

MARINERS' MEASURE. 

Fths. 

= 880 

J Statute mile = 5280 feet =- 0.8675806 Nautical mile 

1 Nautical mile = 6083.889568 feet = 1.1526306 Statute mile 

1 Equatorial degreo = 60 Nautical miles = 69.1578372 Statute miles 

The nautical term knot refers to a division of the log line which is used to ascer- 
tain a vessel's motion. The number of knots which run off the reel in half a 
minute shows the number of miles the vessel sails in one hour. When a vessel 
goes eight miles an hour she is said to make eight knets, (Nautical miles) 



6 Feet 


= 


1 Fathom 




Feet. 


120 Fathoms 


= 


1 Cable-length 


= 


720 


"tVz Cable-lengths 


= 


1 Mile 


=■ 


5,280 






430 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



CIRCULAR MEASURE. 

>• , • 

69 Seconds = 1 Minute 

66 Minutes = 1 Degree = 3,600 

30 Degrees = 1 Sign = 108,000 = 1,800 

12 Signs = 1 Circle = 1,296,000 = 21,600 = 3#9 

Every circle, large or small, is divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees. 
A degree has no fixed linear extent; it is always the 360th part of any circle to 
vhich it is applied. 

90* = a Quadrant, or Right Angle. 
60° = a Sextant; or ' of a circle. 



TIME MEA.SURE. 






80 Seconds 


= 1 Minute 


SECONDS. 


MINUTES. 




HOURS. 


60 Minutes 


= 1 Hour 


= 3,600 








2* Hours 


= 1 Day 


= 86,400 = 


1,440 






7 Days 


= 1 Week 


= 604,800 = 


10,080 


= 


168 


365 Days 


= 1 Year 


= 31,536,000 = 


525,600 


= 


8,76» 


366 Days 


= 1 Leap year 


= 31,622,400 = 


527,040 


= 


8,784 



The time in which the earth makes one revolution is divided into 
24 hours and SlSlQ* — 15° per hour. 

RECKONING TIME FROM LONGITUDE. 

To reduce longitude into time, divide the number of degrees, minutes and seconds 
by 15; the quotient is the time. This is equivalent to finding the difference in time 
between a designated longitude and the meridian. 

Example 1— Reduce the longitude of San Francisco into time. 

Solution 122*24' 53'' -h 15 = 8 hours, 9 minutes, 39.5 seconds. 

To find the difference in time between two places divide the difference m longitude 
bv 15 • the quotient is the difference in time . 

Example 2-Required the difference in time between New York and San Fran- 

CiSC °- SoZufton-Longitude of San, Francisco, 12g 24- 63J 

Longitude of New York, 74* 00' 03" 

Difference in Longitude, 48* 24' 50" 

48* 24' 50" - 15 =■ 3 hours, 13 minutes, 39H seconds, the difference in time. * hen 
it is 12 m at the Russian Hill Observatory in San Francisco, it is 3 hrs. 13 mm. 39>-, 
sec. p. m. at the City Hall in New York. 

TO DETERMINE LONGITUDE FROM TIME. 

Example 3-A vessel sails from New York to Liverpool, after having been »tie? 
foroneweek, the difference in time with New York was found to be 1 h. ol m. 45 .. 
Required the longitude from New York. 

Solution. 1 h . 51 m. 45s. X 15 = 27" 5& 15" from New York. 

PESTDTTIiTTMS. 

* , -«._ ~* «*«*i1,imafnr different vibrations in the latitude of Washington are 

JSS^&S^&pzX; =£ '-if 4"; WASTES 

longer than at Washington. , _ ft 

Time Heasure.-The standard [unit .of time »J^^J%£&££ 
4.09* sec. in solar or mean time. Sidereal tipe " th ie pe no a* men P 
time of a fixed star being ^ t mM ^^£^S\i^^iti^!i on its axis, aa 

X^^&^^ ^ = reT ^ on8 * * m#an 80lar or Gr ' so ^ 

year. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



431 



Apparent time is shewn by the sun-dial, and is* deduced from observation; 
of the sun. 

The solar day is 24 hours 3 minutes 56.555 sec. in sideral time. 

The civil day begins at midnight, and the astronomical day at noon of the 
civil day, 12 hours later. 

The marine day begins 12 hours before civil time or one day before the 
astronomical. 

Solar equinoctial, tropical, civil or calendar year is the time in which the 
sun returns from one vernal equinox to another, and its average time is 
365.242218 solar days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 47.6 seconds. 

The mean lunar month is 29 days, 12 h'rs, 44 min., 2 seconds, and 5.24 thirds. 

Gregorian or New Style is now adopted by all Christian countries except 
Russia and Greece. 

Standard time for the Ave divisions of the U. S. went into effect Nov. 18, 
1883. When the sun crosses the 75th meridian at Washington, it is noon, and 
the difference from E. to W. for every 15 degrees is just one hour, so that when 
it is noon or 12 M. in New York it is 8 A. M. in San Francisco. 

TIDES. 

The elevation of a tidal wave towards the moon slightly exceeds that of the 
opposite one, and the intensity of it diminishes from equator to the poles. 
The sun by its action twice elevates and depresses the sea every day, follow- 
ing the action of the moon, but with less effect. Spring tides arise from the 
combined action of the sun and moon when they are on the same side of the 
earth. Neap tides arise from the divided action of the sun and moon, when 
they are on opposite sides of the earth, and the greatest elevations and de- 
pressions do not occur until the second or third day after a full or new moon. 
When the sun and moon are in conjunction, and the time is near the equi- 
noxes, the tides are highest. The mean effect of the moon on the tidal wave 
is 4.5 times that of the sun. The various conformations of shores, straits, 
cape:?, rivers, lengths and depths of channels, shoals, etc., disturb the general 
rules. A rolling wave 20 feet high will exert a force about one ton per square 
foot. The action of waves is most destructive at low water line. Waves of 
oscillation, when reflected, will produce no effect at a depth of 12 feet below 
the surface. Waves of translation are nearly as powerful at a great depth as 
at the surface. The semi-diurnal or free tide wave is produced by the action 
of sun and moon, and its period is about 12 hours and 24 minutes. 

Tides and Waves.— The rise of water which takes place in tidal rivers is 
not due to the direct action of the moon on their waters, but in consequence 
of the change of level in the surface of the ocean, caused by the tidal wave 
passing the mouth of the river. The direction of strong winds, as well as the 
varying pressure of the atmosphere, considerably affects both the times and 
the heights of high water. The tidal wave in the deep sea is merely an un- 
dulation; but, when shallow seas or bays are reached, the movement of the 
water is discernible. The general principle is, that in the deep sea there is 
a quick movement of the wave and a slow movement of the water; in the 
shallow sea there is a slow movement of the wave and a quick movement of 
the water, which is called the Tidal Current. Such currents have much to 
do with the formation of bars at the mouth of rivers. Therefore, unless the 
harbor engineer have a full knowledge of their set and force, and of their con- 
junction with or opposition to Ocean Currents, his plans of improvement 
may be rendered abortive. 

THE PLANETS. 



Name. 


Diame- 
ter. 


Mean Distance Least Distance 
from Sun. from Earth. 


Greatest Dis- 
tance 
from Earth. 


No. of Days 
in its 
Year. 


Mercury. . . 

Venus 

Earth 


Miles. 

2,962 

7,510 

7,916 

4,920 

85,390 

71,904 

33,024 

36,620 


Miles. 

35,000,000 

66,000,000 

91,000,000 

139,000,000 

476,000,000 

872,000,000 

1,753,000,000 

2,746,000,000 


Miles. 

47,000,000 

23,000,000 


Miles. 
136,000,000 
160,000,000 


88 
225 
365 


Mars 

Jupiter... 

Saturn 

Uranus... 
Neptune... 


62,000,000 

419,000,000 

831,000,000 

1,746,000,000 

2,629,000,000 


245,000,000 

952,000,000 

1,014,000,000 

1,929,000,000 

2,863,000,000 


687 

4,333 

10,759 

30,687 

60,127 



It is supposed that A* Centauri, one of the brightest stars of the Southern 
Hemisphere, is the nearest fixed star to the earth. Its distance from the 
earth is reckoned to be 20,000,000,000 miles. A ray of light from this star is 3 
years and 3 months in reaching the earth. 

Magnetic Pole is nearer to the U. S. by 1,400 miles than the geographical 
pole, and is the pole of Aurora Borealis or center of greatest electrical mani- 
festation. This center is now due north of U. S., but is constantly changing 
from E. toW., and 400 years ago was near Spitzbergen. At this magnetic 
pole the compass needle refuses to perform its regular function, and the dip 
needle in a vertical plane stands straight. 



432 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 





SQUARE OR SURf ACE MEASURE. ' 




' 244 


Square Inches (sq. in.) 




= 1 Square Foot, 


Sq. ft 


9 


Square Feet, 




= 1 Square Yard, 


sq. yd. 


30% Square Yards, 




= 1 Square Rod, 


sq. rd„ 








or Perch, 


P- 


40 


Square Rods, or Perches 




= 1 Rood, 


r 


4 


Roods, 




= 1 Acre, 


a. 


640 


Acres 




= 1 Square Mile, 


sp. ni 


36 


Square Miles, (6 miles sq.) 




= 1 Township, 


T 


16 


Perches, 




= 1 square Chain, 


sq. ch. 


10 


Square Chains, 




= 1 Acre, 


a. 




SQUARE INCHES. SQUARE FEET 


. SQUARE YARDS. SQUARE RODS. 


1 Square Foot = 144 








1 Square Yard = 1,296= 


9 






1 Square Rod = 39,204= 


272 M 


= 30% 




1 Square Chain = 627,264= 


4,356 


= 484 = 


16 


1 Rood 


= 1,568,160= 


10,890 


= 1,210 = 


40 


1 Acre 


= 6,272,640= 


43,560 


= 4,840 = 


160 


1 Square Mile = 4,014,489,600= 27,878,400 


= 3,097,600 = 


102,400 


1 Township =144,521,625,600=1,003,622,400 


= 111,513,600 = 


3,686,400 



A square, as used by mechanics, is 10 feet square, or 100 square feet. 

More frequently than many might suppose, square inches and inches square, squar* 
feet and feet square, etc., are regarded as being of no difference. By 9 feet squar» 
is meant a square figure each side of which is 9 feet; but by 9 square feet is meant 9 
small squares, each 1 foot long and 1 foot wide. It will then he seen that there is 
no difference between 1 foot square and 1 square foot; but hy increasing the number 
above 1, the difference rapidly increases. 

The difference between 5 feet square and 5 square feet is 20 square feet. 

Th» difference between 1,000 feet square and 1,000 square feet 999,000 square feet. 



CUBIC, OR SOLID MEASURE 

1,728 Cubic Inches = 

27 Cubic Feet = 

16 Cubic Feet . = 

8 Cord Feet = 

24^ Cubic feet, or 16 % feet long, 1% feet| 

high and 1 foot wide ) 

40 Cubic Feet of round timber, or ) 

50 Cubic Feet of hewn timber ) 



= 1 Cubic Foot. 

= 1 Cubic Yard. 

= 1 Cord foot. 

= 1 Cord of Wood. 

= 1 Perch. 

= 1 Ton or Load. 



A cubic yard of earth is called a load. 

A square of earth is a cube measuring 6 feet on each side, and is equivalent to 216 
cubic feet. 

In civil engineering the cubic yard is the unit to which estimates for excavations. 
embankments and levees are reduced. 

In commerce, the cubic foot is often the unit on which charges are estimated and 
made for freight, the space occupied being measured. 



ORIGIN OF TROY AND AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHTS. 

From the time of William I to Henry VII of England, the standard of weight was 
determined by the weight of grains of wheat; 32 grains taken from the middle of the 
ear acid well dried, made the weight of a penny, or a pennyweight, 20 pennyweights an 
ounce, and 12 ounces a pound. Henry VII changed this weight and introduced 
another pound in its place, which was \ of an ounce heavier than the old pound. 
The same divisions were retained, but the number of grains in a pennyweight was 
changed to 24; although the name was still used, it had no reference to the weight 
of grains of wheat. This is the Troy pound of the present time. 

Henry VIII introduced another weight, for the purpose of weighing meat in the 
market, which is the Avoirdupois pound of the present time. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



433 



Grains. 


Pennyweights 


480 




5,760 


240 



TROY OR MINT WEIGHT. 

24 Grains — 1 Pennyweight. 

20 Pennyweights = 1 Ounce. = 

12 Ounces = 1 Pound. = 

The Troy pound is the standard unit of weight of the United States Mint. It is 
identical with the Troy pound of England and derives its name from Troy Novant, 
the ancient name of the city of London. 

The Troy pound is equivalent to the weight of 22.79442 cubic inches of distilled 
water, at its maximum density, or 22.8157 cubic inches, 62° Fahrenheit, barom- 
eter at 30 inches, in both cases. 

SIDE OP A SQUARE CONTAINING A GIVEN NUMBER OP ACRES. 



Acres. 


Side. 


• 

Acres. 


?! ■ 

Si 


de. 
In. 


Acres. 


Side. 


Acres. 


-=TTT7 Z^lS 

Side. 




Ft. 


In. 




Ft. 




Ft. 


In. 




Ft. 


In. 


1-640 


8 


3 


3%... 


390 


5% 


10%... 


633 


2% 


17%... 


873 


1% 


1-350 


11 




3 3-5. 


396 




10%. .. 


676 


3% 


17%... 


879 


3% 


1-160 


16 


6 


3%... 


404 


2 


10%.. . 


684 


3% 


18 ... 


885 


5% 


1-90. 


22 




4 ... 


417 


5 


11 ... 


692 


2% 


18%... 


891 


7% 


1-40. 


33 




4%... 


430 


3% 


11%... 


700 


% 


18%... 


897 


9% 


2-45. 


44 




4%... 


442 


8% 


lljfi... 


707 


9% 


18%... 


903 


9 


5-72. 


55 




4%... 


454 


10 % 


11%... 


715 


5 


19 ... 


909 


9 


1-10. 


66 




5 ... 


466 


8% 


12 ... 


722 


11% 


19%... 


915 


7% 


%... 


73 


9% 


5%... 


478 


2% 


12%... 


730 


5% 


19%... 


921 


7% 


9-40. 


99 




5%... 


489 


5% 


12%... 


737 


10% 


19%... 


927 


6% 


%... 


104 


4% 


5%... 


495 




12%... 


745 


2% 


20 ... 


933 


4% 


5-18. 


110 




5%... 


500 


5% 


13 ... 


752 


6% 


20%... 


939 


2% 


%... 


127 


9% 


6 ... 


511 


2X 


13%... 


759 


8% 


20%... 


944 


10% 


2-5.. 


132 




6%... 


521 


9% 


13%... 


766 


10% 


20%... 


950 


8% 


%... 


147 


7 


6 2-5. 


528 




13%... 


773 


11 


21 ... 


956 


5% 


%... 


165 




6%... 


532 


1% 


14 ... 


780 


11% 


21%... 


962 


2 


%... 


180 


9 


6%... 


542 


3 


14%... 


787 


10% 


21%... 


967 


9 


%... 


195 


2% 


7 ... 


552 


2% 


14 2-5. 


792 




21%... 


973 


m 


9-10. 


198 




7%... 


561 


11% 


U%... 


794 


8% 


22 ... 


978 


10% 


1 


208 


8% 


7%... 


571 


6% 


14%... 


801 


6% 


22%... 


984 


5% 


l%... 


233 


4% 


IX... 


581 


% 


15 ... 


808 


4 


22%... 


990 




1%... 


255 


7% 


8 ... 


590 


3% 


15%... 


815 


% 


22%... 


995 


5% 


13-5.. 


264 




8%... 


599 


5% 


15%... 


821 


8% 


23 ... 


1000 


10% 


IX.... 


276 


1% 


8%... 


608 


5% 


15%... 


828 


3% 


23%... 


1006 


4% 


2 


295 


1% 


8%... 


617 


4% 


16 ... 


834 


10% 


23%... 


1011 


9% 


2%... 


313 


X 


9 ... 


626 


1% 


16%... 


841 


4 


23%... 


1017 


1% 


2%... 


339 




9%... 


634 


9% 


16%... 


847 


9% 


24 ... 


1022 


5% 


2%... 


346 


1% 


9%... 


643 


3% 


16%... 


854 


2% 


24%... 


1027 


9% 




361 


6 


9%... 


651 


8% 


17 ... 


860 


6% 


24%... 


1033 


% 


3%... 


376 


3% 


10 ... 


660 




17%... 


866 


10 


25 3-5. 


1056 





The number of acres (a) in a square piece of ground being given required tke 
length of a side of the square ia feet («). 



■|/43560 X a = $. 

HILLS IN THE AREA OF AN ACRE. 



Feet 




Feet 




Feet 




Feet 


'~ 


Apart. 


Number. 


Apart. 


Number. 


Apart. 


Number. 


Apart. 


Numbet. 


1 


43560 


5 


1742 


9 


538 


16 


170 


1% 


19360 


5% 


1440 


9% 


4S£ 


17 


151 


2 


10890 


6 


1210 


10 


435 


18 


134 


2% 


6969 


6% 


1031 


10% 


394 


20 


106 


3 


4840 


7 


889 


12 


302 


29 


69 


3% 


3556 


7% 


775 


13 


258 \ 


30 


48 


4 


2722 


8 


680 


14 


225 


35 


35 


4% 


2151 


8K 


602 


15 


193 


40 


27 



434 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 







AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 










Short Ton. 






273 2 Grains 


= 


1 Dram Grains. Drams. 


Ozs. 


Lbs. 


1 6 Drams 


= 


1 Ounce = 437.5 






16 Ounces 


= 


1 Pound = 7,000 = 256 






25 Pounds 


= 


lQ'rter = 175,000 = 6,400 


= 400 




4 Quarters 


_ 


1 Cwt. 700,000 = 25,600 


= 1,600 


= 100 


20 Cwt. 


= 


1 Ton = 14,000,000 = 512,000 
English or Long Ton. 


= 32,000 


= 2,000 = 


27^ i Grains 


_ 


1 Dram Grains. Drams. 


Ozs. 


16 Drams 


= 


1 Ounce = *37.5 






16 Ounces 
112 Pounds 


= 


1 Pound = 7.000 = 
10 wt. = 784,000 = 


256 

28,672 = 


1,792 


20 Cwt. 


= 


1 Ton = 15,680,000 = 573,440 = 


35,840 = 5 



Qts. 



Lbs. 



= 2,240 

The avoirdupois weight of the United States .and JngUnd ^"f «^aw to£ 
rest in fact upon f isting H?„ M ^> m£»S> arlsueposed to be exactly equal 
^^V?S£&Z&^££23& the eoEditionsna.ned heiow are 

both cases. . . h f dis tilled water at its maximum 

JS^SjSlRSL^SL ^FaSenheit, baron.e.er at 30 inches in hoth 
cases. 

RELATIVE VALUE OF AVOIRDUPOIS AND TROY WEIGHTS. 



Avoirdupois Ozs. Reduced to Grains & Troy Weights. 



Avoirdupois. | 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 



Troy. 



Ozs. = Grs. = Ozs. 



437 5 




875 


1 


1,312.5 


2 


1,750 


3 


2,187.5 


4 


2,625 


5 


3,062.5 


6 


3.500 


7 


3,937.5 


8 


4,375 


9 


4.812.5 


10 


5,250 


10 


5,687.5 


11 


6,125 


12 


6,562.5 


13 


7,000 


14 



Pwts.l 


Grs. 


-18" 


5.5 


16 


11 


14 


16.5 


12 


22 


11 


3.5 


9 


9 


7 


14.5 


5 


20 


4 


1.5 


2 


7 



18 
16 
15 
13 
11 



12. 
18 
23. 
5 
10. 
16 



Troy Ozs. Reduced to Grains & Avoirdupois Weights. 



Trot. | 



Avoirdupois. 



Ozs. = Grs. = Ozs. 



1 1 


480 


1 


2 


960 


2 


3 


1,440 


3 


4 1 


1,920 


4 


5 


2,400 


5 


6 


2,880 


6 


7 


3,360 


7 


8 


3,840 


8 


9 


4,320 


9 


10 


4,K)0 


10 


11 


5.C80 


12 


12 


5,760 


13 



Drms. 
~T~ 

3 

4 

6 

7 

9 

10 
12 
13 
15 

1 

2 



Grs. 



15.15625 

2.96875 
18.12500 

5.93750 
21.09375 

8.90625 
24.06250 
11.87500 
27.03125 
14.84375 

2.65625 
17.81250 



1 dram Avoirdupois 
1 pound Avoirdupois 
1 ounce Avoirdupois 



= 27H or 27.34375 grains. 
= IH of 1 pound Troy. 
= -Hf j of 1 ounce Troy. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 435 



APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 

20 Grains— (gr.) = 1 Scrapie = gr. "^ -r 

3 Scruples— (^) = 1 Dram = 60 

8 Drams— (z) = 1 Ounce = 480 = 24 

12 Ounces— (^) = 1 Pound = 5,760 = 288 =96 

The grain, the ounce and the pound of this weight are the same as those of Trof 
weight. 

MEDICAL DIVISIONS OF THE GALLON. 
60 Minims— (M) — 1 Fluidram M {7 fZ 

8 Fluidrams— (f £) = 1 Fluidounce = 480 

16 Fluidounces— (f ?) = 1 Pint = 7,680 = 128 

8 Pints— (O) = 1 Gallon(Cong.) = 61,440 = 1,024 = 128 

O is an abbreviation of octcms, the Latin for one-eighth; Cong, for oongiarium, the 
Lfitia for gallon, 

1 Common teaspoonf ul = 45 drops . 

1 Common teaspoonful = % common tablespoonful = 1 fluidram. 

1 Common tablespoonful = % common teacup = about % fluidounce. 

1 Common teacup = about 4 fluidounces. 

1 Pint of water = about 1 pound. 

R is an abbreviation for recipe, or take; £ aa., for equal quantities; j. for 1; ij. for 
2; iij. for 3; ss. for semi, or half; gr. for grain; P for particula, or little part; P. aeq. 
for equal parts; q. p., as much as you please. 

LIQUID MEASURE. 

4 Gills = lPint Gills. Pints. Quarts. Gallons. 

2 Pints = 1 Quart = 8 

4 Quarts = 1 Gallon = 32 = 8 

31 % Gallons = 1 Barrel = 1,008 = 252 = 126 

2 Barrels = 1 Hogshead = 2,016 = 504 = 252 = 63 

The United States standard unit for liquid measure is the gallon =231 cubic in- 
ches =8 . 3388822 pounds of the standard pound avoirdupois of distilled water. 

The English standard is the Imperial gallon =277. 2738 cubic inches= 10 pounds 
avoirdupois of the standard pound avoirdupois of distilled water. 

In some States the barrel is estimated at 31% gallons, and in others at 32.28. 

DRY MEASURE. 

2 Pints = 1 Quart Pints. Quarts. 
8 Quarts = 1 Peck = 16 

ft Pecks = 1 Bushel = 64 = 32 

The United States standard unit for dry measure is the old English Winchester 
bushel, and contains 2,150.42 cubic inches or 77.627413 pounds, of the standard 
pound avoirdupois of distilled water. 

The heaped bushel, the cone of which is 6 inches above the brim of the measure, 
contains 2,747.7 cubic inches. 

In New York a bushel contains 2,218.191 cubic inches, which is the same as th« 
Imperial bushel of England. 33 English or Imperial bushels are equal to 31.04 
Winchester or United States bushels. 



436 



THE GKEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



WHEAT GRADES. 

Weight, color and cleanliness are the principal considerations in determining the 
grade of wheat. 

The word club is used in America and other countries to designate a kind or species 
of wheat, but in Liverpool it is used only to designate the best quality or the 
highest grade, and in that market any kind or species of wheat of the quality of 
the grade is called Club Wheat. .,■„•- 

In Liverpool the grades are Club and Average, and buyers are further guided by 
subdivisions oi these grades. 

LIVERPOOL WHEAT GRADES. 





Grades. 


Tirst Division. 


Second Division. 


Color. 


Cleanliness. 






No. 


Weight ptr 
Bushel. 


No. 


Name. 


No. 


Name. 




1 

2 


[ 
Club .,'..■{ 

I 
1 

Average.. -{ 


1 

2 

1 

2 


Common, j 

. ( 

Choice { 

I 

f 
Common. ! 

1 

I 


1 

1 
2 

1 
2 
3 
4 

1 
2 
3 
4 


63 lbs. 

63 lbs. 
63 lbs. 

63 lbs. 
63 lbs. 
60 lbs. 
60 lbs. 

60 lbs. 
51 H lbs. 
57 % lbs. 
51Vi lbs. 


1 Extra ) 
\ White ] 
White 

Dark 

Dark 

Light, 
Dark 

Dark 

Light 

Dark , . 
Dark 


Clean. 

Clean. 
Clean. 

Clean. [other grain 

Mixed with dust and 

Clean. 

Clean. r «_ 

[other gram. 

Mixed with dust and 

Clean. 

Clean, [other grain. 

Mixed with dust and 



In some of the wheat-growing districts of California buyers have introduced three 
grades, which have been adopted only to a limited extent, they are: 

1. Weight, 63 pounds; Color, light; Clean. 

2. Weight, 62 pounds; Color, dark; Clean. 

3. Weight, 57 \ pounds; Color, dark; Mixed with dust and other grain. 

The English Quarter. -The English Quarter, at which wheat is quoted in the 
English reports, is 560 pounds, or one-fourth of the ton gross weight of 2,240 pounds. 
The English legal bushel is 70 pounds, and consequently 8 of those bushels is a 
quarter— equal to 9| of our statute bushels of 60 pounds. 

WEIGHT OF GRAIN, PRODUCE, Etc., PER BUSHEL. 



Minimum Weight according to the Laws of the United States. 



Wheat .per bushel 60 lbs 

Corn, in the ear.. 

Corn, shelled 

Rye 

Buckwheat 

Barley 

Oats 

Peas 

White Beans 

Castor Beans 

Irish Potatoes 

Sweet Potatoes. .. 

Onions 

Twnips 

Dried Peaches 

Dried Apples 



70 lbs 
56 lbs 

56 lbs 
48 lbs 
48 lbs 

32 lbs 
60 lbs 
60 lbs 
46 lbs 
60 lbs 
55 lbs 

57 lbs 
, 55 lbs 

33 lbs 
26 lbs 



Clover Seed per bushel 

Flax Seed 

MillettSeed 

Hungarian Grass Seed " 

Timothy Seed 

Blue Grass Seed 

Hemp Seed 

Fine Salt 

Salt.coarse 

Corn Meal 

Ground Peas 

Malt 

Bran 

Stone Coal 

Lime, unslacked 

Plastering Hair 



. .60 lbs 
. . 56 lbs 
..50 lbs 
..50 lbs 
..45 lbs 
. .44 lbs 
..44 lbs 
. 167 lbs 
.151 lbs 
..48 lbs 
. .24 lbs 
..38 lbs 
..20 lbs 
..80 lb & 
..30 lb s 
.. 8 1b, 



The number of United States bushels in a quanty of grain is equal to its measure- 
retent in cubic inches divided by 2,150.42. 

Example 1 Required the number of bushels in a bin even full of grain the m- 
*\fo dimensions being— length, 12 feet; width, 7 feet 5 inches; depth, 6 feet 6 inches. 

jfeMMt. Reduce to inehes. 144 X 89X78-2150. 42 =464. 80 bushels 

In mewur'ng fruit vegetables and other substances, the "heaped bushel is the 
Measurement; for this divide the number of cubic inches by 2,747 " 

Note —For bins of wheat where machinery causes jar, add 6% to 9% to 
Um above solution. Still feins filled with No. 1 wheat, add 2%%. 



WEIGHTS AXD MEASURES 



437 



Foreign Weights anct Measures in U. S. Kquivale n t s. 



Abyssinia* 

1 Pic, stambouili...26.8 ins 
1 Pic, geometri'l... 30.37 " 

1 Wakea 400 grs. 

1 Mocha 1 oz., troy 

1 Rottolo 10 ozs., troy 

1 Madega 3,466 bush. 

1 Ardeb 34.66 bush 

1 Ardeb-Musah... 83.184 " 

Africa, Alexandria. 
Cairo and Egypt. 

1 Cubit 20.65 ins. 

IDerah 25.49 " 

lPic 21.25 " 

1 Pic, geometric. .29.53 " 

1 Kassaba 11.65 ft. 

IMile 2,146 yds. 

1 Feddan al-risach 

55248 acre 

1 Feddan 1.03 acres 

IRottol 98211b. 

lOka 2.7235 lbs. 

1 Roobak 1.684 gals. 

1 Ardeb 7.6907 bush. 

1 Maragha 15° or 1 hr. 

Aleppo and Syria. 

1 Dra Mesrour 21.845 ins. 

IPic 26.63 " 

Road measures are com- 
puted by time. 

Algeria.f 

1 Rob (Turkish) 3.11 ins. 

IPic (Arabic) 18.89 " 

1 Pic (Turkish)... .24.92 " 
Alicante, Spain. 

1 Palmo 8.908 ins. 

lYara 35.632 " 

Amsterdam. Holland. 

1 Voet 11. 144 ins. 

1E1 21.979 " 

1 Faden 5.57 ft. 

1 Lieue... 6.3^3 vds. 

1 Maat 1.6728 acres 

1 Morgen 2.0095 " 

1 Vat 40 cub. ft 

Antwerp. Belgium. 

l.Fuss 11.275 ins 

lElle (cloth) 26.94 " 

1 Bonnier 3.2507 acres 

1 Corde 24.494 cub. ft. 

Arabia (Jlocha) and 
Basoria, Turkey.! 

1 Foot, Arabic 1.0502 ft. 

1 Covid, Mocha 19 ins. 

1 Guz 25 " 

1 Kassaba 12.3 ft. 

1 Mile, 6.000 ft. 2,146 yds. 

lFarsakh 5,280*" 

IBaryd 21,120 " 

1 Feddan 57,600 sq. ft. 

1 Noosfia, Arabic 

138 cu. ins. 

1 Maund 3 lbs. 

lTomand 168 " 

1 Gudda 2 gals. 



Argentine Republic"". " 

1 Pie. 11.3736 ins=0.9478ft 

1 Vara 34.12 ins, 

1 Legua 3.266 ft. 

1 Arroba 25.36 lbs. 

1 Quintal 101.42 " 

1 Cuadra 4.2 acres 

1 Suertes de Estancia. 

27,000 sq. varas 

1 Baril 20.0787 gals. 

L Fanega 1.5 bush. 

Australasia. 

1 Land Section 80 acres 

Austria. f 

lZoll 1.0371 ins. 

lFuss 1.0371 fc. 

IMeile 8,000 yds. 

Uochart 6.884 sq. " 

" Klafter, quadrat 

35.854 sq. " 

1 Cube Fuss 1.1155 cu. ft. 

1 Unze 0.8642 grs. 

lPfund 1.2347 1b. 

1 Centner 123.47 lbs. 

1 Achtel ...1.692 gals. 

1 Viertel 3.1143 

1 Eimer ....12.774 

I Metze 1.6918 bush. 

Baden, f 

lFuss 11. 81 ins, 

1 Klafter 5.9055 ft. 

1 Ruthe 9 8427 " 

1 Stunden 4,860 yds. 

1 Morgen 0.8896 acre 

lPfund 1.1023 lbs. 

1 Stutze 3.3014 gals. 

1 Malter 4.1268 bush. 

Barbary States. 
1 Pic, Tunis linen. 18.62 ins. 
1 " '• cloth..26.49 " 
1 " Tripoli 21.75 " 

Bavaria f 

1 Fuss 11. 49 ins. 

1 Klafter 5.74536 ft. 

1 Ruthe 3.1918 yds. 

L Meile 8,060 " 

1 Ruthe quadrat 

10.1876 sq. yds. 

1 Morgan (Tagwerk) 

0.8410 acre 

1 Kubic Klafter 

4.097 cu. vds. 

lPfund 8,642'grs. 

1 Eimer 15.05856 gals. 

1 Soheffel (dry). ..6.119 gals 
1 Metze "...1.0196 bush. 

Belgium and Hol- 
land.! 

1 Meile 2.132 yds. 

1 Last 85.134 bush. 

Bengal, Bombay and 
Calcutta. 

1 Moot , 3 ins. 

1 Span 9 " j 

1 Ady, Malabar.... 10.46 " j 
lHath 18 " I 



1 Guz, Bombay 27 ins. 

1 " Bengal 36 " 

1 Corah, minim 3.417 ft. 

1 Coss, Bengal 1.136 mi. 

1 " Calcutta... 1.2273 " 

1 Kutty 9.8175 sq. yds. 

1 Biggah, Bengal 

0.3306 acre 

1 Biggah, Bombay 

0.8114 acre 

1 Seer, Factory..0.68 cu. in. 
1 Covit, Bombay 

.' 12.704 cu. ft. 

1 Maund, Bombay 

28 lbs. avoir. 

1 Maund, Bengal 

82.285 lbs. avoir. 

1 Candy, Bombay 

560 lbs. avoir. 

1 Seer, Bombay 1.234 pt. 

1 Parah 4.4802 gals. 

1 Mooda 112.0045 " 

Liquids and grain meas- 
ured by weight. 

Bohemia. 

1 Foot, Prague 11.88 ins. 

1 " Imperial ...12.45 *' 
Also same as Austria. 

Bolivia, Chile and 

Peraf 

1 Vara 33.367 ins. 

1 Fanegada 1.5888 acres 

1 Libra 1.0141b. 

1 Arroba 25.36 lbs. 

1 Quintal 101.61 " 

1 Fanega, Peru.l40Cas. " 

1 Gallon 0.74 gal. 

1 Fanega 1.572 gals, 

Brazil. 
1 Palmo. Bahia... 8.5592 ins. 

1 Vara .....3.566 ft. 

1 Braca 7.132 " 

1 Geora 1.448 acre 

1 Arroba 32.38 lbs. 

1 Quintal 130.06 lbs. avoir. 

Burmah. 

1 Paulgat 1 in. 

1 Lain 4.277 yds. 

1 Viss 3.6*lbs. 

ITaim 5.5 " 

1 Saading 22 " 

Also same as England. 
Canary Islands. 

lOnza 0.927 in. 

1 Pic, Castilian...lL128 ins. 

1 Alraude 0.0416 acre 

I Fanegada 0.5 " 

1 Libra L0148 lb. 

Cape of Good Hope. 

1 Foot 11.616 ins. 

1 Morgen 2.11654 acres 

Ceylon. 

1 Seer l qt. 

1 Parrah 5.62 gals. 

Also same as England. 



* Also same as Egypt and Cairo, t Also Metric System. J Other measures like 
those of Egypt; see Africa, etc. \ Includes Buenos Avres, Paraguay Uruguay 
and Patagonia. || All other measures same as English.' 



438 



THE GEEAT PYBAMID JEEZEH 



Foreign Weights and Measures, Etc.— Continued. 



China. 

1 Fen 0.141 in. 

1 Li (small) 0.486 " 

ITsun 1.41 " 

1 Chin, engineers' 12.71 ins. 
1 " or Co v id... 13. 125 " 

1 " legal 14.1 " 

lPn 4.05 ft. 

1 Chang 11.75 " 

1 Li (large) 486 " 

1348i-Chang 1 mile 

1 Chang, fathom..l0.9375 ft. 
1 Li (sq. meas.)...7.26 sq. " 
1 Hao(sq. meas). 72.6 " " 
1 Pu or Kung (sq. meas.) 

3.32 sq. yds. 

1 Fen (sq. meas.) 726 sq\ ft. 
1 Mu or Mau (sq. meas.) 

1.6acre 

1 King, 100 Mu 16,485 acres 

1 Fen (avoir.) 5.S333grs. 

1 Tsein (avoir.). .58.333 " 

1 LiangorTael 1.333 oz. 

1 Kin or Cattv V/ z lb. 

1 Tan or Picul 133% lbs. 

ITau 1.13 gal. 

Note- — In the coast towns ol 
China these weights are called by 
their Malaynames.viz.: Candareen 
(for Fen), Mace (for Tsien), Tael 
[for Liang), Catty (for Kin), and 
Picul (f,r Tan). 

Cochin China. 
1 Thuoc or Cubit. ..19.2 ins. 

1 Sao 64 sq. yds. 

1 Mao 1.32 acres 

1 Tael (Trov) 590.75 grs. 

1 Nen (avoir.) 0.8594 lb. 

1 Hao 6.222 gals. 

lBhlta 12.444 " 

Vene- 



Colombla and 
suela.* 

1 Vara 33.384 ins. 

1 Libra 1.01611b. 

lOucha 25 lbs. 

Denmark. Green- 

land, Iceland and 

Norway* 

1 TVrmme. 1.0297 in. 

lFod 1.0297 ft. 

lFavn, 3 Alen... 6.1783 " 

1 Mil 4.6S065 m's 

1 Mil, nautical. ..4.61072 " 

lPund 1.1023 1b 

1 Lispund 17.367 lbs, 

1 Centner 110.11 " 

1 Anker 8.0709 gals. 

1 Skeppe 0.478 bush. 

1 Fjerdmgkar... 0.9558 " 
lTonde 3.94783 " 

Genoa, Sardinia and 
Turin. 

1 Oncie 1.6% in. 

1 Palmo 9.8076 ins. 

1 Piede, Manual.. 13. 488 " 

1 Piede, Liprando 

20.23 ins. 

1 Trabuco, Tesa 10.113 ft. 

1 Miglio 1.3835 mile 

1 Giomaba JX9394 acre 

IStarello 0.9804 



France. 

See Index for Metric Sys- 
tem. 

Germany.* 

The old measures of each 
State differ; btd generally, 

1 Foot Pvhineland 

12.357 ins. 

1 Meile 4.603 miles 

Greece.* 

1 Pike 27 ins 

1 Stadium 0.6155 mile 

1 Stremma %acre 

1 Livre LI lb. 

lOke 2.8 lbs. 

1 Cantar 123.2 " 

I Baril (wine) 16.33 gals. 

1 Kilo 1.064 bush. 

Hamburg.'"' 

1 Fuss 11.2788 ins. 

lKlafter 5.6413 ft. 

1 Morgan 2.386 acres 

1 Cube Fuss 0.8311 cu. ft 

ITehr 99.73 cu. ft 

lPfund 1.102321b 

lTon 2135.81bs 

Hanover. 

1 Fuss 11.5 inches 

1 Morgen 0.6176 acre 

Hind os tan 

1 Borrel 1.211 in. 

1 Gerah 2.387 ins. 

1 Haut 19.08 " 

IKobe 29.065 " 

1 Coss 3.65 miles 

1 Tuda 1.184 cu. ft. 

1 Candy 14.209 " " 

Hungary. 

1 Fuss 12.445 ins. 

lElle 30.67 " 

1 Meile 8297 yds 

1 Oka 3.0817 lbs. 

1 Oka (liquid).... 2.5 pints 

Indian Empire. 
1 Ady, Malabar....l0.46 ins. 

IGuz 27.125 " 

1 Yard, Benares 33 " 

L Cowrie 1 sq. yd. 

1 Sen (cubic) 61.0254 cu. in 
1 " (avoir). ...2.204737 lbs 
See separate provinces. 
Italy.* 
The metric system is in use, 
the Italian names of which 
are: Metra, Ara, Litro, 
Gramma, Stero, Tonelata 
de Mare. 
Naples and Sicily. 

1 Palmo 10.381 ins. 

iCanna ...6.921 ft. 

I Miglio 1.1"06 mile 

1 Migliago 0.7467 acre 

1 Moggia 0.86 " 

1 Pezza, Roman..0.6529 " 
Roman States. 
Old Measure. 

1 Palmo 8.347 ins. 

lFoot 11.592 " 



1 Foot, Architects' 11.73 ins. 

1 Braccio 30.73 " 

1 Miglio 1628 yds. 

I Quarta 1.1414 acres 

Lucca and Tuscany. 

1 Palmo 11.49 ins. 

lPie 1194 " 

1 Braccio 22.98 " 

IPassetto 3.829 ft. 

1 Passo 5.74 " 

1 Miglio... 1.0277 mil© 

1 Quadrato 0.8413 acre 

L Saccato 1.324 " 

Japan. * 

I Shi 0.00011875 in. 

1 Mo— 10 Shi. ...0.0011875 " 

1 Rin-10 Mo 0.011875 " 

L Bu— 10 Bin 0.11875 " 

lSun— lOBu 1.1875 " 

1 Ki— 10 Sun 11.875 ins. 

1 Kivoka-shakuf 11.875 " 
t Kuji.a-shakut 14.84375 ins 
IKen— 6Ki....5ft. 11% " 

1 Go— 10 Ki 9 ft. 1054 " 

1 Cho 1.06% mil* 

1 Ri (marine) 1.1507 " 

1 Ri (long meas.) 2.4403 ms. 
1 Tsubo (sq.)..3.9538sq. yds. 

I Tan (sq.) 0.2451 acre 

1 Cho (sq.) 2.4507 acres. 

lRi(sq.) 5.9552 " 

1 Shi (avoir) 0.005833 gr. 

1 Mo, 10 Shi" ...0.058333 " 
1 Rin, 10 Mo " ...0.58333 " 
1 Fun, 10 Rin " ..5.8333 grs. 
1 Momme " ....58% " 

1 Kin or Catty " lk lb. 

1 Kwan (avoir.) 8.28171 lbs. 

1 Picul " 130 " 

1 Sai (liquid). ...0.012706 gilL 

IShaku" 0.12706 " 

1 Go, 10 Shaku (liquid)... 

1.2706 gill 

1 Sho, 10 Go (liq.) 1.5881 qt. 
1 To, 10 Sho (liq.) 3,9703 gal. 

1 Koku, 10 To (liquid) 

39.7033 gals. 

1 Sai (dry) 0. 003229136 pt. 

1 Shaku, 10 Sai (dry) 

0.03229136 pt. 

1 Go, 10 Shaku (drv meas- 
ure) 0.3229136 pt. 

1 Sho. 10 Go (drv meas- 
ure) 1.614568 qt. 

1 To, 10 Sho (dry meas 

ure) 2.01821 pecks 

1 Koku, 10 To (dry meas- 
ure) 5.045525 bush. 

Java. 

1 Duim 1.3 in. 

LEU 27.0Sins. 

I Diong 1.015 acres- 

L Catty 1.356 1b. 

1 Tael 593.6grains 

ISach 61.034 lbs. 

IPecul 122.068 " 

1 Pecul (Batavia)..135.1 " 
1 Foot " 12.357 ins. 
1 Covid " 27 
1EI " 27.75 " 



*Also Metric System, f Used for measuring land. X For measuring cloth. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



439 



Mexican Weights and Measures. 

Mariners' Measure. — The Braza (used for making soundings) = 2 varas of 
burgos, = 1.6718 metre. 2,220 varas of burgos = 1 marine mile ; 3 marine miles 
(or 6,660 varas of burgos) = 1 marine league. 



Mexican Land or 


Square Measure. 


Equivalents Metric. 


Equivalents English 
Square Measure. 






=. 0.702244 sqmetr 

= 3.5663 hectares. 
= 42.7953 " 
= 101.223136 " 
= 195.06 7-9 «« 
= 438.9025 " 
= 780.27 1-9 " 
=1755 61 


= 1,089. sqr. inches 

= 8.813 acres. 
= 105.75 " 


1-12 Caballeria or 


= 1 Fanega legal de 
sembradura de 
maiz 

= 1 Caballeria de 
tierra 


1,200 Varas square . . 
y% Legua square... - 
& •« • 
% " M 


= 1 Fundo legal 

para pueblos . . . 

= 1 Criadero de ga- 

s= 1 Criadero de ga- 
nado mayor .... 
= 1 Sitio de ganado 


= 249.9 " 
= 482. " 
— 1084.5 « 
= 2928. «« 


2 « <« 


= 1 Sitio de ganado 
mayor 


= 4338. « 









Note.— The fanega of land was divided into almudes and cuarteroues, as tho fanega 
of grain was divided {see dry measures below). The fanega rural was twice the fanega 
legal. 



Mexican (old) Dry. Measure. 



1-16 Almud 

* " 

* " 

1-12 Fanega 

7,200 Cubic pulgadas 
14,400 " 



= 1 Copa..... 

= lCuartilla(id.id) 

=3 1 Cuarteron 

= 1 Al'd or celemin 

= 1 Fanega 

= 1 Carga 



Equivalents Metric 



= 0.472994 litre 
= 0.945988 " 
= 1.891977 " 
= 7.567907 litres 
= 90.814888 " 
= 181.629775 " 



Eng. Dry Measure. 



.0.833 pint 

.0.833 quart... 
.1.665 " .„ 
.0.833 peck.... 
.2.498 bushels 
.4.996 " 



Mexican (old) Oil Measure. 



H Cuartillo . 
25 Cuartillos 



Panilla 

1 Libra-mensural 
1 Arroba-mensu'l 



Equivalents Metric, 



c= 0.12654 litre 
= 0.506162 " 
= 12.65405 litres 



English 
Liquid Measure. 



1=0.89 ., 
= 0.89 .. 
1=2.785., 



gill 

pint. ... 
gallons. 



Mexican Liquid Measure. 
(Excepting Oil.) 



J$ Cuartillo 

2 Medio cuartillos. 

2 Cuartillos 

8 " , 



= 1 Medio cuartillo 

= 1 Cuartillo 

= 1 Azumbre 

= 1 Galon 



Equivalents Metric, 



= 0.22815 litre 
= 0.4563 " 
= 1.825 
= 3.65 litres 



English 
Liquid Measure. 



= 1.61 .. 


.. gill... 


= 0.805.. 


.. pint. . 


= 1.61 .. 


. . quart. 







Note.— The cdntara was given as 1 arroba of 32 cuartillos. The botijaovjarra 
was given as 20 cuartillos ; it was also given (in some districts) as 18 cuartillos, or one- 
ninth part of the barril medido, of 162 cuartillos. Various smaller barriles were also 
given, down to 140 cuartillos. The castaftal was M of a barril. The name ciiarterota 
suggests Mot a, tonelada weight. 



Mexican (old) Running 
Water Measure. 


Equivalents Metric. 


English 
Cubic Measure. 


1-9 Dedo 

% Real 


— IPaja 

= 1 Dedo. ... 
-IReal.... 

= 1 Surco 


— i 0.015 litre per sec. 

= 0.135 

= 0.27% 

= 2.161 litres 

= 6.5 " 

- 312. 


= 0.00053 cubicle. per sec. 
= 0.00478 " 


1-48 Buey. 

* 1 Square vara . 


= 0.00956 " 

= 0.0765 " 

= 0.23 

= 11.02 cubic feet " 



* 1 Square vara=33 x 33 ins.=1.0S9 square ins. A fall of 1 pulgada to every 5 varas 
box running full, but no h«ad was required. 



440 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



The following table gives the principle old weights based on the libra, == 460. 24634 
grammes. The ca ga, was sometimes taken as 14, and at other times as 16 arrobas, 
in weighing metals. 



Mexican 'Weights, 
with Relative Equivalents. 



1-36 Adarme. . . . =1 Grano 

1-48 Onza.. =1 Tomin 

1-16 Onza =1 Adarnie 

1-8 Onza =1 Ochava or dracma. 

1-16 Libra =1 Onza 

1-2 Libra =1 Marco 

1 Libra =2 Marcos 

25 Libras =1 Arroba 

100 Libras =1 Quintal 

12 Arrobas.. .. =1 Carga (most goods) 
2000 Libras =1 Toneladademar. . . 



Equivalents. 
Metric. 



0.04994 gramme 
0.5993 
1.7978 
3.5957 gra 
28.765 



mes 



230.123 

460.246 

11,506.00 

46,025.00 

138,074.00 

920,493.00 



Equivalents. 
Avoirdupois. 



= 0.77 grain. 
= 9.26 grains. 
= 27.8 grains. 
= 55.6 grains. 
= 1.0150 ounce. 
= 0.5075 pound. ' 
= 1.0150 pound. ' 
= 25.4 pounds. 
= 101.5 pounds. 
= 304.4 pounds. 
= 0.906 ton. 



The unit of long measure was the " Mexican vara," M, of 1 per cent, longer than 
the "vara of Burgos." The "Mexican vara," as fixed by law now,=838 milli- 
meters. 



Mexican Linear or Long Measure. 



Equivalents. 
Metric. 



1-12 Linea. .. 
1-12 Pulgada. 

1-48 Vara 

-1-12 Pie 

1-4 Vara 

1-3 Vara 

1 Tara 

50 Yaras... 
5000 Varas... 



= lPunto ... 
=1 Linea. .. 
= lDedo.... 
=1 Pulgada. 
= 1 Palmo .. 

= 1 Pie 

=3 Pies .... 
=lCordel.. 
=1 Legua .. 



0.0C016 

0.00194 

0.017458 

0.0232 7-9 

0.2095 

0.279 1-3 

0.838 



metre 



I Equivalents. 
Eng.Long Measure. 

= 0.0004 inch. 
= 0.0763 " 
= 0.687 » 



= 41.9 
= 4190. 



0.916 
8.25 
11.00 
33.00 



metres =137.5 
metres = 2.60 



inches. 



feet, 
milts. 



Madras* India. 

1 Ady (L meas.)_10.46 ins. 
1 Covid (L meas.) 18.6 " 
1 Guz (long meas.) .33 M 
lCuly a " 20.92 ft. 
1 League " " 8472 yds. 
1 Tola (avoir, wt) 180 grs. 
lSeer *« " .6251b. 
1 Visa " " 8.086 lbs. 
1 Maund " •* 24.686 ** 
1 Candy " - 500 " 
lPuddy (liquid) 0.338 gaL 
1 Marcal " 2.704 gala. 

Malacca. 
1 Hasta or Coyi(Ll8, 1251ns, 

1 Depa.....«.. 6 ft. 

1 Orlong „...„.. 80 y da. 

Malta. 

1 Palmo 10.8125 Ins. 

lPie 1L167 " 

1 Canna 82.5 " 

1 Salma... 444 acres 

Miscellaneous. 
1 Centner, Darmstadt... 

110.24 lbs. 

1 Centner, Zollverein.... 

.. 110.24 lbs. 

1 Centner, Nuremberg.. 

_.„. 112.43 lbs. 

1 Centner, Brunswick,™ 

— 117.5 lbs. 

1 Centner, Vienna.,. 

— 128.5 lbs. 

1 Centner, Bremen.. 

127.5 lbs. 

1 Jachtan, Guinea.. 12 ft. 
1 Last, England. 

„ 82.52bush. 



1 Livre, Guiana_.1.0791 lb. 
1 Picul, Borneo..l35.64 lbs. 
1 Picul, Celebes, 135.64 lbs. 
1 Picul of hemp, Manilla 

139.45 lbs. 

1 Picul of sugar, Manilla 

.. 140 lbs. 

1 Qnarter.Eng. 8.252 bush. 
1 Vara, Curacoa, 33.375 in. 

Moldavia, Bornna- 
nia. 

1 Foot 8 ins. 

lKot(silk) 24.86 ins. 

1 Fathom _ 8 ft. 

Molucca Islands. 

1 Covid 183* ins. 

Morocco. 

1 Tomin. 2.81025 ins. 

lCadee. . 20.34 " 

1 Cubit 21 " 

lRotalorArtal.. L121b. 

1 Muhd 3.08135 gals. 

1 Kula (oil).... 3.356 - 

IAauids other than oU are 
told by weight, 

Mysore* India. 

1 Angle 2.12 ins. 

lHaut . 19.1 " 

IGuz 88.2 " 

1 Candy. 500 lbs. 

Netherlands, t 

1 Elle. 1 French meter 

Persia. 

lGereh 2.3751ns, 

1 Gueza, common ...25 *• 
1 " Moukelrer, 87.5 ** 
1 Archin, Schah, 31.55 " 
1 •* Arish... 38.27 " 



1 Parasang 6076 yds. 

1 Cheniea.. 80.26 cu. ins. 

1 Miscal 71 grs. 

lRateL .... 2.1136 lbs. 

1 Batman, Maund, 6 49 " 

1 Maund 27.32 " 

lArtaba 1.809 bush. 

Liquids are measured by 
weight. 

Poland. 

1 Trewice. 14.03 Ins. 

1 Precikow 17 " 

1 Pretow 4.7245 yds. 

1 Mile (short).... 6075 " 
1 Morgen 1.3843 acre 

Portugal and Mo- 
zambique. t 

lFoot 131ns. 

lMilha L2788mil« 

1 Arratel or Libra 1.011 lb. 

1 Arroba ... 32.38 lbs. 

1 Almude 4.422 gais. 

1 Fanga. L488 bush. 

lAlguieri 3.6 " 

Prussia. 

1 Fuss ~_~ 12.858 ins. 

1 Ruthe 4.1192 yds. 

1 Meile _ 24,000 ft. 

1 Quadrat Fuss. 

L0603 sq. ft. 

1 Morgen..... 0.63103 acrs 
lCubeFuss~ L092cu.ft. 

lPovmd 7217 grs. 

lZollpfund, L1023lb, 

1 Centner.. 113.44 lbs. 

lAnker...^. 7.559gala. 

IScheffel 1.5121 bush. 

lLast 112.29 N 



tAlso use the Metric System. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



441 



Russian Weights and Measures* 

WEIGHTS. 



Names of Weights. 



96 Doiei 

3 SolatniKw = 1 Latou 

96 Solatnikof = 32 Lotam = 1 Pound . . . 

1,280 Latof = 40 Pounds = 1 Pudou . . . 

400 Pounds =10 Pud = 1 Berkovelsou 



Equivalents. 



= 1 Solatnikou — 2.408 Drains, 
= 0.451 Ounce, 



Avordupois, 



= 0.903 Pound, 

= 36.120 Pounds, 

= 3.612 Quintals = 361.2 lbs. 



DRY MEASURE. 



Names of Measures. 



30 Chast = 1 Garnets = % Chetverika. 

8 Garnets = 1 Chelverik = H Osmini . . 

32 Garnets = 4 Chetverik = 1 Osmina. . 

8 Chetverik = 2 Osmina = IChetvert. 

24 Osmina — 12 Chetvert = 1 Last 



Equivalents in Eng. Dry Measure. 



= 2.887 quarts. 

= 2 pecks 7.1 quarts. 

= 2 bushels, 3 pecks, 4.4 quarts. 

= 5 bushels, 3 pecks, 0.8 quart. 

= 8 quarters, 5 bus., 1.184 pk.,or 69.3 bus. 



APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 



Medical Divisions. 



Equivalents in Troy Weight 

= 68.57142 (repetend) grains, troy. 
= 1 ounce = 480 grains, troy. 
= 1 pound = 5,760 grains, troy. 



1 Silutuik =1-81 Pound, 

7 Salotnikof=l-12 Pound. 

84 Salotnika =1 Pound. 



LINEAR OR LONG MEASURE. 

Note. — Since 1831, the English foot of 12 inches, each inch of ten parts, has 
been used as the ordinary standard of length measures. 



Measures of Length. 


Equivalents in Long Measure. 




— 0.01 inch. 


10 Linii = 1 Duim = 1-12 foot , , . 


= 0.10 inch. 
= 1. inch. 
= 1.750 inch. 


12 Duimof — 1 Foot 


= 12 inches — 1 foot. 


7 Footof = 3 Arshine = ISajen... 
1 Arshine = 16 Verstak = 28 Duim. . . 
1 Versta = 500 Sajen = 3,501 Feet 


= 7 feet = 1.167 fathom. 

= 28 ins. = 2y 3 feet = .778 yard. 

= 0.663 mile = 212 .160 f urlo'gs = 3501 ft 



SQUARE OR SURFACE MEASURE. 



Square Measure. 



English Equivalents. 



144 Square Duim = 1 sqr. foot 

9 Square feet =1,296 sqr. Duim 

1 Square Arshine = 256 Sq. Vershkoff. 

49 Sq. ft. = 9 sq. Arshine = 1 sq. Sajer. 

2,400 Square Sajen = 1 square Desiatina. 

80 x 30 sqr. Sajen = 1 Russian Acre 



1 Square foot. 
1 Square yard. 
0.605 Square yard. 
49 Square feet = 5 sqr. yds. 4 sqr. ft. 
432 Sqr. rods = 2.45 sqr. Acres. 
2.45 sqr. Acres. 



CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE. 



Cubic Measure. 



1 Cubic foot = 1,728 Cubic Duim 

1 Cubic Arshine = 4,096 Cubic Vershok. . 
1 Cubic Sajen = 343 Cubic Feet 



English Equiva^nts. 



— 1 cubic foot = 1,728 cubic inches. 

= 12.704 cubic feet. 

= 2.68 cords = 343 cubic feet. 



LIQUID MEASURE. 



Measures for Liquids. 



1 Krushka = 10 Charok 

lVedro = 8 Shtoff = 10 Krushka.. 

1 Botchka = 40 Veder 

1 Chetverik contains 

1 Vedro « 



Equivalents in U. S. Liquid Measure. 



= 2.166 pints. 

= 10.828 quarts = 2.707 gallons. 

= 0.859 pipe = 1.718 hogshead. 

64 lbs. of pure water. 

30 " " " " 



442 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



§iam. 

1 K'up 9.75 ins. 

ICovid 18 " 

1 Ken 39 " 

1 Jod 0.09848 mile 

1 Boeneng 2.462 miles 

1 Catty 1.351b. 

Silesia. 

1 Fuss 11.19 ins. 

1 Ruihe 4.7238 vds. 

1 Meile 7086 " 

1 Morgen 1.3825 acre 

Singapore. 

1 Hasta or Cubit 18 ins. 

1 Dessa 6 ft, 

1 Orlong 80 yds. 

Smyrna. 

1 Pic 26.48 ins. 

] Indise 24.648 " 

1 Berri 1828 yds. 

Spain, Cuba, Malaga, 
Manilla, Guatamala 
and Honduras f 

1 Pie. 11.128 ins. 

1 Vara 33.384 " 

1 Milla 0.865 mile 

1 Legua, 8,000 Varas 

4.2151 miles 

1 Fanegado 1.6374 acre 

1 Vara, cube. .21. 531 cu. ft. 
1 Libra, 7100 grs...l.0144 lb. 

1 arroba 25.36 lbs. 

1 Quintal, Castile 

101.61 lbs. 

lTonelado 2028.2 " 

1 Cuartilla 0.888 gal. 

* Also Metric System. 



1 ArroTJH, Castile 3.554 gals. 

1 Arroba, wine 4.26 " 

1 Fanega 1.5077 bush. 

Stettin, Prussia 

1 Fuss 11.12 ins. 

1 Foot, Rhineland 

12.357 ins. 

1 Elle 25.6 " 

1 Morgen 1.5729 acre 

Sumatra. 

1 Jankal, or span 9 ins. 

lElle 18 " 

lHailoh 3 feet 

1 Fathom 6 " 

I Tung 4 vds. 

1 Catty 2.12'lbs. 

Sural. India. 

1 Tussoo, cloth 1.161 in. 

1 Guz, cloth 27.864 ins. 

ICovid 18.5 " 

I Hath 20.9 " 

I Biggah 0.51 acre 

Sweden * 

I Fot 11. 6928 ins. 

1 Faden 5.845 ft. 

IRef. 32.4703 yds. 

I League 3.3564 miles 

IMil 6.6417 " 

1 Tunnuland 1.2198 acre 

1 Centner 112.05 lbs 

1 Anker 8.641 gals. 

I Spann 1.962 bush. 

Switzerland. * 

1 Fuss, Berne 11.52 ins. 

I Fuss 11.54 " j 

lVaud 11.81 " ] 



1 Klafter 5.Y7ft. 

1 Meile 4.8568 miles 

1 Juchart, Berne. ..0.85 acre 

1 Pfund 1.1023 lb. 

1 Mass 2.6412 pts. 

1 Eimer 8.918 gals, 

1 Malter 4.1268 bush. 

Tripoli. 

1 Pik, 3Palmi 26.42 ins. 

I Almnd 319.4 eu. " 

1 Killow 2023 " " 

1 Kottol 7680 grs. 

1 Oke 2.8286 lbs. 

1 Barile 14.267 gals. 

1 Temer 0.7383 bush. 

Turkey. 

1 Pik.small 27.9 ins. 

1 " large 27.06 " 

1 Berri 1.823_yd. 

L Oka (a voir.).... 2.82838 lbs. 

1 Cantar 124.7036 " 

1 Alma 1.154 gal. 

Wurteniberg. 

1 Fuss 11.812 ins. 

lElle 2.015 ft. 

1 Meile 8146.25 yds. 

1 Morgen 0.7793 acre 

1 Cube Fuss. .. 0.83045 cu. ft. 

1 Pound 7217 g r s. 

1 Eimer 64721 gals. 

1 Scheffel 4.878 bush. 

Zurich. 

1 Fuss 11.812 ins. 

t Elle 23.625 " 

1 Klafter 5.9062 ft. 

I Meile 4.8568 miles 

I Jachart 0.808 acre 

1 Cube Klafter.. ..144 cu. ft. 



Metric 


Weights and 


Measures Converted i 


nto English. 




Meties into Yards, 


Litres iuto Gallons 
and Quarts. 


Hectolitres into 
Quarts and Bushel*. 


Kilogrammes iuto 
Cwts. Qrs. Lbs.Oz. 


Hectares into 
Acres. *. t. 


1= 1.094 


1= 0.8S0 


1= 


2.751 


1= 





2 3 l A 


1= 2 


1 35 


2= 2 187 


2= 1.761 


2= 


5.502 


2— 





4 &y 2 


2= 4 


3 31 


3= 3.281 


3= 2.641 


3= 1 


254 


3- 





6 9U 


3= 7 


1 26 


4= 4.374 


4= 3.521 


4= 1 


3.005 


4- 





8 13 


4= 9 


3 22 


5= 5.468 


5= I 0.402 


5= 1 


5.756 


5<= 





11 o\4 


5= 12 


1 17 


6= 6.562 


6= 1 1.282 


6= 2 


0.507 


6= 





13 3% 


6= 14 


3 12 


7= 7.655 


7= 1 2.163 


7= 2 


3.258 


7= 





15 7 


7= 17 


1 8 


8= 8.749 


8= 1 3.043 


8= 2 


6.010 


8=» 





17 10'4 


8=» 19 


3 3 


9= 9.843 


9= 1 3.923 


9= 3 


0761 


9— 





19 13^ 


9= 22 


38 


10= 10.936 


10= 2 804 


10= 3 


3.512 


10-^ 





22 0M 


10= 24 


2 34 


20= 21.873 


20= 4 1.608 


20= 6 


7.024 


20- 


7 


,19 1% 


20= 49 


1 28 


30= 32.809 


30= 6 2.412 


30= 10 


2.536 


30= 


?, 


16 2 l 4 


30= 74 


21 


40= 43.745 


40= 8 3.215 


40= 13 


6.048 


40= 


3 


13 3 


40= 98 


3 15 


50= 54.682 


50=11 0.019 


50= 17 


1.560 


50= 1 





10 3% 


50= i23 


2 9 


60= 65.618 


60=13 0.823 


60= 20 


5.072 


60= 1 


1 


7 4J- a 


60= 148 


1 3 


70= '6.554 


70=15 1.627 


70= 24 


0.585 


70= 1 


2 


4 b% 


70= 172 


3 37 


80= 1 7.491 


80=17 2.431 


80= 27 


4 097 


80= 1 


3 


1 6 


80= 197 


2 38- 


90= 98.427 


90=19 3.235 


90= 30 


7.609 


90= 1 


3 


23 &H 


90= 222 


1 24 


100=109 363 


100=22 0.039 


100= 34 


3.121 


100= 2 





20 lh 


100= 247 


18 


200=218.727 


200=44 0.077 


200= 68 


6.242 


200= 4 


1 


15 15 


•200= -194 


37 


300=328.090 


300=66 0.116 


300=103 


1.362 


300= 6 


2 


11 6^ 


300= 741 


1 15 


400=437.453 


400=88 0.155 


400=137 


4.483 


400= 8 


3 


6 14 


400= 988 


1 33 


500=546 8 16 


500=10 1931 


500=171 


7.604 


500=11 


1 


2 hy 2 


500=1235 


2 11 



Note. — The United States unit of length is the same as the English unit; so 
also are our lb. avoirdupois and lb. Troy identical with the English, but our 

failon is different; it contains 231 cubic inches, while the imperial gallon of 
Ingland contains 277.274 cubic inches. To reduce English gallons, quarts, or 
Eints, to the United States standards, multiplv bv 1.20024, and to reduce English, 
ushels to United States bushels, multiply by" 1.0313644. * Roods, f Perches. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



4-13 



Supplemental Ust of Foreign Weights and Measures. 



Argentine. 

1 Frasco 2.5096 quarts 

1 Libra (pound). 1.0127 lbs. 

Austria-Hungary. 

1 Joch 1.422 acres 

Belgium and Holland 

1 Last 85.134 bushels 

Bremen and Bruns- 
wick. 

1 Centner 117.5 lbs. 

British {England). 

Crot (hundred weight). . . 
112 lbs. 

1 Last (dry malt) 

82.52 bushels 

1 Load (timber) square, 50 
cubic ft.; unhewn, 40 
cubic ft. ; inch planks, 
600 superficial feet. 

1 Quarter.. . .8.252 bushels 

1 Quarter (coal)... 36 bush. 

1 Stone 14 lbs. 

Bolivia. 

1 Marc 0.5071b. 

Borneo and Celebes. 

IPecul 135.64 lbs. 

* Castile. 

1 Quintal 101.41 lbs. 

Central America. 

1 Centaro.... 4.2631 gallons 
1 Fanega 1.5745 bushel 

Chile. 

1 Fanega. . ..4.5745 bushels 
1 Quintal 101.41 lbs. 

China. 

ICatty l^lbs. 

lLi 2,115 feet 

lPicul 133% lbs. 

Cuba. 

1 Arroba (liquid ).4. 263 gal. 

1 Fanega 1.599 bushel 

Costa Bica. 

1 Mamana 1 5/6 acre 

Curacao. 

1 Vara 33.375 inches 

Denmark. 
1 Centner... 110.11 pounds 

1 Tondeland 1.36 acre 

Germany. 

lLast 4,480 pounds 

Greece. 

1 Drachme Half-ounce 

1 Quintal... 123.2 pounds 



Guiana. |l League (land), 4,633 acres 

lLivre (pound), 1.0791 lb. ,1 Quintal -; 1 i^. 1 n b . s : 

India. 



1 Bongkal 832 grains 

1 Candy (Bombay), 529 lbs. 
1 " (Madras). 5(0 " 
IMannd (Bengal), 82| " 
1 Seer 1 lb. 13 ounces 

Honduras. 

lMilla 1.1493 mi 

Isle of Jersey. 

1 Vergees 71.1 sq. rods 

Japan. 

ICatty (or "kin"), 1.311b. 

1 Se 0.02451 acre 

1 Tsubo 6 feet square 

Java and Malacca. 
ICatty 1.351b. 

Luxemburg:. 
IFuder 264.17 gals. 

Malta. 

1 Barrel (customs) 

11.4 gallons 

lCaffiso 5.4 " 

1 Cantaro (cantar), 175 lbs. 
1 Salm. 490 " 

Mexico. 

ICarga 300 lbs. 

1 Fanega (New) 

1.54728 bushel 

1 Frasco 2.5 quarts 

1 Libra (lbs.). . . .1.01465 lb. 
1 Quintal 101.41 lbs. 

Morocco. 

1 Cantar 113 lbs. 

1 Faneuga. .strike=701bs. 
full=118 lbs 
Nicaragua. 

1 Manzana 1.727 acre 

lMilla 1.1493 mile 

Newfoundland. 

1 Quintal. . . (fish). .112 lbs. 

Norway. 

1 Centner 110.11 lbs. 

Nuremberg. 

1 Centner 112.43 lbs. 

Palestine. 

IRottle 6 lbs. 

Paraguay. 

1 Arobe 25 lbs. 

1 Cuadra 78.9 yards 

1 " (square).. 8.077 sq.ft. 



1 Vara 34 inches 

Peru. 

1 Quintal 101.41 lbs. 

Philippine Islands. 

lPicul 137.9 lbs. 

Portugal. 

1 Almude 4.422 gallons 

1 Arratal or libra. 1.0111b. 
1 Arroba 32.38 lbs. 

Poland (Russian). 

1 Garnice 0.88 gallon 

lLast 11% bushels 

Bussia. 

1 Berkovets . . . .361.12 lbs. 
1 Chetvert .5.7748 bushels 

IFunt 0.90281b. 

1 Klafter. . . .216 cubic feet 
1 Pood (pud) .... 36.112 lbs. 
1 Sagene (sajen) ....7 feet 

Sarawak, 

1 Coyan ... 3,098 lbs. 

Spain. 

1 Arroba 4.263 gallons 

1 Barrel (raisins). .100 lbs. 
1 Butt (wine). .140 gallons 
1 Dessiatine... 1.599 bushel 
1 Fanega (liquid), 16 gal's 
1 Frail of raisins. . 50 lbs. 

1 Last (salt) 4,760 " 

1 Vara 0.914117 yard 

Siam (Koyan). 

ICatty 135 lbs. 

1 Coyan 2,667 " 

Sweden. 

1 Tunna 4.5 bushels 

Syria (Damascus). 

1 Cantar 575 lbs. 

lPund 1.102 " 

1 Quintal 125 " 

IRottle 5^ " 

Uruguay. 
1 Cuadra. . .nearly 2 acres 

1 Fanega (single) 

3.888 bushels 

1 Libra (pound). 1.0143 lb 

1 Suerte 5,399 acres 

Venezuela, 
1 Arroba (dry), 25.4024 lbs, 
1 " (liquid), 4.263 gal's 
1 Fanega (dry), 1.599 bush. 

Zanzibar. 

1 Frasila 35 lbs. 

Zollverein. 

1 Centner 110.24 lbs, 



♦Although the metric weights are used officially in Spain, the Castile 
quintal is employed in commerce in the Peninsula and colonies, save in Cat- 
alonia; the Catalan quintal equals 91.71 pounds. 



4U TJHE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES* 

Metric Weights. 

Milligram (1/1000 gram) equals 0.0154 grain. 

Centigram (1/100 gram) equals 0.1543 grain. 

Decigram (1/10 gram) equals 1=5432 grains, 

Gram equals 15.432 grains. 

Decagram (10 grams) equals 0.3527 ounce. 

Hectogram (100 grams) equals 3.5274 ounces. 

Kilogram (1,000 grams) equals 2.2046 pounds. 

Myriagram (10,000 grams') equals 22 046 pounds 

Quintal (100,000 grams; equals 220.46 pounds. 

Millier or tonnea— ton (1,000,000 grams) equals 2,204.6 pounds. 

Metric Dry Measures* 

Milliliter (1/1000 liter) equals 0.061 cubic inch. 
Centiliter (1/100 liter) equals 0.6102 cubic inch. 
Deciliter (1/10 liter) equals 6.1022 cubic inches. 
Liter equals 0.908 quart. 
Decaliter (10 liters) equals 9.08 quarts. 
Hectoliter ^100 liters) equals 2.838 bushels. 
Kiloliter (1,000 liters) equals 1.308 cubic yards. 

Metric Liquid Measures. 

Milliliter (1/1000 liter) equals 0.0388 fluid ounce 

Centiliter (1/100 liter) equals 0.338 fluid cunce. 

Deciliter (1/10 liter) equals 845 gill. 

Liter equals 1.0567 quarts. 

Decaliter (10 liters) equals 2.6418 gallons. 

Hectoliter (100 liters) equals 26.417 gallons. 

Kiloliter (1,000 liters) equals 264.18 gallons. 

Metric Measures of Length, 

Millimeter (1/1000 meter) equals 0.0394 inch. 

Centimeter (1/100 meter) equals 0.3937 inch. 

Decimeter (1/10 meter) equals 3.937 inches. 

Meter equals 39.37 inches. 

Decameter (10 meters) equals 393.7 inches. 

Hectometer (100 meters) equals 328 feet 1 inch. 

Kilometer (1,000 meters) equals 0.62137 mile (3,280 feet 10 inches), 

Myriameter (10,000 meters) equals 6.2137 miles. 

Metric Surface Measures. 

Centare (1 square meter) equals 1,550 square inches. 
Are (100 square meters) equals 119.6 square yards. 
Hectare (10,000 square meters) equals 2.471 acres. 

The Money, Weights, and Measures of India, and the British and 1 V S 
Equivalents, are as follows: — 

The pie— ]4 farthing 

3 pie=l pice=l farthing. 

4 pice, or 12 pie,=l anna=l penny=2 133/4800 cents. 
16 annas=l rupee=ls. 4d.=32 cents. 

15 rupees=£l=$4.86 G%. 
The rupee weighs 1 tola (a tola=180 grains) 0.916 fine. 

Tte sum of 100,000 rupees is called a "lac," and of 10,000,000 a "crore."of 
rupees. 

The maund of Bengal of 40 seers=82 2/7 poundi avoirdupois. 

The maund of Bombay=28 pounds, nearly. 

The maund of Madras=25 pounds, nearly. 

The tola=180 grains. 

The guz of Bengal=36 inches. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 445 



THE METRIC SYSTEM 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 






The system derives its name from the metre, Thieh is the primary base or unit 
from which the other units of the system are derived. 

When the system was adopted by France the metre was assumed to be the ten- 
millionth part of the quadrant of the meridian passing through Barcelona and 
Dunkirk. 

The Metre, the Unit of Length, is equal to— 

39.37079 inches. 
3.28089916 feet. 
1.093633055 yard. 

.1988423737 rod. 

.0049710593 furlong. 

.0006213824 mile. 

The Are, the Unit of Surface, is a square whose side is 10 metres, and whose 
surface is 100 square metres. It is equal to — 

155,005.91052241 square inches. 
1,076.429934183 square feet. 
119.603326020 square yards. 
3.953828959 square roas. 
.098845723 rood. 
.024711430 acre. 
.000038611 square mile. 

The Litre, the Unit of Capacity, is a vessel whose volume is equal to a cube 
whose edge is one-tenth of a metre, and whose capacity is one-thousandth of a 
cubic metre. It is equal to — 

61.027051519365944039 cubic inches. 

.035316580740373810 cubic foot. 
8.453963846838572320 United States gills. 
2.113490961709643080 United States pints. 
1.056745480854S21540 United States quart. 
.264186370213705385 United States gallon. 
7.043094762720856448 Imperial gills. 
1.760773690680214112 Imperial pint. 
.880386845340107056 Imperial quart. 
.220096711335026764 Imperial gallon. * 
1.816264402879167936 "Winchester pint. 
.908132201439583968 Winchester quart. 
113516525179947096 Winchester peck. 
.028379131294986999 Winchester bushel. 
110048355667513382 Imperial peck. 
.027512088916878345 Imperial bushel. 



The G r a mme, the Unit of Weight, is the weight of a cube of pure water, weighed 
in a vacuum, each edge of which is one-hundredth of a metre. It is equal to — 

k 15. 43234874 grains. 

.0321507265 ounce troy. 
.0352739399 ounce avoirdupois. 
.0026792272 pound troy. 
x .0021646212 pound avoirdupois. 



446 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



The changes from the standard units are according to the decimal scale of tens. 

The descending changes are designated by prefixing the Latin ordinals to the 
names of the standard units. 

The ascending changes are designated by prefixing the Greek cardinals to the 
aames of the standard units. 



Deci, expresses the 10th part. 
Centi, expresses the 100th part. 
Milli, expresses the 1,000th part. 



Deca, expresses 10 times the value. 
Hecto, expresses 100 times the value. 
Kilo, expresses 1 ,000 times the value. 
Myria, expresses 10,000 times the value. 



MEASURES OF 




LENGTH. 


SURFACE. 


CAPACITY. 


WEIGHT. 








Millilitre 

Centilitre 


Quintal 


l.OOOth part 
100th part 
10th part 
1 


Decimetre 

Metre 


Centiare.. 


Decametre 


Decalitre 


10 times 


Hectometre 


Hectare . . 


Kilolitre or Stere. 


100 times 
1 ,000 times 


Myriametre. . . . 




10,000 times 






100,000 times 
1,000,000 times 








Millier or Tonneau. 











Methods of Reading. — The number 37,426.958 metres according to the English 
method, is read: 

Thirty-seven thousand four hundred and twenty-six metres and nine hundred 
and fifty-eight thousandths of a metre. 

In the language of the Metric System it is read: 

Three myriametres, 7 kilometres, 1 hectometres, 2 decametres, 6 metres, 9 deci- 
metres, 5 centimetres and 8 millimetres. 

It is also read in a reversed direction by beginning with the lowest denomination 
instead of the highest. 

The methods of reading in all the tables of the system are the same as those here 
explained. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



10 Millimetres 
10 Centimeties 
10 Decimetres 
TO Metres 
10 Decametres 
10 Hectometres 
10 Kilometres. 



1 Centimetre. 
1 Decimetre. 
1 Metre. 
1 Decametre. 
1 Hectometre. 
1 Kilometre. 
1 Myriametre. 



MEASURES OF SURFACES. 



100 Square Millimetres 
100 Square Centimetres 
100 Square Decimetres 

1 Square Metre 
100 Centiares 
100 Area 



1 Square Centimetre. 
1 Square Decimetre. 
1 Square Metre. 

1 Centiare. 
1 Are. 

1 Hectare. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



447 



MEASURES OF VOLUMES. 
1 Cubic Centimetre = 1 Millilitre. 



10 Millilitres 
10 Centilitres 
10 Decilitres 
10 Litres 

10 Decalitres 

10 Hectolitres 

10 Kilolitres or Steres 


= 


1 Centilitre, 

1 Decilitre. 

1 Litre. 

1 Decalitre. 

1 Hectolitre. 

1 Kilolitre or Stere. 

1 Myrialitre. 




WEIGHTS. 






10 Milligrammes 
10 Centigrammes 
10 Decigrammes 
10 Grammes 
10 Decagrammes 
10 Hectogrammes 
10 Kilogrammes 





1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


Centigramme. 

Decigramme. 

Gramme. 

Decagramme 

Heetogramme. 

Kilogramme. 

Myriagramme. 


10 Myriagrammes 
10 Quintals 


= 


1 
1 


Quintal. 

Millier or Tonneau 

/ 



EQ,UIVAL.ENTS 

OF METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN DENOMINATIONS OF ENGLISH 
AND AMERICAN SYSTEMS. 

Table No. 1. 



MEASUr.58 OF 


LONG MEASURE. 


Length. 


MILES. 


FURLONGS. 


RODS. 


YARDS. 


FEET. 


INCHES. 














.0393 














.3937 














3.9370 


1 Metre 








1 

5 

4 

4 

2 




3.3707 


1 Decametre 






1 

19 
38 

28 


1 
2 
1 


3.7079 


1 Hectometre 






7.079 


1 Kilometre * 




4 
1 


10.79 


1 Mvriametre .... 


6 


11.9 









mile 



"■be Kilometre is the Unit of Itinerary measure, and is nearly % of an English 

Table No. 2. 



Measures of 


SQUARE MEASURE. 


Surfaces. 


ACRES 


ROODS. 


SQ RODS. 


SQ. YAI5DS. 


SQ. FEET. 


SQ. INCHES 














.0015 














.1550 
15.5005 


1 Centiare or 1 Sq. Metre 
1 Are 








1 

28 
11 

8 


1 

7 
5 

6 


110.0591 






3 
35 

18 


97 9105 


1 Hectare * 


2 
2*7 


1 


35.0522 




121.2241 



* The Hectare is the Unit of Land measure, and is nearly 1% English acres, 
t The Square Kilometre is the Unit for the Area of countries, and is .3861161 of 
an English square mile- 



448 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Table No. 3. 



Measubes of Volumes. 


CUBIC MEASURE. 


CUBIC YABDS. 


CUBIC FEET. 


CUBIC INCHES. 


1 Millilitre 






06102705151936 








.61027051519365 








6 10270515193659 








61 02705151936594 








610 27051519365944 


1 Hectolitre.. 




3 
8 
2 


918 . 70515193659440 


1 Kilolitre or Stere * 

1 Myrialitre 


1 

13 


547.05151936594403 
286.51519365944039 







* The Cubic Metre, Kilolitre or Stere, is sometimes used as the Unit of measures 
of Solidity. 



Table No. 4. 



Measubes of 


LIQUID MEASURE. 
(U. S. Gallon.) 


LIQUID MEASURE. 
(Imperial Gallon.) 


Volumes. 


GALLONS. 


QUARTS 


PINTS. 


GILLS. 


GALS. 


QTS. 


PINTS. 


GILLS. 


1 Millilitre ; 




.0084 

.0845 

.8453 

.4539 

.5396 

1.3963 

1.9638 

3.6384 








.0070 


1 Centilitre ! 








1 
1 


.0704 








.7043 


1 Litre 


1 

2 

1 

3 


1 
1 
1 


3.0430 




2 

26 

264 

2641 


2 
22 

220 
2200 




2.4309 


1 Hectolitre 


.3094 


1 Kilolitre or Stere. 






3.0947 




3 


1 


2.9476 



Table No. 5. 



Measubes of 


MEDICAL DIVISIONS OF THE GALLON. 


Volumes. 


GALLONS. 


PINTS. 


FLUID- 
OUNCES. 


FLUIDBAMS. 


MINIMS. 


1 Millilitre 










16.2316 










2 
3 
6 
1 
4 

6 
4 


42.3161 • 


1 Decilitre 






3 
1 

2 

5 

7 

14 


3.1610 






2 
5 
3 

1 
6 


31.6105 


1 Kilolitre 


2 

26 

264 

2641 


16.1058 
41.0585 
50.5859 
25.8693 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



449 



Table No. 6. 



Measures op 
Volumes. 


DRY MEASURE. 

(U. S. or Winchester Bushel.) 


DRY MEASURE. 
(Imperial Bushel.) 


BUSHEL. 


PECKS. 


QUARTS 


PINTS. 


BUSH. 


PECKS 


QTS. 


PINTS. 


1 Millilitre 








.0018 
.0181 
.1816 

1.8162 
.1626 

1.6264 
.2644 
.6440 








.0017 

.0176 

.17(0 

1.7607 

1.6077 
.0773 
.7736 

1.7369 






































2 

27 
275 


1 
3 

2 


3 






1 

3 
1 
3 


1 

2 
4 
1 


1 Kilolitre or Stere . 


2 

28 
283 



Table No. 7. 



Weights. 


TROY WEIGHT. 


AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 


POUNDS. 


OUNCES 


PWTS. 


GRAINS . 


LBS. 


OZS. 


DRAMS. 


GRAINS. 










.0154 

.1543 

1.5432 

15.4323 

10.3234 

7 2348 

.3487 

3.4874 

10.874 
12.74 








.0154 
.1543 
1.5432 
15.4323 
17.6047 
11.9848 
10.4737 
22.7061 

8.3115 

1.0837 






























1 Gramme 














1 Decagramme 






6 

4 

3 

10 

1 
14 






5 

8 

4 

11 

6 
15 


1 Hectogramme 




3 

8 
9 

11 

2 


2 
22 

220 
2204 


3 
3 

7 
9 


1 Kilogramme* 

1 Quintal 


2 

26 

267 
2679 


1 Millier or Tonneau. 



* The Kilogramme is the Unit of Commercial Weight, and is 2 1-5 pounds avoir- 
Jupois. 



Table No. 8. 



Weights. 


APOTHECARIES WEIGHT. 


POUNDS. 


OUNCES. 


DRAMS. 


SCRUPLES. 


GRAINS. 












.0154 

.1543 

1.5432 

15.4323 

14.3234 

3.2348 

12.3487 

3 4874 


1 Centigramme 




















1 Gramme 










1 Decagramme 






2 
1 
1 

4 


1 

2 


1 Hectogramme 




3 

8 
9 




2 

26 


1 Myriagramme 











430 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



MULTIPLIERS 

TO REDUCE FROM THE DENOMINATIONS OF ONE SYSTEM TO THE OTHER. 

Table No. 9. 



LONG MEASURE. 



Measures of 
Length. 



Millimetre.. 
Centimetre . 
Decimetre . . 

Metre 

Decametre. . 
Hectometre . 
Kilometre. 



.00006 
.00062 
.00621 
.06213 
.62138 



FUR- 
LONGS. 



1 Myi'iametre. 6.21382 49.71059 



.00004 
.00049 
.00497 
.04971 
.49710 
4.97105 



.00019 

.00198 

.01988 

.19884 

1.98842 

19.8S423 

198.84237 



.00109 

.01093 

.10936 

1.09363 

10 93033 

109.36330 

1093 . 63305 



1988.42373 10936.33055 



.00328 

.03280 

.32808 

3.28089 

32.80899 

328.08991 

3280.89916 

32808.99166 



.03037 
.3937C 
3.93707 
39.37079 
393.7079 
3937.079 
39370.79 
393707.9 



Example— Reduce 523 kilometres to miles: 
523 X- 62138=324. 98 miles. 



Table No. 10. 



Long Measure. 



1 Inch 

1 IPoot 

1 Yard 

1 Fathom 

1 Rod 

1 Furlong 

1 Statute Mile 

1 Nautical Mile... 
1 Statute League.. 
I Nautical League 



MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



myriametres. kilometres hectometres. 



.00003 
.00009 
.00018 
.00050 
.02011 
.16093 
.18549 
.48279 
.55648 



.00002 

.00030 

.00091 

.00182 

.00502 

.20116 

1.60931 

1.85494 

4.82794 

5.56483 



.00025 

.00304 

.00914 

.01828 

.05029 

2.01164 

16.09314 

18.54945 

48.27944 

55.64836 



DECAMETRES. 



.00253 

.03017 

.09143 

.18287 

.50291 

20.11643 

160.93149 

185.49456 

482.79447 

556.48368 





MEASURES OF LENGTH. 


Long Measure. 


Metres. 


DECIMETRES 


CENTIMETRES. 


MILLIMETRES. 




.02539 

.30479 

.91438 

1.82876 

5.02910 

201.16436 

1609.31492 

1854.94562 

4827.94477 

5564.836-8 


.25399 

v 3.04794 

9.14383 

18.28766 

50.29109 

2011.64365 

16093.14926 

18549.45628 

48279.44778 

55648.36886 


2.53995 

30.47944 

91.43834 

182.87669 

502.91091 

20116.43657 


25.39954 




304 . 79449 


1 yard 


914.38348 




1828.76696 
5Q29. 10914 


















1 Statute League 






1 Nautical League... 




1 _ 



Example— Reduce 146 yards to metres: 
146X. 91438=133. 5 metres. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



451 



Table No. 11. 



Measures of 
Surfaces. 



SQUARE MEASURE. 



1 Sq. Millimetre. 
1 Sq. Centimetre. 
1 Sq. Decimetre . 



1 Centiare 

1 Are 

1 Hectare.. 



1 Sq. Kilometre. 



.00024 

.02471 

2.47114 



.00098 

.09884 

9 88457 



SQ. RODS. 



SQ. YARDS. 



.00039 

.03953 

3.95382 

395.38289 



247.1U30 988.45723 39538.28959 



SQ. FEET. SQ. INCHES 



.00011! 
.011961 



.00001 
.00107 
.10764 



1.19603 10.76429 
119. 60312 1 1076. 42993 
11960. 33260 1 



.0015) 

.1550) 

15.50059 

1550.0591C 



Example— Reduce 647 hectares to acres; 
647X2.47114=1,598.82 acres. 



Table No. 1*. 



Square 
Measure. 


MEASURES OF SURFACES. 


SQUARE 
KILOMETBES. 


HECTARES. 


Ares, 


CENTIARES. 


1 Square Inch 






00064 


1 Square Yard. . . 




.00008 

.00252 

.10116 

.40467 

258.98945 


.00092 

.00836 

.25291 

10.11677 

40.46710 

25898.94531 


.09289 


1 Square Rod . . . 

1 Rood 

1 Acre 


.00002 

.00101 

.00404 

2.58989 


83609 

25.29193 

1011.67755 


1 Square Mile. . . 


-4046.71020 

















Square 
Measure. 


MEASURES OF SURFACES. 


SQ. METRES. 


SQUARE 
DECIMETRES. 


SQUARE 
CENTIMETRES. 


SQUARE 
MILLIMETRES. 


1 Square Inch. . . 
1 Square Foot. . . 
1 Square Yard. . . 

1 Square Rod 

1 Rood 

1 Acre 


.00064 

.09289 

.83609 

25.29193 

1011.67755 

4046.71020 


.06451 

9.28996 

83.60971 

2529.19387 


6.45136 

928.99683 

8360.97149 


645.136f8 
9289J.68.J:<1 








1 Square Mile 









Example— Reduce 160 acres to hectares: 
160X- 40467=64. 74. 



452 



THE GEE AT P YE AMID JEEZEH 



Table No. 13. 



MEASURES OF 


CUBIC MEASURE. 


Volumes. 


COKDS. 


CUBIC YARDS 


CUBIC FEET. 


CUBIC INCHES. 


1 Millilitre 


.o(xxro2 

.0000027 

.0000275 
.0002759 
.0027591 
.0275910 
.2759107 
2.7591078 


.0000013 
.0000130 
.0001308 
.0013080 
.0130802 
.1308021 
1.3080215 
13.0802150 


.0000353 

.0003531 

.0035316 

.0353165 

.3531653 

3.5316580 

35.3165807 

353.1658074 


.0610270 

. 6102705 

6.1027051 

61 . 0270515 

610.2705151 

6102.7051519 

61027.0515193 

610270.5151936 


1 Decilitre 


1 I'ecalitre 


1 Hectolitre 

1 Kilolitre 





Example — Reduce 132 kilolitres or steres to cords: 
132X- 2759107=36. 42 cords. 





Table No. 14. 


• 






MEASURES OF VOLUMES. 


Cubic Measure. 


MYRIAL1TRES. 


KILOLITRES. 


HECTOLITRES. 


DECALITRES. 


1 Cubic Inch.. . . 




.00001 

.02831 

.76451 

3.62435 


.00016 

.28315 

7.64513 

36.24359 


.00163 


1 Cubic Foot 

1 Cubic Yard 
1 Cord 


.00283 
.07645 
.36243 


2. 83153 

76.45134 

362.43599 






MEASURES OF VOLUMES. 


Cubic Measure. 


Litres. 


DECILITRES. 


CENTILITRES. 


MILLILITRES. 


1 Cubic Inch 

1 Cubic Foot 


.01638 

28.31531 

764.51342 

3624.35992 


.16336 

283.15311 

7645.13422 

36243.59927 


1.63861 

2831.53119 
76451.34221 


16.38617 
28315.31193 


1 Cord 






Example — Reduce 234 cords to kilolitres or steres: 
234X3.62435=848.09 kilolitres or steres. 



Table No. 15. 



Example— Reduce 548 litres to U. S. gallons: 
548X. 26418=144. 77 U. S. gallons. 



Measures of 


LIQUID MEASURE— (U. S. Gallon.) 


Volumes. 


GALLONS. 


QUARTS. 


PINTS. 


GILLS. 


1 Millilitre 


.00026 


.00105 


.00211 


.00845 




.00264 


.01056 


.02113 


.08453 




.02641 


.10567 


.21134 


.84539 


1 Litre 


.26418 


1.05674 


2.11349 


8.45396 




2.64186 


10.56745 


21.13490 


84.53963 




26.41863 


105.67454 


211.34909 


845.39638 




264.18637 


1056 . 74548 


2113.49096 


845 


1 Myrialitre . . . 


2641.86370 


10567.45480 


21134.90961 


84539.638 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



Table No. 16. 



Liquid Measure 
(U.S. Gallon.) 



1 Gill... 
1 Pint . . 
1 Quart. 
1 Gallon 



MTKIALITRES. 



.00001 
.00004 
.00009 
. 00037 



MEASURES OF VOLUMES. 



KILOLITRES. 



.00011 

.00047 
.00094 
.00378 



HECTOLITRES. 



.00118 

.00473 
.00946 
.03785 



453 



DECALITRES. 



.01182 

.04731 
.09463 
. 37852 



Liquid Measurf. 
(U. S. Gallon.) 



1 Gill... 
1 Pint... 
1 Quart.. 
1 Gallon 



Litres. 



.11828 

.47315 

.94630 

3.78520 



MEASURES OF VOLUMES. 



DECILITRES. 



1.18287 

4.73150 

9.46301 

37.85206 



CENTILITRES. 



11.82877 

47.31508 

94.63016 

378.52066 



Example— Reduce 730 U S. gallons to litres: 
730X3.7852-2,763.19 litres. 



MILLILITRES. 



118.28770 

473.1C082 

946.30165 

3785 20662 



Table No. IT. 



Measures of 
Volumes. 



Millilitre.. 
Centilitre. 
Decilitre.. 

Litre 

Decalitre. . 
Hectolitre. 
Kilolitre.. 
Myrialitre. 



LIQUID MEASURE- (Imperial Gallon.) 



GALLONS. 



.00022 

.00220 

.02200 

.22009 

2.20096 

22.00967 

220.09671 

22(0.96711 



quarts. 



.00088 

.00380 

.08803 

.88038 

8.80386 

88.03868 

880.38684 

8803.86845 



PINTS. 



.00176 

.017C0 

.17607 

1.76077 

17.C0773 

176.07736 

1760.77369 

17(07.73690 



Example— Reduce 548 litres to Imperial gallons- 
548X. 22009=120. 61 Imperial gallons. 



GILLS. 



00704 

.07043 

.70430 

7.04309 

70.43094 

704.30917 

7043.09476 

70430.94762 



Table No. 18. 



Liquid Measure 
(Imp. Gallon.) 



1 Gill... 
1 Pint... 
1 Quart 
1 Gallon 



MEASURES OF VOLUMES. 



MTRIALITRES. KILOLITRES. HECTOLITRES. DECALITRES 



.00001 
.00005 
.00011 
.00045 



.00014 
.00056 
.00113 
.00454 



.00141 
.00567 
.01135 
.04543 



.01419 
.05679 
.11358 
. 45434 



Liquid Measure 


MEASURES OF VOLUMES. 


(Imp. Gallon.) 


Litres. decalitres. 


CENTILITKES. 


millilitf.es. 


1 Gill 

1 Pint 


.14198 

.56793 

1.13586 

4.54345 


1.4F83 

5.67932 

11.35864 

45.43457 


14.19830 

56.79321 

113.58643 

454.34572 


141.98303 


1 Gallon 


567.93215 
1135.86431 
4543.45725 



Example— Reduce 730 Imperial gallons to litres- 
730X4.54345-3,316.71 litres. 



454 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Table Xo 3 19. 



MEASURES OF 
VOLUMES. 

1 Millilitre ... 
1 Centilitre 

1 Decilitre 

1 Litre . 

1 Decalitre 

1 Hectolitre 

1 Kilolitre 

1 Mvrialitre 



MEDICAL DIVISIONS OF THE GALLON. 



GALLON'i 



PESTS. 



.00026 

.00264 

.02641 

.26418 

2.64186 

26.41863 

264.18637 



.00211 

.02113 

.21134 

2.11349 

21.13490 

211.3490? 

2113 49096 



FLUTDOUXCES FLUTDRAMS 



=03381 

.33815 

3.38158 

33.81585 

338.15855 

3381 . 58553 

33815.8553-° 



2641. 86370 1 211 '4. 90961' . 



= 27C52i 

2- 70526 

27.C5268 

?70. 52634 

2705.26843 

27052.68430 



MESLMS. 

16.231 
162.31610 
1623.16105 
16231=61058 



Example— Reduce 7 litres to fluidounces; 
7X33.81585=236.71 fluidounces. 



Table No. 20. 



Medical Dit of! 



MEASURES OF VOLUMES. 



the Gallon. 


MTRlA LITRES. 


KELOLLTBES. 


HECTOLITRES. 


DECALTTBES. 


1 Minim -.=,„,= -.,.. 
















=00003 
.00029 
.00473 
.03785 


.00036 






.00002 

=00047 

.00378 


.00295 


1 Pint 


,00004 
, 00037 


.04731 


1 Gallon.. 


.37*52 



Medical Drv. cf 
the Gallox. 



MEASURES OF VOLUMES. 



Minim 

Fluidram. = . 
Fluidounce. 
Pint ..=.... 
Gallon. .... 



Litres. 



=00006 
.00369 
.02957 
=47315 
3.78520 



DECILITEES. 



CENTILITRES. 



.00061 

.03696 

.29571 

4.73150 

37.85206 



.00616 

.36964 

2.95719 

47.31508 

378.52066 



MLLLXLITRES. 



.06160 

3.69649 

29.57192 

473.15082 

3785.20662 



Example — Reduce 14 flnidcunces to centilitres: 
14X2 95719=41.4 centilitres. 



Table Xo. 21. 



Measures of 
Volumes. 



1 Millilitre... 
1 Centilitre. . 
1 Decilitre... 
1 Litre . ... . 
1 Decalitre. . . 
1 Hectolitre.. 
1 Ki.olitre .. . 
l Mvrialitre. . 



DRY MEASURE— (Winchester Bushel.) 



BUSHELS. 



.00002 

.00028 

.00283 

.02837 

=28379 

2.83791 

28 37913 

283.79131 



PECKS. 


QUABIS. 


PESTS. 


.00011 


.00090 


.00181 


.00113 


.00908 


.01816 


=01135 


.09031 


.18162 


.11351 


.90813 


1.81626 


1.13516 


9.08132 


18.16264 


11.35165 


90.81322 


181.62644 


113.51652 


908.13220 


1816.2644C 


1135.16525 


90:i.322'l 


18162.64402 



Example — Reduce 631 hectolitres to Winchester bushels: 
C11X2, 83791=1. 790 = 72 Winchester bushels. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



455 



Table No. 22. 



Dry Measure. 


MEASURES OF VOLUMES. 


CWinch. Bushel.) 


MYRIALITRES. 


KILOLITRES. 


HECTOLITRES. 


DECALITRES. 


1 Pint.... ...... 


.00005 

.00011 
.00088 
.00352 


.00055 
.00110 
.00880 
.03523 


.00550 

.01101 
.08809 
.35237 


.05505 

.11011 


1 Peck 


.88092 


t Bushel 


3.52371 



Dry Measure. 


MEASURES OF VOLUMES. 


(Winch. Bushel.) 


Litres. 


DECILITRES. 


CENTILITRES. 


MILLILITRES. 


1 Pint 


.55058 

1.10116 

8.80929 

35.23716 


5.50580 

11.01161 

88.09290 

352.37160 


55.05806 

110.11612 

880.92900 

3523.71603 


550.58063 


1 Peck 

1 Bushel 


1101.16126 

8809.29008 

35237.16034 



Example — Reduce 123 Winchester bushels to litres: 
123X35.23716=4,334.17 litres. 



Table No. 33. 



Measures of 


DRY MEASURE- (Imperial Bushel.) 


Volumes. 


BUSHELS. 


PECKS. 


QUARTS. 


PINTS. 




.00002 

.00027 

.00275 

.02751 

.27512 

2.75120 

27.51208 

275.12088 


.00011 

.00110 

.01100 

.11004 

1.10048 

11.00483 

110.04835 

1100.48355 


.00088 

.00880 

.08803 

.88038 

8.80386 

iS. 03868 

880.38684 

8803.86845 


.00176 

.01760 

.17607 

1 76077 


1 Hectolitre 

1 Kilolitre 

i Myrialitre 


17.60773 

176.07736 

1760.77369 

17607.73690 



Example — Reduce 631 hectolitres to Imperial bushels: 
631X2.7512=1,736 Imperial bushels. 



Table No. 34. 



Pry Measure. 


MEASURES OF VOLUMES. 


■Imperial Bushel.) 


MYRIALITRES. 


KILOLITRES. 


HECTOLITRES. 


DECALITRES. 


Pints 


.00005 
.00011 

.00090 
.00363 


.00056 
.00113 
.00908 
.03634 


.00567 

01i:J5 
.09086 
.36347 


.05079 

.11358 

.908C9 

3.63476 


Quarts 


Pecks 


Bushels 





456 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Table No. 584 — Continued. 



Dry Measube. 


MEASUBES OF VOLUMES. 


(Imperial Bushel.) 


Jjitres. 


DECILITRES. 


CENTILITRES. 


MrLLILITRES. 


Pints 


.56793 

1.13586 

9.08691 

36.34765 


5.67932 

11.35864 

90.86914 

363.47658 


56.79321 

113.58643 

908.69145 

3634.76580 


567.93215 

1135.86431 

9086.91451 

36347.65804 




Bushel6..,. ..... 



Example — Beduce 123 Imperial bushels to litres: 
123X36 34765=4470.76 litres. 



Table No. 35. 



"Weights. 


TBOY WEIGHT. 


POUNDS. 


OUNCES. 


PENNYWEIGHTS. 


GRAINS. 






.00003 

.00032 

.00321 

.03215 

.32150 

3.21507 

32.15072 

321.50726 

3215.07265 

32150 72654 


.00034 

.00643 

.03430 

.61301 

6.4:014 

G4. 30145 

643.01453 

6430.14530 

64301.45308 


01543 


1 Gramme 


.00002 
.00026 
.00267 
.02679 
.26792 
2 67922 
26.79227 

267.92272 

2679.22721 


.15432 

1.54323 

15 4G234 




154.32348 

1543.23487 

15432.34874 


x quintal 




1 Millier or Tonnenu. 





Example — Beduce 432 grammes to ounces troy : 
432 X .03215=13. 88 ounces troy. 



Table No. 36. 





WEIGHTS. 


rsoT Weights. 


MILLIER OR 
TONNE AU. 


QUINTALS. 


MYRIA- 
GRAMMES. 


KILO- 
GRAMMES. 


HECTOGRAMMES. 










.00006 
.00155 
.03110 
.37324 


.00064 


1 Pennyweight. 




.00001 

.00031 
.00373 


.00015 

.00311 
.03732 


.01555 


.00003 
.00037 


.31103 

3.73241 





WEIGHTS. 


Troy Weights. 


DECA- 
GRAMMES. 


Grammes. 


DECI- 
GRAMMES. 


CENTI- 
GRAMMES. 


MILLIGRAMMES 


1 Grain 

1 Pennyweight. 


.00647 

.15551 

3.11034 

37.32419 


.06479 

1.55517 

31.10349 

373.24195 


.64798 

15.55174 

311.03496 

3732.41955 


6.47989 

155.51748 

3110.34963 

37324.19557 


64.79S9i 

1555.17431 

31103.49631 











Example — Beduce 115 troy ounces to grammes: 
115\31.10349=3,576.9 grammes. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



451 



Table No. 27. 





AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 


vVEIGHTS. 


POUNDS. 


OUNCES. 


DRAMS. 


GRAINS. 






.00003 

.00035 

.00352 

.03527 

.35273 

3.52739 

35.27393 

352.73939 

3527.39399 
35273.93990 


. 00056 

.00564 

.05643 

.56438 

5.64383 

56.43830 

564.38303 

5643.83038 

56438.30384 


.01543 


1 Centigramme 


.00002 
.00022 
.00220 
.02204 
.22046 
2.20462 
22.01621 

220.46212 
2204.02124 


.15432 

1.54323 

15.43234 


1 Decagramme 


154.32348 


1 Hectogramme 


1543.23487 




15432 34874 






1 Millier or Tonneau .... 











Example — Reduce 432 grammes to ounces avoirdupois : 
432X- 03527=15. 23 ounces avoirdupois. 



Table No. 28. 



Avoirdupois 


WEIGHTS. 


Weights. 


millier or 
tonneau. 


QUINTALS. 


MYRIA- 

GRAMMES. 


KILO- 
GRAMMES. 


HECTO- 
GRAMMES. 










.00006 

.00177 

.02834 

.45359 

45.35926 

907 . 1 85 .0 

1016.04754 


.00064 






.00001 

.(0028 

.00453 

.45359 

9.07185 

10.16047 


- V00017 

.00283 

.04535 

4.53592 

90.71853 

101.60475 


.01771 


1 Pound 


.00002 
.00045 
.04535 
.90718 
1.01604 


.28349 
4.53592 


1 Hundredweight.. 
1 Ton (2,000 lbs.)... 
1 Ton (2,240 lbs.)... 


453.59265 

9071.85309 

10160.47546 



Avoirdupois 


WEIGHTS. 


Weights. 


DECA- 
GRAMMES. 


Grammes 


DECI- 
GRAMMES. 


CENTI- 
GRAMMES. 


MILLI- 
GRAMMES. 


1 Grain 


.00647 

.17718 

2.83495 

45.35926 

4535.92654 

90718.53090 

101604.75461 


.06479 

1.77184 

28.34954 

453.59265 

45359.26540 


.64798 

17.71846 

283.49540 

4535.92653 


6.47989 

177.18463 

2834.95409 

45359.26545 


64.79895 




1771.84630 




28349. £4090 






1 HundredWeigbt.. 
1 Ton (2,000 lbs.)... 
1 Ton (2,240 lbs.)... 



























Example — Reduce 468 pounds avoirdupois to kilogrammes: 
468X .45359 -=212.28 kilogrammes. 



458 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Table No. 29. 





APOTHECARIES WEIGHT. 


Weights. 


POUNDS. 


OUNCES. 


DRAMS. 


SCRUPLES. 


GRAINS. 






.00003 

.000:2 

.00321 

.03215 

.32150 

3.21507 

32.15072 

321.50726 


.00025 

.00257 

.02572 

.25720 

2 . 57205 

25.72058 

257.20581 

2572.05812 


.00077 

.00771 

.07716 

.77161 

7.71617 

77.16174 

771.61743 

7716.17437 


01543 


1 Centigramme. . . 
1 Decigramme.... 

I Decagramme . . . 
1 Hctogramme .. 

1 Kilogramme 

1 Mynagramme . . 


.00002 
.0(1026 
.00267 
.02679 
.26792 
2.67922 
26.79227 


.15432 

1.5432a 

15.43234 

154.3234* 

1543.2 3487 

15432 34874 







Example — Reduce 25 grammes to drams: 
25 x .2572=6.43 drams. 



Table No. 30. 



Apothecaries 


WEIGHTS. 


Weight. 


MYRIAGRAMMES. 


KILOGRAMMES. 


HECTOGRAMMES. 


DECAGRAMMES^ 






.00006 

.00129 
.00388 
.03110 
.37324 


.00064 

.01295 

.03887 

.31103 

3. , ;3241 


.00647 


1 Pram 


.00012 
.00038 
.00311 
.03732 


.12959 
.38879 




3.11034 
37.32419 



Apothecaries 


WEIGHTS. 


Weight. 


Grammes. 


DECIGRAMMES. 


CENTIGRAMMES. 


MILLIGRAMMES. 


1 Grain 


.06479 

1.29597 

3.88793 

31.10349 

373.24195 


.64798 

12.95979 

38.87937 

311.03490 

3732.41955 


6.47989 

129.59790 

388.79370 

3110.34963 

37324.19557 


64.79895 


L Dram 


1295.97901 
3887.93703 




31103.49631 







Example — Reduce 2 scruples to grammes: 
2x1. 29597 =2 . 59 grammes. 



THE GRAMME. 

Different authors give the following values for the gramme in grains, 
second in the list is now generally adopted: 



The 



15.432 


15.432349 


15.434 


15.44 


15.43234874 


15.4327 


15.43402344 


15.4402 


15 43234875 


15.433159 


15.438395 


15.44242 


15.4323488 






15.44402 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



4.")D 



TABLE OF MERCHANDISE 

Constituting a Ton by Weight or Measurement, also a Car Load. 



Articles. 



Acid, carboys, each 

Beans, sacks, 60 lbs. each 

Beans, sacks, gunny, 120 lbs. each 

Beef and pork, bbls., each 

Beef and pork, % bbls., each 

Blinds, packages, each 

Boots and shoes, cases, each 

Brick, 8x4%x2% inches 

Brooms, packages, each 

Candles, boxes, each 

Cattle, head of 

Cement, bbls.. each 

Chain, casks, 500 lbs. each 

Chain, casks, 1,000 lbs. each 

Charcoal, sacks, 55 lbs. each , 

Coal, casks, 1,500 lbs each 

Coal, sacks, 150 lbs. each 

Coal (loose), 2,240 lbs., per ton 

Coffee, sacks, 100 lbs. each 

Coffee, sacks, 150 lbs. each 

Coffee, cases, each 

Copper, boxes, 600 lbs. each 

Cordage, coils, small, each 

Cordage, or Rope, coils, 2 each 

Cordage, or Rope, coils, 3 each 

Cordage, or Rope, coils, 4 each 

Cordage, or Rope, coils, 5 each 

Cotton, bales of, 475 lbs., each 

Crockery, crates, small, each 

Crockery, crates, large, each 

Crockery, casks, small, each 

Crockery, casks, large, each 

Crockery, bbls., each 

D.iors 

Excelsior, bales, each 

Furniture, cases chairs, each 

Flour, sacks, 100 lbs. each 

Flour, sacks, 50 lbs. each 

Flour, gunnies, 150 lbs. each 

Flour, bbls., each 

Flour, £ bbls., each 

Fruits— apples, oranges, pears, quinces, 

grapes, etc., in cases 

Fruits, preserved, cases 

Glass, boxes, each 

Glass, boxes, each 

Glass, boxes, each 

Grain— Barley, burlap s'ks, 130 lbs.each 

" Bran, sacks, 50 lbs. each 

" Corn, ear, 70 lbs. per bushel 

" shelled, 56 lbs. per bushel. 

" " sacks, 120 lbs. each 

" Middlings, sacks, 80 lbs. each... 

" Oats, burlap sacks, 95 lbs. each 

" " loose 

" Wheat, burlap sacks, 130 lbs. ea 

Gunnies, bales, each (small) 

_ " " " (large) 

Hair and Moss, bales of 

Hams and Bacon, cases, each 

Handles, Ax, cases, each 

Iron, cast pipes, castings, etc 

" pig, 2,240 lbs. per ton 

" sheet, bdls., 120 lbs. each 

Leather, rolls, each 

Lime, bbls., each 

Liquors, ca^es. each 



Size, 
cub. ft. 



6.8 



7 

3.6 
9 
4 



3.5 
.8 
40 

6.3 

8 
14 

5.3 



3.12 



2.3 



1 

2 

6 

10 
15 
10 
20 
40 
20 
40 

6.3 



15 

9 



6.3 
3.6 

2 

1.6 

1 

1.6 

2 



Per Ton. 



Weight. 



34 sacks 
17 sacks 



393 brick 



74 boxes 
1.9 head 
6.66 bbls. 
4 casks 
2 casks 
37 sacks 
1.33 casks 
17 sacks 
2240 lbs. 
20 sacks 
13 sacks 



4 boxes 



4% bales 



20 sacks 
40 sacks 
14 sacks 
9 l / 2 bbls. 
19% bbls. 



14 
20 
15 

9 

1.4 



9 

63 

1.6 



16 sacks 
40 sacks 
28% bush. 
36 bushels 

17 sacks 
25 sacks 
22 sacks 
2000 lbs. 
16 sacks 



2240 lbs. 
2240 lbs. 
17 bdls. 



Measur'm't 



6 carboys 



6 bbls. 
12%%bbls 

9 pkgs. 

10 cases 
837 brick 
12 pkgs. 
60 boxes 
1 head 

7 bbls. 
5 casks 
3 casks 

8 sacks 



13 sacks 
40 cu. ft. 



20 cases 

40 cases 
20 cases 
7 cases 
4 cases 

3 cases 

4 bales 
2 crates 

1 crate 

2 casks 
1 cask 
7 bbls. 
30 doors 

3 bales 

5 cases 



Car load, 
br'd gauge. 



7 bbls. 
14% % bbls 

20 cases 
27 cases 
40 boxes 
27 boxes 
20 boxes 



16.77 bush. 
32.1 bush. 



32.1 bush. 



3 bales 

2 bales 

3 bales 
5 cases 
17 cases 



5 rolls 
7 bbls. 
27 cases 



120 carboys 
630 sacks* 
340 sacks 
120 bbls. 
250% bbls. 
180 pkgs. 
200 cases 
6000 brick 
240 pkgs. 
1200 boxes 
18 to 20 hd 
140 bbls. 
80 casks 
40 casks 
740sacks 
13 casks 
340 sacks 
10 tons 
400 sacks 
260 sacks 
400 cases 
80 boxes 
900 cases 
450 cases 
140 cases 
80 cases 
60 cases 
90 bales 
40 crates 
20 crates 
40 casks 
20 casks 
140 bbls. 
600 doors 
60 bales 

89 ca^es 
400 sacks 
900 sacks 
280 sacks 

90 bbls. 
190% bbls. 

400 cases 
540 cases 
£00 boxes 
540 boxes 
400 boxes 
320 sacks 
K00 sacks 
360 bushels 
7^.0 bushels 
340 sacks 
500 sacks 
440 sacks 
6 V bushels 
320 sacks 
60 bales 
40 bales 
60 bales 
100 cases 
340 cases 
10 tons 
10 tons 
340 bdls. 
100 rolls 
bbls. 
540 cases 



460 



THE GKEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



TABLE OF MERCHANDISE, 
By Weight and Measurement.— Concluded. 



Articles. 



Size, 
cub. ft. 



Per Ton. 



Liquors, bbls., eacb 

" %bbls., each 

** baskets, eacb 

" pipes, eacb 

Lumber (board measure), etc 

" flooring, board measure 

" bard wood 

" joists or plank 

" shingles 

" siding, board measure 

" soft or cord wood 

Matting, China, bales, each 

Merchandise, bbls., each 

Nails and spikes, kegs 100 lbs 

Oakum, bales, each 

Oils, bbls., each 

" y 2 bbls., each 

" casks, large, each 

" " small, each 

" coal, lard, nut, etc., cases 

Onions, sacks, 100 lbs. each 

Paints, cases of 100 lbs. each 

" " of 200 lbs. each 

" kegs of 200 lbs. each 

" " of 100 lbs. each 

" " of 50 lbs. each 

« " of 25 lbs. each 

" tin cases, 25 lbs. each 

Papers, bales of, each 

Pianos, cases, each , 

Pitch, bbls. of, each 

Plaster, bbls. of, each 

Potatoes, sacks of, 125 lbs. each 

" bushels of, 60 lbs. each 

'Powder, cases or kegs of. 

Resin, bbls. of, each 

Salt, bay, sacks, 110 lbs. each 

* ' Carman Island or Li ver p'l, 100 lbs 

" Liverpool, sacks 220 lbs 

" " gunnies of 250 lbs. .. 
Shot, kegs of, 250 lbs. each 

" lead, kegs of, 100 lbs. each 

Shovels, cases of, each 

Soap, castile, boxes of, each 

" boxes of, each 

Spices, boxes of, each 

Starch, " " " 

Stone, granite, cubic feet of. 

" sandstone, cubic feet of 

" rubble, perch of 

Stove Castings, 250 lbs. per stove 

Stoves, each (set up) .' 

Sugar, bbls., each 

" % bbls., each 

Sirup, bbls., each 

" % bbls , each 

" kegs, each 

Tar, bbls., each 

Tea, China, chests of 

Tea, Japan, chests of. 

Tin, boxes of, 120 lbs. each 

Tobacco, boxes, small, each 

Trunks, nests, each 

Tubs and Pails, nests, each 

Washboards, packages of, each 

Windows, packages of, each 

Wool, bales of, 300 lbs. each -. 



9.83 
4.92 
2.6 
24.6 



5 

6.3 

1.3 

3.6 
12 

4.93 
40 
20 

2 

2.7 



7 

40 
7 

6.3 
3.3 



29 
1 
.6 
.7 
.6 



24% 



12 

7 

3.6 
6.9 
3.4 
1.3 
7 

2.8 
2.2 
4 
2 

2.4 
4.6 
10 
4 
3.5 



Weight. 



20 kegs , 



20 sacks 
20 cases 
10 cases 
10 kegs 
20 kegs 
40 kegs 
80 kegs 
80 cases 



16 sacks 
33.3 bush. 



19 sacks 

20 sacks 
1 sacks 
9 sacks 
8 kegs 
20 kegs 



13% cu. ft. 
16.4 cu. ft. 



8 stoves 



Measure. 



4 bbls. 
$y 2 % bbls. 
16 baskets 
2 pipes 
480 feet 
480 feet 
% cord 
480 feet 
1,000 sh's 
850 feet 
34 cord 
8 "bales 
7 bbls. 
30 kegs 
12 bales 
4 bbls. ' 
8% % bbls. 

1 cask 

2 casks 
20 cases 
15 sacks 



bales 



8 bales 

1 case 
6 bbls. 
8 bbls. 
12 sacks 
32 bushels 
40 c. or k. 
6 bbls. 



2 cases 
40 boxes 
80 boxes 
70 boxes 
80 boxes 
40 cu. ft. 
40 cu. ft. 
1.6 perch 



3% stoves 
6 bbls. 

u%% bbls 

6 bbls. 
12%% bbls 
32 kegs 
6 bbls. 
14 chests 
18 chests 
10 nests 
80 boxes 
17 boxes 
10 nests 
4 packages 
12 pack'ges 
11% bales 



Car-load, 
br'd gauge 

80 bbls. 
170 y 2 bbls. 
320 cases 
34 pipes 
9,000 feet 
3,000 feet 

6 cords 
9,000 feet 
40,000 sh's 
17,000 feet 

7 cords 
160 bales 
140 bbls. 
400 kegs 
240 bales 
80 bbls. 
165 J bbls. 
20 casks 
40 casks 
400 cases 
400 sacks 
400 cases 
200 cases 
200 kegs 
400 kegs 
800 kegs 
1,000 kegs 
1,600 cases 
150 bales 
40 cases 
120 bbls. 
160 bbls. 
240 sacks 
360 bushels 
800 kegs 

120 bbls. 
380 sacks 
400 sacks 
200 sacks 
180 sacks 
160 kegs 
400 kegs 
40 cases 
800 boxes 
1,600 boxes 
1,400 boxes 
1,600 boxes 

121 cu. ft. 
133 cu. ft. 
6 perch 
160 stoves 
70 stoves 
120 bbls. 
285% bbls. 
120 bbls. 
245% bbls. 
640 kegs 
120 bbls. 
280 chests 
360 chests 
200ne,ts 
1,600 boxes 
340 nests 
200 nests 
80 pack'ges 
240 " 

140 bales 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



461 



Ml«lELLA\EOl(* WEIGHTS A\J> J1EASIRES 



4 Inches 

3 Inches 

9 Inches 
18 Inches 

36 Inches or 3 Feet 
28 Inches or 2% Feet 
33.38676 Inches 

25 Pounds 

56 Pounds 
100 Pounds 
100 Pounds 
lt.0 Pounds 
106 Pounds 
!U0 Pounds 
i.")(> Pounds 
280 Pounds 



= A Hand. 

= A Palm. 

= A Span. 

= A Cubit. 

= A Pace. 

= A Military Pace. 

= 1 Vara. 

1 Keg of powder. 

1 Firkin of butter. 

1 Cental of grain. 

1 Cask of raisins. 

1 Quintal of dried fish. 

1 Barrel of flour. 

1 Barrel of beef, pork or fish. 

1 Barrel of soap. 

1 Barrel of salt. 



IRON OR LEAD. 
1 Stone. 

1 Pie = 301 pounds. 
1 Fother=2,408 pounds=172 stone. 



14 Pounds = 
21% Stone 
8 Pigs 

1' ABLE OF THE FRACTIOWAIj PARfS OF AW UffCH, 
(of 32 parts) and foot of 1£ inches, reduced to Decimals. 



<uch=-Decimals 


Inch— Decimals 


Inch— Decimals | Fct —Decimals 


Foot—Decimals 


. e= 1.00000 


21-32— 


.65625 


5-16— 


.3125 ,12-12— 1.00000 


H- *» 


J6666 


'.1-32* .96875 


%- - 


.625 1 


9-32— 


.28125 '11-12— .9166 


1-12^- 


.08333 


5-16=- .9375 


19-32— 


.69376 


k - 


.125 


5 6- .83333 


7-96=a 


.07291 


:9-32»» .90625 


9-16— 


.5625 


7-32„ 


.21875 


a- - .75 


3-48=. 


.0625 


S- am .875 


17-32- 


.53125 


3-16. 


.1875 


%• - .66666 


6-96=a 


.0528 


7-32— .84375 


% - 


A 


5-32-- 


.15625 


7-12— .58333 


1-24=3. 


.04166 


3-1 6a. .8125 


15-32=. 


.46875 


Hr - 


.125 


H- - £ 


l-32=s 


.03125 


5-32=» .78125 


7-16— 


.4375 


3-32,, 


.09375 


5-12- .41666 


1-48=3 


.02083 


.;- mm .75 


13-32=. 


.40625 


1-16=. 


.0625 


H- — .33333 


l-96=a 


.010415 


3-32=. .71875 iH vm 


.375 


1-32— 


.03125 


\- — .25 


1-99— 


.010101 


1-16= .b875 


1 11-32= 


.34375 













Table of the Decimal parts of a Pound— (16 oz's.i 



ftrinces= Decimals. 


0imm=3 Decimals. 


0unces== Decimals. 


Ounces" 


^Decimals. 


OnucesBsDednials. 


1 > — 1.0000 


12^— .78125 


9 — .5625 


5J$ — 


.34375 


2 — J25 


llfc— .96875 


12 - .75 


SH=m .53125 


5 — 


.3125 


1JS- .09375 


15 — .9375 


lljga— .71875 


8 - .5 


4JS- 


.28125 


1 — .0625 


11>SJ— ,90625 


11 a .6875 


7^=3 .46875 


4 — 


.25 


% - .03125 


14 — .8875 


10 %=3 .65625 


7 =» .4375 


3^- 


.21878 




13 J$— .84375 


10 =J .625 


6}£=3 .40G25 


3 - 


.1S75 




13 - .8125 


9%=» .59375 


6 => .375 


2^> = 


15625 





NUMBER OF CUT NAILS IN ONE POUND (New Standard) , weighed on a Fair. 
banks & Co.'s scales at the establishment of Huntington, Hopkins & Co., San Fran- 
cisco, by tlie editor hereof personally. 

Penny 3 3 i 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 16 20 30 40 50 60 

length, inches 



No. In pound, fine. 



3 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


16 


20 


30 


40 


50 


IH 


\k 


IJi 


1 3 4 


2 


2k 


2% 


2% 


3 


3k 


3 l A 


4 


4JS 


5 


5H 


OS 
-J 

u 


co 

OS 


to 

* 


to 

X 


en 

>*- 

X 


to 

X 


oo 


-5 


OS 

to 

x 


(fe- 
ci 


CO 

CO 


tC 

CO 


00 

x 




to 



X 





NUMBER AND LENGTH OF TACKS IN ONE POUND. 




Dz 


1 

H 

16000 


1*2 


2 


2)6 


3 


4 | 6 


8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 

1 

800 


22 

727 


24 


'nch ... 
»o.in lb 


.3.. 

I 6 
10666 


H 

8000 


1 6 

6400 


H 

5333 


-2-, -2. 
400012666 


2000 


11 

1 6 

1600 


*4 

1333 


ia 

1 6 
1143 


% 
1000 


15 
J 6 
888 


ik 

666 



462 



THE GBEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



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& 

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A 

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EU 
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tfl 

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O 

u 

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CO 

D 

z 

u 

g 

S 
o 

a 
a 

< 



CM 

rH 


03 

ft 
DO 


^^ :::::::: 
co co t o :•;::::: 




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^ 


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03f C-O 






O 

■— < 


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WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



463 



MISCELLANEOUS MEASUREMENTS. 

Bricks. 

Vari?i-ions in dimensions by various manufacturers, and different degrees of 
Intensify of their burning, render a table of exact dimensions of different manu- 
facturers and classes of bricks altogether impracticable. Average dimensions of 
the following descriptions of brick : 



Description-. 



Baltimore.... C Front ) 
Philadelphia-; or > 
Wilmington. (Pressed) 

Croton 

Colabaugh 

Eng. ordinary 

" Lond. stock 

Dutch Clinker 



IlS'CHKS. 



8.25x4.125x2.375 

8.54 X2.25 
8.25x3.625x2.375 
9 x4.5 x2.5 
8.75x4.25 x2.5 
6.25x3 xl.5 



Description. 



Maine 

Milwaukee 

North River 

Ordinary 

San Francisco 

Stourbridge, fire brick 
Amer. N. Y. " " 



Inches. 



7 5 x3.375x2 375 
8.5 x4.125x2.375 

8 x3.5 x225 
'7.75 x3.625x2.25 

8 x4. 125x2.5 
8.25 x4.125x2.5 
9.125x4.625x2.375 
8.875x4 5 X2.625 



Variations in dimensions of bricks, and thickness of the layer of mortar or ce- 
ment in which they may be laid, make it impracticable to give any rule of gen- 
eral application for volume of laid brickwork. 

Volume of bricks in masonry may be found as follows : 

Rule.— Face dimensions of particular bricks used, add one-half thickness of 
the mortar or cement in which they are laid, and compute the area; divide 
width of wall by number of bricks of which it is composed; multiply this area 
by quotient thus obtained, and product will give volume of the mass* of a brick 
and its mortar in inches. Divide 1,728 by this volume, and quotient will give 
number of bricks in a cubic foot. 

By the above rule, the number of bricks contained in a cubic foot of " Phila- 
delphia front," manufacture =18.32 bricks. The average weight of a cubic 
foot of brickwork in mortar is about 102 pounds. 

Laths are 13^ to 1%-inch by four feet in length, set % of an inch apart, and a 
bundle contains 100. It takes 20 laths to cover 1 square yard. 

Plastering. — Inmeasuring plasterers' work, all openings, as doors, windows, etc., 
are computed at one-half their areas, and cornices are measured upon their ex- 
treme edges, including that cut off by mitering. In weight, plastering, lathing, 
and furring, will average 9 pounds per square foot. 

Glazing. — In glaziers' work, oval and round windows are measured as squares. 

CUBIC FEET 1ST A TOW ©E HAY: 270 cubic feet of new meadow 
hay, or 243 cubic feet of hay from old stacks will weigh a ton; 297 to 324 cubic feet 
of dry clover weigh a ton; 512 cubic feet of oat or wheat hay, in Cal., are taken for 
a ton; Gov't officials in the Pacific States purchase hay at the latter figure. No 
two States accept the same measurement, 

CHARCOAL, WEIGHT AND MEASUREMENT. 

The best quality of charcoal is made from beech, chestnut, nuiple, onk anrl pine. 
Wood will furnish, when properly burned, about 23 per cent, of coul. Oak charcoal 
absorbs about 4.28 and pine 8.9 per cent, of water. 

One bushel of charcoal contains 2,747.7 cubic inches; and if made from red or white 
pine will weigh 22 lbs.; if made of oak, or triturated, will weigh from 30 to 43 lbs. 

CASTINGS AND PATTERNS COMPARED. 

Rule.— Multiply the weight of the pattern (oj white pine) in pounds by the fd lowing 
multiplier, and the product will give the weight of the casting: brass, 15; iron, 14; 
lead, 22 ; tin, 14; zinc. 13.5. 

Leather Belting, and all substances in Rolls and Coils.— To 

find the length of a roll of belting; measure (in inches) the diameter of the roll, 
and the diameter of the hole in the center of the roll, add the two diameters 
together, divide the result by 2, then multiply that quantity by 3.1416, multiply 
this last amount by the number of coils or folds in the roll, and you have the 
length of the belt in inches. How many feet of belting in a roll 31 in's in diameter, 
hole in center 4 in's in diameter, number of folds 100? Example. — 31 4 = 35; 35 
h-2 = 17.50; 17.50 X 3.1416= 54.978; 54.978 X 100= 5,497.800; 5,497.80.1 h- 12= 458.150 
feet. Another.— Couut the number of folds of belting between the center of the 
coil and its circumference (= n) ; measure the diameter of the coil ( = D) ; meas. 
ure the diameter of the circular hole in the center of the coil (=dj : then add the 
outside diameter (D) to the inside diameter (d) and multiply this sum (D-f-d) 
by the number of folds (u), and this product by 1.5708; the result of the mul- 
tiplication is the length of the belting L) ; or in a formula: L = 3.1416 X n ;< 
(?— ) = 1.5708 X n X (D i,^-' il'iUft Itot formula by C. Ewald Grunsky, O: EJ 



464 THE GKEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



MECHANICS— Miscellaneous. 

Mechanics, that branch of applied mathematics which treats of forces and 
equilibrium. There are two divisions, Statics and Dynamics, the first embracing 
equilibrium of forces or bodies at rest, the second of bodies in motion. There is 
a further division into mechanics of solid, fluid, and aeriform bodies, classed 
under the names, Geostatics, Geodynamics (solids); Hydrostatics, Hydrodynam- 
ics (fluids); Aerostatics, Pneumatics (gases). Forces either have motion or 
resistance, and may be summed up as follows: Gravity, Muscle, Elasticity, Cen- 
tral, Heat, Magnetism, Percussion, Expansion, Inertia, Cohesion, Adhesion, 
Explosion. 

Electricity is a form of persistent force, and is evolved in any disturbance of 
molecular equilibrium, whether from a chemical, physical or mechanical cause. 
According to the British Association tables, the electrical unit of resistance is 
termed an Ohm, which represents resistance of a column of mercury of 1 sq. mil- 
limeter in section, and 1.0486 meters in length, at temperature 0° C. It is equiva- 
lent to resistance of a wire 4 millimeters in diameter and ICO meters in length. 

One microhm = 10 absolute electro magnetic units; 1,000,000 microhms = 1 
ohm, or 10,000,000 absolute electro magnetic units; 1,000,000 ohms = 1 megohm, 
or 1013 absolute electro magnetic units. The unit of electro motive force, or 
difference of potentials is the volt. 

One microvolt = .1 of an absolute electro magnetic unit; 10 microvolts = 1 
absolute electro magnetic unit; 1,000,000 microvolts = 1 volt, or 100,000 absolute 
electro magnetic uuits; 1,000,000 volts = 1 megavolt. 

The unit of electro current is equal to 1 weber per second, or the current in a 
circuit has an electric motive force of one volt and. a resistance of an ohm. 

The unit of electric volume is called ampere, and represents that volume of 
electricity which flows through a circuit having an electro motive force of 1 volt 
and a resistance of 1 ohm in a second, or it represents a volt diminished by an 
ohm. One million microvolts or 100 absolute units of volume = 1 ampere. 1,000,- 
000 amperes = 1 megawber. The unit of electric capacity is called a farad. 
1,000,000 microfarads, or 10,000,000 absolute uuits of capacity = 1 farad. 1,000,000 
farads = 1 megafarad. An electric current with 30 Faure cells, 74 volts, 1.81 am- 
'pere, is equal to 16 standard candles; with 50 like cells, ]24 volts, and 3.2 amperes, 
it is equal to 333 similar candles, in producing the light of a Maxim incandescent 
lamp. 

Gravity acts equally on all bodies at equal distances from the earth's center, 
its force dimin.shing as the distance increases, and increasing as the distance 
diminishes. Bodies attract each other directly as their masses, and inversely as 
squares of their distances. The specific gravity of a body is the proportion it 
bears to the weight of another body of known density or of equal volume, taken 
as a standard. Bodies moving around a center have a tendency to fly off in a 
tangent, centrifugally. The attraction of the central fixed point is the centrip- 
etal force, opposed to centrifugal, and producing an orbital balance. Kepler 
first announced in his three laws the astronomical application of this principle; 
Newton verified and extended it universally. 

Heat or Caloric is a mode of motion or manifestation of universal persistent 
force. For expressing and measuring quantities of heat, a thermal unit is em- 
ployed. This unit of heat is the quantity of heat which corresponds to an inter- 
vaf of 1° in the temperature of 1 lb. of pure liquid water, at or near its tempera- 
ture of greatest density. The mechanical equivalent of heat is 772, as the 
mechanical power required to raise one pound 772 feet will generate one unit of 
heat. Air and gases are very bad conductors of heat. In heating rooms with 
air, the hot air should be let in at the bottom. Double windows owe their utility 
to the body of air between them which transmits heat imperfectly. Asphalt is 
the best composition for resisting moisture; it is a slow conductor and economizes 
heat and dryness. Slate is very dry, but conducts quickly, and will not retain 
heat. Plaster of Paris and woods make good lining for rooms, because they are 
poor conductors, while a composition of hair and lime is a quick Conductor and 
very cold. Fire-brick absorbs much heat, and makes good lining for fireplaces, 
while iron is a high conductor, and the worst substance for that purpose. Un- 
derground temperature increases 1° with every 64 feet downward from surface. 

Light.— Solids shine in the dark only at a temperature of 600° to 700° and at 
1,000° in the day. The intensity of light is inversely as the square of distance 
from the luminous body. The light of the sun travels at the rate of 185,000 mihs 
a second. The standard measure of light is the candle power of a short 6 sperm, 
burning 120 grs. per hour. One thousand cubic feet of 13 candle coal gas is equal 
to 7.5 gal. of sperm oil, 52.9 lbs. of mold candles and 44.6 lbs. of sperm candles. 
The higher the flame from a gas burner, the greater the intensity of the light, 
the most effective height being 5 inches. 

A Square of Slate is 100 superficial feet. Gaiige is the distance between the 
courses of the slates. Lap is the distance which each slate overlaps the slate 
lengthwise next but one below it, and it varies from 2 to 4 inches; the standard 
is 3 inches. Margin is width, of course, exposed or distance between tails of the 
slates. Pitch of a slate roof should not be less than 1 in height to 4 of length. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES 465 



MECHANICS— Miscellaneous— Concluded. 

Horse-power.— H* measures the rate at which work is done. One horse-power 
is reckoned as equivalent to raising 33,000 lbs. one foot high per minute, or 550 
lbs. per second. It is called nominal, indicated, or actual. Nominal is used by 
manufacturers of steam engines to express the capacity of an engine, the ele- 
ments being confined to the dimensions of steam cylinder, and a conventional 
pressure of steam and speed of piston. Indicated shows the full capacity of the 
cylinder in operation without deductions for friction. Actual marks its power as 
developed in operation involving elements of mean pressure upon the piston, 
its velocity, and a just deduction for friction of engine's operation. 

Mechanical Powers are only three, viz.: the lever, inclined plane, and pulley. 
The wheel and axle, wedge and screw are only combinations of the three simple 
powers. 

The Strength of Material is the resistance which a body offers to a separation 
of its parts, and is measured by the degree of its resistance to forms of force 
called Crushing, Detrusive, Tensile, Torsion, and Transverse. Cohesion is the 
quality by which the particles of bodies remain in contact. Elasticity is the 
quality of a body by which it resists changes of form. The resilience of a body 
is a combination of strength and flexibility. The deflection, bending, or varia- 
tion of girders, beams, and bars depends chiefly upon their form. Continuous 
weights equal to those which girders, etc., are suited to bear will not cause their 
deflection to increase unless they are subjected to important changes of temper- 
ature. The heaviest load on a railway girder ought not to exceed .16 of such 
a weight as would destroy the girder if laid on in state of rest. The deflection 
of girders, etc., fixed at one end and loaded at the other, is 32 times that of the 
same when supported at both ends and loaded in the middle. Deflection is 
greatly increased by instantaneous loading, sometimes doubled. The momen- 
tum of a railway train in deflecting beams, or girders, is greater than its simple 
dead weight, and the deflection increases with the velocity of the weight. 
Beams broken by a running load are always fractured at points beyond their 
centers. The heaviest running weight is that of locomotives, 2 tons per linear 
foot. Girders must not be deflected more than .025 inch to a foot in length. 

An Alloy is the proportion of a baser metal mixed with a finer or purer. Amal- 
gam is a compound of mercury and a metal making a soft alloy; compositions of 
copper contract in admixture, and all amalgams expand. The less fusible metals 
should be melted first when alloys and compositions are made. Increase of the 
zinc proportion in composition of brass is followed by a decrease of malleability. 
The tenacity of brass is impaired by addition of lead or tin. Steel alloyed with 
ore five-hundredth part of platinum or silver is rendered harder, more malleable, 
and better adapted for cutting instruments. The specific gravity of alloys does 
not follow the ratios of their ingredients, being sometimes above or below the 
mean. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc; bronze, of tin and copper. 

Gun Barrels to shoot well must not be less than 44 times diameter of bore nor 
more than 47 measured from the vent hole. 

Mortar should be so mixed with lime or cement paste that the volume of 
cementing substance should be somewhat in excess of volume of voids or spaces 
in the sand or coarse material to be united, so that there may be enough to 
counteract the imperfect manipulation of the mass. 

Portland Cement requires less water than Roman cement, pets slowly, and can 
be remixed with additional water after an interval of 12 or 24 hours from its first 
mixture. It improves by age if kept from moisture. The longer in setting the 
stronger it will be. Cleaner and sharper the sand, greater the strength. Strong 
cement is heavy; blue gray, slow setting. Quick setting generally has too much 
clay in its composition, is brownish and weak. Less water used in mixing 
cement, the better. Brick, stones, etc., used with cement should be Avell wetted 
before using. Cement setting under still water will be stronger than if kept dry. 
Bricks of Portland cement in a few months are equal to the best pressed or face. 
When concrete is being used, a current of water will wash away the cement. 
Artificial cement is made by a combination of slaked lime with unburned clay 
in suitable proportions. Salt water has a tendency to decompose cements of all 
kinds, and their strength is considerably impaired by their mixture with it. 
Whence it follows that cement in a climate like that of San Francisco, with a 
saline atmosphere and moderate rainfall, is not economical material, while in a 
climate like that of Arizona, it would be the most satisfactory for structures and 
all works not in or near water courses and lakes. 

Scales and Balances.— To detect fraudulent balances after en equilibrium has 
been established between the weight and the article, transpose them and the 
weight will preponderate, if the article is lighter than the weight, and vice versa. 
To ascertain true weight, discover the weight which will produce equilibrium 
after the article and weight have been transposed; reduce these weights to the 
same denomination, multiply them together and the square root of their product 
will give true weight. 



466 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



HISlFLL^XEOrS MEASOF.S 

Tf.treb Weight -A kilo in leather weight, is=2.20462124 lbs. rrotednpMsi 
?55 14 kilo, means that 12 skins weigh Ux2^6^=» -^9 . , or 
,:elv 3D* lbs.; and so on for a greater or less nnmber ot kilos, 

".-.r ^-^ Bi i email ei'zp is 4'--in' inside length, and eve- 
" i ;;V:-^ fa ^^^.na r gesizeIsSandn^ 3 n,. 

succeeding number increases H of an iiichT-1- 
- -The numbers, of hose or stockings, vis: 6^.8,83., 9, etc., mdica.e t*3 
_ lb c : : ie f xn of the hose in niches. 
tt^tteb's Mea^ebe -The measure around the head to be taken just where xh» 
hat^" cuSmel'to rest and for the. following sizes * - ^»™ J . 
V ,=18.45 ins. around the head; «^=18 B3 ins. ; G _-. = - 1 • ----. 




<S- —25 Q l in*. 

- ^ OT Hats Woek by Eminent Kn.-Den Stanley v S* :_ I«d Be; »* 

^STi^SS^SsiSm O'Connell, 8; Samuel J. EMM. ,. 
WEIGHT OP BEI A» OF TflE WORLlh 



I LUB. 



iilEi: Tl.s. y EEI--S. iLb^i; b.--^. _ 

wS^TRn«5a -" lomreal. Canada... 2S.56C St. Paul's, London.. 
Seal's Vr-cw'. . : - City Hail,*. Y 22,300, Linden, Ger:nany.. 



> ienna, Austria 

Olmutz, Bonemia. . . 

Bowes, France 

cBen," London. 



40 -XX», Fire Alarm, 33d st.,1 ' Lewiston, Maine 

400001 New York City.... 21,612 Worcester, En^ad 

4o'.000 St. Peter's, Borne... 1*. - York, England. 

30"350i"Great T : ^"Ci:-" >•"" " 



11.471 

: -', 
10.2:3:3 

6,3*4 



WEIGHT ASD SPECIFIC GRAYTTY 

Of liquids, Metals, Mineral Substance* and Woods. 

Note -The Specific Gravitv of a body is the proportion it bears to the weight of 
anotherbody of taown density. An immersed body, ascending or descending in a 
SSrce equal to the difference berween its own weight and the weight of 
irs bulk of the fluid, less the resistance of the fluia to its passage 
1 WaS is well adapted for the standard of gravity ; and as a cubic foot of it weighs 
1 mm ounces avoirdupois, its weight is taken as the unit, viz., l.UUU. 

To find the weight of anv subst mce. the specific gravity being known divide 'the 
*pe5fic gw^t?by 16, and'the quotient Till give the weight of a cubic foot of it in 

**!?** Table, Fluids at 32- Fair. ( Buapl ■ afar, which is taken at 39^.1 Fahr.). 



Li^nDA 



... Acetic 

Benzoic 

•' Citric 

" Concentrated 

* Fluorie 

' ■ Muriatic 

Nitric 

Phosphoric — . - 
" solid . 

' • Sulphuric 

Alcohol, pure, W 

■ 95 per cent . . . 
SO 
50 



— — ~ — " 5 ^ 

■ - P ' < 



LIQUIDS. 



66. 

41. 

64. 

95. 

93. 

75. 

76. 

97. 
175. 
115. 

49. 

51. 

53. 

58 



681 

-__: 

.062 

"" 

I 
.375 

.000. 
.562 

.000 
.937 
.375, 



1062 

667 

1034 

1521 

1=W 

1200 

1217 

1558 

2800 

1849 

7^4 

816 

S : 

934 



Alcohol, -0 per cent 

25 - 

10 " ... 

5 " 

Ammonia, 27.9 per cent . 

Aquafonis, double 

Aquafortis, single 

Beer 

Bitumen, liquid •- 

Blood, human 

Brandv, 5-6 or 5 cf spirit f 

C der . • - • 

Lther, ac*-t 

muriatic 



- x 

5_ = < -; _ = 



m - ? 



59.437 
60.»525 
61.625 
62.010 

■: r . " - 

51.250 

75.000 
64 625 

63. :•:•: 
bs sn 

57.7?0 

85 

54.125 
52 :.- 



951 

970 

9S6 

992 

891 

1300 

1200 

1*34 

1054 

>24 

I - 

M 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



467 



Weight and Specific Gravity — Continued. 



.Liquids . 



Ether, sulphuric 

Honey 

Mercury , 

Mili 

Oil, Anise-seed. ., 

" Codfish 

" Linseed .... 

'-'■ Naphtha 

•* Olive 

" Palm 

" Petroleum . . . 

" Rape 

" Sunflower . .. 

" Turpentine . 

u Whale 



Metals— Solids. 



5 £ ^ Z- 
2.5 22. lj?g 



5^ SJ 

- 



S- Hi- "J "3 

- - - « hi 5 



5" 

© »2 



LIQUIDS. 



pj !S" p 



44 
90 
849 
t4 
61 
57 
58 
53 
57 
60 
54 
57 
57 
54. 
57 



687 
.625 
754' 
,500 
,625 
.687 
,750 
000 
187 
562 
875 
125 
875 
375 
687 



532.000 
488.750 



Aluminium 160.000 

Antimony 419.500 

Arsenic 360.187 

Barium.. 29.375 

Bismuth 613.937 

Brass I C °PP er > M 

«< (Copper, 67 

\ Zinc, 33 

" Plate 523.750 

" Wire 533.750 

Bronze, gun metal 543 .750 

Boron 32-5.000 

Bromine 187.500 

Cadmium 540.625 

Calcium 98.750 

Chromium 368.750 

Cinnabar 506.125 

Cobalt 537.500 

Columbium 375.000 

Copper,cast 549.250 

Plates 543.625 

" Wire 555.000 

■Gold, pure, cast 1203.625 

hammered 1210.062 

" 22caratsfine 1092.875 

" 20 " 981.812 

Iridium 1167.500 

hammered 1437.500 

Iron, cast 450.437 

" cast gun metal 456.750 

" wrought bars 486.750 

" wire 485.875 

" rolled plates 481 . 500 

Lead, cast i 709.500 

rolled | 711.750 

Lithium ! 36.875 

Magnesium 109.375 



715 
1450 
13596 
1032 
986 
923 
940 
848 
915 
969 
878 
914! 
926' 
870 
923 



2560 
6712 
5763 
470 
9823 

8832 

7820 

SX 

8214 

8700 

2000 

3000 

8650 

1580 

5900 



Spirit, rectified 

Tar 

Vinegar 

Water, Dead Sea 

60° 

i " 212° 

" distilled, 39 J 

" Mediterranean 
I " rain 

" sea 

Wine, Burgundy 

M Champagne 

" Madeira 

M Port 



Metals — Solids. 



8600 

6000 

8788 

8698 

8880 

19258 

19361 

17486 

15709 

18680 

23000 

7207 

7308 

7788 

7774 

7704 

11352 

11338 

590 

1750 



51.500 
63.437 
67.500 
77.500 
62.449 
59 812 
62.379 
64.312 
62.500 
64.125 
62.000 
64.375 
64.875 
62.312 



500.000 
977.000 
849 8 
848.750 
B35.625 
537 . 500 
550.000 
517.437 
1402.981 
709.375 
1271.062 

native. 1000.000 

" rolled 1379.312 

Potassium, 59- 54.062 

Red-lead 558.750 

Rhodium 665 625 

Ruthenium 537.500 

Selenium 281.250 

Silicium 

Silver, pure, cast 654 . 625 

" " hammered.. 656.937 

Sodium 60.625 

Steel, plates 457 " 

u soft 489.562 

** tern, and hardened.. 488.625 

" wire 490 437 

Strontium 158.750 

Tin, Cornish, hammered . 461.875 

" pure 455.667 

Tellurium 381.875 

Thallium 740.625 

Titanium 331.250 

Tungsten 1062.500 

Uranium .1145.625 

Wolfram 444.937 

Zinc, cast 428.812 

" rolled 449.437 



Manganese. .. 
Mercuiy— 40°. 

" - 32-. 

" 60-. 

" 212°. 
Molybdenum . 

Nickel 

•* cast . . 

Osmium 

Palladium 

Platinum, hammered . 



= I on §^g 

Z. — C «••, r> O 

- &2.c I §« 



824 

101= 

10*0 

1240 

999 

957 

99- 

1029 

lOOO 

1026 

992 

997 

1038 

997 



8000 

15632 

13598 

13580 

1337C 

8600 

8800 

8279 

52 4 

11350 

20337 

16000 

22069 

865 

8940 

10650 

3GM 

4500 



10474 

10511 
970 
7806 
7833 
7813 
7547 
2540 
7390 
7291 
6110 

11850 
5300 

17000 

183:30 
7119 
6861 
71yl 



Note.— The number of elements as at present recognized is ! 
Which are metal*. 



72. forty-seven of 



468 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Weight and Specific iSravity — Continued. 



MrKEP.ii, Substances, 
Etc. 



s* 2 si 

3*2 5' to 
c 3 -?«■ 



Agate 

Alabaster, white 

«* jellow 

Alum 

Amber 

Ambergris 

Asbestos 

Asphaltum < 

Barytes, sulphate j 

Basalts j 

Borax 

Brick j 

" fire 

" work in cement 

" " mortar. .. | 

Carbon 

Cement, Portland 

" Roman ...... 

Chalk j 

Chrysolite 

Clay 

" with gravel 

Coal, Anthracite j 

" Borneo .... 

" Caking 

" Oannal -I 

" Cherry 

" Chili 

*' Derbyshire 

" Lancaster 

" Maryland 

*' Newcastle 

" Rive de Gier 

" Scotch | 

" Splint 

" Wales, mean 

Coke 

" Nat'l.Va 

Concrete, mean . . . , 

Copal 

Coral, red 

" white 

Cornelian 

Diamond, Oriental 

'« Brazilian 

Earth, common soil dry.. 

" loose 

" moist sand 

f mould, fresh.. .. 

*' rammed 

" rough sand 

" with gravel 

Emery 



161.875 

170.625 

168.687 

107.125 

67.375 

54.125 

192.062 

56.562 

103.125 

250.000 

304.062 

171.250 

179.000 

107.125 

118.750 

85.437 

137.562 

112.500 

100.000 

125.000 

218.750 

81.250 

97.250 

95.000 

174 000 

173.871 

120.625 

155.000 

89.750 

102.500 

80.625 

79.812 

77.375 

82.375 

79.750 

80.625 

80.750 

79.562 

84.687 

79.375 

81.250 

78.687 

81.250 

81.375 

82.187 

62.500 

46.640 

125.000 

65.312 

168.750 

159.375 

163.312 

220.062 

215.250 

76.000 

93.750 

128.125 

128.125 

100.000 

120 000 

120.250 

250.000 



go 



»^ p. 
^^ o 

II g© 



2590 
2730 
2699 
1714 
1078 

866 
3073 

905 
1650 
4000 
4865 
2740 
2864 
1714 
1900 
1367 
2201 
1800 
1600 
2000 
3500 
1300 
1560 
1520 
2784 
2782 
1930 
2480 
1436 
1640 
1290 
1277 
1238 
1318 
1276 
1290 
1292 
1273 
1355 
1270 
1300 
1259 
1300 
1302 
1315 
1000 

746 
2000 
1045 
2700 
2550 
2613 
3521 
3444 
1216 
1500 
2050 
2050 
1600 
1920 
2020 
4000 



Mineral. Substances , 
Etc. 



Flint, black . , 
" white . , 

Fluorine 

Garnet 

" black.. 

Glass, bottle , 
" crown. 



flint 



" green 

" optical , 

" white , 

" window 

Granite, Egyptian red ... 

" Patapsco 

" Quincy , 

" Scotch , 

" Susquehanna . 

Gravel, common , 

Grindstone , 

Gypsum, opaque 

Hone, white razor , 

Hornblende 

Iodine 

Jet 

Lime, hydraulic 

" quick 

Limestone, green 

" white 

Magnesia, carbonate . . . 
Marble, Adelaide 

" African 

" Biscayan, black. 

" Carara 

" common 

" Egyptian 

" French 

" Italian, white... 

*< Parian 

" "Vermont, white . 

Marl, mean 

Mica 

Millstone 

Mortar 



Mud 

Nitre 

Opal 

Oyster-shell.... 
Paving-stone ... 
Pearl, Oriental 

Peat 



Phosphorus 

Plaster of Paris . 

Plumbago 

Porphyry, red . . . 
Porcelain, China. 
Pumice-stone ... 

Quartz 

Red-lead 

Resin 



SB G ^* 

o J 8 «• 



161.375 
162.125 

82.500 
261.812 
234.375 
170.750 
155.437 
183.312 
196.000 
165.125 
215.625 
180.750 
165.125 
165.875 
165.000 
165.750 
164.062 
169.000 
109.312 
133.937 
135.500 
179.750 
221.250 
308.750 

81.250 
171.562 

50.250 
198.750 
197.250 
150.000 
169.687 
169.250 
168.437 
169.750 
167.875 
166.750 
165 562 
169.250 
177.375 
165.625 
109.375 
175.000 
155.250 

86 500 

109.375 

101.875 

118.750 

132.125 

130.750 

151.000 

165.625 

37.500 

S3.062 

110.625 

73.500 

131.250 

172.812 

143.750 

57.187 

166.250 

558.750 

68.062 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



469 



Weight and Specific Gravity—Continued. 



Mineral Substances, 
Etc. 



Itock, crystal 

Rotten-stone 

Ruby 

Gait, common 

Saltpetre 

Rand, coarse 

common 

•' damp and loose... 

" dried and loose... 
dry 

" morter 

" " Brooklyn.. 

" silicious 

Sapphire 

Schorl 

Shale 

Slate | 

" purple 

Smalt 

Spar, Calcareous 

Feld, blue 

" " green 

" Fluor 

Miscellaneous Sub- 
stances. 

Asphaltum -j 

Atmospheric Air 

Beeswax 

Butter 

Camphor 

Caoutchouc 

Eg« 

Fat of Cattle 

" Hogs 

" Sheep 

Gamboge 

Gum Arabic 

Gunpowder, loose. . . 
" shaken. 



p 
<^ 

IB 

•gs* 



2^ 
tj-p 



solid., 



Gutta-percha 



Woods, Dry. 



Apple 

Ash 

'* extra dry. . . . 

Bamboo 

Bay 

Beech, extra dry. 



Birch 

Box, Brazilian. 

" Dutch 

■• French... 

Bullet- wood . . . 



170.937 
123.812 
267.687 
133.125 
130.625 
112.500 
104.375 
97.500 
87.000 
88.750 
103.625 
107.250 
106.312 
249.625 
198.125 
162.500 
167.000 
181.250 
174.000 
152.500 
170.937 
168.312 
169.000 
215.500 



56.562 

103.125 

.0753125 



CO' 

i^ a 
II S(«j 



2735 
1981 
4283 
2130 
2090 
1800 
1670 
1560 
1392 
1420 
1659 
1716 
1701 
3994 
3170 
2600 
2672 
2900 
2784 
2440 
2735 
2693 
2704 
3400 



905 
1650 
001205 



Mineral Substances, 
Etc. 



Stalactite 

Stone, Bath, Eng 

" Blue Hill 

" Bluestone (Basalt). 

" Breackneck, N. Y.. 

" Bristol, Eng 

" Caen, Normandy... 

" Common 

" Craigleth, Eng 

<; Kentish Rag, Eng. 

" Kip's Bay, N. Y 

" Norfolk 

" Portland, Eng 

" Sandstone, mean... 

" " Sydney 

". Staten Island.N.Y. 

" Sullivan Co., N.Y. 

Talc, mean 

Tale, black 

Tile 

Topaz, Oriental 

Trap 

Turquoise 



Miscellaneous Sub- 
stances. 



60.312 


965 


58.875 


942 


61.750 


988 


56.437 


903 


68.1-25 


1090 


57 687 


923 


58.500 


936 


67.687 


923 


76.375 


1222 


90.750 


1452 


56.250 


900 


62.500 


1000 


96.875 


1550 


112.500 


1800 


61.250 


980 


50.000 


800 


49.562 


793 


52.812 


845 


45.125 


722 


25.000 


400 


51.375 


822 


39.000 


624 


43.125 


690 


53.250 


852 


35.437 


567 


64.437 


1031 


57.000 


912 


83 000 


1328 


58.000 


928 



Horn 

Ice at 32° 

Indigo 

Isinglass 

Ivory 

Lard 

Mastic 

Myrrh 

Opium , 

Soap, Castile. 
Spermaceti . . . 

Starch 

Sugar 



Tallow 
Wax.... 



Woods, Bey. 



Butternut 

Campeachy 

Cedar 

" Indian 

Charcoal, pine 

" fresh burned 

'• oak 

" soft wood . . . . 

" triturated.... 

Cherry 

well seasoned .. 

Chestnut, sweet 

Citron 

Cocoa 






K-ss 



150.937 
122.562 
165.000 
164.062 
169.00J 
156.875 
129.750 
157.500 
144.750 
165.687 
172.437 
144.000 
148.000 
137.500 
139.812 
186.000 
168.000 
156.250 
181.250 
113.437 
250.625 
170.000 
171.087 



105.562 
57.500 
63.062 
69.437 

114.002 
59.187 
67.125 
85.000 
53.500 
56.937 
58.937 
59.375 

100.375 
82.875 
60.250 
58.812 
60,250 
60.625 



23.500 
57.062 
35.062 
82.157 
27.562 
23.750 
98.312 
17.500 
86.250 
44.687 
37.875 
38.125 
45.375 
65.000 



m 

3" 2. 

- a 
>d a 

Sera. 



►*» t-iO g 



2415 
1961 
2640 
2625 
2704 
2510 
2G76 
2520 
2316 
2651 
2759 
2304 
2368 
2200 
2237 
2976 
2688 
2500 
2900 
1815 
4011 
2720 
2750 



1689 

920 

1009 

1111 

1825 

947 

1074 

1360 

1336 

1071 

943 

950 

1606 

1326 

972 

941 

964 

970 



376 
913 
561 

1315 
441 
380 

1573 
280 

1380 
715 
606 
610 
726 

1040 



470 



THE GEE AT P YE AMID JEEZEH 



Weight and Specific Gravity — Continued. 



Woods, Dry. 



< P ^ 
5' 2 5*<w 

s p ?? en- 
's OiQ « 

no ►*• 



Cork 

Cypress, Spanish 

" veil seasoned 

Dogwood 

Ebony, American , 

" Indian 

Elder 

Elm 



Filbert 

Fir (Norway spruce) .... 

Gum, blue 

•* water 

Hackmatack 

Hazel 

Hawthorn 

Hemlock 

Hickory, pig nut 

" red, well seasoned 

** Shell bark 

Holly 

Jasmine 

Juniper 

Lance wood 



£.5-2 

^? 

M »-S CTQ 



Larch. 

Lemon 

Lignum-vitse 

Lime .... 

Linden 

Locust 

Logwood 

Mahogany 

«* Honduras 
*« Spanish . . 
" St. Domingo, ex- 
tra dry 

Maple 

•? bird's-eye .. 
Mastic ■ 

Mulberry 



i! 



15.000 

40.250 

27.562 

47.250 

83.187 

75.562 

43.437 

35.625 

41.937 

37.500 

32.000 

52.687 

62.500 

37.000 

53.750 

56.875 

23.000 

49.500 

52.375 

43.125 

47.500 

48.125 

35.375 

45.000 

34.000 

35.000 

43.937 

83.312 : 

SO. 250 

37.750 

45.500 

67.062 

45.000 

66.437] 

35.000| 

53.250 

45. 00 \ 

46.875 
3^.000 
63 062, 
35.062. 
56.062' 



240 
644 
441 
756 

1331 

1209 
695 
570 
671 
600 
512 
843 

1000 
592 
860 
910 
368 
792 
838 
690 
760 
770 
566 
720 
544 
560 
703 

1333 
804 
604 
728 
913 
720 

1063 
560 
852 

720 
750 
676 
849 
561 
897 



Woods, Dby. 



Oak, African 

" Canadian 

" Dantzic 

"" English 

" green 

" heart, 60 years 

•' live, green 

" " seasoned 

" white 

•' " well seasoned. . 

" " James R., well 

seasoned 

Orange 

Pear 

Persimmon 

Pine, pitch 

" red 

" white 

" " well seasoned. 

" yellow " 

" " dry. 

Plum 

Pomegranate 

Poon 

Poplar 

" white 

Quince 

Rosewood 

Sassafras 

Satinwood 

Spruce 

Sycamore 

Tamarack 

Teak African oak ] 

Walnut 

black 



jWlllow 

Yew, Dutch.. 
«« Spanish 



< if 






2j O 

P* 



51.437 
54.500 
47.437 
58.250 
71.625 
73.125 
78,750 
66.750 
53.750 
42.937 

42.437 
44.062 
41.312 
44.375 
41.250 
36.875 
34.625 
29.562 
33.812 
28.812 
49.062 
84.625 
36.250 
23.937 
33.062 
44.062 
45.500 
30.125 
65.312 
31.250 
38.937 
23.937 
41.062 
46.562 
41.937 
31.250 
30.375 
36.562 
49.250 
50.437 



* M.'g 

II &Z 



823 

872 

759 

932 

1146 

1170 

1260 

IO08* 

860 

687 

759= 
705 
661 
710 
660 
590 
554 
473 
541 
461 
785 
1354 
580 
383 
529 
70"> 
728 
484 
885 
500 
623 
383 
657 
74fr 
671 
506 
486 
585 
788 
807 



Railroad Ties. — Prof. Sargent states that the Railroads of the United States, 
old and new, consume every year not far from 60,000,000 ties, destroying 30,000,CO« 
vigorous, healthy young trees; upon the supposition that two ties are cut from a 
tree. The value of Railroad ties put down by completed roads in 1880, (not count, 
in'g 10,000 miles in course of construction) amounted to nearly $10,000,000. Ties- 
are made chiefly from oak, hemlock and red-elm. 

Telegkaph Poles.— These are cut from white-cedar, red-cedar, white-ash, red- 
wood, oak, and sometimes other woods. It is claimed that Chicago, Iil., furnishes 
one-third of all the telegraph poles used in the United States, one-ninth of all the 
Railroad ties, and 5 per cent, of the posts, supplying Railroad and telegraph line* 
from New York to Utah, southwest as far as Arizona, besides sending some poles 
to Mexico. Ho pine is used for poles. Average duration of posts and pole", is from. 
$ to 12 years, white-cedar lasting about 8, and oak about 1 2 years. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



471 



BOILING POINTS OP MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTANCES. 
(Under One Atmosphere,) Degrees Fahrenheit. 



SUBSTANCES. 


DEGREE. 


SUBSTANCES. 


DEGREE. 1 


SUBSTANCES. 


DEGfiXH 


Acetate of Soda.. 

" " Potash 

AlcohoL s. g. 813. 


, 255.8 
336. 
173. 
140. 
173. 
226. 
220.3 
275. 
146. 
325. 
100. 


Milk , 


597 

648. 

213. 

186. 

250. 

240.6 

248. 

210. 

315. 

316. 

554. 


Salt, common.... 
SeaWater aver'ge 

Sulphuric Acid,s. 

g., 1.848 

Sulp. Acid s.g. 1.3 
Sulphuric Ether. 

"Water, in vacuo . . 


' 227 2 
213 2 
570. 


Nitrate of Soda.. 
Nitrate of Potash 
Nit. Acid, s.g. 1.42 
Nit. Acid, s.g. 1.5 
Oilof Turpentine 
Petroleum rectf 'd 


590. 




240. 


Carbonate of Soda 
Carb. of Potash.. 

Coal Tar 


100. 

315. 

212. 

98. 


Ether 


630. 







Note.— Water may be heated in a Digester to 400 Q without boiling. Fluids boil in a 
vacuum with less heat than under pressure of atmosphere. Water may be reduced 
to 5° if confined in tubes of from .003 to .005 inch in diameter; this is in consequence oi 
adhesion of water to surface of tube, interfering with a change in its state. It may alsa 
be reduced in its temperature below 32 Q if it is kept perfectly quiescent. 

BOILING POINT OF PURE WATER AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES. 

Boiling Point at the Level of the Sea— 212° Fahr. 



Degree. 


Feet. 


Degree . 


Feet. | 


Degree. 


Feet. 


Degree . 


Feet, j 
20,016; 


jDegree. 
163 


1 Feetl 


215 


* 1,551 


202 


5,300 


189 


12,489 


176 


27,881 


214 


* 1,086 


201 


6,841 ' 


188 


13,056 


175 


20,609 


1 162 


'28,500 


213 


* 519 


200 


6,384 


. 187 


13,625 


174 


21,204 


161 


129,121 


212 





199 


6,929 


186 


14,196 


173 


21,801 


160 


29,744 


211 


521 ; 


198 


7,476 


1 185 


14,769 


172 


22,400 


159 


30,3C9 


210 


1,044 j 


197 


8,025 


184 


15,344 


171 


23,001 


158 


30,996 


209 


1,569 


196 


8,576 


183 


15,921 


170 


23,604 


157 


31,G25 


208 


2,096 


195 


9,129 


182 


16,500 


169 


24,209 


156 


32,256 


207 


2,625 j 


194 


9,684 


| 181 


17,081 


168 


24,816 


155 


32,889 


206 


3,156 


193 


10,241 


i 180 


17,664 


167 


25,425 


154 


'33,524 


205 


3,689 


192 


10,800 


! 179 


18,249 i 


166 


26,036. 


153 


134.161 


204 


4,224! 


191 


11,361 


i 178 


18,836 


165 


26, 64$ 


152 


34,800 
136,084 


203 


4,761 1 


190 


11,924 


177 


19,425 


164 


27,264! 


150 



* Feet below tfc • sea level* 



Transmission of Heat Through Glass of Different Colors.— Direct— 100. 



Plate 65.5 

Red 53. 

Yioier.deep 53. 



Window 52. 

Orange 44. 

Blue. Jight 42. 



Yellow 40. 

Green 26. 

Blue, deep ]9. 



Melting Points of Metals and Various Substances. 



Metals. 



Aluminum at red 

heat 

Antimony 

Arsenic 

Bismuth .'.... 

BroDze 

Calcium, at red heat 
Copper 

Gold, pure 

Gold, standard... 

Iron, cast 



2d melting, 
wrought 



Lead 

Lithium 

Mercury 

Nickel," highest 
forge heat 



Deg. 



810 

365 

476 

1692 



1996 
J 2282 
\2590 
2156 
/2250 
(3479* 
J 2450 
13700* 
J 2912 
(3509* 
608 
356 
39 



Metals. 



Platinum.. 
Potassium. 

Silver 



Sodium , 

Steel 

Tin 

Zinc 

Alloys. 
Lead 2, Tin 3, Bis. 5 



o, • o 
4, " 5 
2, " 5 

3 

1 

lsolder 
2 soft" 
1 



Tinl, Bismuth 1. 

" 2, " 1. 

" 8, " 1. 
Zinc l.Tin 1 



Deg. 



3080 

136 

(12-50 

1.1873 

194 

2500 

446 

680 

212 
210 
240 
199 
334 
552 
475 
360 
368 
286 
336 
392 
399 



Fusible Plugs. 



Lead 2, Tin 2 

" 6, •« 2 

" 7, " 2 

" 8, " 2 

Miscellaneous. 

Ambergris 

Beeswax 

Carbonic Acid 

Glass 

Ice 

Lard 

Nitro-glycerine ... 

Phosphorus 

Pitch 

Saltpetre 

Spermaceti 

Stearine 

Sulphur 

Tallow 

Wax, white 



Beg 

372 

383 
388 
410 



145 

151 

108 

2377 

32 

95 

45 

112 

91 

606 

112 

114 

239 

92 

142 



* Rankine. 
Note.— The volume of water, antimony and cast-iron in a solid state, exceeds 
that of the liquid, as evidenced by floating upon their own melted substances. 



472 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



WETGirT OF GASES, 

Gases at 32° Fahr., and under one atmosphere. Weight of a cubic foot in lbs., avoic 
dupois. 



Names. 


Weight. 


Names. 


Weight. 




0.0753125 

0.2137 

0.12344 
0.2093 


Hydrogen 


005592 


Bisulphuret-of-.Carbon Vapor, 


Nitrogen 


0.078596 




Oxygen 


0795 




089°56 






0.05022 



Sound. — The velocity of sound through the air in a temperature at 02° Fahrenheit 
Is 1,125 feet per second. 

The velocity cf sound through water is 4 % times, through iron, 10 times, and 
through wood, from 11 to 17 times that in air. 



DESCRIPTION OF SOUND. 



A. powerful human voice in the open air and no wind. 

Beating of a drum 

Music of a heavy brass band 

Report of a musket 

Cannonading, very strong 



Audible at a Distance of 



FEET. 


MILES. 


400 

10.5G0 

15,840 

16,000 

475,000 


.087 
2 
3 

3.02 
90 



Light. — The velocity of light is 192,500 miles per second. Estimating the distance 
to be 95,000,000 miles, it passes from the sun to the earth in 8.2 minutes. It can pasa 
through the distance of the circumference of the earth in % of a second. 

VELOCITY AND FORCE OF WIND. 
Wind. — The velocity of air in passing into a vacuum is 1340.4 feet per second. 



Description 


Miles 

per 
Hour. 


Feet 

per 

Minute. 


Force in 
lbs. per 
Sq.Foot 


Description. 


Miles 

per 

Hour. 


Feet 

per 

Minute. 

2,640 
3,080 
3,520 
3,960 
4,400 
4,840 
5/280 
5,720 
6,100 
7,480 

8,800 


Force in 
lbs. per 
Sq. lool 


Hardly percept. 
Just perceptible 


\ t 

1 20 

i 25 


88 

176 

204 

352 

440 

528 

792 

880 

1,320 

1,760 

2,200 


.005 

.020 

.044 

.079 

.123 

.177 

.400 

.492 

1.107 

1.968 

3.075 


High wind 

Very high wind 
Storm 


J 30 
I 35 
I 40 
\ 45 
J 50 
\ 55 
1 60 
\ 05 
1 70 
X 85 

100 


4.4C9 
6.027 
7.873 
9.963 
12.3C0 


Pleasant breeze. 
Very brisk gale. 


Great storm. .. 


14.883 
17.712 

20.787 
24.1C8 
35.547 

49.200 



PRESSURE OF LIQUIDS OR INELASTIC FLUIDS. 

1. The area (a) of the base of a regular vessel, the height (h) of the fluid in 
feet, and the wei ht (w) of a cubic foot of the fluid being given; required the 
pressure (p) in pounds on the bottom of the vessel: 

aX^Xw-p. 

2. The height (h) of a column of fluid in feet, and the weight (w)nf a cubic foot of 
the fluid being given; required the pressure (p) in pounds of tne column pec 
square inch: 

AXw-=-144=p. 

3. The diameter in feet of the base (6) of a cylindrical reservoir, and the depth 
in feet (d) of fresh water contained therein being given ; required the pressure (p) 
in pounds upon the staves: 

fcX3.1416XdX(d-r-2)X62.5=p. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS OF WATER. 

The constitution of fresh water is — 

Oxygen, by weight, 88.889; by measure, 1 
Hydrogen, " 11.111; " 2 

A cubic foot of water weighs 998.06512 ounces, or 62.37907 lbs. avoirdupois. 

For convenience of computation the weight of a cubic foot of water is taken li 
7«J00 ouuces, or 62.5 lbs. 



A cubic foot is to a cylindrical foot as 1 is to .7854. 



62.5 pounds. 


49.1 


ti 


8.33 


it 


1 cwt. 


(100 lbs.) 


1 " 


(112 - ) 


1 ton 


(2000 " ) 


1 " 


(2210 " ) 


1 cwt. 


(100 " ) 


1 " 


(112 " ) 


1 ton 


(2000 " ) 


1 '« 


(2240 " ) 


7.5 gallons. 


5.9 


" 



1 cubic foot of water = 

1 cylindrical foot of water — 

1 gallon o*l water = 

12 gallons of water — 

13.44 gallons of water =■ 

240 gallons of water = 

268.8 gallons of water — 

1.6 cubic foot of water — 

1.8 cubic foot of water 

32 cubic feet of water — - 

35.84 cubic feet of water 

1 cubic foot of water = 

1 cylindrical foot of water -^ 

PROPERTIES OF WATER. 

Water vaporizes at all temperatures, even when in the form of ice. 

As found in nature it is never pure, being always contaminated with foreign 
iLatter. Rain is the purest form of natural water, but always contains carbonic 
acid, and carbonate and nitrate of ammonia and other constituents, depending 
upon the locality in which it falls. 

At a temperature of 212° Fahrenheit, with a barometric pressure of 29.02 inches, 
water boils and is converted into an invisible elastic vapor occupying 1,696 timee 
its Bpace. 

Ab the temperature of water decreases it regularly contracts until cooled down tc 
39.2° Fahrenheit; but every decrease in temperature below this causes it to expancf 
to almost the same extent lor each degree as it had previously contracted. 

In freezing, water expands .076 of its bulk. 

A cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 lbs. 
«• " ice " 58.08 " 

35. S4 cubic feet of u ater weigh a ton (2240 lbs.) 
38.57 " " ice " " " 

The weight of sea water is 1.029 times that of fresh water. One cubic foot of set. 
water w. ighs (J4.3125 pounds, and one gallon 8.58 pounds. About one thirty-thirc 
part of its weight, or four ounces to each gallon, is salt. 



PROPOSITIONS AND FORMULAS. 

1. The length {I) width [w] and depth (d) in inches of a quadrilateral cistern 
being given; required its capacity in gallons (g) : 

lXv>Xd+231 = g. 

2. The diameter Id) rnd depth (h) in inches of a circular cistern of uniform 
diameter being given required its capacity in gallons {g) : 

cPX- 7854X^231=0. 

3. The lower diameter (D) the upper diameter (d) and the depth (h) iu inches, 
of a circular cistern of different diameters being given; required its capacity in 
gallons (g): 

2> a d a (Z>Xd)X.7854xftH-693=0 

That of formula 2 has the form of a cylinder; that of formula 3 the form o.-. -. 
frustrum of a cone. 



474 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



HYDRAULICS. 

Gravity is the fundamental principal in Hydraulics. Descending Fluids are 
actuated by the same laws as Falling Bodies. A Fluid will fall through 1 foot in 
one-quarter of a second, 4 feet in one-half of a second, and through 9 feet in 
three-quarters of a second, and so on. 

The velocity of a stream of water, flowing from an aperture in the side or 
bottom of a vessel, reservoir, or bulkhead, tbat is kept full, is the same that a 
heavy body would acquire by falling freely from a height equal to that between the 
surface of the fluid and the middle of the aperture; the distance between these 
levels is termed the head. T.\e velocity of water flowing out of an aperture is 
as the square root of the height of the head of the fluid. The Theoretical velocity, 
therefore, in feet per second, is as the square root of the product of the space 
fallen through in feet and 64.333; consequently, fori foot it is V 64.333 = 8.02 feet. 
The Mean velocity, however, of a number of experiments gives 5.4 feet or .673. 

Contracted Vein. — The vein or stream begins to contract at the outlet, 
and continues contracting for a distance equal to nearly three (3) times the 
diameter of the opening. At the point of greatest contraction its velocity is 
H3arly equal to theoretical velocity. This contraction differs according to the 
conditions imposed. Tims the stream flowing from a thin-lipped orifice, under 
ordinary circumstances, becomes, on an average, contracted about 38 per cent. 
But the stream flowing from a smooth nozzle, with opposite sides including an 
angle of 16 degrees, the contraction amounts to about 2 l / 2 per cent. 

Measurement of Water.— In Soutnern Cal. the flow of l-50:h of a cubic 
foot of water per second, is an inch. 

A Miner's Inch, of water, legal measure, in the State of California, (see 
Water Nights, State of California, Civil Code, Section 1415) is that quantity of 
water which will flow through an opening of one square inch in the bottom or 
side of a vessel, under a pressure of four inches above the opening. Fifty of 
the above "Miners' Inches" is equivalent to the discharge of one cubic foot of 
water per second, and is less by .312 of a cubic foot per second than the "Nevada, 
Jounty Miner's Inch." (See Miner's Inch Illustrated, in another part of this work.) 

The above-mentioned act was amended in 1903 so as to read: " Bach square inch 
©i tne opening represents a miners' inch, and is equal to a flow of Yy % cubic feet of 
water per minute 

JaHons in Miners- Inches.— Multiply the given number of " Miners* 
/nshes " by 14.961, pointing off five decimal places; the result gives the numbei 
of gallons discharged per second. 

Miners' Inches in (Gallons. —Divide the number of gallons, flow or dis. 
charged per minute, by 8.9766; result will be the number of Miners' Inches sought. 

Velocity of Water through Clean Iron Pipe.— Eleven (11) times 
the number of Miners' Inches flow, divided by three (3) times the square of the 
diameter of the pipe, is equal to the velocity of the water in the pipe per second. 

Example. — The flow of water in a pipe 30 inches in diameter, with 9 feet faiJ 
to the mile, is 930 miners' inches. What is the velocity per second? Solution:— 
Pipe, 30 X 30 = 900 X 3 = 2,700; Miners' Inches, 960 X 11 = 10,560 -r- 2,700 = 3.91 feet 
per second velocity sought. 

Note. — The carrying capacity of clean iron pipe is represented by the unit 
(1) ; that of slightly rough iron pipe is .89 per cent, of that of a clean pipe; and 
that of very rough iron pipe is .77 per cent, of that of clean pipe. 

To ascertain the number of Miners' Inches of Water that 
will flow through Clean Iron Pipe, the velocity of the water, and the 
diameter of pipe being known. 

Three (3) times the product of the velocity of the water, and the square of 
the diameter, divided by 11 is equal to the Miners' Inches flow. 

Example. — The velocity of water in a pipe 22 inches diameter is 5 feet per 
second; required the number of Miners' Inches? Solution: 22 X 22 = 484 X"s 
2,420 X 3 = 7,260 -f- 11 = 66C the number of Miners* Inches sought. 

Useful Facts in Hydraulics.— Doubling the diameter of a pipe in- 
creases the capacity four times.. 

Circular apertures are most effective for discharging water, since they have 
less frictional surface for the same area. 

To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water, multiply 
f he height of the column in feet by .434. (Approximately every foot of elevation 
is considered equal to H lb. pressure per square inch.) 

The time occupied in discharging equal quantities of water, under equal 
heads, through pipes of equal lengths, will be different for varying forms, and 
proportionally as follows: For a straight line, 90; for a true curve, 100; and for a 
right angle, 140. 

The quantities of water discharged in the same time, through different sized 
apertures, under different heads, are to one another in the compound ratio of 
areas of the apertures, and of the square roots of the heights of heads above the 
tenters of the apertures. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 475 



HYDRAULICS.-Continued. 

Measurement of Flowing Water in Ditches, Canals, Rivers, 

&e. — To measure the water flowing in a ditch or small stream; first select a 
position along such ditch or stream, so that a small weir dam constructed across 
it at a right angle (of a single 2-inch plank set up edgeways) would create an eddy 
from 75 to 100 feet above the same; cut a notch in the plank, sufficient in depth 
to pass all the water to be measured, and not more than two-thirds of the width 
of the stream in length; have the upper side of the plank lined with sheet-iron, 
and the sides and bottom of the notch chamfered on the lower side to an angle of 
about 45 degrees. Let this dam be so situated, that all the water passing over it 
will fall clear at least 10 inches, and run away unobstructed; n ext drive a stake in 
(he stream (about one-third the way across, and 10 feet above the dam) down to 
the true level of the bottom of the notch in the plank forming the weir dam 
After the water has come to a stand, and reached its greatest depth, a careful 
measurement can be made of the depth of the water over the top of the stake, 
which gives the true depth of the water passing over the notch; multiply the 
breadth of the water passing over the weir by the depth over the stake, and the 
product is the area. Multiply the area by the tnean velocity of its flow in feet per 
6econd, and the product is the volume in cubic feet; divide the number of cubic 
feet by 1.57, and the result will be the number of Miners' Inches. 

Example. — A stream of water 90 inches wide running over a weir dnm (as 
above defined), and 9 inches deep over the stake, with a mean velocity ( f 5 feet 
per second; required the cubic feet and Miners* Inches of water? Solution: 
90 X 9 X 5 = 4,050 cubic feet; 4,050 -f- 1.57 = 2,579.62 Miners' Inches. 

The velocity of such a stream can be estimated by throwing floating bodies 
on the surface of near the same specific gravity as the water, and rating the time 
accurately, required in passing a given distance. The velocity is greatest in the 
center of the stream and near the surface, and is less near the bottom and side. 
Reliable experiments prove the Mean velocity to be .83 per cent, of the velocity 
of the surface in the center of the stream. 

To Compute the Mean Depth of Flowing Water in Large 
Streams. — Rule: Set off the breadth of the stream, etc., into any convenient 
number of divisions; ascertain the mean depths of these divisions, then divide 
their sum by the number of divisions, and the quotient is the mean depth. 

To Compute the Mean Area of Flowing Water.— Rule: 1. Multi- 
ply the breadth or breadths of the s + " Q »m, etc., by the mean depth or depths, and 
the product is the area. 2. — Divide ti.» volume flowing in cubic feet per second 
by the mean velocity in feet per secou and the quotient is the area in square feet. 

To Compute the "Volume oT Flowing Water.— Rule: Multiply 
the area of the stream, etc., by the mean velocity of its flow in feet, and the 
product is the volume in cubic feet. 

To Compute the Mean Velocity of Flowing Water.— Rule: 
Divide the velocity of the flow in feet per second by the area of the stream, etc., 
and the quotient will give the velocity in feet. The mean velocity at half depth 
of a stream has been ascertained to be as .915 to 1, and at the bottom of it as .83 
*.o 1, compared with the velocity at the surface. 

Friction of Water upon a Plane Surface.— By the experiments 
of Beaufoy, it was ascertained that the friction increased very nearly as the 
square of the velocity, and that a surface of 50 square feet, at a velocity of 6 feet 
per second, preseuted a resistance of 6 lbs. Hence 50-4-6 =8.3U square feet=l lb. 
resistance at a velocity of 6 feet; and, consequently, X -f- 8.33 = .12 lbs. resistance 
per square foot at the same velocity. 

Friction in Pipes.— The Resistance of Friction in the flow of water 
through pipes, etc., of a uniform diameter, is independent of the pressure, and 
increases directly as the length, very nearly as the square of the velocity of the 
flow, and inversely as the diameter of the pipe. With wooden pipes the friction 
is 1.75 times greater than in metallic. 

Water and Steam Pistons.— The area of the water piston, multiplied 
by the pressure of water per square inch, gives the resistance. The area of the 
steam piston, multiplied by the steam pressure, gives the total amount of pressure 
exerted. A margin must be made between the power and the resistance to move 
the pistons at the required speed. 

To Compute the Horse-power necessary to Raise Water 
to any given Elevation.— Rule: Multiply the weight of the column of 
the water by its velocity in feet per minute, and divide the product by 33,000. 

Example. — It is required to raise 1,000 gallons of fresh water per minute, to 
an elevation of 140 feet, through a cast-iron pipe 5G0 feet in length; what is the 
required power? Solution: 1,000 gallons of fresh water = 1,000 X 231 =231,003 
cubic inches, and 231.000 -f- 1,728 = 133.68 cubic feet f-r minute. Hence, 133.68 X 02.r 
X 140-=-23,000=-S5.44 horse-pouer. 



476 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



WATER MEASUREME1XT in the State of Cai. by 11 iMftess 
ent IHtcli Co's ; Leaal Measurement of the State Included, 



JJAME OF DITCH CO., ETC. 



DepTi 

in. 



Wdth 
in. 



Through 
a Plank, 
inches. 



PRESSTJHjS BOAED 



inches 



inches. 



Miner's f eet 



Inch. 



I per 
iuiu. 



£tateof Cal. (legal measure) 
Amador Canal Co 

Eureka Lake and Canal Co. 
,Park Canal and Mining Co. 
El Dorado Water & D G M Co 
Mok & Campo Seco C&MCo 
Union Water Co.,Murphys. 

South Yuba Canal Co 

N. Bloomfield B. G. M. Co* 

Milton Ditch Co 

La Grange Ditch. Co 

Bmartsville Ditch Co 



t 


t 


2 


% 


2 


H 


2 


H 


4 


H 


4 


H 


4 


H 


4 


* 


a 


H 


2 


H 


8 


X 


4 


H 



t 

1 

IH 
Hi 
1 

1 
1 

•3 

•3 

•3 

2 



t 


t 


■a X 


« 


6 


«** 1 


5 


6 


_ 1 


5 


6 


■■ 1 


4 





E 1 


3 


S 


mm | 


4 


6 


«■ 1 


4 


6 


mm 1 


6 


T 


.. \ 


6 


1 


mm 1 





T 


M 1 


1 T 


9 


■a 1 



1.50 

1.40 

1.45 

1.43 

1.45 

1.40 

1.45 

1.45 

1.575 

1.575 

1 575 

1.78 



Note. — To measure any desired number of inches of water by the above table 
(by the standard of any one of the companies), increase the opening in the 2d coi« 
umn (headed width inches) to a number— which multiplied by the figure in the 
1st column Will make the numbT of inches desired. Thus:— Union Water Co., 
Murphys— For 100 inches of water, 2d column 25x4 (in 1st column) = 100 inches — 
145.00 cubic feet of water. 

It will be seen by reference to the above table that the Smartsville Ditch Co, 
furnish 26 %, per cent, more water (for the number of inches sold) than the Auiado* 
Canal Co. * Last inch chamfered. \ See Index, A miners' inch. 

Illustrated Measurement of Miners' Inches of Water. 

The size of the opening was taken with a meas- 
ure (micrometer attached) which had been com- 
pared with and adjusted to a standard U. S. yard. 
Time was read to one-fifth oi a second. The level 
of the water (drawn from a large reservoir) was 
determined with Boyden's hooks, micrometer ad- 
justment. The following results were obtained: 

Cubic Feet. 
.026 
1.5/ 
94.2 
2260.8 




1 miners' inch will discharge in 1 sec. 
" " " 1 min. 

" " " 1 hour 

" «« - 24 hours 



Ratio of actual to theoretical discharge, 61.6 pei 
cent. These figures are within the limits of 1-50C 
possible error. Experiments were made by Ham- 
ilton Smith, Jr., of North Bloomfield, Calif. 
A series of experiments made at La Grange, to determine the effective value ol 
the above described inch, gave the following results: 

1 miners' inch discharged in 1 second .02499 cubic feet. 

" " 1 minute 1.4994 " 

" « 1 hour 89.9640 " 

" «« 24 hours 2159.1460 " 

Ratio of effective to theoretical discharge, 59.05 per cent. These results are th€ 
fcverage of a series of experiments by August J. Bowie, Jr., of San Francisco, tc 
Whom we are indebted for the facts* 



Powee. — The units oi force, distance and time, are respectively 1 pound, 1 foot and 1 
minute. 

Man Power.— One man's power=.0909 horse power=3,000 units of work=3,000 
pounds raised vertically 1 foot in 1 minute, or its equivalent. 

Horse Power.— One horse power=ll men's power=33,000 units of work=33,000 
pounds raised vertically 1 foot in 1 minute, or its equivalent. 

Atmospheric Weight. —In whole numbers the atmospheric pressure per square 
inch is 15 pounds. 
Atmospheric Air. — A column, 1 inch square, full height =14. 73 pounds. 
Mercury.— A. column, 1 inch square, and 30 inches high =14. 73 pounds. 
Fresh Water. — A column, 1 inch square, and 33.95 feet high =14. 73 pounds. 
Salt Water.— A column, 1 inch sonara. a.™<i 33.05 feet high=14.73 pounds. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



477 



MlneM* Inches of Water. 

The following table shows the discharge in cubic feet per minute, el a miner's loos 
of water, as measured under the various heads and different lengths and heights of 
apertures used in California, the result of a series of very careful experiments 
made On 1887) by W. F. Englebrlght, C. E. and L. A. Pelton, Hy. E. at Nevada City, 
Cal. The apertures were through material 1J Inch thick and their lower edge 2 
Inches above the bottom of the measuring box, thus giving full contraction. 



Length 

of 
Opening 

in 
Inches. 


HEIGHT OF OPENING 2 INCHES. 


HEIGHT OF OPENING 4 INCHES. 


Hbab to Cxsra or Oraxnre. 


Hxaj> to CEirrsa or Orarnre. 


5 Inches. 


6 Inches. 


7 inches. 


6 Inches. 


6 Inches. 


7 Inches. 


Cubic Feet. 


Cubic Feet 


Cubic Feet. 


Cubic Feet. 


Cubic Feet 


Cubic Feet 


4 


1.848 


1.478 


1.680 


1.820 


1.450 


L570 





1.865 


1.480 


1.690 


1.388 


1.470 


1.595 


8 


1.869 


1.484 


1.000 


1344 


1.481 


1.608 


10 


1.301 


1.486 


1.602 


1.849 


1.487 


1.016 


12 


1.808 


1.487 


1.004 


1.852 


1.491 


1.620 


14 


1.804 


1.488 


1.604 


1.854 


L494 


1.028 


id 


1335 


1.480 


1.005 


1.856 


L496 


1.020 


18 


1.806 


1.488 


1.600 


1.867 


1.408 


1.028 


so 


1.806 


1.400 


1.008 


1350 


1.490 


L630 


28 


1308 


1.480 


1.007 


1.850 


1.600 


1.631 


24 


1.800 


1.480 


1.007 


1.800 


1.501 


1.632 


20 


1.860 


1,490 


1.607 


1.861 


1.602 


LOSS 


28 


1.807 


L491 


1.007 


1.861 


1.508 


L0S4 


20 


1.887 


1.491 


1.608 


1362 


1.503 


L836 


40 


1.807 


1.482 


1.608 


1.868 


1.505 


L0S7 


10 


1.808 


1.408 


1.000 


1364 


1.607 


LOSS 


00 


1.808 


1.408 


1.000 


1.866 


1.603 


1.640 


70 


L80B 


1.408 


1.609 


L865 


1308 


L041 


80 


1.808 


1.498 


1.600 


1366 


1300 


1341 


00 


1.800 


1.493 


1.610 


1.868 


1.600 


1341 


100 


1.880 


1.494 


1.610 


1.368 


1300 


L042 



Hone-Power of Pulleys and Belt*. 

■oiaaATm^— Xaltiply the a oreo po w er fcand opposite any jirea palley by the revatatlau H Is S* 
"ko ; thle proda* multiplied by width of belt In Inchee, gtaei jfij hor— -power they will tranemlt. 



Diameter of 


•Hon* 


Diameter of 


•Horw 


Diameter of 


•Bono 


Diameter of 


•Bone 


rmll'ytala. 


rower. 


Fully la in. 


rower. 


Pally lain. 


rower. 


Fully in ia. 


Pw"W8JT. 


2 


.00060 


29 


.00949 


56 


.01832 


83 


.02715 


8 


.00093 


80 


.00982 


57 


.01866 


84 


.02748 


4 


.00181 


81 


.01014 


58 


.01898 


86 


.02781 


6 


.00164 


82 


.0iD40 


50 


.01931 


80 


.02814 


• 


.00196 


88 


.01079 


00 


.01904 


87 


.02847 


T 


.00220 


84 


.01112 


01 


.01997 


88 


.02880 


8 


.00262 


86 


.01146 


02 


.02028 


89 


.02913 


9 


.00294 


80 


.01178 


OS 


.02001 


90 


.02940 


10 


.00327 


87 


.01211 


04 


.02092 


91 


32970 


11 


30360 


88 


.01242 


06 


.02126 


92 


.03012 


IS 


.00392 


80 


.01275 


00 


.02158 


93 


.03045 


13 


.00425 


40 


.01308 


07 


.02191 


94 


.03076 


14 


.00458 


41 


31341 


08 


.02224 


95 


.03109 


16 


.00491 


42 


.01374 


00 


.02267 


90 


.03140 


10 


.00623 


48 


.01407 


70 


32290 


07 


.03178 


17 


.00556 


44 


.01440 


71 


.02323 


08 


.03206 


18 


,00589 


46 


.01478 


72 


.02356 


09 


3S239 


19 


.00621 


46 


.01506 


78 


.02389 


100 


.08272 


SO 


.00654 


47 


.01638 


74 


.02422 


101 


33305 


81 


.00687 


48 


.01570 


76 


.02456 


102 


.03338 


22 


.00720 


40 


.01603 


76 


.02488 


103 


.03371 


28 


30752 


60 


.01636 


77 


.02521 


104 


.03403 


24 


.00786 


61 


•01669 


78 


.02560 


105 


.03436 


26 


.00818 


62 


.01701 


70 


.02583 


106 


.03468 


20 


.00850 


58 


.01734 


80 


.02610 


107 


.03501 


27 


.00883 


64 


.01766 


81 


.02649 


108 


.03588 


28 


.00910 


66 


.0170 


OS 


.02682 


109 


.00586 



Horse-power for one revolution per minute for u belt one inch wide. 



478 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



FLOW OF WATER THROUGH NOZZLES, 

4U Various Pressures, from 1 to 1,000 Feet. Velocity, Cubic Fee' 
and Miners' Inches of Water and Horse-Power Obtained. 



Head 


CO < 

3 <D = 
3 n -. 

9- a 










Diameter of Nozzles. 








of 

tVater 


1 


Inch. 


*\ 


a Inch. 


2 Inches. 


2>£ Inches. 


Cubic 


Min'rs 


Horse- 


Cubic 


Min'rs 


Horse- 


Cubic 


Min'rs 


Horse- 


Cubic 


Min'rs 


Horse 


EET. 


Feet 


Feet. 


Ins 


Power. 


Feet. 


Ins. 


Power. 


Feet 


Ins. 


Power. 


Feet. 


Ins. 


Power. 


1. 


8.02 


.041 


2.05 


.004 


.093 


4.6 


.010 


.164 


8.2 


.018 


.255 


12.7 


.029 


1.5 


9.83 


.050 


2.43 


.003 


.111 


5.5 


.019 


.200 


9.7 


.034 


.312 


15.2 


.053 


2. 


1 1.35 


,05S 


2.81 


.013 


.130 


6.3 


.029 


.232 


11.2 


.052 


.360 


17.6 


.082 


2.5 


12.68 


.064 


3.20 


.018 


.145 


7.2 


.041 


.2.56 


12.8 


.072 


.402 


20.1 


.114 


3. 


13.90 


.069 


3.32 


.024 


.159 


7.8 


.054 


.284 


13.9 


.096 


.440 


21.7 


.150 


3.5 


15.01 


.076 


3.61 


.030 


.171 


8.4 


.063 


.304 


15.0 


.120 


.475 


23.4 


.139 


4. 


16.05 


.081 


3.92 


.037 


.183 


9.0 


.083 


.324 


16.1 


.148 


.507 


25.0 


.231 


4.5 


17.02 


.0S6 


4 22 


.044 


.194 


9.6 


.099 


.344 


17.2 


.176 


.540 


26.7 


.275 


5. 


17.95 


.01)1 


4.50 


.051 


.205 


10.2 


.113 


.364 


18.2 


.204 


.567 


28.3 


.315 


6. 


19.66 


.100 


4.90 


.063 


.224 


11.0 


.153 


.400 


19.7 


.272 


.622 


30.7 


.425 


7. 


21.23 


.10S 


5.30 


.0S6 


.242 


11.9 


.193 


.432 


21.3 


.344 


.672 


33.0 


.535 


8. 


22.70 


.116 


5.70 


.104 


.260 


12.7 


.252 


.464 


-22.9 


.416 


.720 


&5.4 


.656 


9. 


24.08 


.123 


6.10 


.125 


.275 


13.6 


.290 


.490 


24.5 


.500 


.765 


87.8 


.782 


10. 


25.3* 


.129 


6 50 


.146 


.290 


14.5 


.329 


.516 


25.8 


.584 


.805 


40.2 


.915 


12.5 


28.37 


.144 


7.21 


.204 


.324 


16.1 


.460 


,576 


28.6 


.S16 


.897 


44.7 


1.28 


15. 


31'. OS 1 


.158 


7.90 


.269 


.355 


17.7 


.505 


.632 


31.6 


1.08 


.985 


49.2 


1.68 


17.5 


33.57 


170 


8.52 


.339 


.383 


19.1 


.7S2 


.680 


34.0 


1.36 


1.06 


53.1 


2.11 


20. 


35.S9 


.182 


9.10 


.414 


.410 


20.5 


.931 


.728 


36.4 


1.66 


1.14 


57.0 


2.58 


22.5 


33.07 


.193 


9.63 


.494 


.435 


21.7 


1.U 


.772 


38.6 


1.98 


1.21 


60.0 


3.08 


25. 


40.13 


.204 


10.20 


.578 


.458 


22.9 


1.30 


.816 


40.8 


2.31 


1.27 


63.0 


3.61 


27.5 


42.08 


.313 


10.81 


.667 


.480 


24.2 


1.50 


.852 


43.2 


2.67 


1.33 


67.0 


4.17 


30. 


43.95 


.228 


11.4 


.760 


513 


25.6 


1.71 


.mi 


45.6 


3.04 


1.42 


71.0 


4.75 


32.5 


45.75 


.232 


11.7 


.857 


.522 


26.3 


1.93 


.92S 


46.9 


3.43 


1.45 


73.0 


5.33 


35. 


47.47 


.241 


12.0 


.958 


.542 


27.1 


2.15 


.964 


48.2 


3.83 


1.51 


75.0 


5.93 


40. 


50.75 


.257 


12.8 


1.17 


.579 


29.0 


2.63 


1.03 


51.0 


4.68 


1.61 


80.0 


7.31 


45. 


53.83 


.273 


13.6 


1.40 


.614 


80.7 


3.14 


1.09 


54.0 


5.60 


1.71 


85.0 


8.23 


50. 


56.75 


.288 


14.4 


1.64 


.648 


32.41 


3.63 


1 1.13 


57.0 


6.56 


1.79 


90.0 


10.2 


60. 


62.16 


.315 


16.7 


2.15 


.709 


35.4 


4.84 


1 1.26 


63.0 


8.60 


1.97 


98.0 


13.4 


70. 


67.14 


.341 


17.0 


2.71 


.766 


38.3 


6.10 


1.36 


68.0 


10.8 


2.13 


106.0 


16.9 


80. 


71.78 


.364 


18.2 


3.31 


.819 


40.9 


7.45 


1 1.46 


73.0 


13.2 


2.27 


113.0 


20.6 


90. 


76.13 


.386 


19.3 


3.95 


.864 


43.2 


8.8S 


1.54 


77.0 


15.8 


2.44 


122.0 


24.6 


100. 


80.25 


.407 


20.3 


4.63 


,916 


45.8 


10.4 


1.63 


81.0 


1S.5 


2.54 


127.0 


28.9 


125. 


89.72 


.455 


22.7 


6.47 


1.02 


51.0 


14.5 


1.82 


91.0 


25.8 


2.84 


142.0 


40.4 


150. 


9S.28 


.499 


25.0 


8.50 


1.12 


66.0 


19.1 


2.00 


100.0 


34.0 


3.11 


155.0 


53.1 


175. 


106.10 


.539 


26.9 


10.7 


1.21 


60.0 


24.0 


2.16 


103.0 


42.8 


3.36 


168.0 


66.8 


200. 


113.50 


.576 


28.8 


13.1 


1.29 


64.0 


29.4 


2.30 


115.0 


52.4 


3.59 


179.0 


81.7 


550. 


127.1 


.644 


32 2 


18.3 


1.45 


72.0 


41.1 


2.58 


129.0 


73.2 


4.02 


201.0 


114.0 


SOO. 


139.0 


.705 


35.2 


24.0 


1.59 


79.0 


54.0 


2.82 


141.0 


96.0 


4.40 


220.0 


150.0 


350. 


150.1 


.762 


38.1 


30.3 


1.71 


85.0 


6S.I 


3.05 


152.0 


121.0 


4.76 


238.0 


189.0 


400. 


160.5 


.814 


40 7 


37.0 


1.83 


91.0 


83.2 


3.26 


163.0 


148.0 


5.09 


254.0 


231.0 


450. 


170.2 


.864 


43.2 


44.2 


1.94 


97.0 


99.3 


3.46 


173.0 


176.0 


5.40 


270.0 


276.0 


500. 


179.4 


.910 


45 


51.7 


2.05 


102.0 


116.0 


3.64 


182.0 


206.0 


5.69 


284.0 


32-3.0 


550. 


188.2 


.955 


47 7 


59.7 


2.10 


105.0 


134.0 


3.82 


191.0 


238.0 


5.96 


298.0 


372.0 


600. 


196.6 


.999 


50.0 


68.0 


2.23 


111 


152.0 


3.99 


200.0 


272.0 


6.23 


311.0 


475.0 


700. 


212.3 


1.06 


53.0 


85.7 


2.46 


123 


192.0 


4.36 


218.0 


242.0 


6.79 


339.0 


535.0 


800. 


226.9 


1.15 


57.5 


104.7 


2.53 


129.0 


235.0 


4.60 


230.0 


418.0 


7.19 


359.0 


654.0 


900. 


240.7 


1.22 


61.0 


124.9 


2.75 


137.0 


281.0 


4.88 


244.0 


499.0 


7.63 


381.0 


780.0 


*000. 


253.8 


1.29 


64.5 


146.2 


2.89 


144.0 


329.0 


5.16 


258.0 


5S4.0 


S.04 


402.0 


914.0 



Head 


Velocity 

pep 
Second. 
Feet. 


Diameter of Nozzles. 


of 

Water. 
Feet. 


3 Inches. 


3% Inches. 


4 Inches. 


4% 


Ins. 


Cubic 


Min'rs 


Horse- 


Cubic 


Min'rs 


Horse- 


Cubic 


Min'rs 


Horse- 


Min'rs 


Horse- 


Feet. 


Ins. 


Power. 


Feet. 
.50 


Ins. 
"25lT 


Power. 
.056 


Feet. 


Ins. 


Power. 


Ins. 


Power. 


1. 


8.02 


.372 


18.6 


.040 


.656 


33.0 


.072 


40.0 


.090 


1.5 


9.83 


.444 


22.1 


.076 


.61 


29.7 


.105 


.800 


39.0 


.136 


48.3 


.183 


2. 


11.35 


.520 


25.5 


.116 


.70 


34.3 


.160 


.928 


45.0 


.208 


56.6 


.277 


2.5 


12.68 


.589 


29.0 


.164 


.79 


39.0 


.224 


1.02 


51.0 


.288 


65.0 


.370 


3. 


13.90 


.636 


31.6 


.216 


.86 


42.2 


.295 


1.14 


55.4 


.384 


70.4 


.500 


3.5 


15.01 


.684 


34.2 


.272 


.94 


45.4 


.370 


1.22 


59.8 


.480 


75.8 


.6.0 


4. 


16.05 


.742 


36.S 


.332 


1.02 


4S.6 


.452 


1.30 


64.2 


.592 


81.2 


.760 


4.5 


17.02 


.776 


39.4 


.396 


1.06 


51.8 


.540 


1.38 


6S.6 


.704 


86.6 


.890 


0. 


17.95 


.820 


42.0 


.452 


1.11 


55.0 


.600 


1.46 


73.0 


.816 


92.0 


1.020 


6. 


19.66 


.896 


45.2 


.612 


1.22 


59.6 


.833 


1.60 


80.0 


1.09 


99.6 


1.41 


7. 


21.23 


.968 


43.4 


.772 


1.32 


64.2 


1.05 


1.73 


87.0 


1.38 


107.2 


1.S0 


8. 


22.70 


1.04 


51.6 


.928 


1.40 


6S.8 


1.28 


1.85 


94.0 


1.66 


114.8 


2.19 


9. 


24.04 


1.10 


54.8 


1.124 


1.48 


73.4 


1.53 


2.01 


101.0 


2.00 


122.4 


2.58 


10. 


25.38 


1.16 


5S.0 


1.32 


1.57 


7S.0 


1.79 


2.16 


10S.0 


2.34 


130.0 


2.97 


12.5 


23.37 


1.30 


64.5 


1.84 


1.76 


87.0 


2.50 


2.30 


117.0 


3.46 


144.5 


4.21 


15. 


31. OS 


1.42 


71.0 


2.42 


1.93 


9G.0 


3.29 


2.53 


126.0 


4 32 


159.0 


5.44 


17.5 


33.57 


1.53 


76.5 


3.13 


2.0S 


103.5 


4.20 


2 72 


135.5 


5.44 


171.5 


6.90 


20. 


35.89 


1.63 S2.0 


3.72 


2.23 


11 1.0 


5.07 


2.9T 


145.0 


6.64 


184.0 


8.37 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



479 



FLOW OF WATER THROUGH NOZZLES.- 


— Continu 


2d. 


Baad 


Velocity 
per 

Second 




Diameter of Nozzlks. 






of 


3 Inches. 


3^ Inches. 


4 Inch 


ES. 
Horse- 


4\i Ins. 


Wnter. 
Feet. 


C> UK 


Min'rs 


Horse 


Cuuic 


Min'rs 


Horse- 


Cubic 


Min'rs 


Min'rs 


Horse- 


Fbst. 


F>et. 

:.74 


Ins. 


Power. 


Keet. 


Ins. 
119. 


Power. 


Keet. 


Ins. 


Power. 


Ins. 


Power. 


22.5 


38.07 


86.5 


4.44 


2.36 


6.05 


3.09 


154. 


7.92 


195. 


10.0 


25. 


40.13 


1.83 


91.0 


5.20 


2.54 


127. 


7.08 


3.26 


163. 


9.24 


206. 


11.7 


27.5 


42.08 


1.92 


96.5 


6.00 


2.61 


133. 


8.17 


3.41 


172. 


10.68 


218. 


13.5 


30. 


43.95 


2.05 


102.0 


6.84 


2.79 


139. 


9.31 


3.65 


182. 


12.16 


230. 


15.4 


52.5 


45.75 


2.09 


105. 


7.72 


2.84 


143. 


10.50 


3.71 


187. 


13.72 


?37. 


17.3 


35. 


47.47 


2.17 


108. 


8.60 


2.95 


147. 


11.71 


3.86 


193. 


15.32 


344. 


19.3 


40. 


50.75 


2.32 


116. 


10.52 


3.15 


157. 


14.33 


4.12 


206. 


18.72 


261. 


23.7 


45, 


53. S3 


2.46 


J23. 


12.56 


3.34 


167. 


17.10 


4.36 


218. 


22.40 


277. 


28.3 


50. 


56.75 


2.59 


12;). 


14.72 


3.52 


176. 


20.03 


4.60 


230. 


26.24 


291. 


32.1 


60. 


62.16 


2.84 


142. 


19.36 


3.86 


193. 


26.32 


5.04 


252. 


34.40 


319. 


43.6 


70. 


67.14 


3.06 


153. 


24.40 


4.17 


208. 


33.17 


5.42 


271. 


43.36 


342. 


54.9 


80. 


71.78 


3.28 


164. 


29.80 


4.46 


223. 


40.55 


5.84 


290. 


52.96 


369. 


67.0 


90. 


76.13 


3.46 


173. 


35.52 


4,73 


236. 


48.37 


6.16 


308. 


63.20 


389. 


79.9 


100. 


80.25 


3.66 


183. 


41.64 


4.98 


249. 


56.67 


6.52 


326. 


74.08 


411. 


93.7 


125. 


89.72 


4.08 


204. 


58.20 


5.57 


278. 


79.20 


7.28 


364. 


103.5 


459 


131.0 


150. 


98.28 


4.48 


224. 


76.48 


6.10 


305. 


104.10 


8.00 


400. 


136.0 


504. 


172.0 


175. 


106.10 


4.84 


242. 


96.28 


6.60 


330. 


131.5 


8.64 


433. 


171.2 


544. 


217.0 


200. 


113.5 


5.10 


255. 


117.7 


7.05 


352. 


160.2 


9.20 


462. 


219.6 


580. 


262.0 


250. 


127.1 


5.87 


290. 


164.5 


7.68 


394. 


223.9 


10.16 


512. 


292.8 


652. 


370.C 


300. 


139.0 


6.36 


318. 


216.3 


8.34 


431. 


294.3 


11.12 


560. 


384.0 


715. 


487.C 


350. 


150.1 


6.84 


342. 


272.6 


8.98 


461. 


371.2 


12.09 


<W6. 


484.8 


769. 


613.0 


400. 


160.5 


7.30 


366. 


323.0 


9.62 


498. 


4.53.2 


13.05 


650. 


592.0 


811. 


749.0 


450. 


170.2 


7.76 


388. 


397.4 


10.30 


529. 


541.0 


14.01 


692. 


707.2 


861. 


894.0 


500. 


179.4 


8.20 


410. 


466.0 


10.91 


557. 


627.0 


14.97 


732. 


827.2 


909. 


1048.0 


550. 


188.2 


8.60 


431. 


536.8 


11.55 


584. 


731.0 


15.93 


770. 


955.2 


955. 


1208.0 


600. 


196.6 


9.04 


451. 


611.0 


12.20 


610. 


832.7 


16.90 


806. 


1088.0 


99-1. 


1376.0 


700. 


212.3 


9.71 


492. 


771.2 


13.10 


665. 


1051.0 


17.40 


874. 


13710 


1053. 


1735.0 


800. 


226.9 


10.38 


516, 


942.0 


14.00 


705. 


1282.0 


18.40 


934. 


1675.0 


1159. 


2119.0 


900. 


240.7 


11.05 


550. 


1124.0 


14.90 


745. 


1530.0 


19.50 


986. 


1998.0 


1231. 


2520.0 


L00O 


253.8 


11.72 


578. 


1316.0 


15.80 


788. 


1791.0 


20.60 


1032. 


2339.0 


1300. 


2961.0 



Bead 


£?r 








DrAMETEB OF N0ZZT.ES, 








of 8<*» 


5 INCHES 


"5>ri 


6 Inches. 


7 Inches. 


8 Inches. 


9 Inches. 


Fra S S. I : 


Mi'rs 


Horse- 


Mi'rs 


| Horse- 


Mi'rs 1 Horse- 


Mi'rsl Horse- 


Mi're 


[ Horse-' 




Feet. 


lus. i. Power. 


Ins. 


Power. 


Ins. 


1 Power. . 


Ins. 1 Power. 


Ins. I Power. 


Ins. 


1 Power. 


1. 


8.0- 


51. 


.116 


61. 


.140 


74. 


.180 


100 


.236 


131. .285 


itir 


.36 


2.5 


12.63 


80. 


.457 


97. 


.553 


116. 


.656 


157 


.896 


204. 


1.15 


?61 


1.48 


5. 


17.95 


113. 


1.26 


137. 


1.53 


164. 


1.81 


220. 


2.48 


292. 


3.26 


369 


4.07 


7.5 


21.98 


139. 


2.38 


171. 


2.87 


200. 


3.42 


270 


4.66 


356. 


6.08 


450 


7.70 


10. 


25.38 


161. 


3.66 


194. 


4.42 


232. 


5.28 


315 


7.16 


432 


9.36 


52? 


11.90 


12.5 


28.23 


179. 


5.19 


216. 


6.27 


258. 


6.63 


350 


10.18 


469. 


13.33 


580 


Io\85 


15. 


31.08 


197. 


6.72 


238. 


8.13 


284. 


8.08 


386 


13.20 


506. 


17.30 


639 


21.80 


17.5 


33.49 


212. 


8.51 


257. 


10.32 


306. 


11.49 


416 


16.75 


544. 


21.95 


658 


27.65 


20. 


35.89 


227, 


10.30 


275. 


12.5 


328. 


14.90 


446 


20.3 


582. 


26.6 


738 


33.50 


22.5 


38.01 


240. 


12.35 


292. 


15.0 


347. 


17.85 


474 


24.3 


617. 


31.8 


780 


40.15 


25. 


40.13 


254. 


14.40 


308. 


17.5 


36a 


20.8 


503 


28.3 


653. 


37.0 


823 


46.8 


27.5 


42.04 


269. 


16.34 


327. 


20.3 


388. 


24.1 


531. 


32.8 


691. 


42.8 


87° 


54.2 


30. 


43.95 


285. 


19.00 


345. 


23.0 


410. 


27.4 


559 


37.3 


730. 


48.6 


9? 


61.6 


32.5 


45.71 


293. 


24.25 


354. 


26.0 


432. 


30.4 


574. 


42.0 


751. 


54.9 


949 


69.5 


35. 


47.47 


301. 


29.5 


364. 


29.0 


454. 


33.4 


590. 


46.8 


rs. 


61.3 


976 


77.4 


40. 


50.75 


322. 


33.8 


389. 


35.3 


464. 


42.1 


630. 


57.3 


824. 


74.9 


1044 


94.7 


45. 


53.83 


341. 


38.0 


413. 


42.2 


492. 


50.2 


669. 


68.4 


8-2. 


89.6 


1107 


113.0 


50. 


56.75 


359. 


42.2 


435. 


49.5 


518. 


58.9 


705. 


80. t 


920. 


105.0 


1165 


128.0 


60. 


62.16 


394. 


50.7 


477. 


65.0 


568. 


77.4 


772. 


105.0 


1005. 


138.0 


1278, 


174.0 


70. 


67.14 


425. 


59.1 


515. 


82.0 


612. 


97.6 


804. 


133.0 


1084. 


173.0 


1377, 


220.0 


80. 


71.78 


455. 


67.6 


550. 


1C0.0 


656. 


119.0 


892. 


162.0 


1168. 


212.0 


1476 


268.0 


90. 


76.13 


482. 


76.2 


579. 


119.0 


6)2. 


142.0 


941, 


193.0 


1232. 


253.0 


1557. 


320.0 


100. 


80.25 


508. 


84.5 


615. 


140.0 


732. 


167.0 


997. 


227.0 


1304. 


296.0 


1647 


375.0 


125. 


83.72 


567. 


95.7 


6S8. 


195.0 


816. 


2.33.0 


1115. 


317 


1456. 


414.0 


1836 


524.0 


150. 


98.28 


623. 


127.0 


754. 


257.0 


896. 


306.0 


1221. 


416.0 


1600. 


554.0 


2016 


688.0 


175. 


103.1 


673. 


148.0 


764. 


314.0 


968. 


385.0 


1320. 


524.0 


1728. 


682.0 


2178 


866.0 


200. 


113.5 


717. 


169.0 


875. 


396.0 


1032. 


471.0 


1410. 


641.0 


1840. 


878.0 


2322. 


1059.0 


250. 


127.1 


804. 


211.0 


973. 


553.0 


1160. 


6.58.0 


1577. 


896.0 


2064. 


1171.0 


2610. 


1481.0 


300. 


139.0 


851. 


254.0 


1016. 


727.0 


1272. 


865.0 


1727. 


1177 


2256. 


1536.0 


?86° 


1947.0 


350. 


150.1 


952. 


297.0 


1102- 


916.0 


1368. 


1090.0 


1866. 


1485.0 


2440. 


1949.0 


3078, 


2453.0 


400. 


160.5 


1017. 


335.0 


1231. 


1179.0 


1464. 


1332.0 


1994. 


1813 


2603. 


2363.0 


3294 


2997.0 


450. 


170.2 


1079. 


381.0 


1306. 


1335.0 


1552. 


1590.0 


2115. 


2104.0 


27ft8. 


2829.0 


3492 


3577.0 


500. 


179.4 


1137. 


423.0 


1377. 


1565.0 


1640. 


1864.0 


2200. 


2503.0 


2912. 


3409.0 


3690 


4194.0 


550. 


183.2 


1193. 


466.0 


1444. 


1805.0 


1680. 


2147.0 


2239. 


2923.0 


3056, 


3821.0 


3780 


4831.0 


600. 


196.6 


1246. 


507.0 


1508. 


2050.0 


1784. 


2446.0 


2443. 


3331.0 


3192. 


4352.0 


4014, 


5504.C 


700. 


212.3 


1359. 


592.0 


1644. 


2391.0 


1908. 


30S5.0 


2663. 


4203.0 


3488. 


5485.0 


44^.5 


6941.5 


300. 


226.9 


1438. 


676.0 


1746. 


3166.0 


2064. 


3768.0 


2820. 


5129.0 


3680. 


6701.0 


4640 


8478.0 


900. 


240.7 1526. 


761.0 


1847. 


3778.0 


2200. 


4496.0 


2991. 


6120.0 


3904. 


9357.0 


49.50 


10116.0 


1000. 


253.8 | 1608. 


845.0 


1946. 


4424.0 j 


2312.| 


5264.0 


3153. 


7166.0 


4128. 


9994.0 1 


5200. 


11844.1 



480 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Hydraulic Pipe, Pressure It Will Stand with Safety. 

Note.— No. of iron bv Birmingham Gauge, thickness in inches. 

HEAD IN FEET PIPE WILL STAND, DOUBLE RIVETED. 



Diameter of 

Pipe 

in Inches. 


No. 8. 


No. 9. 


No. 10. 


No. 11. 


No. 12. 


No. 14. 


No. 16. 


No. 18. 


.165 in. 


.148 in. 


.134 in. 


.120 in. 


.109 in. 


.083 in. 


.065 in. 


.049 in. 


5 


2136 


JL927 


1755 


1474 


1344 


887 


582 


353 


6 


1799 


1622 


1475 


1238 


1128 


743 


487 


296 


7 


1552 


1400 


1272 


1067 


972 


640 


419 


254 


8 


1366 


1230 


1117 


938 


854 


560 


367 


222 


9 


1221 


1098 


997 


836 


761 


499 


327 


198 


10 


1102 


991 


9U0 


754 


687 


450 


295 


178 


11 


1008 


904 


820 


687 


626 


412 


269 


162 


12 


922 


829 


753 


630 


574 


377 


246 


157 


13 


853 


768 


696 


583 


530 


348 


228 


138 


14 


795 


714 


648 


543 


494 


324 


211 


128 


15 


742 


667 


606 


507 


460 


302 


197 


119 


16 


696 


625 


567 


474 


432 


283 


185 




18 


621 


55S 


5U5 


424 


385 


252 


165 




20 


559 


502 


456 


380 


346 


227 


148 




22 


510 


457 


415 


347 


316 


206 


135 




24 


466 


420 


379 


318 


290 


188 


123 




26 


432 


388 


352 


294 


267 


175 






28 


400 


360 


327 


273 


247 


162 






30 


375 


336 


304 


254 


231 


151 







HEAD IN FEET PIPE WILL STAND, SINGLE RIVETED. 



Diameter of 

Pipe 
in Inches. 


No. 8. 


No. 9. 


No. 10. 


No. 11. 


No. 12. 


No. 14. 


No. 16. 


No. 18. 


.165 in. 


.148 in. 


.134 in. 


.120 in. 


.109 in. 


.0S3 in. 


.065 in. 


.049 in. 


5 


1709 


1542 


1404 


1158 


1056 


739 


466 


265 


6 


1439 


1297 


1180 


972 


887 


619 


390 


222 


7 


1242 


1120 


1018 


838 


763 


533 


335 


191 


8 


1093 


984 


894 


737 


671 


467 


294 


181 


9 


977 


878 


798 


657 


598 


416 


262 


149 


10 


882 


793 


720 


593 


510 


375 


236 


134 


11 


806 


724 


656 


540 


492 


342 


215 


122 


12 


738 


664 


603 


495 


45 L 


314 


196 




13 


683 


614 


557 


459 


417 


290 


182 




14 


6:36. 


571 


518 


427 


388 


270 


169 




15 


594 


534 


485 


398 


362 


252 


158 




16 


557 


500 


454 


373 


340 


236 


148 




18 


497 


446 


404 


333 


302 


210 


132 




20 


448 


402 


365 


299 


272 


189 


118 




22 


408 


366 


332 


272 


248 


172 






24 


373 


336 


303 


249 


227 


157 






26 


345 


311 


282 


231 


210 


146 






28 


320 


288 


261 


214 


195 


135 






30 


300 


269 


243 


200 


181 


126 







HYDRAULIC PIPE. 

The thickness of iron is usually proportionate to the head of water and the di- 
ameter of the pipe used. Pipes made of different sizes of iron mentioned below, 
will stand a strain per sectional inch, in pounds avoirdupois, as follows: — 

Water Co-efficients.— No 12, strain per inch, 7,000 to 9,000 B>s.; No. 10 to 9, 9-000 to 
12,000 ft>s.; No. 9 to 3.16, 12,000 to 14,000 ft)S.; % to %, 17,000 to 18.000 ft>s. 

The head of the water in pounds avoirdupois, multiplied by the diameter of the 
pipe in inches, and divided by the above coefficients, gives twice the thickness 
necessary of the iron to be used. It is advisable to lower the head of water to 
avoid leakage, for which due allowance should be made. 

Diameter of Rivets to Iron Used.— No. 18 iron, 5-32-inch rivet; 16,6-32; 14,5-16; 12, 
5-16; 11,5-16; 10,%; 8,%; 7,%;%,%; 5-16, %;%,% inch. 

At Cherokee, Butte Co., Cal., is an inverted siphon of wrought iron: the pipe 
has an approximate inner diameter of 30 inches, discharging 52 cubic feet of water 
per second. The iron used in this pipe is ordinary English plate. At its greatest 
depression this pipe sustains a pressure of 887 feet, and the thickness of the iron 
at this point is % of an inch. The maximum strain on the several sizes of iron 
used, will be found in the following table. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUBES 



481 



HYDBAniC PIPE.— Continued. 



Bise of Iron.] Pressure. 


Strain per 

Sqr. inch 

in pounds. 


|Size of Iron. 


Pressure. 


Strain per 
Sqr. inch 
in pounds. 


No. 


Inch. Feet. 


Pounds. 


No. 


Inch. 


Feet. 


Pounds. 


14 
12 
11 
10 


.083 j 170 
.109 288 
.012 ' 293 
.134 355 


74 
125 

127 

154 


13.374 
17.202 

15.878 
17.240 J 


i 3-16 
H 

5-16 


.187 
.250 
.312 
.375 


435 
594 
842 

887 


188 
251 

365 

384 


15.080 
15.420 
17.594 

15.361 



The Virginia City & Gold Hill "Water Co., Nevada, have a similar siphon, made of 
wrought iron, 11 % inches in diameter. This pipe sustains a maximum pressure 
of 750 lbs. per square inch, at the point of its greatest depression, which is 1720 
feet, (probably the greatest depression under which water, through pipes, is con- 
ducted in the world). This pipe when tested, is said to have stood a presssure of 
14,000 ibs. to the square inch. 

The accompanying tables will sufficiently illustrate (to those most interested) the 
manufacture of wrought iron pipe, for the conducting of water under great pressure. 
The accompanying figures show in detail, the construction of 5,800 feet of wrought 
iron pipe, 18 inches in diameter, manufactured by the "Risdon Iron Works," of 
San Francisco, under the superintendence of Mr. Joseph Moore, for the "Spring 
Valley "Water Co.," which company supplies the City of San Francisco with water* 



Thickness of Iron used in 



Pipe. 


Bands. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


H 


5-16 


3-16 


H 


3-16 


H 


No. 9 


H 


" 11 


H 


" 11 


% 


" 12 


H 


'• 12 


H 



Sleeves. 



Size. 
No. 11 
*' 11 
" 11 
" 9 
" 9 
" 9 
" 9 
" 9 



Width of Iron 



Sheets. Bands. Sleeves 



Inches. 
42 
42 
44 
46 
40 
42 
40 
38 



Inch* 
±% 
4J£ 
4% 
±% 
*% 

4JS 
43$ 



Inches. 
b% 
o% 
5% 
5% 
5% 
5H 
5% 
5% 



Diameter 
of Pdvets. 



Inch. 

5-16 
5-16 
5-16 
5-16 



Pitch of Circle 

seams in outside^ 

corners. 



Inches. 

1.4522900 

1.4522900 

1.4522900 

1.1970009 

.9934692 

.9934692 

.9934692 

.9934692 



Pitch of Circle seams 


Length cf 
two laps. 


Space between 
double rows. 


Length to the joining holes in the 


in inside corners. 


Outside Corners. 


Inside Corners. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


1.4106233000 


2 


1.10 


56.63931 


55.01431 


1.42G7515000 


2 


1.10 


56.63910 


55.40931 


1.4267515000 


2 


1.10 


56.63910 


55.40931 


1.7915000000 


1.625 


.625 


57.45600 


56.59900 


.9816157517 


1.5 


.625 


57.6212136 


56.9337136 


.9816157517 


1.5 


.625 


57.6212136 


56.9337130 


.9837709000 


1.25 


.625 


57.6212136 


57.0587136 


.9837709000 


1.25 


.625 


57.6212136 1 


57.0587136 



Whole length of the corners 


Spaces in 


Pitch of 

the 

small row. 


Length of the two. 


Outside. 


Inside. 


Circle 
seams 


Double 
row. 


Outside spaces 
small row. 


Laps for the 
double row. 


Inches. 
59.73900 
59.73931 
59.73931 
59.70600 
59.74600 
59.74600 
59.49600 
59.49600 


Inches 

58,11400 

58.51931 

58.51931 

58.84920 

59.05730 

59.05730 

58.93330 

58.93330 


Inch's 
39 
39 
39 
48 
58 
58 
58 
58 


Inches 
22 
22 
23 
26 
25 
26 
25 
24 


Inches. 

17.223 

17.223 

17.223 

1.468 

1.468 

1.468 

1.468 

1.468 


Inches. 
2.1094 
2.1094 
2.3071 
2.2070 
2.0500 
2.3320 
2.0500 
1.5180 


laches, 
2. 
2, 
2. 

1.625 
1.250 
1.5fi0 
1.250 
1.250 



The pipe described in the above table, has as a tensile strain of 5,000 to 6,©0d 
lbs. per sectional inch, and has been made with this low co-efficient in order to 
withstand the pulsation caused by a single acting plunger pump, working as higk 
%s 36 single strokes (four feet in length) per minute. These oscillations are found 
by testing, to run from 5 to 9 lbs per stroke,when the air vessel is properly charged- 
through carelessness, however, it may exceed 50 lbs. per stroke. 



482 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



CAPACITY OF RESERVOIRS IN GALLONS. 

Note — The columns headed Length and "Width denote the length and width in 
feet; the columns headed Gallons denote the capacity in U. S. gallons of one foot 
in depth. 



Length 




Length 




Length 




Length 




and 


Gallons. 


and 


Gallons. 


and 


Gallons. 


and 


Gallons. 


Width. 




Width. 




Width. 




"Width. 




lxl 


7.481 


8x8 


478.753 


17x11 


l:(98.857 


34x13 


3306. 39f 


2x1 


14.961 


9x8 


538.597 


18x11 


1481 . 143 


35x13 


3403.63b 


3x1 


22.442 


10 x 8" 


598.442 


19x11 


1563.429 


36x13 


3500.883 


2x2 


29.922 


11 x 8 


658.286 


20x11 


1645.714 


37 x 13 


3598.130 


3x2 


44.883 


12 x 8 


718.130 


21 x 1.1 


11Z8.000 


38 X 13 


3695.377 


4x2 


59.844 


13 x 8 


777.974 


22x11 


1810.286 


39x13 


3792.623 


5x2 


74.805 


14 x 8 


837.818 


23 xll 


1892.571 


14x14 


1466.182 


6x2 


89.766 


15 x 8 


897.662 


24 xll 


1974.857 


15x14 


1570.909 


3x3 


67.325 


16 x 8 


957.507 


25 xll 


2057.143 


16x14 


1675.636 


4x3 


89.766 


17 x 8 


1017.351 


26x11 


2139.428 


17 xl4 


1780.363 


5x3 


112.208 


18 x 8 


1077.195 


27 xll 


2221.714 


18x14 


1885.091 


6x3 


134.649 


19 x 8 


1137.039 


28x11 


2304.000 


19 X 14 


1989.818 


7x3 


157.091 


20 x 8 


1196.883 


29 x 11 


2386 . 286 


20x14 


2094 . 545 


8x3 


179.532 


21 x 8 


1256.727 


30x11 


2468.571 


21 x 14 


2199.273 


9x3 


201.974 


22 x 8 


1316.571 


31x11 


2550.857 


22 x 14 


2204.000 


4x4 


119.688 


23 x 8 


1376.416 


32x11 


2633.143 


23 x 14 


2408.727 


5x4 


149.610 


24 x 8 


1436.260 


33x11 


2715.429 


24 X 14 


2513.454 


5x4 


179.532 


9x9 


605.922 


12x12 


1077.195 


25 X 14 


2618.182 


7 v4 


209.455 


10 x 9 


673.247 


13x12 


1166.961 


26 x 14 


2722.909 


8x4 


239.377 


11 x 9 


740.571 


14x12 


1256.727 


27 X 14 


2827.636 


9x4 


269 . 299 


12 x 9 


807.896 


15x12 


1346.493 


28x14 


2932.364 


10x4 


299.221 


13 x 9 


875.221 


16x12 


1436.260 


29 x 14 


3037 .091 


11 x 4 


329.143 


14 x 9 


942.545 


17x12 


1526.026 


30x14 


3141.818 


12 x 4 


359.065 


15 x 9 


1009.870 


18x12 


1615.792 


31 x 14 


3246.545 


5x5 


187.013 


16 x 9 


1077.195 


19 xl2 


1705.558 


32X14 


3351.273 


6x5 


224.416 


17 x 9 


1144.519 


20x12 


1795.325 


33x14 


3456. OOf 


7x5 


261.818 


18 x 9 


1211.844 


21x12 


1885.091 


34x14 


3560.727 


8x5 


299.221 


19 x 9 


1279.169 


22 x 12 


1974.857 


35x14 


3665.454 


9x5 


336.623 


20 x 9 


1346.493 


23 xl2 


2064.623 


36x14 


3770.182 


10 x 5 


374.026 


21 x 9 


1413.818 


24x12 


2154.390 


37x14 


3874.909 


11 x 5 


411.429 


22 x 9 


1481.143 


25x12 


2244.156 


38 x 14 


3979.636 


12 x 5 


448.831 


23 x 9 


1548.467 


26 xl2 


2333.922 


39x14 


4084.364 


13X5 


486.234 


24 x 9 


1615.792 


27 xl2 


2423.688 


40 X 14 


4189.091 


14x5 


523.636 


25 x 9 


1683.117 


28x12 


2513.455 


41 X 14 


4293.818 


15 x 5 


561.039 


26 x 9 


1750.442 


29x12 


2603.221 


42 X 14 


4398.545 


6x6 


269.299 


27 x 9 


1817.766 


30x12 


2692.987 


15X15 


1683.117 


7x6 


314.182 


10x10 


748.052 


31 X12 


2782.753 


10x15 


1795.325 


8x6 


359.065 


11x10 


822.857 


32x12 


2872.520 


17x15 


1907.532 


9x6 


403.948 


12x10 


897.662 


33 x 12 


2962.286 


18x15 


2019.740 


10 x 6 


448.831 


13 x 10 


972.467 


34x12 


3052.052 


19X15 


2131.948 


11x6 


493.714 


14x10 


1047.273 


35x12 


3141.818 


20 x 15 


2244.156 


12 x 6 


538.597 


15x10 


1122.078 


36x12 


3231.585 


21 xl5 


2356.364 


13 x 6 


583.480 


16 xlO 


1196.883 


13X13 


1264.208 


22x15 


2468.571 


14x6 


628.364 


17 xlO 


1271.688 


14x13 


1361.454 


23x15 


2580.779 


15 x 6 


673.247 


18 x 10 


1346.493 


15x13 


1458.701 


24X15 


2692.987 


16x6 


718.130 


19x10 


1421.299 


16x13 


1555.948 


25x15 


2805.195 


17x6 


763.013 


20 x 10 


1496.104 


17 x 13 


1653.195 


26x15 


2917.403 


18 x 6 


807.896 


21 x 10 


1570.909 


18x13 


1750.442 


27x15 


3029.610 


7 x7 


368.545 


22x10 


1645.714 


19 X 13 


1847.688 


28x15 


3141.818 


8x7 


418.909 


23 x 10 


1720.519 


20 X 13 


1944.935 


29x15 


3254.026 


9x7 


471.273 


24 x 10 


1795.325 


21X13 


2042 . 182 


30 x 15 


3366.234 


10x7 


523.636 


25 x 10 


1870.130 


22 x 13 


2139.429 


31 xl5 


3478.442 


11x7 


576.000 


26x10 


1944.935 


23 x 13 


2236.675 


32 x 15 


3590.649 


12x7 


628.364 


27x10 


2019.740 


24 x 13 


2333.922 


33 x 15 


3702.857 


13x7 


680.727 


28x10 


2094.545 


25x13 


2131.169 


34x15 


3815.065 


14x7 


733.091 


29 x 10 


2169.351 


26x13 


2528.416 


35 x 15 


3927.273 


15x7 


785.455 


30 xlO 


2244.156 


27 x 13 


2625.662 


36 x 15 


4039.480 


16x7 


837.818 


11x11 


905.143 


28 x 13 


2722.909 


37x15 


4151.688 


17x7 


890.182 


12x11 


987.429 


29 x 13 


2820.156 


38x15 


4263.896 


18x7 


942.545 


13x11 


1069.714 


30 x 13 


2917.403 


39 x 15 


4376.104 


19x7 


994.909 


14x11 


1152.000 


31 x 13 


3014.649 


40 x 15 


4488.31? 


20x7 


1047.273 


15x11 


1234.286 


32 x 13 


3111.896 


41x15 


4600.519 


21x7 


1099-636 


16x11 


1316 571 


33 x 13 


3209.143 


42x15 


4712.727 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



483 



CAPACITY OF RKSERVOIRS IN GALLONS— Continued. 



j Length 
Gallons. and 
Width. 



43x15 
44 x 15 
45x15 
16x16 
17x16 

18 x 16 

19 x 16 
20x16 
21x16 
22x16 
23x16 
24x16 

25 x 16 

26 x 16 

27 x 16 
28x16 
29x16 
•30x16 
31x16 
32x16 
17x17 
18x17 
19x17 
20x17 
21x17 
22x17 
23x17 
24x17 
25x17 
1& x 17 
27x17 

28 x 17 

29 x 17 
30x17 
31x17 
32 x 17 
33x17 
34x17* 
18x18 
19x18 
20 x 18 
21x18 
22x18 
23x18 
24 x 18 
25x18 

26 x 18 

27 x 18 
28x18 
29x18 
-30x18 
31x18 



4824.935 

4937.143 

5049.351 

1915.013 

2034.701 

2154.390 

2274.078 

2393.766 

2513.454 

2833.143 

2752.831 

2872.519 

2992.208 

3111.896 

3231.584 

3351.273 

3470.961 

3590.649 

3710.338 

3830.026 

2161.870 

2289.039 

2416.208 

2543.377 

2670.545 

2797.714 

2924.883 

3052.052 

3179.221 

3306.390 

3433.558 

3560.727 

3687.896 

3815.065 

3942.234 

4069.403 

4196.571 

4323.740 

2423.688 

2558.338 

2692.987 

2827.636 

2962.286 

3096.935 

3231.584 

3366.234 

3500.883 

3635.532 

3770.182 

3904.831 

4039.480 

4174.130 



Gallons. 



32 x 18 
3ixl8 
34x18 
35x18 
36x18 
19x19 
20x19 

21 xl9 

22 x 19 

23 x 19 

24 x 19 

25 x 19 

26 x 19 
27x19 
28X19 

29 X19 

30 x 19 
3lxi9 
32X19 
33X19 
34X19 
35X19 
36X19 
37xi9 
38 x 19 
20^20 
21X20 
22^20 

23 x 20 

24 x 20 

25 x 20 
26 x 20 
27 x 20 
28 x 20 
29 x 20 
30 x 20 

31 x 20 
32X20 
33 x 20 
34 x 20 
35X20 
36 x 20 
37X20 
38X20 
39X20 
40X20 
22X22 
24 x 22 
26X22 
28 x 22 
30x22 

32 X22 



4 303.779 

4443.429 

4578.078 

4712.727 

4847.377 

2700.467 

2842.597 

2984.727 

3126.857 

3268.987 

3411.117 

3553.247 

3695.377 

3837.506 

3979.636 

4121.766 

4263.896 

4406.026 

4548.156 

4690.286 

4832.416 

4974.545 

5116.675 

5258.805 

5400.935 

2992.208 

3141.818 

3291.429 

3441.039 

3590.649 

3740.260 

3889.870 

4039.480 

4189.091 

4338.701 

4488.312 

4637.922 

4787.532 

4937.143 

5086.753 

5236 . 364 

5385.974 

5535.584 

5685.195 

5834.805 

5984.416 

3620.571 

3949.714 

4278.857 

4608.000 

4937 . 143 

5266.286 



Length 
and 

Width. 



Gallons. 



34x22 

36x22 

38x22 

40x22 

42x22 

44x22 

24x24 

26 x 24 

28x24 

30x24 

32 x 24 

34 x 24 

36 x 24 

38 X24 

40 x 24 

42 x24 

44 X24 

46 x 24 

48x24 

26 X26 

28X26 

30X26 

32 x 26 

34 x 26 

36 X26 

38X26 

40X26 

42 x 26 

44X26 

46X26 

48X26 

50X26 

52X26 

28 x 28 

30X28 

32 X28 

34X28 

36X28 

38X28 

40X28 

42X28 

44X28 

46 X28 

48 x 28 

50X28 

52X28 

54X28 

56X28 

30X30 

32 x 30 

34X30 

36X30 



5595.429 
5924.571 
6253.714 
6582 . 857 
6912.000 
7241.143 
4303.779 
4667.844 
5026.909 
5385-974 
5745.039 
6104.104 
6463.169 
6822.234 
7181.299 
7540.364 
7899.429 
8258 . 493 
8617.558 
5056 . 831 
5445.818 
5834.805 
6223 . 792 
6612.779 
7001.766 
7390 . 753 
7779.740 
8168.727 
8557.714 
8946.701 
9335 . 688 
9724.675 
10113.662 
5864.727 
6283.636 
6702.545 
7121.454 
7540.364 
7959.273 
8378.182 
8797.091 
9216.000 
9634.909 
10053.818 
10472.727 
10891.636 
11310.545 
11729.454 
6732.467 
7181.299 
7630.130 
8078.961 



Length 

and 
Width. 



Gallons. 



38x30 
40 x 30 
42 x 30 
44x30 
46 x 30 
48 x 30 
50 x 30 
52 x 30 
54 x 30 
56 x30 
58 x 30 
60 x30 
32 x 32 
34 x 32 
36 x 32 
38 x 32 
40x32 
42 x 32 
44x32 
46 x 32 
48x32 
50 X32 
52 X32 
54x32 
56 X32 
58 x 32 
60X32 
62 x 32 
64X32 
34X34 
36X34 
38X34 
40X34 
42X34 
44X34 
46X34 
48X34 
50X34 
52 X34 
54X34 
56X34 
58 x 34 
60X34 
62 x 34 
64X34 
66X34 
68X34 
36*36 
38X36 
40X36 
42X36 
44x36 



8527.792 
8976.623 
9425.454 
9874.286 
10323.117 
10771.948 
11220.779 
11669.610 
12118.442 
12567.273 
13016.104 
13464.935 
7660.052 
8138.805 
8617.558 
9096.312 
9575.065 
10053.818 
10532.571 
11011.325 
11490.078 
11968.831 
12447.584 
12926.338 
13405.091 
13883.844 
14362.597 
14841.351 
15320.104 
8647.480 
9156.156 
9664.831 
10173.506 
10682.182 
11190.857 
11699.532 
12208.208 
12716.883 
13225.558 
13734.234 
14242.909 
14751.584 
15260. 2C0 
15768.935 
16277.610 
16786.286 
17294.961 
9694.753 
10233.351 
10771.948 
11310.545 
11849.143 



To determine the capacity in gallons of a reservoir find the capacity in cubic 
inches and divide by 231. 

Example— Required the capacity in gallons of a reservoir 62 feet in length, 34 
feet in width, and 40 feet in depth. 

Solution 1. — By computation, with no reference to the table — 
(62X12) X (34X12) X (40X12) ^-231 = 630,757.4; or, 
62X34X40X1728-=- 231=630,757. 4 

Solution 2.— In the table it is shown that, the capacity of a reservoir 62 feet long 
fcnd 34 feet wide and 1 foot in depth is 15,76*8.935 gallons. 

15,768 .935X40=630,757 . 4 gallons. 



484 



THE GEE AT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



CAPACITY OF CIRCULAR RESERVOIRS IN GALLONS. 

Note — The columns headed Diameter denote the diameter in feet and inches ; the 
columns headed Gallons denote the capacity in U. S. gallons of one foot in depth. 



Diameter. 


Gallons. 


Diameter. 


Gallons. 


Diameter. 


Gallons. 


Diameter. 


Gallons. 


ft. 


in. 




ft. in. 




ft. in. 




ft. in. 




1 




5.8752 


14 


1151.5392 


27 


4283.0208 


40 


9400.32 


1 


3 


9.18 


14 3 


1193.0328 


27 3 


4362.7032 


40 3 


9518.1912 


1 


6 


13.2192 


14 6 


1235.2608 


27 6 


4443.12 


40 6 


9636.7968 


1 


9 


17.9928 


14 9 


1278.2232 


27 9 


4524.2712 


40 9 


9756.1368 


2 




23.5008 


15 


1321.92 


28 


4606.1568 


41 


9876.2112 


2 


3 


29.7432 


15 3 


1366.3512 


28 3 


4688.7768 


41 3 


9997.02 


2 


6 


36.72 


15 6 


1411.5168 


28 6 


4772.1312 


41 6 


10118.5632 


2 


9 


44.4312 


15 9 


1457.4168 


28 9 


4856.22 


41 9 


10240.8408 


3 




52.8768 


16 


1504.0512 


29 


4941.0432 


42 


10363.8528 


3 


3 


G2.0568 


16 3 


1551.42 


29 3 


5026.6008 


42 3 


10487.5992 


3 


6 


71.9712 


16 6 


1599.5232 


29 6 


5112.8928 


42 6 


10612.08 


3 


9 


82.62 


16 9 


1G48.3G08 


29 9 


5199.9192 


42 9 


10737.2952 


4 




94.0032 


17 


1G97.9328 


30 


5287.68 


43 


10863.2448 


4 


3 


106.1208 


17 3 


1748.2392 


30 3 


5376.1752 


43 3 , 


10989.9288 


4 


G 


118.9728 


17 6 


1799.28 


30 6 


5465.4048 


43 6 


11117.3472 


4 


9 


132.5592 


17 9 


1851.0552 


30 9 


5555.3688 


43 9 


11245.5 


5 




146.88 


18 


1903.5648 


31 


5646.0672 


44 


11374.3872 


5 


3 


161.9352 


18 3 


1956.8088 


31 3 


5737.5 


44 3 


11504.0088 


5 


G 


177.7248 


18 6 


2010.7872 


31 6 


5829.6672 


44 6 


11634. 364S 


5 


9 


194.2488 


18 9 


2065.5 


31 9 


5922.5688 


44 9 


11765.4552 


G 




211.5072 


19 


2120.9472 


32 


6016.2048 


45 


11897.28 


G 


3 


229.5 


19 3 


2177.1288 


32 3 


6110.5752 


45 3 


12029.8392 


G 


6 


248.2272 


19 6 


2234.0418 


32 6 


6205.68 


45 6 


12163.1328 


6 


9 


267.6888 


19 9 


2291.6952 


32 9 


6301.5192 


45 9 


12297.1608 


7 




287.8848 


20 


2350.08 


33 


6398.0928 


46 


12431.9232 


7 


3 


308.8152 


20 3 


2409.1992 


33 3 


6495.4008 


46 3 


12567.42 


7 


6 


330.48 


20 G 


2469.0528 


33 6 


6593.4432 


46 6 


12703.6512 


7 


9 


352.8792 


20 9 


2529.6408 


33 9 


6692.22 


46 9 


12840.6168 


8 




376.0128 


21 


2590.9632 


34 


6791.7312 


47 


12978.3168 


8 


3 


399.8808 


21 3 


2653.02 


34 3 


6891.9768 


47 3 


13116.7512 


8 


6 


424.4832 


21 6 


2715.8112 


34 6 


6992.9568 


47 6 


13255.92 


8 


9 


449.82 


21 9 


2779.3368 


34 9 


7094.6712 


47 9 


13395.8232 


9 




475.8912 


22 


2843.5968 


35 


7197.12 


48 


13536.4608 


9 


3 


502 6968 


22 3 


2908.5912 


35 3 


7300.3032 


48 3 


13677.8328 


9 


6 


530 2368 


22 6 


2974.32 


35 6 


7404.2208 


48 6 


13819.9392 


9 


9 


558.5112 


22 9 


3040.7832 


35 9 


7508.8728 


48 9 


13962.78 


10 




587.52 


23 


3107.9808 


36 


7614.2592 


49 


14106.3552 


10 


3 


617.2632 


23 3 


3175.9128 


36 3 


7720.38 


49 3 


14250.6648 


10 


6 


647.7408 


23 6 


3244.5792 


36 6 


7827.2352 


49 6 


14395.7088 


10 


9 


678.9528 


23 9 


3313.98 


36 9 


7934.8248 


49 9 


14541.4872 


11 




710.8992 


24 


3384.1152 


37 


8043.1488 


50 


14688. 


11 


3 


743.58 


24 3 


3454.9848 


37 3 


8152.2072 


50 3 


14835.2472 


11 


6 


776.9952 


24 6 


3526.5888 


37 6 


8262. 


50 6 


14983.2288 


11 


9 


811.1448 


24 9 


3598.9272 


37 9 


8372.5272 


50 9 


15131.9448 


)2 




846.0288 


25 


3672. 


38 


8483.7888 


51 


15281.3952 


12 


3 


881.6472 


25 3 


3745.8072 


38 3 


8595.7848 


51 3 


15431.58 


12 


6 


918. 


25 6 


3820.3488 


38 6 


8708.5152 


51 6 


15582.4992 


12 


9 


955.0872 


25 9 


3895.6248 


38 9 


8821.98 


51 9 


15734 1528 


13 




992.9088 


26 


3971.6352 


39 


8936.1792 


52 


15886.5403 


13 


3 


1031.4648 


26 3 


4048.38 


39 3 


9051.1128 


52 3 


1C039.6632 


13 


6 


1070.7552 


26 6 


4125.8592 


39 6 


9166.7808 


52 6 


16193. c2 


13 


9 


1110.78 


1 26 9 


4204.0728 


39 9 


9283.1832 


52 9 


16348.1112 



To determine the capacity in gallons of a circular reservoir multiply the square 
of the diamettr in inches by .7854; multiply the product by the depth in inches; 
and divide by 231. 

Example — Required the capacity in gallons of a circular reservoir 52 feet in 
diameter and 40 feet in depth. 

Solution 1. — By computation with no reference to the table — 

(52xl2) 2 x.7854Xl40Xl2)-^231=635,461. 6 gallons. 

Solution 2. — In the table it is shown that the capacity of a circular reservoir 52 
feet in diameter and 1 foot in depth is 15,886.5408 gallons. 

15,886.5408X40-635,461.6 gallons. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES 



485 



DIMENSIONS OF CIRCULAR CANS, VESSELS, ETC. 

The capacity is denoted by the denominations of Wine Measure. The first 
column indicates the diameter in inches, and the other columns the depth in inches. 
The figures denoting the depth are expressed in "whole numbers and sixteenths. 



DlAMETEB. 


1 
Gill 


2 
Gills 


3 
Gills 


1 | 
Pint. 


Pint. 


1H 

Pint. 


1% 
Pint. 


1 
Qt. 


1H 

Qt. 


Qt. 


1% 
Qt. 


2 

Qts. 


2 


2 5 
1 13 
1 7 
1 3 
1 
14 


4 10 
3 10 
2 15 
2 7 
2 1 
1 12 
1 8 
1 5 


6 15 
5 7 
4 6 
3 10 
3 1 
2 10 
2 4 
1 15 
1 11 
1 8 


9 4 
7 4 
5 14 
4 14 
4 1 
3 8 
3 
2 10 
2 5 
2 
1 13 
















2i£ 


9 1 
7 15 
6 2 
5 2 
4 5 
3 12 
3 4 
2 14 
2 9 
2 4 
2 
















2% 


8 13 
7 5 
6 2 
5 3 
4 8 
3 15 
3 7 
3 1 
2 11 
2 7 
2 3 


10 4 
8 9 
7 2 
6 1 
5 4 
4 9 
4 
3 9 

a 3 

2 13 
2 9 
2 5 
2 2 












2% 


9 14 
8 3 
6 15 
6 
5 4 
4 9 
4 1 
3 10 
3 4 
2 15 
2 11 
2 7 
2 3 
2 1 


12 3 
10 3 
8 11 
7 8 
6 8 
5 12 
5 1 
4 8 
4 1 
3 11 
3 5 
3 
2 12 
2 9 
2 5 
2 3 








3 


12 4 

10 7 
9 
7 13 
6 14 
6 2 
5 7 
4 14 
4 6 
4 
3 10 
3 5 
3 1 
2 13 
2 10 
2 7 
2 4 






3M 


12 3 
10 8 
9 2 
8 
7 2 
G 
5 11 
5 2 
4 11 
4 4 
3 14 
3 9 
3 5 
3 1 
2 13 
2 10 
2 7 
2 4 




3% 


12 


3ii 




10 7 


4 




9 3 


4i£ 






8 2 


4% 






7 4 


4% 








6 8 


5 










5 14 


5H 












5 5 


5J£ 














4 14 


5% 














4 7 


6 
















4 1 


<m. 
















3 12 


6% 


















3 8 


6 % 


















3 3 


7 




















3 


7M 




















2 13 


7 •*> 






















2 10 


7% 






















2 7 












2% 
Qts. 


2% 
Qts. 


2% 
Qts. 


3 

Qts. 


3% 
Qts. 


3J^ 
Qts. 


3% 
Qts. 


1 
Gal. 


1* 
Gal. 


Gal. 


1% 
Gal. 


2 
Gal. 


3% 


11 12 
10 5 
9 2 
8 3 
7 5 
6 10 
6 
5 7 
5 
4 
4 4 
3 14 
3 10 
3 6 
3 2 
2 15 
2 12 














4 


11 8 
10 3 
9 1 
8 2 
7 5 
6 11 
6 1 
5 9 
5 2 
4 11 
4 5 
4 
3 12 
3 8 
3 4 
3 1 
2 14 


12 10 
11 3 
10 
8 15 
8 1 
7 5 
6 11 
6 2 
5 10 
5 3 
4 12 
4 7 
4 2 
3 13 
3 9 
3 6 
3 2 
2 15 




















AM 


12 3 
10 14 
9 12 
8 13 
8 
7 5 
6 11 
6 2 
5 10 
5 3 
4 13 
4 8 
4 3 
3 15 
3 11 
3 7 
3 4 
3 1 


















4% 


11 13 
10 9 
9 9 
8 11 
7 14 
7 3 
6 10 
6 2 
5 10 
5 4 
4 14 
4 9 
4 4 

3 In 

3 12 
3 8 
3 5 

3 2 


12 11 
11 6 
10 5 
9 5 
8 8 
7 12 
7 2 
6 9 
6 1 
5 10 
5 4 
4 14 
4 9 
4 4 
4 
3 12 
3 9 
3 6 
3 3 














A.% 


12 3 
11 
10 
9 2 
8 5 
7 10 
7 1 
6 8 
6 1 
5 10 
5 4 
4 14 
4 9 
4 5 
4 1 
3 13 
3 9 
3 6 
3 3 


13 
11 12 
10 10 
9 11 
8 14 
8 3 
7 8 
6 15 
6 7 
6 
5 9 
5 3 
4 14 
4 9 
4 5 
4 1 
3 13 
3 10 
3 7 
3 4 
3 1 










5 


14 11 
13 5 
12 2 
11 2 
10 3 
9 6 
8 11 
8 1 
7 8 
7 
6 8 
6 2 
5 12 
5 6 
5 1 
4 13 
4 9 
4 5 
4 1 
3 14 
3 11 
3 8 
3 5 








5% 


16 

14 9 

13 5 

12 4 

11 5 

10 7 

9 11 

9 

8 6 

7 13 

7 5 

6 14 

6 8 

6 2 

5 12 

5 7 

5 2 

4 14 

4 10 

4 6 

4 3 

4 

3 13 

3 10 






5% 


17 

15 9 

14 5 

13 2 

12 2 

11 5 

10 8 

9 13 

9 2 

8 9 

8 1 

7 9 

7 2 

6 11 

6 6 

6 

5 11 

5 6 

5 2 

4 14 

4 11 

4 7 

4 4 

4 1 

3 14 




5% 


17 12 


6 


16 5 


6% 


15 1 


6% 


13 15 


% 


12 14 




12 


1\ 


11 3 


7 ^ 


10 7 


7% 


9 13 


8 


9 3 


SM 




8 10 


8J* 






8 2 


8% 








7 11 


9 










7 4 


yj4 












6 14 


9% 














6 8 


9% 
















6 3 


10 
















5 14 


1014 


















5 9 


10 JS 


















5 5 


10% 


















5 1 


11 




















4 14 


llfc 




















4 10 


11*6 






















4 7 


11% 






















4 4 


12 
























4 1 



486 



THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 



DIMENSIONS OF CIRCULAR CANS 


, VESSELS, ETC.— Continued. 




Diameter. 


2% 
Gal. 


2% 
Gal. 


2% 
Gal. 


3 
Gal. 


3% 
Gal. 


3% 
Gal. 


3% 
Gal. 


1 
Gal. 


4% 
Gal. 


1% 
Gal. 


1% 
Gal. 


5 
Gal. 


6 


18 6 
16 15 
15 10 

11 8 
13 8 

12 9 
11 12 
11 
10 5 

9 11 
9 2 
8 10 
8 3 
7 11 
7 5 
6 15 
6 10 
6 5 
6 
5 11 
5 7 








6% 


18 13 

17 6 

16 2 

15 

14 

13 1 

12 4 

11 8 

10 13 

10 3 

9 10 

9 1 

8 9 

8 2 

7 12 

7 5 

7 

6 11 

6 6 

6 1 

5 13 

5 9 






















6% 


19 2 
17 11 
16 8 
15 6 

11 6 
13 7 

12 10 
11 14 
11 3 
10 9 
10 

9 7 
8 15 
8 8 
8 1 
7 11 
7 5 
7 
6 11 
6 6 
6 2 
5 14 




















6% 


19 4 

18 

16 12 

15 11 

14 11 

13 12 

12 15 

12 3 

11 8 

10 14 

10 5 

9 12 

9 4 

8 13 

8 6 

8 

7 10 

7 5 

6 15 

6 11 

6 6 

6 2 


20 13 
19 8 
18 3 
17 
15 14 
14 15 

11 1 
13 4 

12 8 
11 13 
11 3 
10 9 
10 1 

9 9 
9 1 
8 11 
8 1 
7 11 
7 9 
7 3 
6 15 
6 10 
6 2 
















7 


21 
19 9 
18 1 
17 2 
16 1 
15 2 

11 4 
13 7 

12 11 
12 
11 6 
10 13 
10 5 

9 13 
9 5 
8 14 
8 8 
8 2 
7 12 
7 7 
7 2 
6 9 














m 


20 15 
19 9 
18 6 
17 4 
16 3 
15 1 

11 6 
13 10 

12 11 
12 3 
11 9 
11 
10 8 
10 

9 9 
9 2 
8 11 
8 5 
8 
7 10 
7 1 
6 8 












7% 


20 11 
19 9 
18* 6 
17 1 
16 1 
15 6 

11 8 
13 12 
13 

12 6 
11 12 
11 3 
10 11 
10 3 

9 11 
9 5 
8 11 
8 8 
8 3 
7 8 
6 15 
6 7 


22 3 

20 13 

19 8 

18 6 

17 5 

16 5 

15 7 

14 10 

13 13 

13 2 

12 8 

11 14 

11 5 

10 13 

10 5 

9 14 

9 7 

9 1 

8 11 

8 

7 6 

6 14 








i\ 

8 


22 
20 11 
19 7 
18 5 
17 1 
16 5 
15 7 

11 10 
13 15 
13 1 

12 9 
12 
11 7 
10 15 
10 7 
10 

9 9 
9 3 
8 7 
7 13 
7 1 


23 1 

21 13 

20 8 

19 5 

18 4 

17 4 

16 5 

15 7 

14 11 

13 15 

13 5 

12 11 

12 1 

11 9 

11 

10 9 

10 2 

9 11 

8 15 

8 1 

7 10 

7 2 


22 15 


8% 


21 10 


8% 


20 6- 


8% 


19 3 


9 


18 2 


9% 


17 3 


9% 


16 5 


9% 


15 7 


10 


14 11 


10% 


14 


10 % 


13 5 


10% 


12 11 


11 


12 2 


11% 


11 10 
11 2 






10 10 


12 






10 3 


12% 








9 6 












8 11 


13% 














8 1 


















7 & 




6 
Gal. 

20 10 

19 9 

18 9 

17 10 

16 13 

16 

15 4 

14 9 

13 15 

13 5 

12 12 

12 4 

11 5 

10 7 

9 11 

9 

7 13 

6 14 

6 2 

5 7 

4 14 

4 6 


7 
Gal. 


8 
Gal. 


9 
Gal. 


10 
Gal. 


11 
Gal. 


12 
Gal. 


13 
Gal. 


11 

Gal. 


15 
Gal. 


16 
Gal. 


17 
Gal. 


9H 


24 1 

22 13 


27 8 
26 1 


















9% 


29 5 
27 13 
26 7 
25 3 
24 
22 14 
21 14 
20 14 
20 
19 3 
18 6 
16 15 
15 10 
14 8 
13 8 
11 12 
10 5 
9 2 
8 3 
7 5 
6 10 


















9>X 


21 10 24 12 
20 9 23 8 


30 15 
29 6 
28 
26 11 
25 7 

21 5 
23 1 

22 1 
21 5 
20 7 
18 13 
17 6 
16 2 
15 
13 1 
11 8 
10 3 

9 1 
8 2 
















K 
















10% 


19 9 

18 11 

17 13 

17 

16 4 

15 9 

14 14 

14 4 

13 3 

12 3 

11 5 

10 8 

9 2 

8 

7 2 

6 5 

5 11 

5 2 


22 6 

21 5 

20 6 

19 7 

18 9 

17 12 

17 

16 5 

15 1 

13 15 

12 14 

12 

10 7 

9 3 

8 2 

7 4 

6 8 

5 14 


30 12 
29 5 
28 
26 12 
25 9 
24 7 
23 7 
22 7 
20 11 
19 2 
17 12 
16 8 
14 6 
12 10 
11 3 
10 00 
8 15 














10% 


32 1 
30 8 
29 2 
27 11 
26 11 
25 9 

21 8 

22 9 
20 11 
19 6 
18 
15 11 
13 12 
12 3 
10 11 

9 12 
8 13 












10% 


33 1 
31 9 
30 3 
28 11 
27 11 
26 9 

21 7 

22 10 
20 15 
19 8 
17 
11 15 
13 4 
11 13 
10 9 

9 9 










11 


31 

32 8 
31 2 
29 13 
28 9 
26 5 

21 6 

22 9 
21 
18 5 
16 1 

11 1 

12 11 
11 6 
10 5 








11% 


31 11 
33 6 
31 15 
30 10 
28 1 
26 2 

21 3 

22 8 
19 10 
17 3 
15 1 
13 10 
12 3 
11 


35* 9 
34 1 
32 11 
30 2 
27 13 
25 13 
24 
20 14 
18 6 
16 4 
14 8 
13 
11 12 




11% 




11% 

12 


36 3: 
34 11 


12 % 


32 


13 


29 9 


13% 


27 7 


14 

15 


25 8^ 
22 3 


16 


19 8 


17 


17 5- 


18 


15 7 


19 


13 13 


20 


7 5 8 1 


12 8. 




18 
Gal. 


19 
Gal. 


20 
Gal. 


21 
Gal. 

31 8 
27 7 
24 2 
21 6 
19 1 
17 2 
15 7 


22 
Gal. 

33 
28 12 
25 1 
22 6 
19 15 
17 15 
10 3 


23 
Gal. 

34 8 
30 1 
26 7 
23 6 
20 14 
18 12 
16 14 


21 
Gal. 


25 
Gal. 


26 
Gal. 

39 
31 
29 11 
26 7 
23 9 
21 3 
19 2 


27 
Gal. 

40 8 
35 5 
31 
27 7 

21 K 

22 
19 13 


28 
Gal. 

42 
36 9 
32 2 
28 7 
25 6 
22 13 
20 9 


29 
Gal. 


14 

15 


27 
23 8 
20 11 
18 5 
16 5 
14 10 
13 4 


28 8 
24 13 
21 13 
19 5 
17 4 
15 7 
13 15 


30 
26 2 
22 15 
20 5 
18 2 
16 5 
14 11 


36 
31 6 
27 9 
21 7 
21 12 
19 9 
17 10 


37 8 
32 11 
28 11 
25 7 
22 11 
20 6 
18 6 


43 8- 

37 14 


16 


33 5 


17 


29 a 


18 


26 5 


19 


23 ia 


20 


21 & 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUBES 487 



ARTESIAN WELLS. — An artesian well is one in which the waters of a lower 
stratum are enabled to rise sufficiently near to the surface to permit their eco- 
nomical use. The name artesian is derived from Artois, a province of France, 
where water has been obtained, from a remote period, by boring vertically down 
through impermeable strata to a stratum more or less permeable, charged with 
water in a basin-shaped depression, or so inclined as to reach the surface of the 
earth at some distance from the point at which the bore-hole is made. Wells 
of this kind were known to the ancients, and they abounded in the Libyan 
Desert and the plains of Tyre. To-day they are being successfully used for re- 
claiming large tracts of Sahara. The principle of the artesian well is very simple. 
When a hole is bored down through the upper impermeable layer to the surface 
of an underground reservoir, water is forced up, by the law compelling it to seek 
its level, to a height greater or less, according to the elevation of level in the 
feeding column, thus forming a natural fountain on precisely the same principle 
as that of the common artificial fountain which gets its supply from a height 
above the jet. It is essential to the success of an artesian well, that there be 
continuity of permeable stratum between two impermeable strata which have 
neither flaw nor leakage. The ground to be bored may have a steep inclination 
extending to the bottom of the water-bearing beds, and then the water supply 
is necessarily limited. Yet a good supply can be secured if the water-bearing 
strata be very porous, and have a considerable lateral extension. On the other 
hand, the inclination of the strata may be very gradual, with a larger area of 
surface receiving the rainfall. But the condition most favorable to large and 
constant flow is when most of the rainfall on a surface percolates through to 
.be water-bearing strata,. When a boring has to be made to water-bearing strata 
through other rocks slightly permeable, the quantity of water is more or less 
seriously affected, and artificial hydrostatic pressure is required. Several kinds 
of water may be encountered in the same sinking. To suppress an impure flow, 
water tubes must be inserted in the bore-holes, and this is always necessary 
when loose sand and strata are struck. When the water has so little hydrostatic 
pressure that it can not rise to the surface, a pump of some kind must be used, 
If the level of the water is below thirty feet from the surface, only a plunger- 
pump is useful. The quantity of water found in any strata does not depend 
solely on the surface of such strata exposed to the rainfall, but is much influ- 
enced by the degree of porosity of the strata, which is the test of their saturative 
capacity. Water may be obtained by means of short holes a few yards down, 
when the object is to collect the surface drainage by means of small pumps. 
Where gravel only is found, water can not generally he procured through short 
holes; but when the gravel rests on impervious clay, success is assured. If there 
be a river close to porous strata, it will probably carry off much of the water 
which would otherwise have saturated the permeable rocks. The geological 
formations most favorable to artesian borings are those which combine compact 
and impermeable strata with porous and open rocks. It is hard, even in a 
known district, to calculate what quantity of water may be expected to drain to 
a bore-hole, because it is impossible to determine the lateral extension of the 
drainage v The more porous and saturable the water-bearing strata, the greater 
the drainage carried to a given point. Artesian tools are not essentially differ- 
ent from those used in sinking mine shafts. Free falling tools, worked by steam 
power, are employed when bore-holes of large diameter are needed, the weight 
of the tool giving sufficient percussion to pierce the hardest rock. It is said that 
a serious difficulty in boring artesian wells has been conquered by an ingenious 
contrivance invented by the engineer who bored the well on Mare Island, near 
San Francisco, Cal. He claims to have succeeded in boring an 8-inch hole with 
a 6-inch drill, and thus making a hcle with uniform diameter from top to bot- 
tom, instead of the tapering bore which heretofore necessitated serious expense 
for various casings. The oldest well still flowing is at Lillers, France, dating 
back to the 12th century. The deepest boring of importance is at Sperenburg, 20 
miles from Berlin sunk for the purpose of getting rock salt. Several years ago 
it had reached a depth of 4,194 feet, and it is said that the work is still vigorously 
pushed. A well at Passy, one of the suhurbs of Paris, flows steadily at the rate of 
5,600,000 gallons a day. But the well of Grenelle, another Parisian suburb, has 
long been regarded as the most famous and successful of all artesian exploits. 
Here the chalk was overlaid by gravels, marls, and clays, capable of intercept- 
ing the passage of water. It was decided to bore through the chalk into water- 
bearing sand. This was done; and in 1841, after 8 years' labor, the rods suddenly 
sank several yards through the subterranean waters. In a few hours the dis- 
charge of water was at the rate of 881,884 gallons in 24 hours, with a temperature 
of 82° F. The surface of the ground at the well is 102 feet above the level of the 
sea, and the pressure is enough to carry the water 120 feet above this. The ex- 
posed surface of the water-bearing beds which supply the well of Grenelle is 
about 117 square miles; the subterranean area in connection with these lines of 
outcrop may possibly be about 20,000 square miles; and the average thickness of 
the sand, etc., or underground reservoir, is not more than 30 feet. The well is 
1,798 feet deep, cost $72,500, and has been flowing steadily for about 56 years. 



488 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



CAPACITY OF BARRELS, CASKS, PIPES A\D PUNCHEONS. 

Note.— The Length and Mean Diameter of a Cask or Package having been found, 
opposite the former, on the left hand margin, and beneath the latter, on the upper 
margin, will be found the capacity in Wine Gallons. ■ 

In computing this table the following rule has been observed:— The square of the 
mean diameter of the cask, in inches and tenths of inches, is multiplied by the deci- 
mal .0034, and this product by the length of the cask 

In the final product, any fraction less than .35 is dropped: if .2o, or any inter- 
mediate fraction to and including .75, it is called one-half gallon; if above .to to the 
unit, it is called a whole gallon. 

VARIETIES OF CASKS. 

Casks are classed in three varieties, and the distinction consists in the curvature 
of the staves, at what is termed the quarter-hoop: that is. at a point midway be- 
tween the bung and chime; viz.. Casks having the least curvature are termed the 
first variety; those having a medium curvature the second variety; and those hav- 
ing the greatest curvature the third variety. . 

Rule —To find the Mean Diameter of the first variety of casks, multiply the 
difference between the head diameter and the bung diameter {inside measurement) by 
the decimal .55 and add the product to the head diameter, the sum being the mean 
diameter; for the second variety multiply the difference between the two diam- 
eters by the decimal .63, adding the product to the head diameter; for ttu= third 
varietv multiply by the decimal .TO, and. as above, adding the product to the head. 

Having thus found the mean diameter, to find. the Capacity, multiply the 
square of the mean diameter, in inches, by the decimal .0034. which ^.substan- 
tially the same as dividing by 294, being the number of cylindrical inches in a wine 
gallon, and the product will be the wine gallons in one inch in length. Multiply 
this by the length in inches and the product will be the capacity in wine gallons. 



Lengths 

in IP" 

Inches. Gals. 



Mean Diameter op Casks in inches. 



14.0 
14.3 
14.5 
14.7 
15.0 
15.3 
15.5 
15.7 
15.9 
16.0 
16.3 
16.5 
16.7 
16.9 
17.0 
17.3 
17.5 
17.7 
17.9 
18.0 
18.3 
18.5 
18.7 
18.9 
19.0 
19.3 
19.5 
19.7 
19.9 
20.0 
20.3 
20.5 
20.7 
21.0 
21.3 
21.5 
21.7 
22.0 
22.3 
22.5 
22.7 
23.0 
23.3 



o 
5 
5 

5 

5 

5 

5% 

5% 

5% 

5% 

5% 

5% 

5% 

5% 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6% 

6% 

6% 

6% 

6% 

6% 

6% 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7% 

7% 

7% 

7% 
7% 



10.5 



Gals. 

5 

5% 
5% 

5% 
5% 

5% 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6% 

6% 

6% 

6% 

6% 
6% 
6% 
6% 

7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

7% 

"'A 
"'A 
7% 



8% 

8% 

8% 

8% 

8% 

9 

9 

9 



11.0 



Gals. 

6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

6% 

6% 
6% 

6% 
6% 
6% 
7 

7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

7% 



7% 
7% 



8 

8% 

8A 
8A 

sy 2 

8% 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9% 
9% 
9% 



11.5 



Gals. 

6% 

6% 

6% 

6% 

6% 

7 

7 

7 



7% 
7% 



SA 

8% 

SA 

8% 

8% 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9% 
9% 
9% 
9% 

9% 

10 
10 

10 
10 

io% 

10% 



13.0 



Gals. 



7% 

7% 
Wi 

7% 



8 

SA 

sy 2 

SA 

sy 2 

sy 2 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9% 
9% 
9% 
9% 
9% 
9% 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10% 

10% 

10% 

10% 

11 

11 

11 

11 

n% 

11% 



12.5 



Gals 



SA 

SA 

8% 

SA 

8% 

8% 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9% 

9% 

9% 

9% 

9A 
10 
10 
10 
10 

10% 

10% 

10% 

10% 

10% 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11% 
11% 
11% 
11% 

12 
12 
12 

12% 
12% 



13.0 



Gals. 



8% 

8% 

8% 

8% 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10% 

10% 

10% 

10% 

10% 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11% 

11% 

11% 

11% 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12% 

12% 

12% 

13 

13 

13 

13% 

13% 



13.5 



Gals 



9% 
9% 
9% 
9% 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10% 
10% 
10% 

10% 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11% 

11% 

11% 

11% 

12 
12 
12 
12 

12% 

12% 

12% 

12% 

13 

13 

13 

13% 

13% 

13% 

14 

14 

14 

14% 

14% 



14.0 



Gals. 



10 

10% 

10% 

10/ 2 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11% 

11% 

11% 

11% 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12% 

12% 

12% 

12% 

13 

13 

13 

13% 

13% 

13% 

13% 

14 

14 

14 

14% 

14% 

14% 

15 

15 

15 

15% 

15% 



14.5 

Gals. 



11 

11% 

11% 

11% 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12% 

12% 

12% 

12% 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13% 

13% 

13% 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14% 

14% 

14% 

15 

15 

15 

15% 

15% 

15% 

16 

16 

16 

16% 

16% 



15.0 



Gals 



12% 

12% 

12% 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13% 

13% 

13% 

13% 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14% 

14% 

14% 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15% 

15% 

15% 

16 

16 

16% 

16% 

16% 

17 

17 

17 

17% 

17% 

18 



15.5 



Gals 



16.0 



Gals. 



13 

13% 

13% 

13% 

14 

14 

14 

14% 

14% 

14% 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15% 

15% 

15% 

16 

16 

16 

16% 

16% 

16% 

16% 

17 

17 

17% 

17% 

17% 

18 

18 

18% 

18% 

19 

19 



14 

14% 

14% 

14% 

15 

15 

15 

15% 

15% 

15% 

16 

16 

16 

16% 

16% 

16% 

17 

17 

17 

17% 

17% 

17% 

18 

18 

18% 

18% 

18% 

19 

19 

19% 

19>^ 

20 

20 

20% 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



489 



Lengtn 


Mean Diametkb of Casks in Inches,- Continued. 


in 


16.0 


16.5 


17.0 


17.5 


18.0 


18.5 


19.0 


19.5120.0 


20.5 


21.0 


21.5 


22.6 


Inches. 


Gals. 
20% 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


23.5 
23.7 


22 


23 


24% 


26 


27% 


29 


30)6 


32 


33)3 


35 


36)3 


38 


20)6 


22 


23% 


24)6 


26 


27)6 


29 


30)6 


32 


34 


35% 


37 


38% 


23.9 


21 


22 


23)6 


25 


26% 


28 


29)6 


31 


32)6 


34 


36 


37)6 


39% 


24.0 


21 


22 


23)3 


25 


26)3 


28 


29)6 


31 


32)3 


34,% 


36 


37)6 


&>* 


24.3 


21 


22% 


24 


25% 


27 


28% 


30 


31 % 


33 


34)6 


36% 


38 


40 


2-1.5 


21% 


22y 2 


24 


25% 


27 


28% 


30 


31)6 


33% 


35 


36)6 


38)6 


40)6 


24.7 


21% 


23 


24 '4 


25% 


27 


28)6 


30% 


32 


33% 


35% 


37 


39 


40% 


24.9 


21% 


23 


24% 


26 


27% 


29 


30% 


32 


34 


35% 


37% 


39 


41 


25.0 


22 


23 


24,% 


26 


27)6 


29 


30)6 


32)6 


34 


35% 


37% 


39% 


41 


25.3 


22 


23'<< 


25 


26% 


28 


29)6 


31 


32)3 


34% 


36 


38 


40 


41% 


25.5 


22 23% 


25 


26% 


28 


29)6 


31K 


33 


34)6 


36% 


38 


40 


42 


25.7 


22% 


24 


25% 


27 


28% 


30 


31)6 


33 


35 


36% 


38% 


40% 


42% 


25.9 


22% 


24 


25)3 


27 


28% 


30 


32 


33% 


35 


37 


39 


40)| 


42)3 


26 


22% 


24 


25)6 


27 


28)6 


30% 


32 


33% 


35)6 


37 


39 


41 


43 


26.3 


23 


24% 


26 


27% 


29 


30)6 


32% 


34 


36 


37% 


39% 


41% 


43% 


26.5 


23 


24% 


26 


27)6 


29 


31 


32,% 


34% 


36 


37)3 


39)3 


4iy 2 


43) 2 


26.7 


23 


24% 


26 


28 


29% 


31 


33 


34)3 


36% 


38 


40 


42 


44 


26.9 


23% 


25 


26% 


28 


29% 


31)6 


33 


35 


36% 


38)6 


40% 


42% 


44% 


27.0 


23)6 


25 


2f,% 


28 


29)6 


31% 


33 


35 


36% 


38)6 


40)6 


42)6 


443-2 


27.3 


24. 


25% 


27 


28% 


30 


32 


33)6 


35)6 


37 


39 


41 


43 


45 


27.5 


24 


25% 


27 


28)| 


30% 


32 


34 


35)6 


37)3 


39K 


41 


43 


45 


27.7 


24 


25)6 


27 


29 


30% 


32 


34 


36 


37)6 


39)6 


41% 


43)3 


45% 


27.9 


24% 


26 


27% 


29 


30)| 


32% 


34 


36 


38 


40 


42 


44 


46 


23.0 


24 % 


26 


27,% 


29 


31 


32)6 


34% 


36 


38 


40 


42 


44 


46 


28.3 


25 


26% 


28 


29)3 


31 


33 


34% 


36)3 


38% 


40% 


4°% 


44)6 


46)4 


28.5 


25 


26 '4 


28 


29)6 


31,% 


33 


35 


37 


39 


40)3 


42)3 


45 


47 


28.7 


25 


26% 


28 


30 


31)6 


33% 


35 


37 


39 


41 


43 


45 


47 


28.9 


25% 


27 


28% 


30 


32 


33% 


35% 


37% 


39% 


41)6 


43% 


45% 


47% 


29.0 


25)6 


27 


28% 


30 


32 


33)6 


35)6 


37)6 


39)5 


41)3 


43)3 


45% 


47% 


29.3 


26 


27% 


29 


30% 


32% 


34 


36 


38 


40 


42 


44 


46 


4S 


29.5 


26 


27% 


29 


my z 


32% 


34% 


36 


38 


40 


42 


44 


46% 


48% 


29.7 


26 


27% 


29 


31 


32)6 


34)6 


36% 


38% 


40% 


42% 


-44)6 


46)6 


49 


29.9 


26% 


28 


29% 


31 


33 


35 


36)6 


38)6 


40)3 


42)6 


45 


47 


49 


30.0 


26# 


28 


29% 


31 


33 


35 


37 


39 


41 


43 


45 


47 


49% 


30.3 


27 


28)6 


30 


31)6 


33% 


35M 

35)| 


37 


39 


41 


43% 


45% 


47)6 


50 


30.5 


27 


28)6 


30 


32 


33)6 


37)3 

37)| 


39)6 


41>6 


43)3 


45)6 


48 


50 


30.7 


27 


28)% 


30 


32 


34 


85% 


39)6 


42 


44 


46 


48 


50% 




19.0 


19.5 


20.0 


20.5 


21.0 


21.5 


22.0 


22.5 23.0 


23.5 


24.© 


24.5 


25.« 




Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals, 


30.9 


38 


<!0 


42 


44 


46% 


48% 


51 


53 


55% 


58 


60% 


63 


65)6 


31.0 


38 


40 


42 


44M 


46% 


48)6 


51 


53)6 


56 


58 


60% 


63)% 


66 


31.3 


38)6 


40% 


42% 


44%. 


47 


49 


51)6 


54 


56% 


59 


61% 


64 


66% 


31.5 


38j£ 


4oy 2 


43 


45 


47 


49% 


52 


54 


56)6 


59 


61)3 


64% 


67" 


31.7 


39 


41 


43 


45%, 


47)6 


49)6 


52 


54)6 


57 


59)6 


62 


64)% 


67)6 


31.9 


39 


41 


43% 


45% 


48 


50 


52% 


55 


57% 


60 


62% 


65 


68 


32.0 


39)6 


41)6 


43)6 


45,%, 


48 


50)6 


52)6 


55 


57)6 


60 


62% 


65)6 


68 


32.3 


39)3 


42 


44 


46 


48% 


51 


53 


55)6 


58 


60)6 


63% 


66 


68 1 3 


32.5 


40 


42 


44 


46% 


48)6 


51 


53)3 


56 


58)6 


61 


63)3 


66% 


69 


32,7 


40 


42% 


44% 


4&y 3 


49 


51)6 


54 


56% 


59 


61)6 J 


64 


66)6 


69)3 


32.9 


40% 


42% 


44% 


47 


49)6 


51)6 


54 


56% 


59 


62 


64% 


67 


70 


33.0 


4oy z 


43 


45 


47 


I?/* 


52 


54)6 


57 


59)3 


62 


64)6 


67)6 


70 


33.3 


41 


43 


45% 


47)^ 


50 


52K 


55 


57% 


60 


62)6 


65 


68 


71 


83.5 


!■-■■■■ 


43% 


45%, 


48 


50 


52)6 


55 


57)6 


60% 


63 


65)6 


68)3 


71 


33.7 




44 


46 


48 


50)6 


53 


55)6 


58 


60% 


63% 


66 


69 


71% 
72 


33.9 


, 


44% 


46% 


48% 


51 3 


53% 


56 


58% 


61 3 


63% 


66% 


69 


34.0 


1 j 


44% 


46)6 


48)3 


51 


8* 


56 


58)6 


61 


64 


66% 


69)3 


72% 


34.3 




45 
45 


47 
47 


49 
49 


51% 
5!)6 


54 
54 


56)6 
57 


59 

59% 


61.% 
62 


64% 
65 


67 

67% 


70 
70)6 


73 


34.5 




73% 


34.7 






47)6 

48 


49)6 
50 


52 


54)6 
55 


57 


59% 


62)6 
63 


65 


68 


71 


73% 


34.9 






52% 


57)6 


60 


65% 


68% 


71 


74 


35.0 


I,,,,,,, 


,... 


48 


50 


52)6 


55 


57)6 


60 


63 


65% 


68% 


71% 


74)6 


35.3 


......... 


......... 


48)6 


50% 


53 


55)6 


58 


61 


63)6 


66% 


69 


72 


75 


35.5 


......M* 


......... 


49 


50% 


53 


56 


58% 


61 


64 


66% 


69)6 
70 


72% 


75)3 


35.7 


■!....■.« 


.,.,,,.., 




51 


53)6 


56 


58)6 


61)6 


64 


67 


73 


76 


35.9 


......... 


,„.,,.„ 


.. ..... 


51% 


54 


56>6 


59 


62 


64% 


67)4 


70% 


73% 


76% 


36.0 


M.. 


....... 


......... 


51)6 


54)6 


57 


59% 


62 


64% 


67)6 


70)6 


73% 


76)6 


36.3 


... m««. 


......... 


........ 


52 


55 


57 


59)6 


62% 


65% 


68 


71 


74 


77 


36.5 










55)6 
56 


8* 


60 


6-2)6 
63 


65% 


68)6 
69 


71)6 
72 


74)3 
75 


/8 


86.7 






•mm.... 


•a....... 


60)6 


66 


36.9 










56% 


58)6 
58)6 
59 


61 


63% 


66% 
66% 


69)6 
70 


72% 
72)3 
73 


75% 


78* 
78% 
79% 


37.0 












61 


63% 


tJ.Z 


■ IJIHH 


,| ,,,.,,, 


....... 


■ ■■—■■■■ 


. «••.*•• 


61)6 


64 


67 2 


70)6 


87.5 


....MM. 


jUMM, 


......... 


. 


......... 




62 


64)3 


67% 


71 


73)6 
74 


76)6 


79« 


*7.7 






...... 








62% 


64% 


67.% 


71 


77 


«r 


38.0 


....MM* 


....M... 


...mm.. 


....... 







M...M.. 


65 


68 


71)6 


75 


78 


80% 
81)6 


88.3 


■miiiihI ■■ 


......... 


—MM.. 


• M.M... 




.M.MM. 


—MM. 


MMM.. 


72 


75 


78)6 



490 



THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



Length 






Mean 


' Diameter of Casks 


IX IXCHKS. 


—Oont 


i mied. 






in 


25.0 


25.5 


21i.0|20.5|27.0 


27.5 


28.0 


28 .5 


2s>.0 


2.».5 


30.0 


30.5 


3 l.O 


Inches. 


Gals. 

59% 

61V. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


(i'lls. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


28.0 


62 
64 


64% 

66% 


67 
69 


69V 
72 


72,% 
75 
















29.0 


77 














30.0 


64 


66 V, 


69 


71V, 


74% 


77 


79 V 














31.0 


66 


6S% 


71% 


74 


77 


79 V 


825?, 


85% 


89% 


■••a....* 






^ 


32.0 


68 


70 k 


73% 


76 V. 


79% 


82 V 


85 V 


8S% 


91V 










33.0 


70 
71 


73" 

74 V 


76 

77 


79 
80 


82 
83 


85 
86 


88 " 

89 V 


91 

92% 


my 

96 


97% 
99 


101 
10234 






33.5 


106 




34.0 


72% 


75 


78 


SI 


84 V 


87 V 


90% 


94 


97 


100% 


104 


107% 


111 


34.5 


73% 


76 % 


79 


82 


85% 


88,V 


92 


95 V 


9834 


102 


105% 


109 


112% 


35.0 


74 % 


77% 


80% 


83 V 


87 


90 


93 V 


965! 


100" 


103% 


107 


nov 


114% 


35.5 


75% 


7s% 


81V 


85" 


88 


91V 


94% 


98 


101% 


105 


108% 


112% 


116 


3fi.O 


76 V 


79 % 


82V 


86 


89 


923! 


96 


99% 


103 


10654 


110 


114 


117%; 


36.5 


77)| 


80 v 


84 


87 


90 V 


94 


97% 


101 


104% 


108 


111% 


115% 


119,% 


37.0 


7S'-6 


82 " 


85 


ssv 


91V 


95 


98% 


102 


106 


109% 


113 


117 


121 


37.5 


79 34 


83 


86 


89 V 


93" 


96 V 


100 


103% 


107 


111 


114 V 


118V 


122% 


33.0 


80 V 


84 


87% 


90% 


94 


97% 


101V 


105 


108% 


112% 


116% 


120" 


124 


38.5 


82 


85 


88% 


92 


95 V 


99 


102,% 


106% 


110 


114 


118 " 


]2-> 


126 


39.0 


83 


86 


89% 


93 


96% 


100 V 


104 


107% 


111% 


115% 


1 19,V 


123% 


127% 


3!). 5 


84 


87% 


91 


94 V 


98 


101% 


105 V 


109 


113 


117 


121 ~ 


125 " 


129 


40.0 


85 


88% 


92 


95 V 


99 


103 


106% 


110% 


114% 


118% 


122 V 


126% 


130% 


40.5 


86 


89% 


93 


96% 


100 V 


104 


108 


112 


116 


120 


124" 


128 


132% 


41.0 


87 


903^ 


94 


98 


1013! 


105 V 


109V 


113 


117 


121% 


125% 


129 V 


134 


41.5 


88 


92 


95 V 


99 


103 


106, 1 ! 


110% 


114% 


118% 


123 


127 


131V 


135 '4 


42.0 


89 V 


93 


96 V 


100)4 


104 


108 


112 


116 


120 


124% 


12854 


133" 


137 


42,5 


90% 


94 


97% 


101 V 


105% 


109V 


113% 


117% 


12154 


126 


130 " 


134% 


139 


43.0 


9iy 2 


95 


99 


102% 


106% 


1103! 


U4,V. 


119 


123 " 


127 


131% 


136 


140 V; 


43.5 


92 V. 


96 


100 


104 


108 


112 


116 


120 


124% 


128% 


133 


137% 


142 


44.0 


9354. 


97 V 


101 


105 


109 


113 


117V 


121V. 


126 


130 


134V 


139 


144 


44.5 


94% 


985| 


102% 


106 V 


110% 


114V 


118% 


123 


127 


131% 


136 


140 V 


145% 


45.0 


9554. 


99% 


103% 


107 V, 


Ul% 


115% 


120 


124V 


128% 


133 


137% 


142% 


147 


45.5 


96 V. 


100,V 


104% 


ios% 


113 


117 


121 V, 


125% 


130 


134,% 


139 


144 


143 V- 


46.0 


97% 


101% 


105% 


110 


114 


118% 


122% 


127 


131% 


136 


141 


145% 


150 V- 


47.0 


100 


104 


108 


112 


116% 


121 


125% 


130 


134V 


139 


144 


148% 


1535i 


48.0 


102 


106 


110% 


114% 


119 


123% 


128 


132V 


1375! 


142 


147 


152 


157 


49.0 


104 


108% 


112% 


117 


121% 


126 


130% 


135% 


140 


145 


150 


155 


160 


50.0 


106% 


110% 


115 


119% 


124 


12S% 


133% 


138 


143 


148 


153 


158 


163 V 




38.0 


29.0 


30.0 


31.0 


31.5 32.0 


32.5 


33.0 


33.5134.0 


35.0 


35.5 




Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


?GaIs. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


35.0 


93% 
96 


100 
103 


107 
110 


114% 

in y 2 


118 
121% 


122 

125% 


125% 

129% 


130 
133% 












36.0 


137% 


143 








37.0 


98% 
100 


106 

107 


113 

1 14V. 


121 

122% 


125 

126% 


129 
130M 


133 
134 V 


137 
139 


141 
143 


145V 
147 V 


14954 
152 






37.5 


155% 




38.0 


ioi y, 


10S% 


116% 


124 


128 


132% 


136% 


140V 


145 


149 V 


154 


158 


"l62" 


38.5 


102% 


110 


118 


126 


130 


134 


1 ; «% 


142 V 


147 


151V 


156 


160 


164% 


39.0 


104 


111% 


119% 


127% 


131% 


136 


140 


144 V 


149 


153% 


158 


162 V 


167 


39.5 


105V. 


113 


12L 


129 


133% 


137 V 


142 


1465! 


150 V 


155% 


160 


164 V 


169 V- 


40.0 


106% 


114% 


122% 


130V 


135 


1393! 


143% 


148 


152% 


157 


162 


166 V 


17 1 v. 


40.5 


108 


116 


124 


132% 


136 V; 


141 


145i! 


150 


15454, 


159 


164 


168% 


173% 


41.0 


109 V 


117 


125% 


134 


13S% 


142V 


147 


152 


156V 


161 


166 


171 


175% 


41.5 


110% 


11S3^ 


127 


135% 


140 


144% 


149 


153)4 


15854 


163 


163 


173 


178 


42.0 


112 


120 


128 v; 


137 


141V 


146 


151 


155 V 


160% 


165 


170 


175 


180 


42.5 


11354, 


121 % 


130 


139 


143% 


148 


152 V 


157% 


162 


167 


172 


177 


182 


43.0 


114% 


123 


131% 


140V, 


145 


149% 


154g 


159 


164 


169 


174 


179 


184 


43.5 


116 


124 V 


133 


142 


147 


151% 


156 


161 


166 


171 


176 


181 


186 V- 


44.0 


117% 


126 


134% 


144 


148% 


153 


158 


163 


16S 


173 


178 


183% 


18854- 


44.5 


118% 


127 


136 


145 V. 


150 


155 


160 


165 


170 


175 


ISO 


185V 


190% 


45.0 


120 


128% 


137% 


147 


152 


156 V 


161V 


166 V 


171)4 


177 


182 


187%. 


193 


45.5 


121% 


130 


139 


148 V 


153% 


158% 


163% 


168% 


17354 


179 


184 


189V 


195 


46.0 


122% 


131% 


141 


150 V 


155 


160 


165 


170% 


175,V 


181 


186 


19154 


197 


46.5 


124 


133 


142% 


152 


157 


162 


167 


172" 


1775-2 


183 


183 


193% 


199 


47.0 


125% 


134,% 


144 


153% 


158% 


163 V 


169 


174 


179% 


184 V 


190 


196 


201V 


47.5 


126% 


136 


145% 


155 


160 


165% 


170)4 


176 


181 


186 V 


192 


198 


203% 


48.0 


128 


137 V 


147 


157 


162 


167 


172% 


17754 


1S3 


18854 


194 


200 


20554. 


48.5 


129% 


138 V, 


148% 


158% 


163 V 


169 


174 


17954. 


185 


190V 


196 V 


202 


20S 


49.0 


130% 


140 


150 


160 


165% 


170% 


176 


181V 


187 


192V 


198)4 


204 


210 


49.5 


132 


141% 


151% 


161, V 


167 


172% 


178 


183% 


189 


194)4 


200% 


206 


212 


50.0 


133% 


143 


153 


1635| 


16SV 


174 


179% 


185 


191 


1963! 


202V 


208V 


214 


50.5 


134% 


144% 


154V; 


165 


1703! 


176 


1 15! 


187 


19254, 


198 V 


204V 


210% 


216% 


51.0 


136 


146 


156 


166% 


172 


177% 


183 


189 


194 V 


20054 


20654 


212% 


2185£ 


51.5 


137% 


14754 


157% 


1683! 


173% 


1795-3 


185 


190,V 


196 V 


202)4 


203 V 


214 V 


22054 


52.0 


138% 


14SV 


159 


167 


17554 


181 


186V 


192% 


198% 


204,V 


210% 


21654 


223 


52.5 


140 


150 


160% 


171% 


177 


183 


188V 


194% 


200% 


206% 


21254, 


218V 


225 


53.0 


141% 


151% 


162 


173 


179 


184 V 


190% 


196 


202 " 


20S% 


214V 


220% 


227 


53.5 


14254. 


153 


163 v; 


175 


180% 


186% 


192 


198 


204 


210% 


2165| 


223 " 


229 


.,54.0 


144 


154% 


165 


176% 


132 


188 


194 


200 


206 


212 


218 V 


225 


231% 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



491 



— I 


( ' Mean Diameter of Casks in Inches.— Continued. 




32.0 


33.0 


34.0 


35.0 


36.0 


37.0 


3S.0 


3S.5 


39.0 


39.5 


40.0 


40.9 49.0|49.9 




Gals. 

189 V 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals- 


54.5 


202 


214 


227 


240 


25336 


267)4 


274)4 














55.(1 


19154 

193 

195 

19S54 

198)4 


203)4 
20534 

H^ 
209 

211 


216 
218 
220 
222 
224 


229 
231 
233 
23554 

23734 


24234 

244)4, 

247 

249 

251 


256 
25836 
26034 
263 

26534, 


270 

272)4 

275 

277)4 

280 


277 

282 
284)4 

287)4 














00.0 














56.0 














56.5 










57.0 












...... m- 


57.5 


200 


213 


226 


239)6 


253)4 


26734 


28234 


290 








.... 







58.0 


202 


215 


228 


241)| 


25534 


270 


285 


292* 















oS.5 


203)4 


216V 


230 


243 V 


258 


272 '-4, 


287 


295 















59.0 


205)4 


218 % 


232 


245)4 


260 


27434 


289)4 


297)4 










.... 





o9.o 


207 


220 % 


234 


248 


262 


277 


292 


300 


.... 










.' 


60.0 


209 


222 


236 


250 


264.^ 


27934 


294 Vo 


302)4 




«•••••• 




.... 




:::;:::::) 


60.5 


210J4 


224 


238 


252 


26634 


282 


297 


305 












61.0 


ma 


226 


240 


254 


269 


284 


299)6 


307)4 


317 


.. >•■•■• 











61.5 


214 


l WK, 


24m 


256 


271 


286 l 4 


302 


310 


319)4 


327 











62.0 


216 


m% 


243 V. 


258 


273 


28S36 


304)4 


31234 


322 


82934 


337 






......... 


ltt.fi 


217)4 
21934 


%W6 


24554 
247V 


26034 
262 y z 


27554 

2773? 


291 
293 


307 
30934 


315 

31754 


824 Vo 
826 V? 


332 
334* 


839* 
342 


356 
859 






68.0 


51434 




68.5 


221 


235 


249 V 


26454 


280 


295)4, 


312 


320 


829 


837 


845 ' 36134 


518'^ 


537)1 


64.0 


223 


237 


251 J* 


26634 


282 


298 


814 


32234 


331 


840 


34734 


364 


52254 


54154 


64.5 


224)4, 


239 


253V 


26836 


284 


300 


316)4 


325 


833)4 


34234 


85034 


367 


526 '4 


546 


65.0 


m* 


240)4 


25534 


270 V 


286V 


30234 


319 


32734 


336 


345 


353 


870 


53034 


550 


65.5 


228 


24236 


257)6 


273 


28SV 


305 


32134 


330 


338)4 


34734 


35534 


372)4 


53434 


55434, 


66.0 


230 


24434 


259)4 


275 


291 


307 


824 


83234 


841 J4 


350 


358)6 


375)4 


539 


6-58 if 


66.5 


23134 


246 


261)4 


277 


293 


3093V 


82634 


335 


844 


353 


361 A 


378)6 


543 


563 


67.0 


233V 


248 


263 V, 


279 


295 


312 


829 


837)4 


846)4 


355)4 


36434 


381 


547 


567 


67.5 


235 


250 


26536 


281 


29734 


314 


331)4 


340 


349 


358 


367 


384 


551 


57134 


68.0 


23634 


252 


267 V 


283 


299)4. 


316)4 


334 


34234 


35134 


36034 


370 


387 


555 


575)4 


68.5 


238)4 


253)6 


269 


28534 


302 


319 


336)4 345 


354 


36354 


37234 


389)4 


559 


580 


69.0 


240 


255)4 


271 


28756 


304 


321 


339 


34754 


357 


366 


37534 


392)4 


563)4 


584 


69.5 


242 


257)6 


273 


289 % 


306 


323)4 


341 


350)4 


359)6 


368)4 


378 


395)4 


567 V 


58834 


70.0 


m% 


259 


275 


29134 


30834, 


326 


34334 


353 


362 


37134 


381 


398 


57134 


59234 


70.5 


24536 


261 


277 


2934 


310,34. 


328 


346 


35554 


364)4 


374 


38334 


401 


575 V 


597 


71.0 


247 


262)4 


279 


295)6 


313 


33034 


348)4 


358 


367 


376 l 4 


386 


404 


57934 


601 


71.5 


249 


26434 


281 


29S 


315 


3:« 


351 


360)4 


370 


379)4 


389 


40634 


583 V 


605* 


72.0 


25056 


266 


283 


300 


317 


335 


353)6 


363 


37254 


382 


391)4 


40934 


588 


60934- 


72.5 


2o2V 


268 


285 


302 


319 


33734 


356 


36534 


375 


38454 


394)6 


41234 


592 


614 


73.0 


254 


26934 


287 


304 


321 


33954 


358 


368 


37734 


38734 


397 


415 


596 


618 


73.5 


256 


271)4 


289 


306 


323 


342 


36034 


370)4 


380 


390 


400 


418 


600 


62234 


74 




278 


291 

292)4 


308 
31034 


325 

32734 


344 
346 


363 

36534 


373 

375)4 

378 

380)4 


382 V 
385)6 
38S 
39036 


39234 
395 


402 * 

405)4 

408 

41034 


421 

42334 


604 

608 


62634 


F4 5 




63036- 
635 


75 








312)4 


329J4 
331)4 


3484' 
350 k, 


36S 

370 '4 


398 

40034 


426)4 
42934 


61236 
61654 










639 


76(1 












35234 


372 '4 
375 " 


383 

385)4 

3SS 


393 
395 V 


403 
406 


41334 
416 " 


4*2)4 
435 


62034 
62434 
628 


64334. 














647)4 
651 


76.9 
















397)4 


408 


41834 


43734 



ULLAGE OR WANTAGE TABLE. 



<_ 


U 
M*J 
C V 

z c 
X 3 

(5 
"17 

18 
18 
19 
18 
19 
18 
19 
22 
22 
22 
23 
23 
24 
23 
24 
24 
30 
31 
34 




s 






Number of 


Dry Inches. 










.t;.* 


2 | 3 


4 


5 I 


6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 


11 


12 | 13 | 15 


I 5 


* Wine Ga llons Wanting. 





Gal 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

1)4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

h 

2 

2 


Gal 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals. 


Gals 


Gals 


22 


2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
9 

2)4 

2 

2 V 

236 

236 

2 V 

234 

234 

2)4 

2 V 

334 
4 
4 
4 


3 
3 
3 
3 

334 

3 ~ 

4 

3)4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4)4 

4 

5 

6 

6 

654 


434 

4 

4V 

4)4 

5 

434 

534 



6 

654 

6)4 

6 

6 

534 

JK 

8 

9)4 

956 
9 V 


636 
5 V 

634 

6 

7 

6 '4 

7)4 

7 

8 

834 

834 

8 

8 

7)6 

9 

8 
11 

12)4 
13 
13 V 


8 

¥ 

754 

834 

8 

934 

834 

10 '4 

1054 

11 

104; 

1034 
10 

n)4 
1034 

14 

1634 

17 

17 


10 

9 

10 

,!* 

10 

114; 

1034 

1234 

13)4 

13 

12)4 

13 

12 

13J4 

13 

17 

20)4 

2134 

22 ~ 


12 

11 

12 

11 

13 

12 

14 

1234 

1534 

15)4 

16 

15 

1534 

1434 

1634 

1534 

2034 

24)6 

26 

26 












•» 






?4 














94 


13 
14 












26 
?6 












•>s 












2S 
4> 


14)6 

18 

18)4 
19 

17)4 

18 

17 

19)4 

18 

24 

28)4 

31 

31 


21 

21)4 
22 " 
2034 
2034 
19)6 
22 

21)4 

28 

32)4 

35 

36 










43 
44 













44 

45 
45 


23 

22)4 

2434 

24 - 

32 

38 

40)4 

41 








48 








48 








64 








106 
120 

140 


43 

46 

464: 


47)4 

51 

52 


53 

56)4 
58 



# Beneath the dry inches, and opposite the capacity and bung diameter of the 
cask, is stated the ullage or wantage in wiue gallons. 



492 



THE GBEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



DIAMETERS, CICUMFERENCES, AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. 



Oiam, 



4 
5-16 

% 

7-16 

4 

9-16 

% 
11-16 

% 
13-16 

% 
15-16 
1 

l l 4 
1% 
1% 
1>6 
1% 
1% 
1% 
2 
24 
24 
2% 
24 
2 4 
2% 
2% 

a 

3 '4 
3% 

3% 
3% 
4 

4% 

4% 
4% 
44 
4 4 
4% 
4% 

5 

54 

5% 

5% 

5% 

5% 

5% 

5% 

6 

64 

64 

6 ?i 

64 

6% 

6*4 

6% 

7 

7% 

7% 

7% 

7% 

7*4 

75i 



Circurn. 



.7854 

.9817 

1.1781 

1,3744 

1.5708 

1.7671 

1.9635 

2.1598 

2.3562 

2.5525 

2.7489 

2.9452 

3.1416 

3.5343 

3.9270 

4.3197 

4.7124 

5.1051 

5.4978 

5.8905 

6.2832 

6.6759 

7.0686 

7.4613 

7.8540 

8.2467 

8.6394 

9.0321 

9.4248 

9.8175 

10.2102 

10.6029 

10.9956 

11.3883 

11.7810 

12.1737 

12.5664 

12.9591 

13.3518 

13.7445 

14.1372 

14.5299 

14.9226 

15.3153 

15.7080 

16.1007 

16,4934 

16.8861 

17 2788 

17.6715 

18.0642 

18.4569 

18.8496 

19.2423 

19.6350 

20.0277 

20.4204 

20.8131 

21.2058 

21.5985 

21.9912 

22.3839 

22.7766 

23.1693 

23.5620 

23.9547 

24.3474 



Areas. 


Diain. 


.049 


1% 


.077 


H 


.110 


84 


.150 


84 


.196 


8% 


.248 


8% 


.307 


8% 


.371 


8% 


.442 


8% 


.518 


9 


.601 


9 4 


.690 


94 


.785 


9% 


.994 


9 4 


1.227 


9% 


1.485 


9% 


1.767 


9% 


2.074 


IO 


2.405 


10 4 


2.761 


10 4 


3.142 


10 % 


3.546 


10J$ 


3.976 


10% 


4.430 


10% 


4.909 


10% 


5.412 


11 


5.939 


11^ 


6.492 


114 


7.069 


11% 


7.670 


11 33 


8.296 


114 


8.946 


11% 


9.621 


11% 


10.321 


12 


11.045 


12 4 


11.793 


124 


12.566 


12% 


13.364 


12% 


14.186 


12 % 


15.033 


12% 


15.904 


12% 


16.800 


13 


17.720 


13 4 


18.665 


13 4 


19.635 


13% 


20.629 


13 4 


21.647 


13 4 


22.691 


13% 


23.758 


13% 


24.850 


14 


25.967 


14% 


27 108 


14 4 


28.274 


14% 


29.465 


144 


30.680 


14 4 


31.919 


14% 


33.183 


14% 


34.472 


15 


35.785 


15 4 


37.122 


154 


38.485 


15% 


39.871 


15^ 


41.282 


15 4 


42.718 


13% 


44.179 


15% 


45.664 


16 


47.173 


164 



Circnin. 

24.7401 
25.1328 
25.5255 
25.9182 
26.3109 
26.7036 
27.0963 
27.4890 
27.8817 
28.2744 
28.6671 
29.0598 
29.4525 
29.8452 
30.2379 
30.6306 
31.6233 
31.4160 
31.8087 
32.2014 
32.5941 
32.9868 
33.3795 
33.7722 
34.1649 
34.5576 
34.9503 
35.3430 
35.7357 
36.1284 
36.5211 
36.9138 
37.3065 
37.6992 
38.0919 
38.4846 
38 8773 
39.2700 
39.6627 
40.0554 
40.4481 
40.8408 
41.2335 
41.6262 
42.0189 
42.4116 
42.8043 
43.1970 
43.5897 
43.9824 
44.3751 
44.7678 
45.1605 
45.5532 
45.9459 
46.3386 
46.7313 
47.1240 
47.5167 
47.9094 
48.3021 
48.6948 
49.0875 
49.4802 
49.8729 
50.2656 
50.6583 



Areas. 


| Diam. 


48.707 


I64 


50.266 


16% 


51.849 


16% 


53.456 


16 4 


55.088 


16% 


56.745 


1«% 


68.426 


17 


60.132 


17 4 


61.862 


17% 


63.617 


174 


65.397 


174 


67.201 


17 4 


69.029 


17% 


70.882 


17% 


72.760 


18 


74.662 


184 


76.589 


184 


78.540 


18% 


80.516 


184 


82.516 


184 


84.541 


18% 


86.590 


18% 


88.664 


19 


90.763 


194 


92.886 


19 4 


95.033 


19% 


97.205 


19 4 


99.402 


19 4 


101.623 


19% 


103 869 


19% 


106.139 


2© 


108.434 


204 


110.754 


204. 


113 098 


20% 


115.466 


20 4 


117.859 


20% 


120.276 


20% 


122.718 


20% 


125.184 


21 


127.676 


21% 


130.192 


21% 


132.733 


21% 


135.297 


214 


137,886 


214 


140.500 


21% 


143.139 


21% 


145.802 


22 


148.489 


22 4 


151.201 


22 4 


153.938 


22% 


156,699 


22 4 


159.485 


22 4 


162.295 


22% 


165.130 


22% 


167.989 


23 


170.873 


234 


173.782 


234 


176.715 


23% 


179.672 


23% 


182.654 


23 4 


185.661 


23% 


188.692 


23% 


191-748 


24 


194.828 


24 4 


197.933 


24 4 


201.062 


24% 


204.216 


24 4 



Circuni. 



51.0510 
51.4437 
51.8364 
52.2291 
62.6218 
53.0145 
53.4072 
53.7999 
54.1926 
54.5853 
54.9780 
55.3707 
55.7634 
56.1561 
56.5488 
56.9415 
57.3342 
57.7269 
58.1196 
58.5123 
58.9050 
59.2977 
59.6904 
60.0831 
60.4758 
60.8685 
61.2612 
61.6539 
62.0466 
62.4393 
62.8320 
63.2247 
63.6174 
64.0101 
64.4028 
64.7955 
65.1882 
65.5809 
65.9736 
66.3663 
66.7590 
67.1517 
67.5444 
67.9371 
68.3298 
68.7225 
69.1152 
69.5079 
69.9066 
70.2933 
70.6860 
71.0787 
71.4714 
71.8641 
72.2568 
72.6495 
73.0422 
73.4349 
738276 
74.2203 
74.6130 
75.0057 
75.3984 
75.7911 
76.1838 
76.5765 
76.9692 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



493 



Diameters. Circumferences, and 


Areas of Circles— Continue*. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Areas. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Areas. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Areas. 


24*e 


77.3619 


476.259 


33% 


104.066 


861.792 


41% 


130.769 


1360.82 


24 % 


77.7546 


481 106 


33 % 


104.458 


868.30.9 


41'24 


131.162 


1369.00 


24% 


78.1473 


485.978 


33% 


104.851 


874.850 


41% 


131.554 


1377.21 


25 


78.5400 


490 875 


33% 


105.244 


881.415 


42 


131.947 


1385.44 


25 % 


78.9327 


495.796 


33% 


105.636 


888,005 


42% 


132.340 


1393.74 


25^ 


79.3254 


500.741 


33 24 


106.029 


894.620 


42% 


132.733 


1401.9*' 


25% 


79.7181 


505.711 


33% 


106.422 


901.259 


42% 


133.125 


1410.29 


25 % 


80.1108 


510.706 


34 


106.814 


907.922 


42% 


133.518 


1418.62 


25% 


80.5035 


515.725 


34% 


107.207 


914.610 


42% 


133.911 


1426.98 


25 % 


80.8962 


520.769 


34^ 


107.600 


921.323 


42% 


134.303 


1435.36 


25% 


81.2889 


525.837 


34% 


107.993 


928.060 


42 % 


134.696 


1443.77 


26 


81.6816 


530.930 


34% 


108.385 


934.822 


43 


135.089 


1452.21 


26 % 


82.0743 


536.047 


34% 


108.778 


941.609 


43% 


135.481 


1460.65 


26 % 


82.4670 


541.189 


34 24 


109.171 


948.419 


43% 


135.874 


1469.13 


26% 


82 8597 


546.356 


34% 


109.563 


955.255 


43% 


136.267 


1477.63 


26% 


83.2524 


551.547 


35 


109.956 


962.115 


43% 


136,660 


1486.17 


26% 


83.6451 


556,762 


35% 


110.349 


968.999 


43% 


137.052 


1494.72 


26 % 


84.0378 


562.002 


35 % 


110.741 


975.908 


4324 


137.445 


1503.30 


26% 


84.4305 


567.267 


35% 


111.134 


982.842 


43% 


137.838 


1511.90 


27 


84.8232 


572.557 


35% 


111.527 


989.800 


44 


138.230 


1520.53 


27% 


85.2159 


577.870 


35% 


111.919 


996.783 


44% 


138.623 


1529.18 


27% 


85.6086 


583.208 


35 24 


112.312 


1003.790 


44% 


139.016 


1537.86 


27% 


86.0013 


588.571 


35% 


112.705 


1010.822 


44% 


139.408 


1546.55 


27 % 


86.3940 


593.958 


36 


113.098 


1017.878 


44% 


139.801 


1555.28 


27% 


86.7867 


599.376 


36% 


113.490 


1024.959 


44% 


140.194 


1564 03 


2724 


87 1794 


604.807 


36 % 


113.883 


1032.065 


44 24 


140.587 


1572.81 


27% 


87.5721 


610.268 


36% 


114.276 


1039.195 


44% 


140.979 


1581.61 


28 


87.9648 


615.754 


36% 


114.668 


1046.349 


45 


141.372 


1590.43 


28% 


88.3575 


621.263 


36% 


115.061 


1053.528 


45% 


141.765 


1599.28 


28% 


88.7502 


626.798 


36 24 


115.454 


1060.732 


45% 


142.157 


1608.15 


28% 


89 1429 


632.357 


36% 


115.846 


1067.960 


45% 


142.550 


1617.04 


28% 


89.5356 


637.941 


37 


116.239 


1075.213 


45% 


142.943 


1625.97 


28% 


89.9283 


643.549 


37% 


116.632 


1082.490 


45% 


143.336 


1634.92 


2824 


90.3210 


649.182 


37 % 


117.025 


1089.792 


4524 


143.728 


1643.89 


28% 


90.7137 


654.839 


37% 


117.417 


1097.118 


45% 


144.121 


1652.88 


20 


91.1064 


660.521 


37% 


117.810 


1104.469 


46 


144.514 


1661-91 


29% 


91.4991 


666,227 


37% 


118.203 


1111.844 


46% 


144.906 


1670.95 


29^ 


91.8918 


671.958 


37 24 


118.595 


1119.244 


46% 


145.299 


1680.01 


29% 


92 2845 


677.714 


37% 


118,988 


1126.668 


46% 


145.692 


1689.10 


29% 


92.6772 


683.494 


38 


119 381 


1134.118 


46% 


146.084 


1698.23 


29% 


93.0699 


689.298 


38% 


119.774 


1141.591 


46% 


146.477 


1707.37 


2924 


93.4626 


695.128 


38 % 


120.166 


1149.089 


4624 


146.870 


1716.54 


29% 


93.8553 


700.981 


38% 


120.599 


1156.612 


46% 


147.263 


1725.73 


30 


94 2480 


706.860 


38% 


120.952 


1164.159 


47 


147.655 


1734.95 


30% 


94.6407 


712.762 


38% 


121.344 


1171.731 


47% 


148.048 


1744.18 


30 % 


95.0334 


718.690 


38 24 


121.737 


1179.327 


47% 


148.441 


1753.45 


30% 


95.4261 


724.641 


38% 


122 130 


1186.948 


47% 


148.833 


1762.73 


30 % 


95.8188 


730.618 


39 


122.522 1 


1194.593 


47% 


149.226 


1772.05 


30% 


96.2115 


736.619 


39% 


122.915 | 


1202.263 


47% 


149.619 


1781.39 


3024 


96.6042 


742.644 


39% 


123.308 | 


1209.958 


47 24 


150.011 


1790.76 


30% 


96.9969 


748.694 


39% 


123.701 | 


1217.677 


47% 


150.404 


1800.13 


31 


97.3896 


754.769 


39% 


124.093 


1225.420 


4* 


150.797 


1809.54 


31% 


97 7823 


760.868 


39% 


124.486 1 


1233.188 


48% 


151.190 


1818.99 


31^ 


98 1750 


766.992 


39 24 


124.879 


1240.981 


48^ 


151.582 


1828.46 


31% 


98.5677 


773.140 


39% 


125.271 1 


1248.798 


48% 


151.975 


1837.93 


81 % 


98.9604 


779. 313 


40 


125.664 | 


1256.640 


48% 


152.368 


1847.45 


31% 


99.3531 


785.510 


40% 


126.057 


1264.500 


48% 


152.760 


1856.99- 


3124 


99 7458 


TO1.732 


40 % 


126.449 1 


1272.390 


48% 


153.153 


1866.55 


31% 


100.1385 


797.978 


40% 


126.842 


1280.310 


48% 


153.546 


1876.ia 


32 


100.5312 


804 250 


40% 


127.235 | 


1288.250 


49 


153.938 


1885.74 


32% 


100.9239 


810.545 


40% 


127.627 | 


1296.220 


49% 


154.331 


1895.37 


32^ 


101.3166 


816.865 


40 24 


128.020 J 


1304.210 


49% 


154.724 


1905.03 


32% 


lul.7093 


823.209 


40% 


128.413 1 


1312.220 


49% 


155.117 


1914.70 


32 % 


102.1020 


829.578 


41 


128.806 j 


1320.260 


49% 


155.509 


1924.42 


32% 


102 4947 


835.972 


41% 


129.198 


1328.321 


4-9% 


155.902 


1934.15 


3224 


102.8874 


842.390 


41% 


129 591 1 


1336.413 


49 24 


156.295 


1943.91 


32% 


103.2801 


848.833 


41% 


129.984 1 


1344.522 


49% 


156.687 


1953.69 


33 


103.6730 


855.301 


41% 


130.376 1 


1352.654 


50 I 


157.080 | 


1963.5C 



494 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



TENSILE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 
Weight of Power Required to Tear Asunder One Square Inch. 



Materials. 



Lbs. 
Avoir 



Materials. 



Metals. 

Brass ... 

" yellow 

Bronze, greatest . . 

" least 

Copper, bolt 

" cast Am. 
" rolled... 

" wire 

** wrought 

Copper 10, Tin 1 . 

8, " 1, 

gun-metal # 

Copper 8, Tin 1, bar 

Gold, cast 

Gold 5, Copper 1. . . 

Iron, cast, Lowl 

Moor, No. 2 J 

Iron, cast Ani j 

Iron, wro't, best I 

Swedish bar. . . j 
Iron, bolts 

" Calder No. 1. . 

" Clyde No. 1., 
No. 3.. 

" crank shaft.., 

" English bar.. 

" Greenwood, Am 

"" gun-m.,mean. 

*' hammered.... 

" inferior, bar. . 

" mean of Am . . 
Eng . 

" plates, boiler) 

American J 

Iron plates cross- ) 

wise j 

Iron plates length ) 

wise j 

Iron plates, mean 1 

English j 

Iron rivets, Am. . . . 
" Eng... 

" Russian bar. . 

" scrap 

" sterling, mean 

" turnings. 



Lbs. 

Avoir. 



42,000 
18,000 
56,788 
17,698' 
36,800 
24,2.50 
36,000 
61,200; 
34,000 
32,000 

30,000 j 

50,000: 
20,000 
50,000 

14,076^ 

18,000 
30,000 1 

72,000' 

52,250 
13,735; 
16,125' 
23, 468 j 
44,750 
56,000 
45,970 
37,232| 
53,913 
30,000! 
31,829| 
53,900 
48,000 
62,000 

48,800, 
53,800 

51,000 

53,300; 
65,000 
59,500 
53,400 ] 
25,764! 
55,800! 



Iron wire, Am 

" " 16 diam 
I " wrought wire. 

Lead, cast , 

" milled 

" wire 

Platinum, Wire 

Silver, cast 

Steel, Am. Tool Co. 
" blistered, ) 

1 soft ] 

Steel, cast, maxi'm. 

j " " mean ... 

" crome, mean. 

I " plates, cross 

i wise 

Steel, plates, 
! lengthwise . . . . ( 
Steel, puddled, ( 

! extreme J 

Steel razor .... 

" shear 

" soft 

Tin, Banca ,. .. . 

" cast, block. . . . 
Tin 10, Antimony 1 

Yellow metal 

Zinc 

' sheet 



Miscellaneous. 

Brick, fire 

" inferior.. | 

" well burned 
Cement, bluestone. 

" Harwich... 

" hydraulic. 

" Portland, 6 mo 
" 1, sand 3 

" Sheppy.. 

Chalk 

Glass, crown 

Gutta-percha 

Hydraulic lime . 
Hy. lime mortar 

Ivory 

Leather belts.... 

, Limestone 



73,600 

80,000 

103,000 

1,800 

3,320 

2,580 

53,000 

40,000 

179,980 

104.000 

133,000 

142,000 

88,657 

170,980 

93,700 
96,300 

173,817 

150,000 

124,000 

120,000 

2,122 

5,000 

11,000 

48,700 

3,500 

16,000 

65 

100 

290 

750 

77 

30 

234 

414 

380 

24 

118 

2,346 

3,500 

140 

140 

16,000 

330 

670 

2,800 



Materials 



Marble Italian.... 
White .... 
Mortar, 12 yrs old . . 

Plaster of Paris 

Rope, hemp, tarred 

" manila 

" wire 

Sandstone, fine gr 

Slate 

Stone, Bath 

" Craigleth.,. 

" Hailes 



" Portland., j 
Whalebone 

Woods. 



Lbs. 
Avoir. 



Ash 

Bay 

Beech 

Box 

Cedar 

Chestnut, sweet. . . . 

Cypress 

Deal, Christiana... 

Elm 

Fir, strongest 

Lance 

Lignum vitse. ...... 

Locust 

Mahogany 

" Spanish j 

Maple 

Oak, African 

" Am. white.... 

" English 

" seasoned 

Pear 

Pine, Am. white . . . 

" larch 

" pitch 

Poplar 

Spruce, white 

Sycamore 

Teak 

Walnut 

Willow ,.. 



5,200 

9,000 

60 

72 

15,000 

9.000 

37,000 

200 

12,000 

352 

400 

360 

857 

1,000 

7,600 



14,000 
14,000 
11,500 
20,000 
11,400 
10,500 

6,000 
12,400 
13,400 
12,000 
23,000 
11,800 
20,500 
21,000 

8,000 
12,000 
10,500 
14,500 
11,500 
10,000 
13,600 

9,800 
11,800 

9,500 
12,000 

7,000 
10,290 
13,000 
14,000 

7,800 
13,000 



Tensile Strength is the resistance of the fibres or particles of a body to separa- 
tion. It is therefore proportional to their number, or to the area of its transverse 
section. The fibres of wood are strongest near the center of the trunk or limb of a 

Cast Iron is extended the 5,500th part of its length for every ton of direct strain 
per square inch of its section, its elasticity is fully excited when extended less tnan 
the 3,000th part of its length, and the limit of its elasticity is reached, when extended 
the 1,200th part of its length. Tensile strength of the strongest "piece of cast iron ever 
tested was 45,970 pounds, it was a mixture of grades 1, 2, and 3 of Greenwood iron, and» 
at the third fusion. .... t *■ *. 

Wrought Iron is extended the 10,000th part of its length for every ton of direct 
strain per square inch of its section, its elasticity is fully excited when extended the 
1,000th part, and the limit of elasticity estimated at the 1,520th part of its length. The 
value of the above table of metals may be safely taken at from l A to H of the same 
for the breaking strain. Experiments show that from 1 to 6 re-heatings and rollings, 
the tensile stress increased from 43,904 pounds to 61,824 pounds and from6 to 12 re-heat- 
ings it was reduced again to 43,904 pounds. For most metals, as the temperature in- 
creases the tensile force decreases. Iron bars when cold rolled are materially stro^er 
than when only hot rolled, the difference being as great as 3 to i- 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 495 



TREES-TIMBER-LUMBER. 



Late in July and early in August, the foliage of sound trees is green, and that 
of unsound on the turn to autumnal tints. Decayed branches and separation of 
hark from wood are sure signs of disease. Trees growing in a moist soil produce 
less durable wood than those which flourish in dry ground. The best timber 
springs from a dark, gravelly soil. The hardest woods grow in warm climates, 
and last long, but do not season Avell. About 45 per cent of wood weight is 
moisture, and fully 10 per cent remains even after seasoning. The best time to 
fell timber is in midwinter and midsummer. A tree ought to be mature before 
it is cut down. Age and rate of growth are shown by the number and width ot 
rings in a cross-section. Oak reaches maturity in about 75 years; ash, larch, and 
elm in about the same period; and spruce and fir in 80 years. The best timber is 
nearest the ground. After felling, the bark and whitish sapwood ought to be 
removed, the tree raised from the ground, and reduced to the form desired. 
Circular cracks separating the layers are called wind shakes, and injure the tree. 
Deep splits, checks, and cracks impair the utility of timber trees. Brash is por- 
ous wood, of a reddish color, easily broken, and a sign of old age. Belted wood 
is killed before felling, and is not good timber. Yellow stains show dry rot. 
Splits which divide the center into segments are called heart shakes; when sev- 
eral radiate from the center, they are called star shakes, and cup snakes when 
the rings separate. Curved swellings over spots where branches have been re- 
moved, are called wind galls. Fibers hurt by crushing are said to be upset. 
Yellow or red tinge showing decay is called the wood's foxiness A speckled 
stain is termed doatiness. 

To season timber is to extract the vegetable juices and solidify tne albuminous 
portion. If the wood is subject to a very high temperature, the evaporation pro- 
ceeds too rapidly, and it will crack. If the sap remains under high temperature, 
it will ferment and make dry rot. Time required for seasoning depends on 
density of fibers. The sap may be dissolved by immersion in water. To season 
well, place timber under dry sheds, and ventilate well. It ought to be repiled 
occasionally, and defective pieces removed. From two to eight years are re- 
quired for effective seasoning, and the wood ought to be worked up as soon as it 
is thoroughly dry. Although the gradual process of natural curing produces 
strength and durability, artificial processes are successful. The best of these 
are steaming, and saturating with corrosive sublimate and antiseptic solutions. 
Strength increases with density and at the roots and centers. Kiln drying will 
do only for small pieces. Charring, painting, and covering the surface should 
be practiced only on seasoned wood. Timber can not be seasoned by smoking. 
Oak loses a fifth of its weight in seasoning, and one-third when dry. Pitch pine 
requires abnormal time in seasoning. Mahogany is seasoned slowly and pine 
quickly. Salt water is preferable to fresh in making wood harder, heavier, and 
more durable. The condition of a tree can be learned by striking it a quick 
blow. Timber which has been long immersed in water is found to be brashy 
and useless after exposure to the air. Trees which have been barked in the 
spring ought not to be felled till the foliage is dead. Common rot is caused by 
piling in bad sheds, and the signs are yellow spots on ends of pieces and yellow- 
ish dust in the cracks. Dry or sap rot is the putrefaction of vegetable albumen, 
and it can be prevented only by extracting or hardening the albumen, on which 
fungi subsist. Sugar and gum in the wood attract insects. The best way to 
preserve timber is to exhaust its fluids, harden its albumen, and inject antisep- 
tics. Impregnation improves the resilience and does not lessen the strength of 
timber. The jarrow wood of Australia is about the only timber exempt from the 
ravages of insects. In a very dry atmosphere, the durability of wood is almost 
unlimited. Even piles driven in fresh water have remained sound longer than 
800 years. 

Strength of Timbers.— Results of experiments have satisfactorily proved 
that deflection w r as sensibly proportional to load; that extension and compression 
were nearly the same, though the former is greater; that, to produce equal de- 
flection, the load, when placed in the center, was to a load uniformly distributed, 
as .638 to 1 ; that deflection under equal loads is inversely as breadths and cubes 
of the depths, and directly as cubes of the spans. It has also been shown that 
density of wood varies very little with its age; that the co-efficient of elasticity 
diminishes after a certain age, and that it depends also on the dryness and ex- 
posure of the ground where the wood is grow r n. Woods from a northerly expos- 
ure, on dry ground, have a high co-efficient, while those from swamps, or low, 
moist ground, have a low one. The tensile strength is influenced by age and 
exposure. The co-efficient of elasticity of a tree cut down in full vigor, or before 
it arrives at that stage in its growth, does not present any sensible difference 
There is no limit of elasticity in wood, there being a permanent condition foi 
every extension. Fluids will pass with the grain of wood with great facility, but 
will not enter it except to a very limited extent when applied externally. The 
weieht of a beam of English oak, when wet, was reduced by seasoning from 
972.25 to 630.5 pounds. 



496 



THE GEE AT P YE AMID JEEZEH 



Table for the Measurement of Logs. 

Entered according to Act of Congress, February 6th, 1868, by N. W. Spaulding, in 

the Clerk's office of the IT. S. District Court for the District of California.] 

The right to further publicity is reserved by the compiler, N. W. Svaulding. 

By Act of the Legislature of the State of California, was made the "Legal 

Scale " for the State. Approved March 28th, 1878. (See Statutes of 1877-78, 

Chapter CCCCXV.) 

Sec. 1. There shall be but one standard for the measurement of logs through- 
out this* state. 

Sec. 2. The following table known as " Spaulding's Table for the measurement 
of logs " is hereby made the standard table for the measurement of logs through- 
out this otate. 

Explanation. — The left hand column of figures in the table gives the length in 
feet of the log ^ the first line of figures running parallel at the top of each sectioij 
of the table the diameter; and the other figures indicate the number of feet oi 
9quare edged boards in each log. 



Length 












DIAMETER 


in Inches. 










In Feet. 


10 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


19 


20 


21 

231 


2d 


12 


38 


47 


58 


71 


86 


103 


121 


141 


162 


184 


207 


256 


13 


41 


51 


62 


76 


93 


111 


131 


152 


175 


199 


224 


250 


277 


14 


44 


55 


67 


82 


100 


120 


141 


164 


189 


214 


241 


269 


298 


15 


47 


59 


72 


88 


107 


128 


151 


176 


202 


230 


258 


288 


320 


16 


50 


63 


77 


94 


114 


137 


161 


188 


216 


245 


276 


308 


341 


17 


53 


67 


82 


100 


121 


145 


171 


199 


229 


260 


293 


327 


362 


18 


57 


70 


87 


106 


129 


154 


181 


211 


243 


276 


310 


346 


384 


19 


60 


74 


91 


112 


136 


163 


191 


223 


256 


291 


327 


365 


405 


20 


63 


78 


96 


118 


143 


171 


201 


235 


270 


306 


345 


385 


426 


21 


66 


82 


101 


124 


150 


180 


211 


246 


283 


322 


362 


404 


448 


22 


69 


86 


106 


130 


157 


188 


221 


258 


297 


337 


379 


423 


469 


23 


72 


90 


111 


136 


164 


197 


231 


270 


310 


352 


396 


442 


490 


24 


76 


94 


116 


142 


172 


206 


242 


282 


324' 


368 


414 


462 


512 



Length 



Diameter in Inches. 



In Feet. 23 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 



19 J 446 

20 , 470 

21 ] 493 

22 ; 517 

23. i 540 

24 ) 564 



1 2-t 1 


25 


26 


309! 


337 


366 


334 


365 


396 


360 


393 


427 


387 


421 


457 


412 


449 


488 


437 


477 


518 


463 


505 


549 


489 


533 


579 


515 


561 


610 


540 


589 


640 


566 


617 


671 


592 


645 


701 


618 


674 


I 732 



396 
429 
462 
495 
528 
561 
594 
627 
660 
693 
726 
759 
792 



427 
462 
498 
533 
569 
604 
640 
676 
711 
747 
782 
818 
854 



459 
497 
535 
573 
612 
650 
688 
726 
765 
803 
841 
879 
918 



30 


31 


32 


33 


34 


492 


526 


561 


597 


634 


533 


569 


607 


646 


686 


574 


613 


654 


696 


739 


615 


657 


701 


746 


792 


656 


701 


748 


796 


845 


697 


745 


794 


845 


898 


738 


789 


841 


895 


951 


779 


832 


888 


945 


1003 


820 


876 


935 


995 


1056 


861 


920 


981 


1044 


1109 


902 


964 


1028 


1094 


1162 


943 


1008 


1075 


1144 


1215 


984 


1052 


1122 


1194 


1268 



673 

729 

785 

841 

897 

953 

1009 

1065 

1121 

1177 

1233 

1289 

1346 



Length 










Diameter in 


Inches. 










In Feet. 


36 

713 


37 

755 


38 

798 


39 


40 


41 


42 


43 


44 


45 


46 


47 


48 


12 


843 


889 


936 


984 


1033 


1086 


1134 


1186 


1239 


1293 


13 


772 
831 


817 

880 


864 
931 


913 
983 


963 
3037 


1014 
1092 


1066 
1148 


1119 

1205 


1176 
1267 


1228 
1323 


1284 
1383 


1342 
1445 


1400 


14 


1508 


15 


891 


943 


997 


1053 


1111 


1170 


1230 


1291 


1357 


1417 


1482 


1548 


1616 


16 


950 


1006 


1064 


1124 


1185 


1248 


1312 


1377 


1448 


1512 


1581 


1652 


1724 


17 


1010 


1069 


1130 


1194 


1259 


1326 


1394 


1463 


1538 


1606 


1680 


1755 


1831 


18 


1069 


1132 


1197 


1264 


1333 


1404 


1476 


1549 


1629 


1701 


1779 


1858 


1939 


19 


1128 
1188 


1195 
1258 


1263 
1330 


1334 
1405 


1407 
1481 


1482 
1560 


1558 
1640 


1635 
1721 


1719 
1810 


1795 
1890 


1877 
1976 


1961 
2065 


2041 


20 


2155 


IX 


1247 


1321 


1397 


1475 


1555 


1638 


1722 


1807 


1900 


1984 


2075 


2168 


2262 


22 


1307 


1384 


1463 


1545 


1629 


1716 


1804 


1893 


1991 


2079 


2174 


2271 


2370 


23 


1366 


1447 


1529 


1615 


1703 


1794 


1886 


1979 


2081 


2173 


2273 


2374 


2478 


24 


1426 


1510 


1596 


1686 


1778 


1872 


1968 


2066 


2172 


2268 


2372 


2478 


2586 



WEIGHTS AXD MEASURES 



497 



Table for the Measurement of IiOgs.— Continued. 



Length in 










DlA METER 


IN IN 


CHES. 










Feet. 


49 


50 


51 


53 


53 


54 


55 


56 


57 


58 


59 


60 


12 


1348 
1460 
1572 
1685 
1797 
1909 
2022 
2134 
2246 
4385 
2470 
2582 
2696 


1404 
1521 
1638 
1755 
1872 
1989 
2106 
2223 
2340 
2457 
2574 
2691 
2808 


1461 
1582 
1704 
1826 
1948 
2069 
2191 
2313 
2435 
2556 
2678 
2800 
2922 


1519 
1645 

1772 
1808 
2025 
2151 
2278 
2405 
2531 
2657 
2784 
2911 
3038 


1578 
1709 
1841 
1972 
2104 
2235 
2367 
2498 
2630 
2761 
2893 
3024 
3156 


1638 
1774 
1911 
2047 
2184 
2320 
2457 
2593 
2730 
2866 
3003 
3139 
3276 


1700 
1841 
1983 
2125 
2266 
2408 
2550 
2691 
2833 
2974 
3116 
3258 
3400 


1763 
1909 
2056 
2203 
2350 
2497 
2644 
2791 
2938 
3085 
3232 
3379 
3526 


1827 
1979 
2131 
2283 
2436 
2588 
2740 
2892 
3045 
3197 
3349 
3501 
3654 


1893 
2050 
2208 
2366 
2524 
2681 
2839 
2997 
3155 
3312 
3470 
3628 
3786 


1960 
2123 
2286 
2450 
2613 
2776 
2940 
3103 
3266 
3429 
3592 
3756 
3920 


2028 


13 


2197 


14 ' 


2366 


15 


2535 


16 


2704 


17 


2873 


18 


3042 


19..... 


3211 


20.... 

21 


3380 
3549 


1° 


3718 


23 


3887 


24... 


4056 















Length in 








Diameter in Inches. 










Feet. 


61 


63 

2169 


63 


64 65 


66 


67 


68 


69 


70 


71 


72 


12.............. 


2098 


2241 


2315 2390 


2467 


2545 


2625 


2706 


2789 


2874 


2960 


13.., 


2272 


2349 


2427 


2507, 2589 


2672 


2757 


2843 


2931 


3021 


3113 


3206 


14... 


2447 


2530 


2614 


2700 2789 


2878 


2969 


3062 


3157 


3253 


3353 


3453 


15 


2622 


2711 


2801 


2893 2987 


3083 


3181 


3281 


3382 


3486 


3592 


3700 


16... 


2797 


2892 


2988 


3086 3186 


3289 


3393 


3500 


3608 


3718 


3832 


3946 


17.... 


2972 


3072 


3174 


3279 3385 


3494 


3605 


3718 


3833 


3951 


4071 


4193 


18.............. 


3147 


3253 


3361 


3472 3585 


3700 


3817 


3937 


4059 


4183 


4311 


4440 


19.............. 


3321 


3434 


3548 


3665 3784 


3906 


4029 


4156 


4284 


4415 


4550 


4686 


20......... 


3496 


3615 


3735 


3858 3983 


4111 


4241 


4375 


4510 


4648 


4790 


4933 


21.............. 


3671 


3795 


3921 


405li 4182 


4316 


4453 


4593 


4735 


4880 


5029 


5180 


22......... 


3846 


3976 


4108 


4244 4381 


4522 


4665 


4812 


4961 


5113 


5269 


5426 


23. 


4021 


4157 


4295 


4437 4580 


4728 


4877 


5031 


5186 


5345 


5508 


5673 


2i 


4196 


4338 


4482 


4630 4780 


4934 


5090 


5250 


5412 


5578 


5748 


5920 



Length in 










Diameter 


in Inches 










Feet. 


73 


74 

3135 
3396 
3657 
3919 
4180 
4441 
4702 
4964 
5225 


75 

3224 

3492 

3761 

4030 

4298 

4567 

4836 

5104 

5372 


76 

3314 
3590 
3866 
4142 
4418 
4694 
4970 
5246 
5522 


77 


78 


79 

3590 
3889 
4188 
4487 
4786 
5085 
5385 
5684 
5983 


80 


81 

3779 
4094 
4408 
4723 
5038 
5353 
5668 
5983 
6298 


83 

3874 

4196 

4519 

4842 

5165 

5488 

5811 

6133 

6456 


83 

3970 
4301 
4631 
4962 
5293 
5624 
5955 
6285 
6616 


84 


12 

13.............. 

14........ 


3047 
3301 
3555 
3809 
4062 
4316 
4570 
4824 
5078 


3405 
3688 
3972 
4256 
4540 
4823 
5107 
5391 
5675 


3497 
3788 
4080 
4371 
4663 
4954 
5245 
5537 
5829 


3684 
3991 
4298 
4605 
4912 
5219 
5526 
5833 
6140 


4067 
4406 
4745 


15 

|8.... .......... 

17 


5084 
5423 

5762 


18 


6101 


19...... 

20 1 


6449 
6778 



Length in 










Diameter 


in Inches. 










Feet. 


85 


86 


87 


88 

4465 
4837 
5209 
5581 
5953 
6325 
6697 
7069 
7441 


89 


96 


91 

4771 
5168 
5566 
5964 
6361 
6759 
7156 
7554 
7951 


93 

4875 
5281 
5687 
6094 
6500 
6906 
7312 
7719 
8125 


93 


94 


95 


96 


12 

13 


4165 
4512 
4859 
5206 
5553 
5900 
6247 
6594 
6941 


4264 
4619 
4974 
5330 
5685 
6040 
6396 
6751 
7106 


4364 
4727 
5091 
5455 
5818 
6182 
6546 
6909 
7273 


4566 
4946 
5327 
5707 
6088 
6468 
6849 
7229 
7610 


4668 
5057 
5446 
5835 
6224 
6613 
7002 
7391 
7780 


4980 
5395 
5810 
6225 
6640 
7055 
7470 
7885 
8300 


5085 
5508 
5932 
6356 
6780 
7203 
7627 
8051 
8475 


5192 
5624 
6057 
6490 
6922 
7355 
7788 
8220 
8653 

r 


5300 
5741 


14 


6183 


15 


66251 
7066, 


16 


17 


7508 


18 


7950/ 


19 


8391 


20 


8833; 
i 









Each log to be measured at the top or small end, inside of the bark; and, if not 
round, to be measured two ways — at right angles — and the difference taken for the 
diameter. In case of known defects, the deduction should be agreed upon by the 
buyer and seller, and no fractions of an inch to be taken into the measurement. 



498 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



LUMBER REDUCED TO BOARD MEASURE. 



SIZE 
IN 


Length in Feet. 


INS. 


5 


10 |13| 14 


16 


IB 


20 


22 


24 


26 |38 


30 40 


SO 


60 


ITi 


* 


t 


1 


1 + 


1% 


1% 


1% 


It 


2 


2$ 


2% 


2% 3% 


« 


5 


12 2 


t 


1% 


2 


2% 


2% 


3 


3% 


3% 


4 


4% 


4% 


5 


6% 


8% 


10 


ix 3 


1% 


2% 


3 


3% 


4 


4% 


5 


5% 


6 


6% 


7 


7% 


10 


12% 


IS 


lx 4 


1% 


3% 


4 


4% 


5% 


6 


6% 


7% 





8% 


9% 


10 


13% 


16% 


2 J 


lx 5 


2** 


4$ 


5 


5t 


6% 


7% 


8% 


9$ 


10 


101 


11% 


12% 


16% 


20 i- 


25 


lx 6 


2% 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 


20 


25 


30 


lx 8 


3% 


6% 


8 


9% 


10% 


12 


13% 


14% 


16 


17% 


18% 


20 


26% 


83% 


40 


1x10 


it 


8% 


10 


11% 


13% 


15 


16% 


18% 


20 


21% 


23% 


25 


33% 


41% 


50 


1x14 


5t 


11% 


14 


16% 


18% 


21 


23% 


25% 


28 


30% 


32% 


35 


46% 


58% 


70 


1x16 


6% 


13% 


16 


18% 


21% 


24 


26% 


29% 


32 


34% 


37% 


40 


53% 


66% 


80 


1x20 


8% 


16% 


20 


23% 


26% 


30 


33% 


36% 


40 


43% 


26% 


50 


66% 


83^3 


100 


1x28 


11% 


23% 


28 


32% 


37% 


42 


46% 


51% 


56 


60% 


45% 


70 


93% 


117 


140 


2x 2 


1% 


3% 


4 


4% 


5% 


6 


6% 


7% 


8 


8% 


9% 


10 


13% 


16% 


20 


2x 3 


2% 


5 


e 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 


20 


25 


30 


2x 4 


3% 


6% 


8 


9% 


10% 


12 


13% 


14% 


16 


17% 


18% 


20 


26% 


83% 


40 


2x 6 


5 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


40 


50 


60 


2x 8 


6% 


13% 


16 


18% 


21% 


24 


26% 


29% 


32 


34% 


37% 


40 


53% 


66% 


80 


2x10 


s% 


16% 


20 


23% 


26% 


30 


33% 


36% 


40 


43% 


46% 


60 


66% 


83% 


100 


2x12 


10 


20 


24 


28 


32 


36 


40 


44 


48 


52 


56 


60 


80 


100 


120 


2x14 


to.% 


23% 


28 


32% 


37% 


42 


46% 


51% 


56 


60% 


65% 


70 


93% 


117 


140 


3x 4 


5 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


40 


50 


60 


3x 6 


7% 


15 


18 


21 


24 


27 


30 


33 


36 


39 


42 


45 


60 


75 


90 


3x 8 


10 


20 


24 


28 


32 


36 


40 


44 


48 


52 


66 


60 


80 


100 


120 


3x10 


12 % 


25 


30 


35 


40 


45 


50 


55 


60 


65 


70 


75 


100 


325 


150 


3x12 


15 


30 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


66 


72 


78 


84 


90 


120 


150 


180 


3x14 


Vl% 


35 


42 


49 


56 


63 


70 


77 


84 


91 


98 


105 


140 


175 


210 


4x 4 


6% 


13% 


16 


18% 


21% 


24 


26% 


29% 


32 


34% 37 y 3 


40 


53% 


66% 


80 


4x 6 


10 


20 


24 


28 


32 


36 


40 


44 


48 


521 56 


60 


80 


100 


120 


4x 8 


13^ 


26% 


32 


37% 


42% 


48 


53% 


58% 


64 


69%l74% 


80 


107 


133 


160 


4x10 


16% 


33% 


40 


46% 


53% 


60 


66% 


73% 


80 


86% 93% 


100 


133 


167 


200 


4x12 


20 


40 


48 


56 


64 


72 


80 


88 


96 


104 


112 


120 


160 


200 


240 


4x14 


23% 


46% 


56 


65% 


74% 


84 


93% 


103 


112 


121 


131 


140 


187 


234 


280 


5x 2 


4$ 


8% 


10 


11% 


13% 


15 


16% 


18% 


20 


21% 


23% 


25 


33% 


41% 


50 


5x 3 


6% 


12% 


15 


17% 


20 


22% 


25 


27% 


30 


32% 


35 


37% 


50 


62% 


75 


5x 4 


8% 


16% 


20 


23% 


26% 


30 


33% 


36% 


40 


43% 


46% 


50 


66% 


83% 


100 


5x 5 


10* 


20 f 


25 


29$ 


33% 


37% 


41% 


45t 


60 


54* 


58% 


62% 


83% 


104 


125 


5x 6 


12 H 


25 


30 


35 


40 


45 


50 


55 


60 


65 


70 


75 


100 


125 


150 


5x 8 


16% 


33% 


40 


46% 


53% 


60 


66% 


73% 


80 


86% 


93% 


100 


133 


167 


200 


5x10 


20t 


41% 


50 


58% 


66% 


75 


83% 


91% 


100 


108 


117 


125 


167 


208 


250 


5x12 


25 


50 


60 


70 


80 


90 


100 


110 


120 


130 


140 


150 


200 


250 


300 


5x14 


29+ 


58% 


70 


81% 


93% 


105 


117 


128 


140 


152 


163 


175 


233 


292 


350 


6x 6 


15 


30 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


66 


72 


78 


84 


90 


120 


150 


180 


6x 8 


20 


40 


48 


56 


64 


72 


80 


88 


96 


104 


112 


120 


160 


200 


240 


6x10 


25 


50 


60 


70 


80 


90 


100 


110 


120 


125 


140 


150 


200 


250 


300 


6x12 


30 


60 


72 


84 


96 


108 


120 


132 


144 


156 


168 


180 


240 


300 


360 


6x14 


35 


70 


84 


98 


112 


126 


140 


154 


168 


182 


196 


210 


280 


350 


420 


7x 1 


211 


5t 


7 


8$ 


9% 


10% 


11% 


12t 


14 


15$ 


16% 


17% 


23% 


29$ 


35 


7x 5 


14§ 


29+ 


35 


40 ^ 


46% 


52% 


58% 


64 


70 


76 


81% 


87% 


117 


146 


175 


7x 7 


20* 


40t 


49 


57| 


65% 


73% 


81% 


90 


98 


106 


114 


123 


163 


205 


245 


7x 8 


23 % 


46% 


56 


65% 


74% 


84 


93% 


103 


112 


121 


131 


140 


187 


234 


280 


7x 9 


26% 


52% 


63 


73% 


84 


94% 


105 


116 


126 


136 


147 


157 


210 


262 


315 


8x 8 


26% 


53% 


64 


74% 


85% 


96 


107 


117 


128 


139 


149 


160 


214 


267 


320 


8x10 


33 % 


66% 


80 


93% 


107 


120 


133 


147 


160 


173 


187 


200 


267 


334 


400 


8x12 


40 


80 


96 


112 


128 


144 


160 


17© 


192 


208 


224 


240 


320 


400 


480 


8x14 


46% 


93% 


112 


131 


149 


168 


187 


205 


224 


243 


261 


280 


373 


468 


560 


9x 9 


33 % 


67% 


81 


94% 


108 


121 


135 


148 


162 


175 


189 


202 


270 


337 


405 


10x10 


41+ 


83% 


100 


117 


133 


150 


167 


183 


200 


217 


233 


250 


333 


417 


500 


10x12 


50 


100 


120 


140 


160 


180 


200 . 


220 


240 


260 


280 


300 


400 


500 


600 


10x14 


58% 


117 


140 


163 


187 


210 


133 


257 


280 


303 


327 


350 


467 


583 


700 


11x11 


50* 


101 


121 


141 


161 


181 


202 


222 


242 


262 


282 


302 


403 


504 


605 


12x12 


60 


120 


144 


168 


192 


216 


240 


264 


288 


312 


336 


360 


480 


600 


720 


12x14 


70 


140 


168 


196 


224 


252 


280 


308 


336 


364 


392 


420 


560 


700 


840 


13x13 


70* 


141 


169 


197 


225 


253 


282 


310 


338 


366 


394 


422 


563 


704 


845 


14x14 


81% 


163 


196 


229 


261 


,294 


327 


359 


392 


425 


457 


490 653 


817 


980 


Uxl6 


93% 


187 


224 


261 


299 


1336 


373 

428 


411 


448 


485 


523 


560, 747 


933 


1120 


15x16 


107 


213 


256 


299 


341 


1384 


I 470 


513 


! 556 


598 


J 6411 854 


1068 |1281 



* 5-12 of one foot ? 5-6^_ ** 1-12. $ 1-6. U 11-12. S 7-12. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



499 



Average Weight of the following kinds of Pacific Coast 
Lumber, Timber, Etc., 4*reen and Dry. 

(Weight Decimally Expressed.) 



KINDS 
OF 


LUMBEB 

Weight per Foot. 
Board Measure. 


Lumber. 

Feet in One Ton of 

2,000 lbs. 


Lumber. 
Feet in One (Broad- 
Gauge) * Carload. 


LUMBER. 


Green. 
Pounds. 


Dry. 

Pounds 


Green. 


Dry. 


Green. 


Dry. 




Feet. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Cedar, Port Orford 
Pine, Mt. Yellow.. 

" Puget Sound 

" Sugar 

Redwood, Northern 
" Southern 


r, 4.000 

r, 3.125 

r, 3.500 

jr, 3.500 

\ d, 2.500 

i r, 3.500 

\d, 2.500 

r, 3.000 

r, 4.000 

r, 4.500 


r, 2.50 

r, 2.50 

r, 2.50 

(r, 3.00 

I d, 2.00 

jr, 3.00 

I d, 2.00 

r, 2.34 

r, 2.13 

r, 2.50 


r, 500.000 

r, 640.000 

r, 574.285 

) r, 574.285 

\ d, 800.000 

jr, 574.285 

(d, 800.000 

r, 666.667 

r, 500.000 

r, 444.444 


r, 800 
r, 800 
r, 800 

j r, 667 

\d, 1,000 

J r, 667 

id, 1,000 
r, 858.37 
r, 941.18 
r, 800.00 


r, 5,000 

r, 6,400 

r, 5,749 

jr, 5,742 

\&, 8,000 

1 r, 5,742 

(d, 8,000 

r, 6,667 

r, 5,000 

r, 4,444 


r, 8,000 

r, 8,000 

r, 8,000 

jr, 6,667 

Id, 10,000 

jr, 6,667 

\d, 10,000 

r, 8,584 

r, 9,412 

r, 8,000 



* One car-load on C. P. or S. P. R. ft. is 20,000 lbs., or 6,000 ft. of lumber, green or dry. 
(r) stands for rough; (d) for dressed. One car-load on S. P. C. ft. ft. (narrow gauge i is 
16,000 lbs. One car-load on S. F. & N. P. ft. ft., of ftedwood is 6.500 ft., green or dry. 
One car-load on N. P. C. ft. ft., of ftedwood or Fir (green), is 4,000 ft. 

Note.— Southern ftedwood and some specimens of Northern ftedwood have been 
found to weigh as much as 6 lbs. to one foot, board measure, when first sawed. 

Comparative Weight of Timher, Green and Seasoned. 

[Per Cubic Foot (1,728 Cubic Inches).] 



Timber. 



Am. Pine 
Ash 



Green. 



lbs. ozs. 
44. 12 

58. 3 



Seasoned. 



lbs. ozs. 
30. 11 
50. 



Timber.. Green, Seasoned, 



llbs.ozs. j lbs. ozs. 
Beech.. !60. 53. 6 
Cedar...; 32. 28. 4 



Timber. Green. 



Eng. Oak 
Itiga Fir. 



Ibs.ozs. 
71. 10 
48. 12 



Seasoned 

lbs. ozs. 
43. 8 
35. 8 



Weight of White Oak, liive Oak, and Yellow Pine. 

[Per Cubic Foot (at Different Degrees of Seasoning)] 



AGE, 


White Oak, Va. 


Yellow 


Pine, Va. 


Live Oak. 


Round. 


Square. 


Bound. 


Square. 


Square. 




Pounds. 
64.7 
53.6 
46. 


Pounds. 
67.7 
58.5 
49.9 


Pounds. 
39.2 
34.2 
33.5 


Pounds. 

47.8 
39.8 
34.3 


Pounds. 

78.75 






Two years 


66.75 . 



In England, timber sawed into boards is classed as follows, 6^ to 7 inches 
in width, Battens; 8}£ to 10 inches, Deals; and 11 to 12 inches, Planks. 

Distillation.— From a single cord of pitch pine distilled by chemical appa- 
ratus, the following substances and in the quantities stated have been obtained : 

Charcoal 50 bushels Pyroligneous Acid .100 gallons 

Illuminating Gas, about. .1,000 cubic feet I Spirits of Turpentine 20 " 

Illuminating Oil and Tar 30 gallons (Tar 1 barrel 

Pitch or Resin 1| barrels. IWood Spirit 5 gallons 

EXPANSION OF MATERIALS, 

Table of the rates of expansion in bulk, in rising from the freezing point (0 e Cent 
or 32° Fahr.) to the boiling point (100° Cent, or 212° Fahr.), of the following : 



Materials. 



Air at ordinary pressures. 

Brass 

Bronze 

Brick, Common 

Brick, Fire 

Cement 

Copper « 

Oases, perfect , 

i>lass, (average) 

Iron. Cast 



Expansion. 


0.3660 


0.0065 


0.0054 


0.0106 


0.0015 


0.0042 


0.0055 


0.365 


0027 


0.0033 



Materials. 



Iron, Wrought, (and Steel) 

Lead 

Mercury 

Oil, Linseed and Olive... 

Slate 

Tin 

Water, pure 

Water, sea, (ordinary)... 

Wine, Spirit of 

Zinc 



Expansion. 



0.0036 

0.0057 

0.018153 

0.08 

0031 

0.0066 

0.04775 

0.05 

0.1112 

0.0058 



500 THE GEE AT P YE AMID JEEZEH 



TELEGRAPH POIiE, BOAT-OAR, PEDESTAL, or JFK- US." 
TU3I, PYRAMID AM> WED«E.-How to Calculate tlie 
Xuniber of Peet of .Lumber (Hoard Measure)* in any irreg» 
ular-Shaped Piece of Timber, 

The Telegraph pole is usually 8x9 ins. at the base by 4x5 at the top and 24 ft, 
long, ABoat-oar (in the rough before it is shaped) is 3x3 ins. at the handle by I%x6 
ins. at the blade, and 12 It. long. Pedestals may be in any proportion; from the 
shape of a pyramid to a telegraph pole. By the following rule the contents of any 
one of the above mentioned pieces of timber may be accurately ascertained by 
any ordinary mathematician: 

RULE.- First draw a diagram of the exact shape of the base, or largest 
end of the piece of timber to be formulated, on a scale representing inches. 2d, 
within the exact center of the diagram representing the top, or smallest end, on 
the same relative scale of inches; then make an imaginary line (by dots) from 
each corner of the inner diagram to the outer edge of the larger diagram, and ou a 
line corresponding to the sides and ends of the inner diagram, which Will then 
represent 9 oblong or square blocks, the center one of which represents a piece of 
timber of the same size, from end to end of the stick which is easily calculated • 
by reversing the ends of the side pieces, also the two end pieces- vou have two 
more oblong or square blocks, representing timber the samt> size from end 
to end; next, by placing the 4 corner pieces together, 1 piece of timber pyramidal 
in shape is formed, the rule for calculating which, is to multiply the area of the 
base by the perpendicular height, and take one-third of the product. (Xote, — 
The volume of a pyramid is equal to one-third of that of a prism having equal 
bases and altitude.) The addition of the sum of all the parts above mentioned 
will give the answer. Exceptions to the above rule are noted in examples that 
follow. 

Example 1»— How many feet of lumber (board measure) In a tele- 
graph pole 8x9 ins. at the base by 4x5 ins. at the top, and 24 ft. long ? Proceed by 
drafting a diagram as mentioned, in the rule above; the center piece will be 4x5 
ins. sqr. by 24 ft. long = 40 ft; the two center end pieces will be 5x2 % Ins. at the 
base by 5x0 at the top; by reversing one of said pieces you have one piece of tim- 
ber 5x2 % ins. at both ends, 24 ft. long = 25 ft.; the two center side pieces will each 
be 4x1 % at the base, by 4x0 at the top and 24 ft. long; by reversing one of these 
pieces you have one piece of timber 4x1% ins. sqr. and 24 ft. long = 12 ft. • the 4 
corner pieces each represent a right-angle triangle at the base; the shorter angle 
being I%x2% ins. for the longer angle, and tapering to a point at the top 24 ft. 
long; by placing the 4 corner pieces together, 1 piece of timber is formed (pyra- 
midal in shape), 5x3 at the base, running to a point at the apex, and 24 ft. long 
(see rule above for pyramid,) = 10 ft. 40+25+12+10=* Ans., 87 ft. in telegraph 
pole of the dimensions above stated. 

Example 2. — How many feet of lumber, (board measure), In a boat-oar 
;in the rough) 3x3 at the handle, by ljx6 ins. at the blade, and 12 ft. locg? Solu. 
tion: A diagram (in this example) of the ends, must cross each other at right 
angles; it then represents 3 cblong, and 2 square blocks, with an imaginary line 
drawn connecting the corners, you have 4 more right-angled triangle blocks^ 
making 9 in all, (as in the example of the telegraph pole) the center block repre- 
sents apiece of timber 3xl| ins. sqr., 12ft. long = 4% ft., the 2 side pieces are 
3x5^ ins. (each) at one end, by 3x0 at the other; by reversing i of the pieces you 
have one piece of timber 3x% ins. sqr., and 12 ft long = 2 % ft. ; by reversing the 2- 
end pieces, you have 1 piece l%xl% ins. sqr., 12 ft. long = 25^ ft*; the remaining- 
4 pieces are double-wedge shape, (the wedges standing at right angles with each 
other), one end of which is 1% ins., the other % in., and each piece 12ft. long; in 
the center of each piece it will be found to measure %s.% in. square* calculate 
each piece as a wedge, from the center of each of the double wedge shaped pieces) 
4 of which are %s. 2 / z in. at the base, by l£x0 at the blade, and 6 ft. long; and the 
other 4 are ^x?g by 5^x0 and 6 ft. long. (To compute the volume of a wedge: — 
Eule. — To the length of the edge add twice the length of the back; multiply this 
sum by the perpendicular height, and then by the breadth of the back, and take 
one-sixth of the product.) By the above rule, the 4 larger wedges contain = 
ft., and the 4 smaller ones = .28125 ft. (or 40% sqr. ins.) 4%+2J£+22£+%+.2ai2o» 
9 ft. and 94%— 144ths, or 9.65625 ft. 

Example 3. — How many feet of lumber (board measure) in apiece of tim- 
ber (pedestal) 22x22 ins. square at the base, and 5x5 at the top, and 32 feet long! 
Solution: Proceed the same as directed in example 1; your draft Will show 5 
Equare and 4 oblong shaped blocks. The center block represents apiece of timbej 
5x5 ins. square, 32 feet long = 66% feet; the 4 oblong blocks represent (each) a 
piece of timber 5x8% at the base by 5x0 at the top; by reversing the ends of 2 of 
said pieces you have 1 piece of timber (either 10x8% or) 5x17 ins. square] 82 feet 
long •— 226 % feet; the 4 corner pieces represent (each) a piece of tuab^x «.^t tl» 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



501 



T)ase) 8 J£x8j£ ins. running to a point at 32 feef; by placing the 4 corner pieces to. 
gether it forms 1 piece of timber pyramidal in shape, 17x17 ins. at the base, running 
to a point 32 feet from the center of the base, (see rule above for pyramid), — 
256.8888+ feet. 66% +226% +256- 8-9=550.2222+ or 550 ft., and 32-I44ths. 

To compute the number of feet (board measure) in round, timber: Rule — Add 
the squares of diameters of greater and lesser ends and product of the 2 diameters; 
multiply same by .7854 and product by % of length for cubic feet; to reduce to 
board measure divide cubic feet by 12. Allowance should be made for bark by de- 
ducting from each girth, from % inch in logs with thin bark, to 2 inches in logs 
with thick bark. For allowance for sawing into boards, see table for log measure- 
ment in another part of this work. It is customary, practically, to take .7 of the 
diameter for the small end of the log, for the side of the square which can be sawed 
from a given log. 

To find the contents of any irregular body of -wood (such as an axe-handle, 
shoe last, etc.) immerse the body in a vessel full of water and measure the quan : 
tity of water displaced. ._ 



Weight of Different Metals. 

WEIGHT OF ONE SQUARE FOOT. 



Thickness. 


Weight in Pounds. 
















Cast Iron. 


Wrought Iron 


Copper. 


Lead. 


Zinc. 


Brass. 


1-16 inch. 


2.3465 


2.5345 


2.8880 


3.6913 


2.3435 


2.7484 


i 


4.6931 


5.0691 


5.7760 


7.3826 


4.6870 


5.4968 


3-16 " 


7.0396 


7.6037 


8.6640 


11.0739 


7.0305 


8.2453 


i 


9.3862 


10.1383 


11.5520 


14.7652 


9.3740 


10.9937 


5-16 " 


11.7328 


12.6729 


14.4401 


18.4565 


11.7175 


13.7421 


% 


14.0793 


15.2075 


17.3281 


22.1478 


14.0610 


16.4906 


7-16 " 


16.4259 


17.7421 


20.2161 


25.8391 


16.4045 


19.2390 


jl << 


18.7725 


20.2767 


23.1041 


29.5304 


18.7480 


21.9875 


9-16 " 


21.1190 


22.8112 


25.9921 


33.2217 


21.0915 


24.7359 


5 <t 

5 


23.4656 


25.3458 


28.8802 


36.9130 


23.4350 


27.4843 


11-16 " 


25.8121 


27.8804 


31.7682 


40.6043 


25.7786 


30.2328 


3 " 


28.1587 


30.4150 


34.6562 


44.2956 


28.1221 


32.9812 


13-16 " 


30.5053 


32.9496 


37.5442 


47.9869 


30.4656 


35.7296 


* 


32.8518 


35.4842 


40.4322 


51.6782 


32.8091 


38.4781 


15-16 " 


35.1984 


38.0188 


43.3203 


55.3695 


35.1526 


41.2265 


1 


37.5450 


40.5534 


46.2083 


59.0608 


37.4961 


43.9750 



Metals vary in weight according to quality or manufacture, 
given above are sufficiently accurate for ordinary calculations. 



The weights as 



ROUND ROLLED IRON— ONE FOOT IN LENGTH. 





s z 

■sj- a> 


Pounds 
in Weight. 


M. IH 

£ B 

<r»- O 

(t on 


^2 


Inches 
Diameter. 


Pounds 
in Weight. 


Inches 
Diameter. 


Pounds 
in Weight. 


O 

2 5 

ff 33 




1-16 


.010 


1| 


9.331 


n 


39.855 


5| 


91.612 


8i 


180.653 


* 


.041 


2 


10.617 


A. 


42.468 


6 


95.552 


8i 


191.767 


3-16 


.093 


•2J 


11.985 


4£ 


45.163 


eh 


99.575 


8| 


203.214 


i 


.166 


2* 


13.437 


*i 


47.942 


H 


103.681 


9 


214.992 


$ 


.373 


2| 


14.971 


4§ 


50.803 


6§ 


107 . 869 


H 


227.102 


i 


.664 


2£ 


16.589 


H 


53.748 


6£ 


112.141 


9k 


239.543 


1 


1.037 


2| 


18.289 


4S 


56.775 


6f 


116.495 


9f 


252.317 


f 


1.493 


2| 


20.073 


4| 


59.886 


. 6J 


120.933 


10 


265.422 


i 


2.032 


H 


21.939 


H 


63.079 


H 


125.453 


10J 


278.859 


1 


2.654 


3 


23.888 


5 


66.356 


7 


130.057 


104 


292.628 


1* 


3.359 


34 


25.920 


H 


69.715 


n 


139.512 


io| 


306.728 


n 


4.147 


n 


28.035 


H 


73.157 


H 


144.365 


n 


321.161 


i# 


5.018 


3§ 


30. 2& 


H 


76.682 


n 


149.300 


m 


335.925 


i* 


5.972 


3^ 


32.514 


5* 


80.290 


7f 


154.318 


11; k 


351.021 


if 


7.009 


3f 


34.878 


5S 


83.981 


7| 


159.419 


Hi 


366.448 


it 


8.129 


31 


37.325 


B| 


87.755 


8 


169.870 


12 


382.208 



Example — Required the weight of a bar of iron 2£ inches in diameter and 12 feet 
long: 11.985X12=143.8 pounds 



502 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



SQUARE ROLLED IRON— ONE FOOT IN LENGTH. 



QDtH 

>d a 

P « 
se B 
►i ft 
a on 


32 
2.3 

OS. £L 

p* o° 


COW 

>a a 

P o 

P B* 

>s a 

to 00 


3g 

2. o 

ctq'& 

p- 00 


COM 

►o B 
£ o 
as p* 

a> an 


II 

2. p 

Oq'Pj 
p* on 


COM 

& a 
P o 

» f 

a> on 


B 'm 

^§ 
2. B 
05* Cu 
p-oo 


COM 
|Q p 

P o 
pe tf 

*i n 
to on 


2. o 

00 fit 
p* an 


1-16 


.013 


14 


10.350 


3% 


44.408 


54 


102.228 


84 


258.739 


4 


.053 


1% 


11.881 


3^ 


47.524 


5% 


106.928 


9 


273.73ft 


3-16 


.119 


2 


13.518 


3% 


50.745 


54 


111.738 


94 


289.154- 


4 


.211 


24 


15.260 


4 


54.071 


5% 


116.644 


94 


304.995- 


y« 


.475 


24 


17.108 


44 


57.503 


6 


121.660 


94 


321.259' 


% 


.845 


2% 


19.062 


44 


61.041 


64 


132.010 


10 


337.945- 


% 


1.320 


24 


21.122 


44 


04.685 


6JS 


142.782 


104 


355.054 


% 


1.901 


2% 


23.287 


44 


68.434 


64 


153.976 


104 


372.584 


% 


2.587 


24 


25.557 


4% 


72.289 


7 


165.593 


104 


390.538. 


i 


3.379 


2% 


27.933 


44 


76.249 


74 


177.632 


11 


408.914 


14 


4.277 


3 


30.415 


4% 


80.315 


74 


190.094 


114 


427.712 


im 


5.280 


34 


33.002 


5 


84.486 


74 


202.978 


114 


446.932 


i?s 


6.389 


34 


35.695 


6*6 


88.763 


8 


216.285 


114 


466.575- 


1*S 


7.604 


34 


38.494 


54 


93.146 


84 


230.014 


12 


486.641 


i% 


8.924 


34 


41.398 


54 


97.634 


84 


214.165 







Example — Required the weight of a bar 

15.26X12- 



of iron 24 inches 
483.1 pounds. 



square and 12 feet long: 



FLAT ROLLED IRON— ONE FOOT IN LENGTH. 





i. 




_. 




_. 




,J. 




„. 


h- 1 


B M 


M 


B M 


M 


B M 


K-l 


B M 


M 


B M 


B 

a 


3g 


B 

o 


3§ 


B 


3§ 


B 


3§ 


B 
to 


3g 


B* 
to 


2. B 
(gfgi 


B - 
to 
to 


2 B 


B* 
to 
on 


2.B 


W 
a 

BO 


2.B 

03 Qj 


B* 
to 

09 


2.B 

OQ Pi 


• 


p- an 




p- ao 




p- 00 




p" X 




p* an 




rt- 




«■•- 




C+- 




et- 




c*- 


4x4 


.211 


14x 4 


3.168 


14x 4 


.739 


2 xl4 


10.138 


24x 4 


1.003 


4 


.422 


% 


3.696 


4 


1.478 


14 


10.983 


4 


2.00T 


4 


.634 


1 


4.224 


4 


2.218 


14 


11.828 


4 


3.01Q> 


4x4 


.264 


14 


4.752 


4 


2.957 


14 


12.673 


4 


4.013 


4 


.528 


14x 4 


.581 


4 


3.696 


24x 4 


.898 


4 


5.01ft 


4 


.792 


4 


1.162 


4 


4.435 


4 


1.795 


4 


6.020- 


4 


1.056 


4 


1.742 


% 


5.175 


4 


2.693 


4 


7.023 


4x4 


.317 


4 


2.323 


1 


5.914 


H 


3.591 


1 


8.02ft 


4 


.634 


4 


2.904 


14 


6.653 


4 


4.488 


14 


9.029 


4 


.950 


4 


3.485 


14 


7.392 


4 


5.386 


14 


10.033 


4 


1.267 


% 


4.066 


14 


8.132 


4 


6.284 


14 


11.03ft 


4 


1.584 


l 


4.647 


14 


8.871 


1 


7.181 


14 


12.039 


4x4 


.370 


14 


5.228 


14 


9.610 


14 


8.079 


14 


13.043 


4 


.739 


14 


5.808 


14x 4 


.792 


14 


8.977 


14 


14.04ft 


4 


1.109 


14x 4 


.634 


4 


1.584 


14 


9.874 


14 


15.049 


4 


1.478 


4 


1.267 


4 


2.376 


14 


10.772 


2 


16.052 


4 


1.848 


4 


1.901 


4 


3.168 


14 


11.670 


24 


17.056 


4 


2.218 


4 


2.535 


4 


3.960 


14 


12.567 


24 


18.059 


1 x4 


.422 


4 


3.168 


4 


4.752 


14 


13.465 


24x 4 


1.056 


4 


.845 


4 


3.802 


4 


5.544 


2 


14.362 


4 


2.112 


4 


1.267 


4 


4.436 


1 


6.336 


24x 4 


.950 


4 


3.168 


4 


1.690 


1 


5.069 


14 


7.128 


4 


1.901 


4 


4.224 


4 


2.112 


14 


6.703 


14 


7.921 


4 


2.851 


4 


5.280 


4 


2.535 


14 


6.336 


14 


8.713 


4 


3.802 


4 


6.336 


4 


2.957 


14 


6.970 


14 


9.505 


4 


4.752 


4 


7.393 


14x4 


.475 


14x 4 


.686 


14 


10.297 


4 


5.703 


1 


8.449 


4 


.950 


4 


1.373 


14 


11.089 


4 


6.653 


14 


9.505 


4 


1.426 


4 


2.059 


2x4 


.845 


1 


7.604 


14 


10.561 


4 


1.901 


4 


2.746 


4 


1.690 


14 


8.554 


14 


11.617 


4 


2.376 


4 


3.432 


4 


2.535 


14 


9.505 


14 


12.673 


4 


2.851 


4 


4.119 


4 


3.379 


14 


10.455 


14 


13.729 


4 


3.327 


4 


4.805 


4 


4.224 


14 


11.406 


14 


14.785 


1 


3.802 


1 


5.492 


4 


5.069 


14 


12.356 


14 


15.841 


l4x 4 


.528 


14 


6.178 


4 


5.914 


. 14 


13.307 


2 


16.897 


4 


1.056 


14 


6.864 


1 


6.759 


14 


14.257 


24 


17.953 


4 


1.584 


14 


7.551 


14 


7.604 


2 


15.207 


24 


19.009 


4 


2.112 


14 


8.237 


14 


8.449 


24 


16.158 


24 


20.065 


4 


2.640 


14 


8.924 


14 


9.293 


24 


17.108 


24 


21.122 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



503 



FLAT ROLLED IRON -ONE FOOT IN LENGTH-Continued. 



23$x k 
54 
X 
3$ 
X 
X 
% 
1 

l*j 

IH 
IX 
13$ 
IX 
1% 
1% 
2 

2^ 
254 
2X 
23$ 
23fcx k 
X 

x 
3$ 
x 
% 
% 
i 



■J. 



a; 



2J*x 



13$ 10.455 

134 

1% 

1* 

1% 

I* 

1% 

2 

2 k 

2^ 

2% 

23$ 

2% 



54 
% 
3$ 
X 
X 
% 
1 

1* 
1* 

l 3 /« 
1* 
1* 
13* 
1% 
2 

2k 
234 

2% 
2>$ 

2 k 



1.109 

2.218 

3.327 

4.435 

5.544 

6.653 

7.762 

8.871 

9.980 

11.089 

12.198 

13.307 

14.415 

15.524 

16.633 

17.742 

18.851 

19.960 

21.069 

22.178 

1.162 

3.323 

3.485 

4.647 

6.808 

6.970 

8.132 

9.293 



11.617 
12.778 
13.940 
15.102 
16.264 
17.425 
18.587 
19.749 
20.910 
22.072 
23.234 
24.395 
1.214 
2.429 
3.643 
4.858 
6.072 
7.287 
8.501 
9.716 
10.930 
12.145 
13.359 
14.574 
15.788 
17.003 
18.217 
19.432 
20.646 
21.861 
23.075 
24.290 
25.504 
2% 26.719 
2 k 27.933 



3 X k 
X 
X 
3$ 
X 
X 
% 
1 

13$ 
154 
1% 
13$ 
1% 
1 3 4 
1% 
2 

1\ 

2% 

23$ 

2% 

234 

2% 

3kx k 

>4 

X 

3$ 

X 

X 

% 

1 

154 
1% 
13$ 
1% 
1 3 4 
1% 
2 

2k 

234 

2% 

2k 

2% 

2fc 

2% 

3 

3i*x k 

54 

X 

3$ 

X 

X 

% 

1 

in 

154 

1% 

15* 

1% 

1 3 4 

l 7 / 8 

2 

2k 






1.267 

2.535 

3.802 

5.069 

6.336 

7.604 

8.871 

10.138 

11.406 

12.673 

13.940 

15.207 

16.475 

17.742 

19.009 

20.277 

21.544 

22.811 

24.079 

25.346 

26.613 

27.880 

29.148 

1.320 

2.640 



3.960 

5.280 

6.600 

7.921 

9.241 

10.561 

11.881 

13.201 

14.521 

15.841 

17.161 

18.481 

19.801 

21.122 

22.442 

23.762 

25.082 

26.402 

27.722 

29.042 

30.362 

31.682 

1.373 

2.746 

4.119 

5.492 

6.864 

8.237 

9.610 

10.983 

12.356 

13.729 

15.102 

16.475 

17.848 

19.221 

20.593 

21.966 

23.339 



3*4x234 
2k 
2k 
2% 
2% 
2% 
3 
3% 

3%x a 
h 
X 
3$ 
x 
X 

i 
ik 

154 

l 3 /8 

13$ 

1% 

1 3 4 

m 

2 

2 k 
254 
2% 
2% 
2% 
2X 
2% 
3 

3 k 
354 

33$x X 
54 
X 
3$ 
X 
X 
V* 

1 

ik 

154 
IX 
138 
1« 

its 

1% 
2 

2^ 
2^4 
2% 
2% 
2% 
2% 
2% 
3 

3k 

3k. 

3k 

3kx k 

X 



Sir 

a S 

5> 



24.712 

26.085 

27.458 

28.831 

30.204 

31.577 

32.950 

34.323 

1.426 

2.851 

4.277 

5.703 

7.128 

8.554 

9.980 

11.406 

12.831 

14.257 

15.683 

17.108 

18.534 

19.960 

21.386 

22.811 

24.237 

25.663 

27.088 

28.514 

29.940 

31.365 

32.791 

34.217 

35.643 

37.068 

1.478 

2.957 

4.435 

5.914 

7.392 

8.871 

10.350 

11.828 

11.307 

14.785 

16.264 

17.742 

19.221 

20.699 

21.178 

23.656 

25 135 

26.613 

28.092 

29.570 

31.049 

32.527 

34.006 

35.484 

36.963 

38.441 

39.920 

1.531 

3.063 

4. no 4 



2 a 

P» en 



3kx J$ 


6.125 


X 


7.657 


X 


9.188 


% 


10.719 


1 


12.250 


• ik 


13.782 


154 


15.313 


IX 


16.844 


ik 


18.376 


IX 


19.907 


IX 


21.438 


m 


22.970 


2 


24.501 


2k 


26.032 


254 


27.564 


2X 


29.095 


253 


30.626 


2% 


32.158 


2X 


33.689 


2% 


35.220 


3 


36.751 


3k 


38.283 


354 


39.814 


3k 


41.345 


33$ 


42.877 


3?4X k 


1.584 


54 


3.168 


X 


4.752 


3$ 


6.336 


X 


7.921 


X 


9.505 


% 


11.089 


1 


12.673 


ik 


14.257 


154 


15.841 


IX 


17.425 


15$ 


19.009 


1% 


20.593 


\% 


22.178 


ik 


23.762 


2 . 


25.346 


2 k 


26.930 


254 


28.514 


2X 


30.098 


2% 


31.682 


2% 


33.266 


IX 


34.851 


2% 


36.435 


3 


38.019 


3k 


39.603 


$% 


41.187 


3k 


42.771 


3J6 


44.355 


3% 


5.939 


3%x k 


1.637 


54 


3.274 


X 


4.911 


X 


6.548 


X 


8.185 


X 


9.821 


. 8 


11.458 


1 


13.095 


IX 


14.732 


154 


W5.369 



2 H 



3%xlk 


18.006 


13* 


19.643 


1% 


21.280 


1 3 4 


22.917 


i% 


24.554 


2 


26.191 


2 k 


27.828 


254 


29.465 


2k 


31.101 


23$ 


32.733 


2 s / 8 


34.375 


2X 


36.012 


2% 


37.649 


3 


39.286 


3 k 


40.923 


3k. 


42.560 


3k 


44.197 


3% 


45.834 


3k 


47.471 


3X 


49.108 


4 X k 


1.690 


54 


3.379 


3$ 


6.759 


X 


10.138 


1 


13.518 


IX 


16.897 


IX 


20.277 


\x 


23.656 


2 


27.036 


2X 


30.415 


2% 


33.794 


2X 


37.174 


3 


40.5">3 


354 


43 933 


3X 


47.312 


3% 


50.692 


454X k 


1.795 


54 


3.591 


53 


7.181 


?* 


10.772 


1 


14.363 


154 


17.953 


15$ 


21.544 


1 3 4 


25.135 


2 


28.725 


254 


32.316 


2k 


35.907 


2X 


39.497 


3 


43.088 


3% 


46.679 


3k 


50.269 


334 


53.860 


4 


57.451 


43$x J* 


3.802 


% 


7.604 


X 


11.406 


1 


15.207 


154 


19.009 


13$ 


22.811 


1?4 


26.613 


2 


30.415 


254 


34.217 


2k 


38.019 


3^ 
z '4 


41.821 



504 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



FLAT ROLLED IKON— ONE FOOT IN LENGTH— Continued. 





_. 






_. 








H1 . 




a 




b ^ 




B 




P 




B __, 


h- 1 
B 
O 
B* 




i— i 

B 
o 


2 M 


ts 
o 

B* 


a> B 


h-l 

B 
o 

B* 


a> B 


H-l 
O 

o 


*1 

a> B 

J" - B 


m 


"Afe. 


03 


<« a. 

~ on 


m 


<§.§, 


o 

00 


"g-o* 


OS 


«P. 






5 x % 


e-t- 








r*~ 






4^x3 


45.623 


12.673 


55^x2 % 


44.355 


553x4 


74.348 


534x554 


102.017 


354 


49.424 


1 


16.897 


2X 


48.791 


454 


78.995 


5% 


106.875 


3% 


53.226 


1H 


21.122 


3 


53.226 


43$ 


83.641 


6 X 54 


5.069 


3% 


57.028 


1H 


25.346 


3% 


57.662 


4% 


88.288 


% 


10.138 


4 


60.830 


IX 


29.570 


3h 


62.097 


5 


92.935 


X 


15.207 


454 


64.632 


2 


33.794' 


3X 


66.533 


554 


97.582 


1 


20.277 


4%X 54 


4.013 


254 


38.019 


4 


70.968 


5%x 54 


4.858 


1U 


25.346 


% 


8.026 


2H 


42.243 


454 


75.404 


33 


9.716 


1% 


30.415 


X 


12.039 


2X 


46.467 


4% 


79.839 


X 


14.754 


IX 


35.484 


1 


16.052 


3 


50.692 


±x 


84.275 


1 


19.432 


2 


40.553 


1H 


20.065 


3% 


54.916 


5 


88.711 


15* 


24.290 


254 


45.623 


1% 


24.079 


3J3 


59.140 


5%x 54 


4.647 


1J$ 


29.148 


2% 


50.692 


IX 


28.092 


3X 


63.365 


% 


9.293 


IX 


34.006 


2X 


55.761 


2 


32.105 


4 


67 .,589 


X 


13.940 


2 


38.864 


3 


60.830 


254 


36.118 


4% 


71.813 


1 


18.587 


254 


43.722 


354 


65.899 


2% 


40.131 


453 


76.038 


1^ 


23.234 


2% 


48.580 


3% 


70.968 


IX 


44.144 


4% 


80.262 


156 


27.880 


2X 


53.438 


3X 


77.038 


3 


48.157 


5%x 54 


4.435 


IX 


32.527 


3 


58.295 


4 


81.107 


354 


52.170 


J$ 


8.871 


2 


37.174 


354 


63.153 


454 


86.176 


3% 


56.183 


% 


13.307 


254 


41.821 


333 


68.011 


453 


91.245 


3X 


60.196 


1 


17.742 


2% 


46.467 


3X 


72.869 


4\ 


96.314 


4 


64.210 


1H 


22.178 


2X 


51.114 


4 


77.727 


5 


101.383 


454 


68.223 


1% 


26.613 


3 


55.761 


454 


82.585 


554 


106.452 


4% 


72.236 


IX 


31.049 


3% 


60.408 


433 


87.443 


5% 


111.522 


6 s 54 


4.224 


2 


35.484 


3% 


65.054 


4% 


92.301 


5X 


116.591 


% 


8.449 


254 


39.920 


3X 


69.701 


5 


97.159 


6 


121.660 



Example — Required the weight of a bar of iron 453 inches wide, 3 inches thick, 
and 12 feet long: 

45.623X12=547.5 pounds. 

Weight and Volume of Cast Iron and I*ead Balls. 

From 1 to 20 inches Diameter. 



Diam. 1 


Volume 


Cast Iron 


Lead, 1 


Diam. 


Volume 


Cast Iron 


Lead 


Inches 


cubic ins. 


pounds. 


pounds. J 


Inches 


cubic ins. 
321.5550 


pounds. 


pounds. 


1. 


.5235 


.1365 


.2147 


8.5^ 


83.8396 


131.883 


1.33 


1.7671 


.4607 


.7248 


9. 


381.7 034 


99.5103 


156.553 


2. 


4.1887 


1.0920 


1.7180 


9.33 


448.9204 


117.0338 


184.121 


2.53 


8.1812 


2.1328 


3.3554 


10. 


523.5987 


136.5025 


214.749 




14.1371 


3.6855 


5.7982 


11. 


696.9098 


181.7648 


285.832 


3.33 


22.4492 


5.8525 


9.2073 


12. 


904.7784 


235.8763 


371.096 


4. 


33.5103 


8.7361 


13.7440 


13. 


1150.346 


299.6230 


471.806 • 


4.%, 


47.7129 


12.4387 


19.5690 


14. 


1436.754 


374.5629 


589.273 


5. 


65.4498 


17.0628 


26.843 


15. 


1767.145 


460.6959 


724.781 


5.% 


87.1137 


22.7206 


35.729 


16. 


2144.660 


559.1142 


879.616 


6. 


113.0973 


29.4845 


46.385 


17. 


2572.440 


670.7168 


1055.066 


6.53 


143.7932 


37.4528 


58.976 


18/ 


3053.627 


7%.0825 


1252.422 


7. 


179.5943 


46.8203 


73.659 


19. 


3591.363 


936.2708 


1472.970 


8. 


220.8932 
268.0825 


57.5870 
69.8892 


90.598 
109.952 


20. 


4188.790 


1092.02 


1717.996 



To compute dressed weight of cattle, measure as follows in feet: Girth close behind 
shoulders, that is, over crop and under plate, immediately behind elbow. Length 
from point between neck and body, or vertically above junction of cervical and dorsal 
processes of spine, along back to bone at tail, and in a vertical line with rump. Then 
multiply square of girth, in feet, by length, and multiply product by factors in the 
following table, and quotient will give dressed weight of quarters :— 



Condition. 



Half fat 

Moderate fat. 
Prime fat . . . 



Heifer, Steer 
or Bullock. 



3.15 
3.36 
3.5 



Bull. 



3.36 
3 5 
3.64 



Condition. 



Heifer, Steer t> „ 
or Bullock. 



Very prime fat. 
Extra fat 



3.64 
3.78 



3.85 
4.06 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



505 



Weights of Wrought Iron, Steel, Copper and Brass Plates- 

Thickness Determined by Birmingham Gauge. 



No. of 


Thickness 
in inches. 


WEIGHT OP 


PLATES PER 


SQUARE FOOT IN LBS. 


No. of 


Gauge. 


Wrought Iron 


Steel. 


Copper. 


Brass. 


Gatige. 


0000 


.454 


18.2167 


18.4596 


20.5662 


19.4312, 


0000 


COO 


.425 


17.0531 


17.2805 


19.2525 


18.19 


000 


00 


.38 


15.2475 


15.4508 


17.214 


16.264 


00 





.34 


13.6425 


13.8244 


15.402 


14.552 





1 


.3 


12.0375 


12.198 


13.59 


12.84 


1 


2 


.284 


11.3955 


11.5474 


12.8652 


12.1552 


2 


3 


.259 


10.3924 


10.5309 


11.7327 


11.0852 


3 


4 


.238 


9.5497 


9.6771 


10.7814 


10.1864 


4 


5 


.22 


8.8275 


8.9452 


9.966 


9.416 


5 


6 


.203 


8.1454 


8.254 


9.1959 


8.6884 


6 


7 


.18 


7.2225 


7.3188 


8.154 


7.704 


7 


8 


.165 


6.6206 


6.7089 


7.4745 


7.062 


8 


9 


.148 


5.9385 


6.0177 


6.7044 


6.3344 


9 


10 


.134 


5.3767 


5.4484 


6.0702 


6.7352 


10 


11 


.12 


4.815 


4.8792 


5.436 


5.136 


11 


12 


.109 


4.3736 


4.4319 


4.9377 


4.6652 


12 


13 


.095 


3.8119 


3.8627 


4.3035 


4.066 


13 


14 


.083 


3.3304 


3.3748 


3.7599 


3.5524 


14 


15 


.072 


2.889 


2.9275 ' 


3.2616 


3.0816 


15 


1C 


.065 


2.6081 


2.6429 


2.9445 


2.782 


16 


17 


.058 


2.3272 


2.3583 


2.6274 


2.4824 


17 


18 


.049 


1.9661 


1.9923 


2.2197 


2.0972 


18 


19 


.042 


1.6852 


1.7077 


1.9026 


1.7976 


19 


20 


.035 


1.4044 


1.4231 


1.5855 


1.498 


20 


21 


.032 


1.284 


1.3011 


1.4496 


1.3696 


21 


22 


.028 


1.1235 


1.1385 


1.2684 


1.1984 


22 


23 


.025 


1.0031 


1.0165 


1.1325 


1.07 


23 


24 


.022 


.8827 


.8945 


.9966 


.9416 


24 


25 


.02 


.8025 


.8132 


.906 


.856 


25 


26 


.018 


.7222 


.7319 


.8154 


.7704 


26 


27 


.016 


.642 


.6506 


.7248 


.6848 


27 


28 


.014 


.5617 


.5692 


,6342 


.5992 


28 


29 


.013 


.5216 


.5286 


.5889 


.5564 


29 


30 


.012 


.4815 


.4879 


.5436 


.5136 


30 


31 


.01 


.4012 


.4066 


.453 


.428 


31 


32 


.009 


.3611 


.3659 


.4077 


.3852 


32 


33 


.008 


.321 


.3253 


.3624 


.3424 


33 


34 


.007 


.2809 


.2846 


.3171 


.2996 


34 


35 


.005 


.2006 


.2033 


.2265 


.214 


35 


36 


.004 


.1605 


.1626 


.1812 


.1712 


36 



Weights of Wrought Iron, Steel, Copper and Brass Plates. 
Soft Rolled. Thickness determined by American Gauge. 



No. of 


Thickness 
in inches. 


Weight of 


Plates Per Square Foot 


in Pounds, 


No of 


gau ge 


Wrought Iron 


Steel. 


Copper. 


Brass. 


gauge 


0000 


.46 


18.4575 


18.7036 


20.838 


19.688 


0000 


000 


.40964 


16.4368 


16.6559 


18.5567 '■ 


17.5326 


000 


00 


.3648 


14.6376 


14.8328 


16.5254 


15.6131 


00 





.32486 


13.0351 


13.2088 


14.7162 ) 


13.904 





1 


.2893 


11.6082 


11.7629 


13.1053 


12.382 


1 


2 


•25763 


10.3374 


10.4752 


11.6706 


11.0266 


2 


3 


.22942 


9.2055 


9.3283 


10.3927 


9.8192 


3 


4 


.20431 


8.1979 


8.3073 


9.2552 


8.7445 


4 


5 


.18194 


7.3004 


7.3977 


8.2419 


7.787 


5 


(J 


.16202 


6.5011 


6.5878 


7.3395 


6.9345 • 


6 


7 


.14428 


5.7892 


6.8664 


6.5359 


6.1752 


7 


8 


.12849 


5.1557 


6.2244 


5.8206 


6.4994 


8 


9 


.11443 


4.5915 


4.6527 


5.1837 


4.8976 


9 


10 


.10189 


4.0884 


4.1428 


4.6156 


4.3609 


10 


11 


.090742 


3.641 


3.6896 


4.1106 


3.8838 


11 


12 


.080808 


3.2424 


3.2856 


3.6606 


3.4586 


12 


13 


.071961 


2.8874 


2.9259 


3.2598 


3.0799 


13 


14 


.064084 


2.5714 


2.6057 


2.903 


2.7428 


14 


15 


.057068 


2.2899 


2.3204 


2.5852 


2.4425 


15 


10 


.050820 


2.0392 


2.0064 


2.3021 


2.1751 


16 



•lOli 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Weights of Wrought Iron, Steel, Etc. (Soft Boiled) -Continued. 

Thickness Determined by American Gauge. 



No. of 


Thickness 
in inches. 


Weight of 


Plates Per 


Square Foot 


in Pounds. 


No.of 


gau ge 


brought Iron 


Steel. 


Copper. 


Brass. 


gauge 


17 


.045257 


1.8159 


1.8402 


2.0501 


1.937 


17 
18 


18 


.040303 


1-6172 


1.6387 


1.8257 


1.725 


19 


.035890 


1.44 


1.4593 


1.6258 


1.5361 


19 


20 


.031961 


1.2824 


1.2995 


1.4478 


1.3679 


20 


21 


.028462 


1.142 


1.1573 


1.2893 


1.2182 


21 


22 


.025347 


1.017 


1.0306 


1.1482 


1.0849 


22 


23 


.022571 


.9057 


.9177 


1.0225 


.96604 


23 


24 


.0201 


.8065 


.8173 


.91053 


.86028 


24 


25 


.0179 


.7182 


.7278 


.81087 


.76612 


25 


2(5 


.01594 


.6396 


.6481 


.72208 


.68223 


26 


27 


.014195 


.5696 


.5772 


.64303 


.60755 


27 


28 


.012641 


.5072 


.514 


.57264 


.54103 


28 


29 


.011257 


.4517 


.4577 


.50994 


.4818 


29 


30 


.010025 


.4023 


.4076 


45413 


.42907 


30 


31 


.008928 


.3582 


.363 


.40444 


.38212 


31 


32 


.00795 


.319 


.3232 


.36014 


.34026 


32 


33 


.00708 


.2841 


.2879 


.32072 


.30302 


33 


34 


.006304 


.2529 


.2563 


.28557 


.26981 


34 


35 


.005614 


.2253 


.2283 


.25431 


.24028 


35 


36 


.005 


.2006 


.2033 


.2265 


.214 


36 


37 


.004453 


J.787 


.181 


.20172 


.19059 


37 


38 


.003965 


.1591 


.1612 


.17961 


.1697 


38 


39 


.003531 


.1417 


.1436 


.15995 


.15113 


39 


40 


.003144 


J.261 


.1278 


.14242 


.13456 J 


40 



Size, Weight, length and Strength of 'iron Wire." 



Wire 

Gauge 

No. 



00 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 



Diaiu. 
inches. 



0.380 
0.340 
0.300 
0.284 
0.259 
0.238 
0.220 
0.203 
0.180 
0.165 
0.148 
0.134 
0.120 
0.109 
0.095 
0.083 
0.072 
0.065 
0.058 
0.049 
0.042 
0.035 
0.032 
0.028 



WEIGHT OF. 



one foot 
pounds. 



.38266 
.30634 
.23850 
.21374 
.17777 
.15011 
.12826 
.10920 
.08586 
.07215 
.05805 
.04758 
.03816 
.03149 
.02392 
.01826 
.01374 
.01120 
.00892 
.00636 
.00468 
.00325 
.00271 
.00208 



100 feet one mile 
pounds, pounds. 



38.266 

30.634 

23.850 

21.374 

17.777 

15.011 

12.826 

10.920 

8.586 

7.215 

5.805 

4.758 

8.816 

3.149 

2.392 

1.826 

1.374 

1.120 

.892 

.636 

.468 

.325 

.271 

.208 



2,020.44 

1,617.48 

1,259.28 

1,128.54 

938.60 

792.56 

677.21 

576.60 

452.34 

380.93 

306.48 

251.24 

201.48 

166.24 

126.28 

96.39 

72.54 

59.11 

47.07 

33.60 

24.68 

17.14 

14.33 

10.97 



LENGTH IN FEET OF. I 



lbdl 63ft 
feet. 



164.637 

205.653 

264.151 

294.753 

354.400 

419.700 

491.189 

676.902 

733.752 

873.229 

1,085.346 

1,324.002 

1,650.943 

2,000.952 

2,634.215 

3,456.343 

4,585.819 

5,627.009 

7,066.741 

9,900.990 

13,475.914 

19,408.502 

23,212.969 

30,317.613 



100 lbs. 
feet. 



261.328 
326.433 
419.287 
467.861 
662.539 
666.190 
779.665 
915.717 
,164.685 
,386.077 
,722.771 
,101.590 
,628.481 
,176.114 
,181.294 
,486.259 
,279.077 
,931.760 
,217.049 
,715.857 
,390.340 
,807.146 
,845.982 
,123.195 



Br'king 


Wire 


strain 


Gauge 


pounds. 


No- 


8,290 


00 


6,880 





6,650 


1 


4,930 


2 


4,250 


3 


3,620 


4 


3,040 


1 


2,510 


6 


2,220 


1 


1,840 


S 


1,560 


9 


1,280 


10 


1,000 


11 


800 


12 


668 


13 


456 


14 


452 


15 


264 


16 


208 


17 


160 


18 


128 


19 


104 


20 


80 


21 


56 


22 



Weight of Lead and Zinc Plates. 

Per superficial foot, from 1-16 to 1 inch in thickness. 



Thick. 
Inches. 


Lead, 

lbs. 


Zinc, 
lbs. 

~2.3 
4.7 
7.0 
9.4 


Thick, 
inches. 

.3125 
.375 
.4375 
.5 


Lead, 
lbs. 

18.5 
22.2 
25.9 
29.5 


Zinc, 
lbs. 


Thick, 
inches. 


Lead, 
lbs. 


Zinc, 
lbs. 


Thick, 
inches. 


Lead, 
lbs. 

48.0 
51.7 
55.4 
59.1 


Zinc, 
lbs. 


.0625 
.125 
.1875 
.25 


3.7 

7.4 

11.1 

14.8 


11.7 
14.0 
16.4 

18.7 


.5625 
.625 
.6875 
.75 


33.2 
36.9 
40.6 
44.3 


21.1 
23.4 
25.7 
28.1 


.8125 

.875 

.9375 

1.0000 


30.4 
32.8 
35.1 
37.5 



\\ EIGHTS AND MEASIJKES 



507 



ivronght Iron, Steel, Copper, and Brass wire. 

Diameter and Thickness Determined by Birmingham Gauge, 





Diam* 


Weight of Wire Per Lineal Foot Expressed in Deci- 




No. of 


of each 
No. In. 




mau9 of a Pound. 




No. of 


Oaugt. 


Wrought Iron. 


Steel. 


Copper. 1 


Brass. 


Gaug« v 


0000 


.454 


.546207 


.551360 


.623913 


.589286 


0000 


000 


.425 


.478656 


.483172 


.546752 


.516407 


000 


00 


.38 


.38266 


.38627 


.437099 


.41284 


00 





.34 


.30634 


.30923 


.349921 


.3305 





1 


.3 


.2385 


.24075 


.27243 


.25731 


1 


2 


.284 


.213738 


.215755 


.244146 


.230596 


2 


t 


.259 


.177765 


.179442 


.203054 


.191785 


3 


ft 


.238 


.150107 


.151523 


.171461 


.161945 


4 


f 


.22 


.12826 


.12947 


.146507 


.138376 


5 


6 


.203 


.109204 


.110234 


.12474 


.117817 


6 


1 


.18 


.08586 


.086667 


.098075 


.092632 


7 


8 


.165 


.072146 


.072827 


.08241 


.077836 


8 


9 


.148 


.058046 


.058593 


.066303 


.062624 


t 


10 


.134 


.047583 


.048032 


.054353 


.051336 


10 


11 


* .12 


.03816 


.03852 


.043589 


.04117 


11 


12 


.109 


.031485 


.031782 


.035904 


.033968 


12 


13 


.095 


.023916 


.024142 


.027319 


.025802 


13 


14 


.083 


.018256 


.018428 


.020853 


.019696 


14 


15 


.072 


.013738 


.013867 


.015692 


.014821 


15 


16 


.065 


.011196 


.011302 


.012789 


.012079 


16 


17 


.058 


.008915 


.008999 


.010183 


.009618 


17 


18 


.049 


.006363 


.006423 


.007268 


.006864 


ia 


19 


.042 


.004675 


.004719 


.00534 


.005043 


19 


20 


.035 


.003246 


.003277 


.003708 


.003502 


20 


21 


.032 


.002714 


.002739 


.0031 


.002928 


21 


22 


.028 


.002078 


.002097 


.002373 


.002241 


22 


23 


.025 


.001656 


.001672 


.001892 


.001787 


23 


24 


.022 


,001283 


.001296 


.001465 


.001384 


24 


26 


.02 


.00106 


.001070 


.001211 


.001144 


25 


26 


.018 


.0008586 


.0008667 


.0009807 


.0009263 


2ft 


27 


.016 


.0006784 


.0006848 


.0007749 


.0007319 


27 


28 


.014 


.0005194 


.0005243 


.0005933 


.0005604 


28 


20 


.013 


.0004479 


.0004521 


.0005116 


.0004832 


2fr 


30 


.012 


.0003816 


.0003852 


.0004359 


.0004117 


30 


31 


.01 


.000265 


.0002675 


.0003027 


.0002859 


31 


32 


.009 


.0002147 


.0002167 


.0002452 


.0002316 


32 


33 


.008 


.0001696 


.0001712 


.0001937 


.000183 


33 


34 


.007 


.0001299 


.0001311 


.0001483 


.0001401 


34 


35 


.005 


.00006625 


.00006688 


.00007568 


.00007148 


35 


36 


.004 


.0000424 


I .0000428 


.00004843 


.00004574 


36 



Wrought Iron, Steel, Copper and Brass Wiro. 

Diameter and Thickneu Determined by American Qavoe. 



No. of 


Diam. 1 
of each 
No. In. 


Weight of W 


[be Per Lineal Foot Expressed in Deci- 
mals of a Pound. 


No. ot 
Gauge. 


Gauge. 


Wrought Iron. 


Steel. 


Copper. 


Brass. 


0000 


.46 


.56074 


.566030 


.640513 I 


.605176 


0000 


000 


.40964 


.444683 


.448879 


.507946 


.479908 


000 


00 


.3648 


.352659 


.355986 


.40283 


.380666 


00 





.32486 


.279665 


.282303 


.319451 


.301816 





1 


.2893 


.221789 


.223891 


.253342 


.239353 


1 


2 


•25763 


.175888 


J.77548 


.200911 


.189818 


2 


3 


.22942 


.139480 


.140796 


•159323 


.150522 


3 


4 


.20431 


J10616 


.111660 


.126353 


.119376 


ft 


5 


.18194 


.087720 


088548 


.1002 


•094666 


5 


6 


.16202 


.069565 


.070221 


.079462 


.075075 


6 


7 


.14428 


.055165 


.055685 


.063013 


.059545 


7 


8 


.12849 


.043751 


.044164 


.049976 


.047219 


8 


9 


.11443 


.034699 


.035026 


.039636 


.037437 


9 


10 


.10189 


.027512 


.027772 


.031426 


.029687 


10 


11 


.090742 


.021820 


.022326 


.024924 


.023549 


11 


12 


.080808 


.017304 


.017468 


.019766 


.018676 


12= 


13 


.071961 


.013722 


.013851 


.015674 


.014809 


13 


14 


.064084 


.010886 


.010989 


.012435 


.011746 


1ft 


15 


.057068 


J008631 


.008712 


.009859 


.00931 5 


1.' 



508 



THE GEE AT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Wrought Iron, Steel, Copper and «svass Wire.— Continued. 

Diameter and Thickness Determined by American Gauge. 



No. of 
Gauge. 



Weight of Wire Pee Lineal Foot Expressed in Deci 
mals of a Pound. 



[ Diani 

! of each! 

No. In. Wrought Iron 



16 


.050820 


.006845 


17 


.045257 


,005427 


18 


.040303 


.004304 


19 


.035890 


.003413 


20 


.031961 


.002708 


21 


.028462 


.002147 


22 


.025347 


.001703 


23 


.022571 


.001350 


24 


.0201 


.001071 


25 


.0179 


.0008491 


26 


.01594 


.0006734 


27 


.014195 


.000534 


28 


.012641 


.0004235 


29 


.011257 


.0003358 


30 


.010025 


.0002663 


31 


.008928 


.0002113 


32 


.00795 


.0001675 ' 


33 


.00708 


.0001328 


34 


.006304 


.0001053 


35 


.005614 


.00008366 


36 


.005 


•00006625 


37 


.004453 


.00005255 


38 


.003965 


.00004166 


39 


.003531 


.00003305 


40 


.003144 


.00002620 



Steel. 



.006909 

.005478 

.004344 

.003445 

.002734 

.002167 

.001719 

.001363 

.001081 

.0008571 

.0006797 

.0005391 

.0004275 

.0003389 

.0002688 

.0002132 

.0001691 

.0001341 

.0001063 

.00008445 

.00006687 

.00005304 

.00004205 

.00003336 

.00002644 



Copper. 



.007819 

.006199 

.004916 

.003899 

.003094 

.002452 

.001945 

.001542 

.001223 

.0009699 

.0007692 

.0006099 

.0004837 

.0003835 

.0003042 

.0002413 

.0001913 

.0001517 

.0001204 

.0000956 

.0000757 

.00006003 

.00004758 

.00003775 

.00002992 



Brass. 



.007587 

.005857 

.004645 

.003684 

.002920 

.002317 

.001838 

.001457 

.001155 

.0009163 

.0007267 

.0005763 

.000457 

.0003624 

.0002874 

.000228 

.0001808 

.0001434 

.0001137 

.00009015 

.0000715 

.00005671 

.00004496 

.00003566 

.00002827 



No. •( 

Gauge. 



16 
17 

18 
19 

20 
21 

22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
-28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
46 



Wire and He nip Rope. 

Tabular scale, showing approximately the comparative strength, sizes, and 
freight per 100 feet in length, of Wire and Hemp Rope. 
The sizes on each horizontal line being of equal strength. 



Capacity OF 


Round Ikon 


Round 


Steel 


Round Hemp 


Flat 


Iron 


Ropes. 


Wire Rope. 


Wire Rope. 


Rope. 


Wire Rope. 


Working 


Breaking 


Circum- 


Weight 


Circum- 


Weight 


Circum- 


Weight 




Weight 


Load. 


Strength. 


ference. 


100 feet. 


ference. 


100 fe«t. 


ference. 


100 feet. 


Size. 


100 feet. 


Lbs. 


Tons. 


Inches. 


Lbs. 
17 


Inches 


Lbs. 


Inches. 


Lbs. 


Inches. 


Lbs. 


300 


1 


1 


— 


— 


2\ 


33 


— 


— 


550 


136 


1H 


23 


— 


— 


3 


50 


— 


— 


800 


2% 


1H 


33 


1 


17 


334 


55 


— 


— 


1,500 


4^ 


1% 


52 


1* 


33 


4^ 


78 


— 


— 


2,000 


6 


2 


65 


IK 


36 


5 


100 


— 


— • 


2,500 


1% 


2M 


86 


1% 


52 


6 


160 


— 


— 


3,300 


10 


2% 


108 


2 


65 


63* 


166 


— 


— 


4,200 


12J5 


2% 


124 


2H 


75 


7 


200 


2x% 


144 


5,000 


15 


3 


140 


23j 


86 


1% 


234 


2Hx% 


154 


6,000 


18 


SH 


158 


2% 


97 


1% 


250 


2%x% 


171 


7,000 


21 


33$ 


180 


2% 


110 


8H 


284 


3x% 


220 


8,000 


24 


3% 


200 


3 


140 


9 


333 


3xJ$ 


270 


9,000 


27 


4 


250 


334 


158 


10 


433 


4x% 


275 


10,000 


30 


4M 


284 


3^ 


190 


10 H 


466 


4xJ3 


388 


11,000 


33 


4JS 


320 


3% 


195 


11 


500 


IH*% 


397 


12,000 


36 


4% 


350 


3% 


200 


12 


567 


5x% 


400 


13,500 


40 


5 


380 


3% 


225 


13 


784 


5J$xJ$ 


450 


18,000 55 


5H 


440 


4 


250 


14 


900 


6x% 


600 


22,0001 65 


6 


540 


434 


280 


16 


1166 


§Hx% 


560 



Thickness of •* Sheet. " Brass, Gold. Silrer, etc 
By Birmingham Gauge for these Metals. 



No. 


Inch. 


No. 
7 


Inch. 


No. 
13 


Inch. 


No. 
19 


Inch. 


No. 


Inch. 


No. 


Inch. 


1 


.004 


.015 


.036 


.064 


25 


.095 


31 


.133 


2 


.005 


8 


.016 


14 


.041 


20 


.067 


26 


.103 


82 


.140 


3 


.008 


9 


.019 


15 


.047 


21 


.072 


27 


J12 


33 


J47 


4 


J010 


10 


.024 


16 


.051 


22 


.074 


28 


.120 


34 


.153 


6 


.012 


11 


.029 


17 


.057 


23 


.077 


29 


.124 


35 


.160 




.013 


12 


.033 


18 


.061 


24 


.082 


30 


.128 


36 


.167 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES 



509 



FIXEXUSS and VALUE of (.OLD and SILVER, Computed. 

The value per ounce of gold is based upon the simple formvla that 387 ozs of pure 
gold (1,000 fine) are worth $8,000. Hence, 1 oz. is worth $20.6718346253229974162067 
repetend; and the 1-1000 of an oz, (decimally expressed as .001 fine) is worth 
$0.020671834625. What is usually called fineness, therefore, is simply the weight of 
fine metal contained in any given quantity of mixed metals or alloys. For instance 
in a gold or silver bar which is reported to be 850 fine, it is meant that in 1000 parts 
by weight, 850 are fine gold or fine silver, as the case may be. In our mints the 
value of gold is computed from standard weight; that is, gold which is 900 'fine 
that being the fineness of our gold coin as required by law. The formula in this 
case is, 43 ozs. of standard gold are worth $800. Hence, multiply standard ozs by 
800, and divide by 43, and you obtain the value. To find the value per oz., divide 
the total value by standard ozs. and you have the value of 1 oz. of gold 900 fine To 
find the value of gold at any degree of fineness, multiply $20.671834 (which is the 
value of 1 oz. of gold 1000 fine) by the degree of fineness of which you wish to find 
the value. Example.— What is the value of 1 oz. of gold 90 fine ? $20.6718X90 = 
$1.86.64620. The value of silver per oz. is computed from the formula that 99 ozs 
of pure silver (1000 fine) are worth $128. Hence, 1 oz. is worth $1.29.29, etc and 
the .001 of an oz. is worth $.000,129.29. And 11 ozs. of standard silver (900 'fine) 
are worth $12.80, and hence, 1 oz. of standard silver is worth $1.16.36. These val' 
ues, (i. e . $1.29 for fine silver and $1.16 for standard silver) are the intrinsic values 
of silver, being the values at which silver is equal to gold, dollar for dollar, or as 
$1 is to 15.98837, etc. Silver, however, usually commands a premium, which 'varies 
with the supply and demand. The premium allowed by the Branch Mint and 
other institutions on silver contained in gold deposits made for coinage is four 
per cent. If 1 oz. of pure silver (1000 fine) is worth $1.29.29, 1 oz. of silver 900 
fine is worth $1.16.30 (viz., $1.29.29X900). Hence, a silver bar weighing 1000 ozs 
and containing 900 parts of silver, or 900 fine, multiplied by $1.16.36 equals $1 163 ' 
60. Calculations of the value of metal may also be ascertained by reducing the 
proportions to fine gold and silver, and multiplying by the value per oz of pure 
gold and pure silver. The following rule is applicable, viz., Gross weight multi- 
plied by fineness, divided by 1000 gives net weight of pure metal. 
Example.— A bar 500 ozs. gross, 820 fine of gold, 170 fine of silver. 

500x820=410 ozs. pure gold, at $20.67. 18 $8 475 44 

500X1"0=85 ozs. pure silver, at $1.29.29 ...."...! 'l09 89 

Total value $8,585 "33 

THE WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF GOLD AND SILVER. 

From 1492 to June 30, 1881. * 



Countries. 


Silver. 


Gold. 


Total. 


Annual 
Product'n. 


Africa 


$55,000,000 


$334,325,340 

40,875,370 

135,174,396 

1,853,919,316 

579,347,107 

151,898,100 

139,467,140 

610,501,675 

85,327,582 

1,305,000,000 

1,126,212,047 

9,000,000 

608,999,653 

40,000,000 

83,458,340 

5,257,374,000 


$395,325,340 

42,875,370 

2,826,455,055 

2,366,433,926 

595,347,107 

1,501,398,047 

248,491,438 

612,501.675 

1,181,684,666 

1,350,000,000 

1,399,173,650 

287,731,339 

716,879,944 

298,388,604 

208,702,340 

8,691,374,000 


$6,000,000 


America, Nth- B. Columbia 


2,000,000 


" " United States 

" " Bolivia(Potosi) 

" " New Grenada 
" " Peru 


2,675,280,659 

425,514,610 

11,000,000 

1,339,499,947 
104,024,298 

1,090,357,084 

15,000,000 

269,961,603 

274,731,339 

84,880,291 

256,388,604 

113,244,000 

3,434,000,000 


16,000,000 
87,000,000 
5.000,000 
10,000,000 
5,000,000 
2,000,000 
6,000,000 




30,000,000 


Europe, Austria — Hungary. 


3,000,000 
4,000,00a 




23,000,000 


" Miscellaneous.... 
Miscellaneous Countries . . . 
The World previous to 1492" 


2,000,000 
12,000,000 


Total 


$10,148,882,435 


$12,360,880,066 


$22,722,762,501 


$213,000,000 



Note. — The aggregate amount of the precious metals at any period can only be 
estimated; that back of the present century, wild conjecture. 

Authorities for the above table are: A. Soetbeer, Almanach de Gotha: Otreschkoff, 
Russian Counselor; J. J.Valentine, Pres.W. F. & Co., etc. The results are our own. 
Editor Statistician. *Add the Annual Production to future dates. 

Abrasion.— On $1,000,000 shipped (from New York to Liverpool,) across the 
Atlantic, the abrasion will be about 16 ounces, or $256 16-96; and proportionately 
for larger amounts, and longer UistaAicettt 



510 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

Assayers* Gold Welgiu. 

The unit is one-half of a gramme, subdivided into 1,000 parts. 

Jewelers* Gold Weight. 

1 Carat =. 10 Pwts. Troy. 

1 Carat grain = 2 Pwts. 12 grains or 60 grains Troy. 

24 Carats *» 1 Pound Troy. 

DIAMOND WEIGHT. 

16 Parts = 1 Grain « .8 Grain Troy 

4 Grains = 1 Carat ■= 3.17Grains Troy 

■20 Parts Diamond Weight = 1 Grain Iroy. 

UNITED STATES COINAGE. 

Gold and Silver when pure are 1,000 fine; or, by the old method 24 carats fine. 

Except for jewelry the old carat system is generally abandoned. One carat = 41% 
thousandths. 

The standard fineness of United States coin is 900; or, by the old system, 
24X900=21.6 carats fine. 

The alloy for United States gold coin is pure silver and copper; for silver coin the 
alloy is pure copper. 

Gold for coinage is refined from 990 to 997 % fine, the inferior metal it then holds 
being pure silver left for alloy. 

When alloyed with copper the proportion of gold is in accordance with its fineness 
as the alloy must be 900 fine or -&- pure gold. 

For examples — 

Suppose the refined gold to be 990 fine, — 

i-i parts gold, 990 fine = .a. parts 1,000 fine. 

Gold 990 fine, the inferior metal it holds being pure silver, and 
the alloy pure copper, the proportions for coin, 900 fine, would be — 
JL pure gold -f T |- pure silver + JL- pure copper = standard coin; 
or, i-Q- gold 990 fine + JL. pure copper ^standard coin 
Suppose the refined gold to be 995 fine, — 

X|Q. parts gold 995 fine = -£.- parts 1,000 fine. 

Gold 995 fine, the inferior metal it holds being pure silver, and the 
alloy pure copper, the proportions for coin, 900 fine, would be- • 
~iV P u,e S°ld- + —fsTj P ure 6 i lver + -ASr pure copper= standard coin; 
or, i-fifl. gold 995 fine + -L&~ pure copper =standard coin. 

MINT VALUES OF GOLD, SILVER AND COPPER. 

1 Ounce gold 1,000 fine = $20.6718846 

1 Ounce silver 1,000 fine = 1.292929 

1 Ounce Copper 1,000 fine = .028571 

1 Grain gold 1,000 fine = .0430663 

1 Grain silver 1,000 fine = .0026936 

1 Grain copper 1,000 fine = .0000595 

The above values are standard as regards gold, those of silver and copper are only 
comparative as the prices at which the Mint buys the latter metals are changed 
from time to time according to their value in the market . 

Example 1 — Required the Mint value of 11 ounces gold, 850 fine. 

Solution. 11 (ounces) X .850 (fineness) X20.671^34 (Mint value per ounce) = 
$193.281245850 or $193.28= Mint value. 

Example 2 — Required trie Mint value of 19 pennyweights 23 grains gold 785 fine. 

Solution— Reduced to grains =479 (grains) X-783 (fineness) X$0. 0430663 (Mi»* 
value per grain) =$16.1935747945 or $16.19=Mint value. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 511 



UNITED STATES MINT. 



Deposit Melting Charge. 
On bullion (or coin) below standard, and not required to be parted or refined: 

breach melt of 1,000 ounces, or less ...$1 <X) 

Over 500 ounces . One' niil'l'peV ounce. 

Parting and Refining Charges. 
Parting Gold and Silver, or Refining Gold.— Rate per ounce gross of deposit. 

Bullion containing not less than 200 M Gold 2 cents. 

Bullion containing from 200 M to 399J6 M Gold 3 

" 400Mto699^ M " '.'..'.".".'.""' 4 " 

" " 700 M and over " ]..'.*' 6 - 

" " over 100 M base metal, additional "...'.'."..".".'. $ cent. 

And in addition to the above, on deposits requiring parting (except Silver Pur- 
chases) , or Refining Gold: 

For each deposit of 1,000 ounces or less... ........ $1 Of 

" " •' over 1,000 ounces. One mill per ounce, gross, 

For gold coin or standard gold bars, the rate per ounce charge will be imposed 

only on the number of ounces required to be refined, to raise the whole to standard. 

Silver allowed the depositor is calculated on the basis of refining the gold to 990 M. 

Refining Silver. — Rate per Ounce gross of Deposit. 

Bullion containing less than 897 M silver 2 cents. 

K97 Mto979J<2 M " 1% " 

980 M to 997 % M " 1 

In addition to the above on silver deposits requiring refining (except purchases) 
a charge on each deposit of 

1,000 ounces or less $1 00. Over 1,000 ounces, one mill per ounce gross. 

The rate per ounce charge will be imposed only on the number of ounces required 
to be refined to raise the whole to standard. 

Toughening Charge. — Gold Bullion % to 2 cents per ounce gross . 

Silver Bullion j£ to 1 cent per ounce gross. 

Allot Charge.— On the number of ounces of copper required to reduce the bullion 
to standard, 2 cents per ounce troy. 

Bar Charge. — On bullion deposited for Bars, and not required to bo parted or 
refined: 

Bars of fine gold per $100 value 10 cents. 

" standard gold per $100 value 10 " 

•* fine silver per ounce fine \ cent. 

4 * standard silver per ounce standard J6 " 

" large silvar per ounce gross j£ " 

** unparted silver per ounce gross % " 

No deposit of bullion is received of less value than one hundred dollars. 
Assays of samples of ore and bullion are made at a charge of three dollars for 
each assay. 

Waste in Coining, and Deviation in Weight. 

The manufacture of coin is protected by a very efficient system, the employes of 
each department of the mint being held strictly responsible for all material received 
by them in accordance with certain allowances. 

Waste — Melters* and Refiners' allowance of Gold 1 otince in 1000 

Coiners' allowance of Gold % ounce in 1000 

Melters' and Refiners' allowance of Silver 1>$ ounce in 1000 

Coiners' allowance of Silver 1 ounce in 1000 

Deviation allowed from Standard Weight- 
Twenty and Ten Dollar pieces "% grain 

Other gold pieces \ grain 

Silver pieces 1% grain 

On each draft— 

Of $5,000 gold, in $20, $10, $5 or %1% pieces 01 ounce 

Of one thousand $3 or $1 gold pieces 01 ounce 

k9f one thousand $1, 50 ct., or 25 ct. pieces 02 ounce 
"™ "" 



512 



THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



= 1 Cent 


c. 


= 1 Dime 


d. 


= 1 Dollar 


$. 


= 1 Eagle ' 


E. 



UNITED STATES MONEY. 
10 Mills (M) 
10 Cents 
10 Dimes 
10 Dollars 

The Mill is one thousandth of a dollar and derives its name from the Latin word 
mille, which means a thousand. 

The Cent is one hundredth of a dollar and derives its name from the Latin -word 
centum, which means a hundred. 

The Dime is one-tenth of a dollar and derives its name from the French word 
disme, which means ten. 

UNITED STATES GOLD COINS PREVIOUS TO 1834. 



Denomination. 


Fine- 
ness. 


Weight in 

Grains of 

Pure Metal. 


Weight in 

Grains of 

Alloy. 


Full Weight 
in Grains. . 


Value. 


Eagle 

Half Eagle ... 
Quarter Eagle.. 


$10.00 
5.00 
2.50 


916 % 
91695 

916? 3 


247.5 
123.75 
61.875 


22.5 
11.25 

5.625 


270 
135 
67.5 


$10.66 
5.33 
2.66 



UNITED STATES GOLD COINS SUBSEQUENT TO 1834. 



Double Eagle. . . 


$20.00 


900 


+464.4 


51.6 


516 


$20.00 




10.00 


900 


232.2 


25.8 


258 


10.00 


Half Eagle 


5.00 


900 


116.1 


12.9 


129 


5.00 


Three Dollars . . 


3.00 


900 


69.66 


7.74 


77.4 


3.00 


Quarter Eagle. 


2.50 


900 


58.05 


6.45 


64.5 


2.50 


Dollar 


1.00 


900 


23.22 


2.58 


25.8 


1.00 







UNITED STATES SILVER COINS PREVIOUS TO 1837. 



Dollar 


$1.00 


8924^ 


371.252 


44.748 


416 


$1.06.9 


Half Dollar 


.50 


8924 h 


185.626 


22.374 


208 


.53.4 


Quarter Dollar. 


.25 


8924 % 


92.813 


11.187 


104 


.26.7 




.10 


8924^ 


37.125 


4.475 


41.6 


.10.6 


Half Dime 


..05 


8924 iS 


18.563 


2.237 


20.8 


.05.3 



UNITED STATES SILVER COINS FROM 1837 TO 1853. 



Dollar 

Half Dollar 

Quarter Dollar. 

Dime 

Half Dime 

Three Cts. 1851. 



$1.00 
.50 
.25 
.10 
.05 
.03 



900 


371.25 


41.25 


412 5" 


900 


185.626 


20.625 


206.251 


900 


92.813 


10.312 


103.125 


900 


37.125 


4.125 


41.250 


900 


18.563 


2.062 


20.625 


875 


10.828 


1.547 


12.375 



$1.06.9 
.53.4 
.26.7 
.10.6 
.05.3 
.03.1 



UNITED STATES SILVER COINS SINCE 1853. 



Trade Dollar. .. 

Dollar 

Half Dollar.... 
Quarter Dollar. . 
Twenty Cents*. 

Dime 

Half Dime*.... 
Three Cents*. . . 



$1.00 


900 


1.00 


900 


.50 


900 


.25 


900 


.20 


900 


.10 


900 


.05 


900 


.03 


900 



378 

371.25 
173.61 
86.805 
69.444 
34.722 
17.361 
10.413 



42 

41.25 
19.29 
9.645 
7.716 
3.858 
1.929 
1.157 



420 
412 5 
192.90 
96.45 
77.16 
38.58 
19.29 
11.57 



$1.08.9 
1.06.9 
.50 
.25 
.20 
.10 
.05 
.03 



UNITED STATES COPPER COINS. 



Denomination. 


Act of 


Grains of 
Copper. 


Grains of 
Nickel. 


Grains of 
Zinc. 


Grains of 
Tin. 


Full Weight 
in Grains. 


Old Copper Ct.* 


1793 
1864 
1865 
1865 
1866 


168 
45.6 
91.2 
24. 

57.87 








168 






1.44 


.96 


-48 


Two Cents * 


4.8 
8 
19.29 


96 


Three Cents. . . . 






32 


Five Cents 






77.16 



* No longer coined, t Which is=$19. 99998972 pure sold. 






WEIGHTS AND MEASUKES ' 513 



LEO AJL TENDER. 

The gold coins of the United States are a legal tender in all payments at their 
nominal value when not below the standard weight and limit of tolerance, provided 
by law for the single piece ; and when reduced in weight below such standard or 
tolerance are a legal tender at valuation in proportion to their actual weight. 

Legal Tender of Silver Coins.— Under the enactments of Congress the 
status of the silver coins is as follows:— The Trade Dollar isnot legal tenderfor any 
purpose. 

The Standard Silver Dollar is not a legal tender when otherwise expressed in a 
contract; and most contracts of any magnitude are now by business men made 
payable only in U. S. Gold Coin. 

The Subsidiary Silver Coins, meaning the half dollar, the quarter dollar and the 
clime, are legal tender only to the amount of ten dollars. 

It is a serious question whether under the Constitution of the United States, the 
Congress has power to demonetize the silver coins of the United States. 

The Minor Coins. — The minor coins (nickels and coppers) are, under the con- 
gressional enactments, a legal tender to the amount of only twenty-five cents. 

But under the U. S. Constitution it is very doubtful whether nickel, copper or 
anything other than gold coin and silver coin can be made a legal tender, or in 
constitutional and proper language, " a tender in payment of debts." 

Xo foreign gold or silver coins are a legal tender in the payment of debts. 
ORIGIN OF THE DOLLAR. 

The monetary unit of this country prior to July 6, 1785, was the English pound. 
On that date the Continental Congress established the dollar in its place, its precise 
weight and value being fixed August 6, 1786, which was about that of the old Span- 
ish Carolus pillar dollar. The dollar was not original with Spain, its true origin 
being the " Joachim's Thaler," first coined in the mines of the Bohemian Valley of 
Sant Joachim. 

ENGLISH MONEY. 
4 Farthings (far.) = 1 Penny d. 

12 Pence = 1 Shilling s. 

20 Shillings = 1 Pound £. 

In England a pound of standard Troy gold, 916'! fine, is coined into £46 lis. 6d. 
The full weight of one gold pound or sovereign is 123.274 grains of standurdgold, or 
113.001 grains of pure gold. 

Allowing for the abrasion or wear, a sovereign weighing 122.75 grains of standard 
gold, in England is a legal tender for the payment of debts. 

The alloy for gold coin is copper. Before 1826 silver entered into the composition 
of English gold coin; hence, the difference in color of different coinages. 

A pound of silver, 92.5 per cent silver and 7.5 copper, is coined into 66 shillings. 
The full weight of a shilling is 87.273 grains standard silver, or 80.729 grains of pure 
silver. 

A pound of copper is coined into 24 pennies. 

A pound of bronze, 95 parts copper, 4 parts tin and 1 part zinc, is coined into 40 
pennies, or 80 half pennies, or 160 farthings. 

Bank of England notes are a legal tender in England for any sum exceeding £5. 
Gold is a legal tender for any amount, silver, not exceeding 40 shillings, and copper 
not exceeding I2d, when in pennies or in half pennies, and not exceeding 6d when 
in farthings. 

FRENCH MONEY. 

10 Centimes = 1 Decime. 

10 Decimes =1 Franc. 

All French coin is based on the gramme, the unit of weight. 

A kilogramme of standard gold .9 pure is coined into 3, 100 francs. The denomi- 
nations of gold coin are 100, 50, 20, 10 and 5 franc pieces. The alloy is copper. 

A kilogramme of silver .9 pure is coined into 200 francs. The denominations of 
silver coins are 5, 2, 1, }4 and M franc pieces. 

The copper coins of France since 1852 contain 95 parts copper, 4 parts tin and 1 
part zinc. The denominations are 10, 5, 2 and 1 centimes, which weigh 1 gramme 
for each centime. 

COMPARATIVE VALUES OF GOLD AND SILVER. 
United States, estimating silver 1, gold is 15.988. 
England, •* " I, " 14.287. 

France, " " 1, " 15.50. 

Spain, " " 1, '* 16.00. 

China, " "1, " 14.25. 

In the United States we have a double standard ; in Germany and England gold 
is the standard, and practically so iu France and Italy; iu most other European 
countries silver is the standard. 



514 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH AND UNITED STATES MONEJf. 



Note— The United States Mint valuation of the English sovereign, $4.86.61, ia 
the basis of these computations. 



Id 


$ .02* 


5s 


4d 


$1.30 


10s 


7d 


$2.57 


15s lOd 


$3.85 


2 


.04 


5 


5 


1.32 


10 


8 


2.59 


15 11 


3.87 


3 


.06 


5 


6 


1.34 


10 


9 


2.61 


16 


3 89 


4 


.08 


5 


7 


1.36 


10 


10 


2.63 


16 1 


3.91 


5 


.10 


5 


8 


1.38 


10 


11 


2.65 


16 2 


3.93 


6 


.12 


5 


9 


1.40 


11 




2.68 


16 3 


3.95 


7 


.14 


5 


10 


1.42 


11 


1 


2.70 


16 4 


3 97 


8 


.16 


5 


11 


1.44 


11 


2 


2.72 


16 5 


3 99 


9 


.18 


6 




1.46 


11 


3 


2.74 


16 6 


4.01 


10 


.20 


6 


1 


1.48 


11 


4 


2.76 


16 7 


4.03 


11 


.22 


6 


2 


1.50 


11 


5 


2.78 


16 8 


4 05 


Is 


.24* 


6 


3 


1.52 


11 


6 


2.80 


16 9 


4.07 


1 1 


.26 


6 


4 


1.54 


11 


7 


2.82 


16 10 


4.09 


1 2 


.28 


6 


5 


1.56 


11 


8 


2.84 


16 11 


4.11 


1 3 


.30 


6 


6 


1.58 


11 


9 


2.86 


17 


4.14 


1 4 


.32 


6 


7 


1.60 


11 


10 


2.88 


17 1 


4.16 


1 5 


.34 


6 


8 


1.62 


11 


11 


2.90 


17 2 


4.18 


1 6 


.36 


6 


9 


1.64 


12 




2.92 


17 3 


4,20 


1 7 


.38 


6 


10 


1.66 


12 


1 


2.94 


17 4 


4.22 


1 8 


.40 


6 


11 


1.68 


12 


2 


2.96 


17 5 


4.24 


1 9 


.42 


7 




1.70 


12 


3 


2.98 


17 6 


4.26 


1 10 


.44 


7 


1 


1.72 


12 


4 


3.00 


17 7 


4.28 


1 11 


.46 


7 


2 


1.74 


12 


5 


3 02 


17 8 


4.30 


2 


.49 


7 


3 


1.76 


12 


6 


3.04 


17 9 


4.32 


2 1 


.51 


7 


4 


1.78 


12 


7 


3.06 


17 10 


4 34 


2 2 


.53 


7 


5 


1.80 


12 


8 


3.08 


17 11 


4.36 


2 3 


.55 


7 


6 


1.82 


12 


9 


3.10 


18 


4.38 


2 4 


.57 


7 


7 


1.84 


12 


10 


3.12 


18 1 


4.40 


2 5 


.59 


7 


8 


1.86 


12 


11 


3.14 


18 2 


4.42 


2 6 


.61 


7 


9 


1.88 


13 




3.18 


18 3 


4.44 


2 7 


.63 


7 


10 


1.90 


13 


1 


3.18 


18 4 


4.40 


2 8 


.65 


7 


11 


1.92 


13 


2 


3.20 


18 5 


4.48 


2 9 


.67 


8 




1.95 


13 


3 


3.22 


18 6 


4.50 


2 10 


.69 


8 


1 


1.97 


13 


4 


3.24 


18 7 


4.52 


2 11 


.71 


8 


2 


1.99 


13 


5 


3.26 


18 8 


4.54 


3 


.73 


8 


3 


2.01 


13 


6 


3.28 


18 9 


4.56 


3 1 


.75 


8 


4 


2.03 


13 


7 


3.30 


18 10 


4.58 


3 2 


.77 


8 


5 


2.05 


13 


8 


3.32 


18 11 


4.60 


3 3 


.79 


8 


6 


2.07 


13 


9 


3.34 


19 


4.62 


3 4 


.81 


8 


7 


2.09 


13 


10 


3.36 


19 1 


4.64 


3 5 


.83 


8 


8 


2.11 


13 


11 


3.38 


19 2 


4.66 


3 6 


.85 


8 


9 


2.13 


14 




3.41 


19 3 


4.68 


3 7 


.87 


8 


10 


2.15 


14 


1 


3.43 


19 4 


4.70 


3 8 


.89 


8 


11 


2.17 


14 


2 


3.45 


19 5 


4.72 


3 9 


.91 


9 




2.19 


14 


3 


3.47 


19 6 


4.74 


3 10 


.93 


9 


1 


2.21 


14 


4 


3.49 


19 7 


4.76 


3 11 


.95 


9 


2 


2.23 


14 


5 


3.51 


19 8 


4.78 


4 


.97 


9 


3 


2.25 


14 


6 


3.53 


19 9 


4.80 


4 1 


.99 


9 


4 


2.27 


14 


7 


' 3.55 


19 10 


4.82 


4 2 


1 01 


9 


5 


2.29 


14 


8 


3.57 


19 11 


4.84 


4 3 


1.03 


9 


6 


2.31 


14 


9 


3.59 


£1 .. .. 


4.8? 


4 4 


1.05 


9 


7 


2.33 


14 


10 


3.61 




1 


4.89 


4 5 


1.07 


9 


8 


2.35 


14 


11 


3.63 




2 


4.91 


4 6 


1.09 


9 


9 


2.37 


15 




3.65 




3 


4.93 


4 7 


1.11 


9 


10 


2.39 


15 


1 


3.67 




4 


4.95 


4 8 


1.13 


9 


11 


2.41 


15 


2 


3.69 




5 


4.97 


4 9 


1.15 


10 




2.43 


15 


3 


3.71 




6 


4.99 


4 10 


1.17 


10 


1 


2.45 


15 


4 


3.73 




7 


5.01 


4 11 


1.19 


10 


2 


2 47 


15 


5 


3.75 




8 


5.03 


5 


1.22 


10 


3 


2.49 


15 


6 


3.77 




9 


5.05 


5 1 


1.24 


10 


4 


2.51 


15 


7 


3.79 




10 


5.07 


5 2 


1.26 


10 


5 


2.53 


15 


8 


3.81 




11 


5.09 


5 3 


1.28 


10 


6 


2.55 


15 


9 


3.83 


11 .. 


5.11 



*1 penny=2 -£-£^q cents. 1 shilling=24 ££$ cents. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



515 



EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH 


ANE 


D. 


S. MONEY- 


-Continued. 




£1 Is Id 


- 
$5.13 


£1 6s lOd 


$6.53 


£1 


12s 7d 


$7.93 


£1 18s 4d 


$9.33 


112 


5.15 


1 6 


11 


6.55 


1 


12 


8 


7.95 


1 18 5 


9.35 


113 


5.17 


1 7 




6.57 


1 


12 


9 


7.97 


1 18 6 


9.37 


114 


5.19 


1 7 


1 


6.59 


1 


12 


10 


7.99 


1 18 7 


9.39 


115 


5.21 


1 7 


2 


6.61 


1 


12 11 


8.01 


1 18 8 


9.41 


116 


5.23 


1 7 


3 


6.63 


1 


13 




8.03 


1 1 


9 


9.43 


117 


5.25 


1 7 


4 


6 . 65 


1 


13 


1 


8.05 


1 18 10 


9.45 


118 


5.27 


1 7 


5 


6.67 


1 


13 


2 


8.07 


1 18 11 


9 47 


119 


5.29 


1 7 


6 


6.69 


1 


13 


3 


8.09 


1 19 


9.49 


1 1 10 


5^31 


1 7 


7 


6.71 


1 


13 


4 


8.11 


1 19 1 


9.51 


1 1 11 


5.33 


1 7. 


8 


6.73 


1 


13 


5 


8.13 


1 19 2 


9.53 


1 2 


5.35 


1 7 


9 


6.75 


1 


13 


6 


8.15 


1 19 3 


9.55 


12 1 


5.37 


1 7 


10 


6.77 


1 


13 


7 


8.17 


1 19 4 


9 57 


12 2 


5.39 


1 7 


11 


6.79 


1 


13 


8 


8.19 


1 19 5 


9.59 


12 3 


5.41 


1 8 




6.81 


1 


13 


9 


8.21 


1 19 6 


9.61 


12 4 


5.43 


1 8 


1 


6.83 


1 


13 


10 


8.23 


1 19 7 


9.63 


12 5 


5.45 


1 8 


2 


6.85 


1 


13 


11 


8.25 


1 19 8 


9.65 


12 6 


5.47 


1 8 


3 


6.87 


1 


14 




8.27 


1 19 9 


9.67 


12 7 


5.49 


1 8 


4 


6.89 


1 


14 


1 


8.29 


1 I 


9 10 


9.C9 


12 8 


5.51 


1 8 


5 


6.91 


1 


14 


2 


8.31 


1 19 11 


9.71 


12 9 


5.53 


1 8 


6 


6.93 


1 


14 


3 


8.33 


2 . 




9.73 


1 2 10 


5.55 


1 8 


7 


6.95 


1 


14 


4 


8.35 


2 . 


. 1 


9.75 


1 2 11 


5.57 


1 8 


8 


6.97 


1 


14 


5 


8.37 


2 . 


. 2 


9.77 


1 3 


5.59 


1 8 


9 


6.99 


1 


14 


6 


8.39 


2 . 


. 3 


9.79 


13 1 


5.62 


1 8 


10 


7.01 


1 


14 


7 


8.41 


2 . 


. 4 


9.81 


13 2 


5.64 


1 8 


11 


7.03 


1 


14 


8 


8.43 


2 . 


. 5 


9.83 


13 3 


5.66 


1 9 




7.05 


1 


14 


9 


8.45 


2 . 


. 6 


9.85 


13 4 


5.68 


1 9 


1 


7.08 


1 


14 


10 


8.47 


2 . 


. 7 


9.87 


13 5 


5.70 


1 9 


2 


7.10 


1 


14 


11 


8.49 


2 . 


. 8 


9.89 


13 6 


5.72 


1 9 


3 


7.12 


1 


15 




8.51 


2 . 


. 9 


9...1 


13 7 


5.74 


1 9 


4 


7.14 


1 


15 


1 


8.54 


2 . 


. 10 


9.^3 


13 8 


5.76 


1 9 


5 


7.16 


1 


15 


2 


8.56 


2 . 


. 11 


9 95 


13 9 


5.78 


1 9 


6 


7.18 


1 


15 


3 


8.58 


2 


1 


9.97 


1 3 10 


5.80 


1 9 


7 


7.20 


1 


15 


4 


8.60 


2 


1 1 


10.00 


1 3 11 


5.82 


1 9 


8 


7.22 


1 


15 


5 


8 62 


2 


1 2 


10.02 


1 4 


5.84 


1 9 


9 


7.24 


1 


15 


6 


8.64 


2 


1 3 


10.04 


14 1 


5.86 


1 9 


10 


7.26 


1 


15 


7 


8.66 


2 


1 4 


10 .06 


14 2 


5.88 


1 9 


11 


7.28 


1 


15 


8 


8.68 


2 


1 5 


1008 


14 3 


5.90 


1 10 




7.30 


1 


15 


9 


8 70 


2 


1 6 


10.10 


14 4 


5.92 


1 10 


1 


7.32 


1 


15 


10 


8.72 


2 


1 7 


10.12 


14 5 


5.94 


1 10 


2 


7.34 


1 


15 


11 


8.74 


2 


1 8 


10.14 


14 6 


5.96 


1 10 


3 


7.36 


1 


16 




8.76 


2 


1 9 


10 16 


14 7 


5.98 


1 10 


4 


7.38 


1 


16 


1 


8.78 


2 


1 10 


10.18 


14 8 


6.00 


1 10 


5 


7.40 


1 


16 


2 


8.80 


2 


1 11 


10.20 


14 9 


6.02 


1 10 


6 


7.42 


1 


16 


3 


8.82 


2 


2 


10.22 


1 4 10 


6.04 


1 10 


7 


7.44 


1 


16 


4 


8.34 


2 


2 1 


10.24 


1 4 11 


6.06 


1 10 


8 


7.46 


1 


16 


5 


8.86 


2 


2 2 


1C.26 


J 5 


6.08 


1 10 


9 


7.48 


1 


16 


6 


8.88 


2 


2 3 


10.28 


15 1 


6.10 


1 10 


10 


7.50 


1 


16 


7 


8.90 


2 


2 4 


10.30 


15 2 


6.12 


1 10 


11 


7.52 


1 


16 


8 


8.92 


2 


2 5 


10.32 


15 3 


6.14 


1 11 




7 54 


1 


16 


9 


8.94 


2 


2 6 


10.34 


15 4 


6.16 


1 11 


1 


7.56 


1 


16 


10 


896 


2 


2 7 


10.36 


15 5 


6.18 


1 11 


2 


7.58 


1 


l"i 


11 


8.98 


2 


2 8 


10.38 


15 6 


6.20 


1 11 


3 


7.60 


1 


17 




9.(10 


2 


2 9 


10.40 


15 7 


6.22 


1 11 


4 


7 G2 


1 


17 


1 


9.02 


2 


2 10 


10.42 


15 8 


6.24 


1 11 


5 


7.64 


1 


17 


2 


9.04 


2 


2 11 


10.44 


15 9 


6.26 


1 11 


6 


7.66 


1 


17 


3 


9<06 


2 


3 


10 46 


1 5 10 


6.28 


1 11 


7 


7.68 


1 


17 


4 


9.08 


2 


3 1 


10.48 


1 5 11 


6.30 


1 11 


8 


7.70 


1 


17 


5 


9.10 


2 


3 2 


10.50 


1 6 


6.32 


1 11 


9 


7.72 


1 


17 


6 


9.12 


2 


3 3 


10.52 


16 1 


6.35 


1 11 


10 


7.74 


1 


17 


7 


9 14 


2 


3 4- 


10.54 


16 2 


6.37 


1 11 


11 


7.76 


1 


17 


8 


9,16 


2 


3 5 


10.56 


16 3 


6.39 


1 12 




7.78 


1 


17 


9 


9,18 


2 


3 6 


10.53 


16 4 


6.41 


1 12 


1 


7.81 


1 


17 


10 


9.20 


2 


3 7 


10.66 


16 5 


6.43 


1 12 


2 


7.83 


1 


17 


11 


9.22 


2 


3 8 


10.62 


16 6 


6.45 


1 12 


3 


7.85 


1 


18 




9„24 


2 


1 9 


10.64 


16 7 


6.47 


1 12 


4 


7.87 


1 


18 


1 


9.27 


2 


3 10 


10.66 


16 8 


6.49 


1 12 


5 


7.89 


1 


18 


2 


9.29 


2 


3 11 


10.68 


16 9 


6.51 


1 12 


6 


7.91 


1 


18 


3 


9.31 


2 


4 


10.70 



516 



THE GREAT PYRAMID J.KK/EH 



KOUlVALENTS OF ENGLISH AND U. S. MONEY— Continued. 

Ncth— This continuation of the preceding tables includes only pounds sterling. 
To ascertain the equivalent of an amount expressed in pounds, shillings and pence, 
to the amount given in this page for pounds add the equivalent for shillings and 
pence as shown in the preceding tables. 



£ 1 


$ 4.86.6)6 


£ 66 


$321.18.9 


£131 


$637.51.1J6 


£196 


$ 953.83.4 


2 


9.73.3 


67 


326.05. 5 J6 


132 


642.37.8 


197 


958.70.0Jtf 


3 


14.59.9}$ 


68 


330.92.2 


133 


647. 24. 4 H 


198 


963 . 56 . 7 


4 


19.46.6 


69 


335.78.8J6 


134 


652.11.1 


199 


968. 43. 3 J6 


5 


24.33 2J6 


70 


340.65.5 


135 


656. 97. 7 J6 


200 


973.30 


6 


29.19.9 


71 


345.52.1J6 


136 


661.84.4 


201 


978.16.6J6 


7 


34.06.5J6 


72 


350.38.8 


137 


6fUJ.71.OJ6 


202 


983.08.3 


8 


38.93.2 


73 


355. 25.4 J6 


138 


671.57.7 


203 


987.89.9J6 


9 


4H.79.8J6 


74 


360.12.1 


139 


676.44.3J6 


204 


992.76.6 


10 


48.66.5 


75 


364.98.7 J6 


140 


681 . 31 


205 


997. 63. 2 J$ 


11 


53.53.1 H 


76 


369.85.4 


141 


686.17.6J6 


206 


1,002.49.9 


12 


58.39.8 


77 


374.72.0J6 


142 


691.04.3 


207 


1,007.36.5)6 


13 


63.20.4 J6 


78 


379 58.7 


143 


695. 90. 9 J6 


208 


1,012.23.2 


14 


68.13.1 


79 


384. 45. 3 J6 


144 


700.77 6 


209 


1,017.09. 8 J6 


15 


72.99.7 J6 


80 


389.32 


145 


705. 64. 2 J6 


210 


1,021.98.5 


16 


77.86.4 


81 


394. 18. 6 J6 


146 


710.50.9 


211 


1,026. 83. 1J6 


17 


82.73.0J6 


82 


899.05.3 


147 


715. 37. 5 J6 


212 


2,031.69.8 


18 


87.59.7 


s;) 


403. 91. 9 M 


148 


720.24.2 


•213 


1,036. 56. 4 J6 


19 


92.46.3J6 


84 


403.78.6 


149 


725. 10. 8 J6 


214 


1,041.43.1 


20 


97.33 


85 


413. 65. 2 J6 


150 


729 . 97 . 5 


215 


1,046. 29. 7 J6 


21 


102.19.6J3 


i-6 


418.51.9 


151 


731.84.1J6 


216 


1,051.16.4 


22 


107.06.3 


87 


423.38.5J6 


152 


739.70.8 


217 


1,056. 03. 0J6 


23 


111.92. 9J6 


88 


428.25.2 


158 


744.57.4J6 


218 


1,060.89.7 


24 


116.79.6 


89 


433.11.8J6 


154 


749.44.1 


219 


1.065.76.3J6 


25 


121.66.2J6 


90 


437.98.5 


155 


754.30.7J6 


220 


1,070.63 


26 


126.52.9 


91 


442.85.1J6 


156 


759.17.4 


211 


1,075.49.636 


27 


131.39.5J6 


92 


447.71.8 


157 


764.04.0J6 


222 


1,080.86.3 


28 


136.26.2 


93 


452.58.4Jj 


158 


768.90.7 


223 


1,035. 22. 9 J6 


29 


141.12.8J6 


94 


457.45.1 


159 


773.77.3J6 


224 


1,090.09.6 


30 


145.99.5 


95 


462. 31. 7 J6 


160 


778.64 


225 


1,094.96. 2 J6 


31 


150.86.1J6 


96 


467.18.4 


161 


783.50.6J6 


226 


1.099.82.9 


32 


155.72.8 


97 


472.05.0J6 


162 


788.37.3 


227 


1,104.69.5)6 


83 


160. 59. 4 J6 


98 


476.91.7 


163 


793. 23. 9 J6 


228 


1,109.56.2 


84 


165.46.1 


99 


481.78.3J6 


164 


798.10.6 


229 


1,114 42.SJ6 


35 


170. 32. 7 J6 


100 


486.65 


165 


802.97.2J6 


230 


1,119.29.5 


36 


175.19.4 


101 


491.51.6J6 


166 


807.83.9 


231 


1,124. 16. 1J6 


37 


180.06.OJ6 


102 


496.38.3 


167 


81 2. 70. 5 J6 


232 


1,129.02.8 


38 


184.92.7 


103 


501.24.9J6 


168 


817.57.2 


233 


1.133.89.4J6 


39 


189.79.3J6 


104 


506.11.6 


169 


822.43.8J6 


234 


1,138.76.1 


40 


194.66 


105 


510.98.2J6 


170 


827.30.5 


235 


1,143. 62. 7 J6 


41 


199.52.6J6 


106 


515.84.9 


171 


832.17 1J6 


236 


1,148.49.4 


42 


204.39.3 


107 


520. 71. 5 J6 


172 


837.03.8 


237 


1,153. 36. 0J6 


43 


209.25.9J6 


108 


525.58.2 


173 


841. 90. 4 J6 


238 


1,158.22.7 


44 


214.12.6 


109 


530.44.8J6 


174 


846.77.1 


239 


1,163. 09. 3J6 


45 


218.99 2J6 


110 


535.31.5 


175 


851.63.7J6 


240 


1,167.96. 


4fi 


223.85.9 


111 


540.18.1J6 


176 


856.50.4 


241 


1,172.82.6*6- 


47 


228. 72.5 J6 


112 


545.04.8 


177 


861.37.0J6 


242 


1,177.69.3 


48 


233.59.2 


113 


549.91.4J6 


178 


866.23.7 


243 


1,182.55.9)6' 


49 


238.45.8J6 


114 


554.78.1 


179 


871.10.3J6 


244 


1,187.42.6 


50 


243.32.5 


115 


659.64.7J6 


180 


875.97. 


245 


1,192. 29. 2 J6 


51 


248.19.1J6 


116 


564. 5x. 4 


181 


880.83.6J6 


246 


1,197.15.9 


62 


253.05.8 


117 


669.38.0J6 


182 


885.70.3 


247 


1,202.02.5)6 


53 


257.92.4J6 


118 


674.24.7 


183 


890.5(i.9J6 


248 


1,206.89.2 


54 


262.79.1 


119 


679.11.3J6 


184 


895.43.6 


249 


1,211.75.8)6 


55 


267.65.7J6 


120 


683.98 


185 


900.30.2J6 


250 


1,216.62.5 


56 


272.52.4 


121 


588.84.6J6 


186 


905.16.9 


251 


1,221. 49. 1J6 


67 


277.39.0J6 


122 


593.71.3 


187 


910.03. 5J6 


252 


1,226.35.8 


58 


282.25.7 


123 


698.57.9J6 


188 


914.90.2 


253 


1,231.22.4)6 


89 


287.12.3J6 


124 


603.44.6 


189 


919.76.8J6 


254 


1,236.09.1 


00 


291.99 


125 


608.31.2J6 


190 


924.63.5 


255 


1,240.95.7)6 


61 


296.85.6J6 


126 


613.17.9 


191 


929.50.1J6 


256 


1,245.82.4 


62 


301.72.3 


127 


618.04.5J6 


192 


934.36.8 


257 


1,250.69.0)6 


68 


306.58.9J6 


128 


622.91.2 


193 


939.23.4 Jj 


258 


1,255.55.7 


64 


311.45.6 


129 


627.77.8J6 


194 


944.10.1 


259 


1,260.42.3)6 


05 


816.33.2J6 


130 


632.64.5 


195 


948.96.7J6 


260 


1,266.29. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



517 



EQUIVALENTS OP FRENCH AND UNITED STATES MONEY. 



Note — The United States Mint valuation of the franc, 19.3 cents, is here used. 
100 centimes make one franc. French money is denoted as follows: 04 francs and 
72 centimes, written— fr. 64.72. 



lc 


1.00.2 


16c 


$.03.1 


31c 


$.06.0 


46c 


$.08.9 


61 


c$.11.8 


76c 


$.14.7 


91c 


$.17 5 


2 


.00.4 


17 


.03.3 


32 


.06.2 


47 


.09.1 


62 


.12.0 


77 


.14.8 


92 


.17.7 


3 


.00.6 


18 


.03.5 


33 


.06.4 


48 


.09.3 


63 


.12.1 


78 


.15.0 


93 


.17.9 


4 


.00.8 


19 


.03.7 


34 


.06.5 


49 


.09.4 


64 


.12.3 


79 


.15.2 


94 


.18.1 


5 


.01.0 


20 


.0:f.8 


35 


.06.7 


50 


.09 6 


65 


.12.5 


80 


.15.4 


95 


.18.3 


6 


.01.1 


21 


.04.0 


36 


.06.9 


51 


.00.8 


66 


.12.7 


81 


.15.6 


96 


.18.5 


7 


.01.3 


22 


.04.2 


37 


.07.1 


52 


.10.0 


67 


.12.9 


82 


15.8 


97 


.18.7 


8 


.01.5 


23 


.04.4 


38 


.07.3 


53 


.10.2 


68 


.13.1 


83 


.16.0 


98 


.18.9 


9 


.01.7 


24 


.04.6 


39 


.07.5 


f4 


.10.4 


69 


.13.3 


84 


.16.2 


99 


.19.1 


10 


.01.9 


25 


.04.8 


40 


.07.7 


55 


.10.6 


70 


.13.5 


85 


.16.4 


100 


.19.3 


11 


.02.1 


26 


.05.0 


41 


. 07 . 9 


56 


.10.8 


71 


.13.7 


85 


.16.6 







12 


.02.3 


27 


.05.2 


42 


.08.1 


57 


.11.0 


72 


.13.9 


87 


.16.8 


• • • • 




13 


.02.5 


28 


.05.4 


43 


.08.3 


58 


.11.2 


73 


.14.1 


88 


.17.0 




• • • • • • 


14 


.02.7 


29 


.05.6 


44 


.08.5 


59 


.11.4 


74 


.14.3 


89 


.17.2 




•■•••« 


15 


.02.9 


30 


.05.8 


45 


.08.7 


60 


.11.6 


75 


.14.5 


90 


.17.4 






lfr 


$ .19.3 


51fr 


$ 9.84.3 


lOlfr 


$19.49.3 


151fr 


$29.14.3 


fr. 100 


$ 19.39 


2 


.38.6 


52 


10.03.6 


102 


19.68.6 


152 


29.33.6 


200 


38.60 


3 


.57.9 


53 


10.22.9 


103 


19.87.9 


153 


29.52.9 


300 


57.90 


I 


.77.2 


54 


10.42.2 


104 


20.07.2 


154 


29.72.2 


400 


77.20 


5 


.96.5 


55 


10.61.5 


105 


20.26.5 


155 


29.91.5 


500 


96 . 50 


€ 


1.15.8 


56 


10.80.8 


106 


20.45.8 


156 


30.10.8 


600 


115.80 


7 


1.35.1 


57 


11.00.1 


107 


20.65.1 


157 


30.30.1 


700 


135.10 


8 


1.54.4 


58 


11.19.4 


108 


20.84.4 


158 


30.49.4 


800 


154.40 


9 


1.73.7 


59 


11.38.7 


109 


21.03.7 


159 


30.68.7 


900 


173.'70 


10 


1.93.0 


60 


11.58.0 


110 


21.23.0 


160 


30.88.0 


1,000 


193.00 


11 


2.12.3 


61 


11.77.3 


111 


21.42 3 


161 


31.07.3 


2 000 


386 . 00 


12 


2.31.6 


62 


11.96.6 


112 


21.61.6 


162 


31.26.6 


3,000 


579.00 


13 


2.50.9 


63 


12.15.9 


113 


21.80 9 


163 


31.45.9 


4,000 


772 00 


14 


2.70.2 


64 


12.35.2 


114 


22.00.2 


164 


31.65.2 


5,000 


965.00 


15 


2.89.5 


65 


12.54.5 


115 


22.19.5 


165 


31.84.5 


6,000 


1,158.00 


16 


3.08.8 


66 


12.73.8 


116 


22.38.8 


166 


32.03.8 


7,000 


1,351.00 


17 


3.28.1 


67 


12.93.1 


117 


22.58.1 


167 


32.23.1 


8,000 


1,514.00 


18 


3.47.4 


68 


13.12.4 


118 


22.77.4 


168 


32.42.4 


9,000 


1,737.00 


19 


3.66.7 


69 


13.31.7 


119 


22.96.7 


1G9 


32 61.7 


10,000 


1,930.00 


20 


3.86.0 


70 


13.51.0 


120 


23.16.0 


170 


32.81.0 


20,000 


3,860 . 00 


21 


4.05.3 


71 


13.70.3 


121 


23.35.3 


171 


33.00.3 


30,000 


5,790 00 


22 


4.24.6 


72 


13.89.6 


122 


23.54.6 


172 


33.19.6 


40,000 


7,720.00 


23 


4.43.9 


73 


14.08.9 


123 


23.73.9 


173 


33.38.9 


50,000 


9,650.00 


24 


4.63.2 


74 


14.28.2 


124 


23.93.2 


174 


33 58.2 


60,000 


11,580.00 


25 


4.82.5 


75 


14.47.5 


125 


24.12.5 


175 


33.77.5 


70,000 


13,510.00 


20 


5.01.8 


76 


14.66.8 


126 


24.31.8 


176 


33.96.8 


80,000 


15,440 . 00 


27 


5.21.1 


77 


14.86.1 


127 


24.51.1 


177 


34.16.1 


90,000 


17,370.00 


28 


5.40.4 


78 


15.05.4 


128 


24.70.4 


178 


34.35.4 


100,000 


19,300.00 


29 


5.59.7 


79 


15.24.7 


129 


24.89.7 


179 


34.54.7 


200,000 


38,600.00 


30 


5.79 


80 


15.44.0 


130 


25.09.0 


180 


34.74.0 


300,000 


57,900.00 


31 


5.98.3 


81 


15.63.3 


131 


25.28.3 


181 


34.93.3 


400,000 


77,200.00 


32 


6.17.6 


82 


15.82.6 


132 


25.47.6 


182 


35.12.6 


500,000 


96,500.00 


33 


6.36.9 


83 


16.01.9 


133 


25.66.9 


183 


35.31.9 


600,000 


115,800 00 


34 


6.56.2 


84 


16.21.2 


134 


25.86/2 


184 


35.51.2 


700,000 


135,100.00 


35 


6.75.5 


85 


16.40.5 


135 


26.05.5 


185 


35.70.5 


800,000 


154,400.00 


30 


6.94.8 


86 


16.59.8 


136 


26.24.8 


186 


35.89.8 


900,000 


173,700.00 


37 


7.14.1 


87 


16.79.1 


137 


26.44.1 


187 


36.09.1 


1,000,000 


198,000.00 


38 


7.33.4 


88 


16.98.4 


138 


26.6:5.4 


188 


36.28.4 


2,000,000 


386,000.00 


39 


7.52.7 


89 


17.17.7 


139 


26.82.7 


189 


36.47.7 


3,000,000 


579,000.00 


40 


7.72.0 


90 


17.37.0 


140 


27.02.0 


190 


36.67.0 


4,000,000 


772,000.00 


41 


7.91.3 


91 


17.56.3 


141 


27.21.3 


191 


36.86.3 


5,000,000 


965,000.00 


42 


8.10.6 


92 


17.75.6 


142 


27.40.6 


192 


37 . 05 . 6 


6,000,000 


1,158,000.00 


43 


8.29.9 


93 


17.94.9 


143 


27.59.9 


193 


37.24.9 


7,000,000 


1,351,000.06 


44 


8.49.2 


94 


18.14.2 


144 


27.79.2 


194 


37.44.2 


8,000,000 


1, 544,000. W 


45 


8.68.5 


95 


18.33.5 


145 


27.98.5 


195 


37.63.5 


9,000,000 


1,737,000.00 


46 


8.87.8 


96 


18.52.8 


146 


28.17.8 


196 


37.82.8 


10,000,000 


1,980,000.00 


47 


9.07.1 


97 


18.72.1 


147 


28.:j7.l 


197 


38 02.1 


20,000.000 


3,800,000.00 


48 


9.26.4 


98 


18.91.4 


148 


28.56.4 


198 


38.21.4 


30,000,000 


5,790,000 00 


49 


9.45.7 


99 


19.10.7 


149 


28.75.7 


199 


38.40.7 


40,000,000 


7,720,000.08 


50 


9.65.0 100 


19.30.0 


150 


28.95.0 


200 


38 60.0 | 


50,000,000 


9,650,000.00 



518 



THE GKEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Foreign Coins. 
Chilean Cold Coins. 



Denomination. 


Valuk 


Weight in Grains. 


Diameter. 


Name - 1 !5£ 


Pesos. 


Pure 

Metal. 


Alloy. 


Full 
Weight. 


mare's. | Inche s* 




S10.00 
5.00 
2.00 
1.00 


211.850 
105.925 
42.369 
21.184 


23.523 

11.777 

4.714 

2.350 


235.374 

117.702 

47.0S4 

23.534 


28.5 1.122045 
22.0 .866140 
18.5 .619605 
14.0 1 .551180 





Peso „ 

Medio Peso 

Quiu to „,.. 

Decimo .„..,..,.,. 

Medio Decimo. 



Chilean Silver Coins. 



.900 


1.00 


.900 


.50 


.900 


.20 


.900 


.10 


.900 


.05 



347.227 

173.613 

69.445 

34.336 

17.361 



38.580 

19.290 

7.716 

4.243 

1.929 



385.808 
192.904 
77.161 
38.580 
19.290 



37.0 
30.0 
23.0 
18.0 
15.0 



1.45669 

1.18110 

.90651 

.70366 

.59055 



Chilean Copper Coins. 



DosCentavos — .. 
Un Centavo^.^. 
Medio Centavo.„ 



2? 

88 



.02 
.01 
.005 



102.625 
51.3125 
25.65625 



5.401 
25.8495 
20.64075 



108.026 
77.162 
46.297 



25.0 
21.0 
19.0 



.98425 
.82677 
.74803 



Chinese Money and Equivalents. 

The Director of the U. S. Mint reported January 1, 1897, that the valine of the 
haikwan or customs tael of China, based on the same price of silver that was 
used in estimating the values of foreign silver coins, proclaimed in the circular 
of January 1, 1897, at the various Chinese ports, is as follows: — 



Port. 


Value. 


Port. 


Value. 


Port. 


Value. 


Port. 


Value . 




$0,76 7 


Chin Kiane- 


$0,74 9 


Yinrhwans' ... 


$0.'d 9 Swatow... 


$0.70 8 


Canton 


.76 5 Fuchau 

.73 3 Hankow 


.70 9": Ningpo 

.71 7 Shanghai... 


.70 |Tien-Tsin 


.77 2 
.74 5 



Money Weights. 



10 Hao=l Li= W% copper 
cash = 

10 Li =1 Fen=13^ copper 
cash = 



Equiv't in 
Mex. Coin. 



$0,001 H Peso 
0.01 H Peso 



Money Weights. 



10 Fen c=l Tsien= 133 % 
copper cash = 

10 Tsien=l Liang= 1,133 Ji 
copper cash = 



Equiv't in 
Mex. Coin. 



$0J3J$ Peso. 
1.33^ Pes* 



Japanese Gold Coins. 





FINE- 


WEIGHT IN GRArNS OF 


VALUE IN U.S. 




NESS. 


PUKE METAL. 


ALLOY. 


FULL WEIGHT 


GOLD COIN. 


One Yen 1 $ 1.00 


900 


11.57 


1.29 


12.86 


? 0.49-86 


2 Yen ...! 2.00 


900 


23.14 


2.58 


25.72 


.99-72 


5 Yen...., 5.00 


900 


57.85 


6.45 


64.30 


2.49-3U 


10 Yen ... 10.00 


900 


115.70 


12.90 


128.60 


4.98-60 


20 Yen....) 20.00 


900 


231.40 


25.80 


257.20 


9.97-20 



Japanese Silver Coins. 



Den omination . 


FINE- | 


WEIGHT IN GRAINS OF 


VALUE IN U.S. 






NESS. 

""900 


PURE METAL. 1 ALLOY. 


FULL WEIGHT 


GOLD COIN. 


5 Sen 


$ .05 


18.7375 2.0625 


20.8 


$ 0.04 38 


10 Sen 


.10 


900 


37.475 


4.125 


41.6 


0.08 76 


20 Sen 


.20 


900 


74.950 


8.250 


83.2 


0.17 52 


50 Sen 


.50 


900 


187.375 


20.625 


208.0 


0.43 8 


lYen 


1.00 


900 


374.75 


41.25 


416.0 


0.87 6 


Trade Yen . . 


1.01 


900 


378.00 


42.00 


420.0 


0.88 6 



Japanese Copper Coins. 









WEIGHT IN GRAINS OF 


VALUE IN 




ACT OF 










PURE METAL, 
27.507 


FULL WEIGHT. 

27.507 


YENS. 


1 Rin — 


$ 0.0025 


1871 


$ 0.0025 


% Sen- 


0.005 


1871 


55.014 


55.014 


0.005 




0.01 


1871 


110.028 


110.028 


0.01 


2 Sen - 


0.02 


1871 


220.056 


220.056 


0.02 



Note- The $ mark of the U.S. is used in Japan to designate the Yen. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES 



519 



Mexican Coins. 

Note — The metric system of weights and measures became compulsory in 
Mexico, January 1st, 1884. 

Coinage. — The principal coinage is of silver, consisting in every 12 dineros of 
cf 10 5-6 dineros of pure metal (1000 fine) and 1 1-6 dinero of alloy; that is, it 
is 0.902,777 fine. The monetary unit is the peso. The gold coinage is not in gen- 
eral circulation; the fineness of the "Old Doubloon" is 870, the " Twenty Pesos " 
of the Republic, (new) 873, and the "Twenty Pesos" of the Empire, 875 fine. 
The so called nickel coins vary from 20 to 25 per cent, of nickel and 75 to 80 per 
cent, of copper. Pesos continue to be struck with the legend 8R, meaning 8 reales. 
The piece of 50 centavos is called 4 reales, also tosten. That of 25 centavos, 2 
reales, also peseta. 

MEXICAN * GOLD COINS. 



Denomination. 



Double Hidalgo. . 

Hidalgo 

Medio Hidalgo. . . 
Cuarto Hidalgo.. 
Decimo Hidalgo. 



Fineness 



875 
875 
875 
875 
875 



Value 

in Pesos. 



$ 20.00 

10.00 

5.00 

2.50 

1.00 



Weight in 



Grammes 



33.841 

16.920 

8.460 

4.230 

1.692 



Troy ozs, 



1.0860 
.5430 
.2715 
.13575 
.05430 



DlAMETJiR IN 



Mil'mtrs Inches 



34 
27 
22 
18 
15 



1.33858 

1.06299 

.86614 

.70866 

.59055 



MEXICAN * SILVER COINS. 




901 
901 
901 
901 


1.00 
.50 
.25 
.10 


27.073 
13.536 

6.768 
2.707 


0.866 
0.433 
0.2165 
.0866 


37 
30 
25 
17 


1.45669 




1.18110 




.98425 




.66929 


MEXK 


3AN * NICKEL (AND COPPER) COI1 


vTS. 






see 

note 

ibove 


.05 
.02 
.01 


5. 
3. 
2. 


.16075 
.09645 
.06430 


20 
18 
16 


.78740 




.70866 




.62992 















* There were formerly coined in gold the onza, =$16 in silver; the real,=%0.12y 2 ; 
medio real, = $0.06% ; cuartilla, = $0.03^. And in copper the tlaco, = $0.01 9-16; 
ccntavo, = $0.01. The grano, as a monetary unit, was 1-96 of a/cso, or 1-12 of a real 

Russian Coinage and Money. 

The Silver Rouble is the legal unit of money in Russia, and must contain as 
such 278 grains, or 4 Zolotnicks and 21 Dolis, of fine silver. The principal circula- 
ting medium is paper money, in 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 Roubles; the issue of 50 
Roubles has been withdrawn from circulation, on account of its being exten- 
>ively counterfeited, and easily accomplished. 

GOLD COINS. 



Denomination. 


Fineness. 


Weight, 
oz. 


Equivalent, 
Eng. 


Equivalent, 
U. S. 




916 
916 


0.210 
0.420 


= 16 shillings 

= 32 shillings 


= $3.89 
= 7.78 



SILVER COINS. 



Denomination. 


Fineness. 


Pure 
Silver 
Grains. 


Equivalent, 
Eng. 


Equivalent, 
U. S. 


1 Piatachek = 5 Kopeks... 
1 Grivenik = 10 Kopeks. . . 
1 Dvougrivenni = 20 Kopeks. . . 
1 Tchetvertak = 25 Kopeks . . . 
1 Poltina = 50 Kopeks . . . 
1 Rouble =100 Kopeks . . . 


875 
875 
875 
875 
875 
875 


13.9 
27.8 
55.6 
69.5 

139. 

278. 


= 1 penny, 3 far. 
= 3 pence, 2 " 
= 7 « 

= 8 " 3 " 
= 1 s. 5 p. 2 far.. 
= 2 s. 11 p 


= $0.03548 
= 0.07096 
= 0.14192 
= 0.17740 
= 0.35480 
= 0.70960 



Denomination. 


Equivalent, 
Eng. 


Equivalent, 
U. S. 


3 Kopeika = 1 Trehkopeechnik = 3 Kopeks 


= .35 far- 

- .7 far- 

- 1.4 far- 
= 2.8 far- 
= 4.2 far. 
= 1 penny 3 far. 


= $0.001774 
= 0.003548 
— 0.007096 
= 0.014192 
= 0.021288 
= 0.03548 



520 



THE GEEAT PYKAMLD JEEZEH 



Estimate of Values of Foreign Coins in U. S. Money, Proclaimed by the 
Treasurj Department, January 1, 1907. 

Note.— The "standard" of a given country is indicated as follows: G &S where 
its standard silver coins are unlimited legal tender, the same as its' gold coins; 
single gold or single silver, as its standard coins of one or the other metal are un- 
limited legal tender. The par of exchange of the monetary unit of a country with 
a single gold, or a double standard is fixed at the value of the gold unit as com- 
pared with the United States gold unit. In the case of a country with a single 
silver standard, the par of exchange is computed at the mean price of silver in The 
London market for a period commencing Oct. 1 and ending Dec. 24, each year as 
per daily cable dispatches to the Bureau of the Mint. 



Country. 



Argentine \ 

Republic J 

Austria- \ 

Hungary, j 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Br. Poss.N.A. 
Br. Honduras 
C. A. Statesll 

Chile 



Standard. 



G. &S. 



China 

Colombia "> 
U.S. of ...J 

Costa Rica ... 

Cuba 

Denmark 



Ecuador 

Egypt 

Finland 

France 

Germany 

Great Britain 

Greece 

Haiti 



IndiaJ 

Italy 

Japan 

Liberia 

Mexico 

Netherlands. 
Newfoundl'd 

Norway 

Persia 

Peru 

Philippine Is. 
Portugal 

Russia 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland... 

Tripoli 

Turkey 

Uruguay 

Venezuela .... 



Gold.... 

G. &S. 
Silver. 

Gold 

Gold. 



Monetary 
unit. 



Peso 

Crown , 

Franc 

Boliviano , 

Milreis 

Dollar 



Gold Dollar, 

Silver Peso 



Gold Peso 



Silver .. 



Silver ... J 

5 Silver.., 

I Gold 

G. & S. ... 

Gold 

f Silver ? 
t Gold... 5 

Gold 

Gold 

G. & S. ... 

Gold 

Gold 

G.&S 

G. & S 

\ Silver 1 
\ Gold... j 
G.&S 



G. & S.*.. 

Gold 

Silver . .. 
G.&S. ... 

Gold 

Gold 

Silver . .. 
Silver.. .. 

Gold 

Gold 



Silver^. 

G. & S.., 

Gold 

G.& S.. 
Silver . 

Gold 

Gold 

G. & S.. 



Tael, Shanghai 
Tael, Customs 

Peso 

Dollar 

Peso 

Colon 

Peso 

Crown 

Sucre 

Pound? 

Mark 

Franc 

Mark 

Pound Sterli"g 
Drachma ... 
Gourde 



Value. 



Rupee 

Lira 

Y /Gold.. 
1 en I Silver 

Dollar 

Dollar 

Florin 

Dollar 

Crown 

Kran 

Sol 

Peso 

Milreis 

Rouble.. [ 

Peseta 

Crown 

Franc 

Mahbub . ... 

Piaster 

Peso . 

Bolivar 



$0.96 5 

.20 3 

.19 3 
.43 1 
.54 6 

LOO- 

1.00 
.431 

.36 5 

.64 5 
.719 
.42 4 

1.00 
.431 
.46 5 
.910 
.26 8 
.46 8 
.48 7 

4.94 3 
.19 3 
.19 3 
.23 8 

4.86 sy 2 

.19 3 

.96 5 

f -32 4 ! 



| .32 4 | 
.19 3 
.49 8 
.50 5 

LOO 
.46 8 
.40 2 

1.014 
.26 8 
.07 9 
.48 7 
.50 

1.08 
.51 5 
.37 4 
.19 3 
.26 8 
.19 3 
.44 2 
.04 4 

1 03 4 
.19 3 



Coins. 



I Gold, Argentine ($4.82 4) and } 2 
Argentine; silver, peso and div. 
I (a)Gold, present sys'm— 20 crowns 
1 ($4.05 2), 10 crowns (§2.02 6). 

Gold, 10 & 20 frs.; silver, 5frs.& dlv. 

Silver, Boliviano and divisions. 

Gold, 5, 10 & 20m.; silver, 2m. &div. 

Newfoundland, gold dollar ($1.00). 



Silver, Peso and divisions. 
j Gold, Condor ($9,12 3 & y 2 Condor 
I Escudo(§J.82 4). 
There are no G. & S. coins in China; 

the tael denotes a sum of monev. 
Gold, Condor ($9,64 7) and double 

condor. 

Silver, Peso and divisions. 

Gold, Doubloon ($5.01 7); silver peso 

Gold, 10 and 20 crowns. 

Gold, Condor ($9,64 7) and double 

condor. 
Gold, Pound & div.; S., 20 pi. & div. 
Gold, 20 marks ($3.85 9) & divisions. 
Gold, 5, 10,20, 50,100fr.;S.,5fr.&div. 
Gold, 5, 10 and 20 marks. 
Gold, Sovereign (£ ster.)& 14 sov'n. 
Gold, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 dr.; silver, 5 dr. 
Silver, Gourde and divisions. 

Gold, Mohur ($7.10 5); S-,rupee& div. 

Gold, 5,10,20,50.10u liras; S. 5 1.& div. 

Gold, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 yen. 

Silver, Yen and divisions. 

Gold, $1.00. 

Gold, Peso (§0.98 3)2M, 5,10,20 pesos. 

Gold, 10 florins; S. y,l, 2y 2 florins. 

Gold, 2 dollars ($2.02 7). 

Gold, 10 and 20 crowns. 

Silver, 1, 5 and 10 krans. 

Silver, Sol and divisions. 

Silver, peso and divisions. 

Gold, 1, 2, 5, 10 m.; S , 1 m. and div. 

fGold. Imperial ($7.71 8)& y 2 imp. 

Silver. 1 rouble and divisions. 

Gold, 25 pesetas; S. 5 pes. and div. 

Gold, 10 and 20 crowns. 

Gold, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 fr.; S., fr & div. 

Silver, Mahbub of 20 piastres. 

Gold, 25, 50, 100, 200, 5C0 piastres. 

Gold, 1, 5, 10 and 20 pesos. 

Gold, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 bol.; S., 5 bol. 



*Gold the nominal standard; silver the practical one. 

fHalf imperials before 1886 ($3.98 6). JOn e lac ru pees=100,000 rupees. The Br. Sov- 
ereign is the standard coin of India, but the rupee is the money of account, cur- 
rent at 15 to the sovereign. 

llCentral American States, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and 
Salvador. §One pound is divided into 100 piastres. 

aGold: former system— 8 florins (§3.85 8), ducats ($2.28 7), and 4 ducats ($9.15 8); sil- 
ver, 1 and 2 florins. 

&Silver the nominal standard. Paper the actual currency, the depreciation of 
which is measured by the gold standard. The rouble=100 kopecks. 

The coins of Belgium, Finland, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland are 
of equal value, though differently named; these countries form the Latin mone- 
tary union. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



521 



COMMERCIAL RATIO OF SIT VETS TO OOLD FOR EACH YEAR 

SINCE 1687. 

[Note. — From 1687 to 1832 the ratios are taken from the tables of Dr. A. Soet- 
beer; from 1833 to 1878 from Pixley and Abell's tables; and from 1878 to date 
from daily cablegrams from London to the Bureau of the Mint.] 



Year. 


Ratio, i 


Year. 


Ratio. 


Year. 


Ratio. 


Year. 


Ratio. 


Year. 


Ratio. 


1G87 


14.94 


1729 


14.92 


1771 


14.66 


1813 


16.25 


1855 


15.38 


2688 


14.91 


1730 


14.81 


1772 


14.52 


1814 


15.04 


1856 


15.38 


1689 


15.02 


1731 


14.94 


1773 


14.62 


1815 


15.26 


1857 


15.27 


1690 


15.02 


1732 


15.09 


1774 


14.62 


1816 


15.28 


1858 


15.38 


1691 


14.08 


1733 


15.18 


1775 


14.72 


1817 


15.11 


1859 


15.19 


1602 


14.92 


1734 


15.39 


1776 


14.55 


1818 


15.35 


1860 


15.29 


1693 


14.83 


1735 


15.41 


1777 


14.54 


1819 


15.33 


1861 


15.50 


1694 


1..87 


1736 


15.18 


1778 


14.68 


1820 


15.62 


1862 


15.35 


i695 


15. 0L 


1737 


15.02 


1779 


14.80 


1821 


15.95 


1863 


15.37 


1696 


15.00 


1738 


14.91 


1780 


14.72 


1822 


15.80 


1864 


15.37 


1697 


15.20 


1739 


14.91 


1781 


14.78 


1823 


15.84 


1865 


15.44 


1698 


15.07 


1740 


14.94 


1782 


14.42 


1824 


15.82 


1866...... 


15.43 


1C99 


14.94 


1741 


14.92 


1783 


14.48 


1825 


15.70 


1867 


15.57 


1700 


14.81 


1742 


14.85 


1784...... 


14.70 


1826 


15.76 


1868 


15.59 


1701 


15.07 


1743...... 


14.85 


1785 


14.92 


1827.... 


15.74 


1869 


15.60 


1702 


15.52 


1744 


14.87 


1786 


14.96 


1828...... 


15.78 


1870 


15.57 


1703 


15.17 


1745. 


14.98 


1787 


14.92 


1829...... 


15.78 


1871 


15.57 


1704 


15.22 


1746...... 


15.13 


1788...... 


14.65 


1830 


15.82 


1872 


15.63 


1705 


15.11 


1747 


15.26 


1789 


14.75 


1831 


15.72 


1873 


15.92 


1706 


15.27 


1748 


15.11 


1790 


15.04 


1832 


15.73 


1874 


16.17 


1707 


15.44 


1749...... 


14.80 


1791 


15.05 


1833 


15.93 


1875 


16.59 


1708 


15.41 


1750 


14.55 


1792 


15.17 


1834 


15-73 


1876 


17.88 


1709 


15.31 


1751 


14.39 


1793 


15.00 


1835 


1580 


1877 


17.22 


1710 


15.22 


1752 


14.54 


1794 


15.37 


1836 


15.72 


1878 


17.94 


1711 


15.29 


1753 


14.54 


1795 


15.55 


1837 


15.83 


1879 


18.40 


1712 


15.31 


1754.... 


14.48 


1796 


15.65 


1838 


15.85 


1880...... 


18.05 


1713 


15.24 


1755 


14.68 


1797 


15.41 


1839 


15.62 


1881 


18.16 


1714 


15.13 


1756 


14.94 


1798 


15.59 


1840 


15.62 


1882 


18.19 


1715 


15.11 


1757 


14.87 


1799 


15.74 


1841 


15.70 


1883 


18.64 


1716 


15.09 


1758 


14.85 


1800 


15.68 


1842 


15.87 


1884 


18.57 


1717 


15.13 


1759 


14.15 


1801 


15.46 


1843 


15.93 


1885 


19.41 


1718 


15.11 


1760 


14.14 


1802 


15.26 


1844 


15.85 


1886 


20.78 


1719 


15.09 


1761 


14.. 34 


1803 


15.41 


1845...... 


15.92 


1887 


21.13 


1720 


15.04 


1762 


15.27 


1804 


15.41 


1846 


15.90 


1888 


21.99 


1721 


15.05 


1763 


14.99 


1805 


15.79 


1847 


15.80 


1889 


22.09 


1722 


15.17 


1764 


14.70 


L806 


15.52 


1848 


15.85 


1890 


19.76 


1723 


15.20 


1265 


14.83 


L807 


15.43 


1849 


15.78 


1891 


20.92 


1724 


15.11 


17v6 


14.80 


1808 


16.08 


1850...... 


15.70 


1892 


23.72 


1725 


15.11 


1767 


14.85 


L809 


15.96 


1851 


15.46 


1893 


26.49 


1726 


15.15 


1760 


14.80 


1810 


15.77 


1852 


15.59 


1894 


32.56 


1727 


15.24 


1760 


14.72 


1811 


15.53 


1853 


15.33 


1895 


31.60 


1728 


15.11 


1770 


14.62 


1812..... 


16.11 


1854 


15.33 


1896 


* 30.66 



Note.— By the above table it will be seen that the highest price silver has reached 
in the last 205 years (or since 1687). was in 1760: the highest during this century was 
1814; and the highest since 1818, was in 1859. 

An International Monetary Conference met at Brussels, Belgium, on 
Nov. 22, 1892, to consider the silver question, bimetalism, etc. The following 14 
countries were represented with from one to eleven delegates each, viz:— Austria, 
Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, 
Spain. Sweden and Norway, Russia, Switzerlaud, and the United States. The con- 
ference adjourned on Dec. 18, 1892, after holding some 20 sessions; they did nothing 
whatever, no new light was thrown upon the subject. The only delegates who np- 
peared to be masters of the question were the American. Thi, Rothschild whc was 
a member did not figure as a great financier. The English delegates generally ap- 
peared to be obstructionists. One of them wanted to adjourn almost before ideas 
had been exchanged. The French, who were expected to rally around the douole 
standard, proved a disappointment. There was no cordial alliance between 
them and the delegates of the U. S., though the two republics, in a sense, maintain 
the same monetary system. Austria, with its new-born ambition to return to specie 
payments in gol 1 after a century of paper, could not, of course, be shaken. Ger- 
many contributed little to the elucidation of the question. Soetbeer, a German 
financier, made the only suggestion that came from that nation, though he did not 
speak officially— that is to say, to increase the ratio from 15^ grains all per to 20 grains 
silver for 1 grain of gold. 

* For 1897, ratio, 34.28; for 1898, ratio, 35 03; for 1899, ratio. 34.36; for 1900, ratio. 33.33; 
for 1901, ratio, 34.6S; for 1902, ratio, 39.13: for 1903, ratio, 38.10. 



522 



THE GKEAT PYRAMID JEEZ KIT 



Price of Silver in London, per Ounce, British Standard (.925), 
since 1833, and the equivalent in U. S. Gold Coin of an Ounce 
l,0O© Fine. Taken at the average Price. 





Quotations. 


Calen- 


Quotations. 


Calen- 
dar 
Year. 








Value of a 








Value of a 


Lowest. 


High- 
est. 


Aver- 
age. 


fine oz. at 
average 


dar 
Year. 


Lowest. 


High- 
est. 


Aver- 
age. 


fine oz. at 
average 










quotation. 










quotation 




d. 


d. 


d. 


Dollars. 




d. 


d. 


d. 


Dollars. 


1833.. 


58.75 


59.875 


59.1875 


1.297 


1866.. 


60.375 


62.25 


61.125 


1.339 


1834.. 


59.75 


60.75 


59.9375 


1.313 


1867.. 


60.375 


61.25 


60.5625 


1.328 


1835.. 


59.25 


60. 


59.6875 


1.308 


1868.. 


60.125 


61.125 


60.5 


1.326 


1836.. 


59.6:% 


60.375 


60. 


1.315 


1869.. 


60. 


61. 


60.5 


1.325 


1837.. 


59. 


60.375 


59.5325 


1.305 


1870.. 


60.25 


60.75 


60.5625 


1.328 


1838.. 


59.5 


60.125 


59.5 


1.304 


1871.. 


60.375 


61. 


60.5 


1.326 


1839.. 


60. 


60.625 


60.375 


1.323 


1872.. 


59.25 


61.125 


60.625 


1.322 


1840.. 


60.125 


60.75 


60.375 


1.323 


1873.. 


57.875 


59.9375 


59.25 


1.298 


1841.. 


59.75 


60.375 


60.0625 


1.316 


1874.. 


57.5 


59.5 


58.625 


1.278 


1842.. 


59.25 


60. 


59.875 


1.303 


1875.. 


59.5 


57.625 


56.875 


1.246 


1843.. 


59. 


59.625 


59.375 


1.297 


1876.. 


46.75 


58.5 


52.75 


1.156 


1844.. 


59.25 


59.75 


59.5 


1.304 


1877.. 


53.25 


58.25 


54.8125 


1.201 


1845.. 


58.875 


69.875 


59.25 


1.298 


1878.. 


49.5 


55.25 


52.5625 


1.152 


1846.. 


59. 


60.125 


59.625 


1.300 


1879.. 


48.875 


53.75 


51.25 


1.123 


1847.. 


58.875 


60.375 


59.6875 


1.308 


1880.. 


51.625 


52.875 


52.25 


1.145 


1848.. 


58.5 


60. 


59.5 


1.304 


1881.. 


50.875 


52.875 


51.9375 


1.138 


1849.. 


59.5 


60. 


59.75 


1.309 


1882.. 


50. 


52.375 


51.8125 


1.136 


1850.. 


69.5 


61.5 


61.0625 


1.316 


1883.. 


50. 


51.375 


50.625 


1.110 


1851.. 


60. 


61.625 


61. 


1.337 


1884.. 


49.5 


51.375 


50.75 


1.113 


1852.. 


59.875 


61.875 


60.5 


1.326 


1885.. 


46.875 


50. 


48.5625 


1.0645 


1853.. 


60.625 


61.875 


61.5 


1.348 


1886.. 


42. 


47. 


45.375 


0.9946 


1854.. 


60.875 


61.875 


61.5 


1.348 


1887.. 


43.25 


47.125 


44.625 


0.97823 


1855.. 


60. 


61.625 


61.625 


1.344 


1888.. 


41.625 


44.5625 


42.875 


0.93987 


1856.. 


60.5 


62.25 


6L.625 


1.344 


1889.. 


42. 


44.375 


42.6875 


0.9357ft 


1857.. 


61. 


62.375 


61.75 


1.353 


1890.. 


43.625 


54.625 


47.75 


1.04633 


1858.. 


60.75 


61.875 


61.625 


1.344 


1891.. 


43.5 


48.75 


45.0625 


0.98782 


1859.. 


61.75 


*6«.75 


62.0625 


1.360 


1892.. 


37.875 


43.75 


39.75 


.8710ft 


I860.. 


61.25 


62.375 


61.6875 


1.352 


1893.. 


30.50 


38.75 


35.5625 


.78031 


1861.. 


60.125 


61.375 


60.8125 


1.333 


1894.. 


f«7. 


31.75 


28.875 


.63479 


1862.. 


61. 


62.125 


61.875 


1.346 


1895.. 
1896.. 


27.187 


31.375 


29.8125 


.6540ft 


1863.. 


61. 


61.75 


61.375 


1.345 


29.75 


31.9375 


30.75 


.67437 


1864.. 


60.625 


62.5 


61.375 


1.345 


1897.. 


23.625 


29.8125 


27.5625 


.60354 


1865.. 


60.5 


61.625 


61.0625 


1.338 


1898.. 


25. 


28.5 


26.9375 


.59010 



* Highest quotation reached since 1833. fLowest quotation in 200 years oc- 
curred in July, 1893. 

Note.— The ratio that gold and silver bore to each other Jn Egypt and Babylon. 
The researches of Prof. Brugesch prove the ratio of gold to silver in ancient Egypt 
was 1 to 12>£. Dr. Brandes has shown that in Babylon the ratio was always 1 to 13.0303. 

Va I uc of t lie Silver in a Silver Dollar, Reckoned at the Commer- 
cial Price of Silver Bullion from SO cents to $1.2» 29 (parity), 
per Pine Ounce. 



Fnre Silver 


, 1,000 fine, 


Pure Silver 
At price 


, 1,000 fine. 
Value in 


Pure Silver 


, 1,000 fine. 


Pure Silver, 1,000 fine. 


At price 


Value in 


At price 


Value in 


At price 


Value in 


per fine 


a Silver 


per fine 


a Silver 


per tine 


a Silver 


per fine 


a Silver 


ounce. 


Dollar. 


ounce. 


Dollar. 


ounce. 


Dollar. 


ounce. 


Dollar. 


$0.80 


$0,619 


$0.93 


$0,719 


$1.06 


$0,820 


$1.19 


$0,920 


.81 


.626 


.94 


.727 


1.07 


.828 


1.20 


.928 


.82 


.634 


.95 


.735 


1.08 


.835 


1.21 


.936 


.83 


.642 


.96 


.742 


1.09 


.843 


1.22 


.944 


.84 


.649 


.97 


.750 


1.10 


.851 


1.23 


.951 


.85 


.657 


.9S 


.758 


1.11 


.859 


1.24 


.959 


.86 


.665 


.99 


.766 


1.12 


>6G 


1.25 


.967 


.87 


.673 


1.00 


.773 


1.13 


.874 


1.26 


.976 


.88 


.681 


1.01 


.781 


1.14 


.882 


1.27 


.982 


.89 


.688 


1.02 


.789 


1.15 


.889 


1.28 


.990' 


.90 


.696 


1.03 


.797 


1.16 


.897 


1.29 


.998 


.91 


.704 


1.04 


.804 


1.17 


.905 


1.2929 


1.000 


92 


.712 


1.05 


.812 


1.18 


.913 







WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 523 



INTEREST. 



In calculating interest it is customary to consider the month as the twelfth part 
of a year; and each day as the thirtieth part of a month, when interest is calcu- 
lated on any number of days less than a month. The tables under this head are 
computed on this basis. 

RULES FOR COMPUTING INTEREST. 

1. To compute interest at 6 % when the time is in months or years. 

Rule — Multiply the principal by the number of months; if there are no cents in 
the principal point off two decimals ; if there are cents in the principal point off 
four decimals and divide the product by 2. 
Example — Determine the interest on $400 for 2 years and 4 months at 6 % 
2 years and 4 months are 28 months. 
28X400=11200 
112.00-^2=$56.00, the interest required. 

2. To compute interest at 6 % when the time is in days. 

Rule — Multiply the principal by the number of days ; if there are no cents in. 
the principal point off three decimals; if there are cents in the principal point off 
five decimals; and divide the product by 6. 
Example — Determine the interest on $700 for 330 days at 6 % 
330X700=231.000 
231.00-^6=$38.50, the interest required. 

3. To compute interest at 6 % when the time is given in years or months and 
days. 

Rule — Call one-half the number of months cents and one-sixth of the number 
of days mills; and multiply their sum by the principal. 

Example — Determine the interest on $600 for 1 year, 4 months, and 18 days at 6 % 

one-half of 16 months 08 

one-sixth of 18 days 003 

.083 
multiply by principal 600 

the interest required $49.80 

4. To compute interest at various rates. 

Rule — Find the interest at 6 % according to the above rules, and for other rates, 
compute therefrom, as follows: 
For 3 % divide by 2 
" 4 % subtract Y % 
"5% " 1-6 
" 7% add 1-6 
" 8% " H 

" 9% " % 

" 10 % multiply by 10 and divide by 6 
" 11 % multiply by 2 and subtract 1-12 
„ 12 % » 2 

Example — Determine the interest on $900 for 1 year, 4 months and 18 days at 3, 4, 
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 % 

one-half of 16 months 08 

one-sixth of 18 days 003 



.083 
multiply by principal 900 

interest at 6% $74.70 

2) 74.70 



Interest at 3 % $37.35 

3) 74.70 

24.90 

Interest at 4% $49. bO 

6) 74.70 
12.45 

Interest at 5% $62.25 

6) 74.70 
12.45 

Interest at 7 % $87.15 

3) 74.70 
24.90 



Interest at 8 % $99 . 60 



2) 74.70 
37.35 

Interest at 9% $112.05 

6 ) 747.0 
Interest at 10 % $124.50 

74.70 
2 



12) 149.40 
12.45 

Interest at 11 % ,. $136.95 

74.70 
2 



Interest at 12 % $149,40 



524 



THE GEEAT PYBAMID JEEZEH 



INTEREST TABLES. 



Note — These tables show the interest on one dollar for the given time ; the 
amounts being expressed in decimals of a dollar. 



Time. 


*% 


h% 


%t 


1% 


l 1 ^ % 


1M % 




PER MONTH 


PEE MONTH 


PER MONTH 


PER MONTH 


PER MONTH 


PER MONTH 


1 Day. 


.00016667 


.00025 


.00029167 


.00033333 


.000375 


.00041667 


2 " . 


.00033333 


.0005 


.000:8333 


.00066667 


.00075 


.00083333 


3 " . 


.0005 


.00075 


.000875 


.001 


.001125 


.00125 


4 " . 


.00066667 


.001 


.00116667 


.00133333 


.0015 


.00166667 


5- " . 


.00083333 


.00125 


.00145833 


.00166667 


.001875 


.00208333 


6 " . 


.001 


.0015 


.00175 


.002 


.00225 


.0025 


7 " . 


.00116667 


.00175 


.00204167 


.00233333 


.002625 


.00291667 


8 " . 


.00133333 


.002 


.00233333 


.00266667 


.003 


.00333333 


9 " . 


.0015 


.00225 


.002625 


.003 


.003375 


.00375 


10 " . 


.001(56667 


.0025 


.00291667 


.00333333 


.00375 


.C0416667 


11 " . 


.00183333 


.00275 


.00320833 


.00366667 


.004125 


.00458333 


12 " . 


.002 


.003 


.0035 


.004 


.0045 


.005 


13 " . 


.00216667 


.00325 


.00379167 


.00433333 


.004875 


.00541667 


14 " . 


.00233333 


.0035 


.00408333 


.00466667 


.00525 


.00583333 


15 " . 


.0025 


.00375 


.004375 


.005 


.005625 


.00625 


16 " . 


.00266667 


.004 


.00466667 


.00533333 


.006 


.00666667 


17 " . 


.00283333 


.00425 


.00495833 


.00566667 


.006375 


.00708333 


18 " . 


.003 


.0045 


.00525 


.006 


.00675 


.0075 


13 " . 


.00316667 


.00475 


.00554167 


.00633333 


.007125 


.00791667 


20 " . 


.00333333 


.005 


.00583333 


.00666667 


.0075 


.00833333 


21 " . 


.0035 


.00525 


.006125 


.007 


.007875 


.00875 


22 ." . 


.00366667 


.0055 


.00641667 


.00733333 


.00825 


.00916667 


23 " . 


.00383333 


.00575 


.00670833 


.00766667 


.008625 


.0095833S 


24 " . 


.004 


.006 


.007 


.008 


.009 


.01 


25 " . 


.00416667 


.00625 


.00729167 


.00833333 


.009375 


.01041667 


26 " . 


.00433333 


.0065 


.00758333 


.00866667 


.00975 


.01083333 


27 " . 


.0045 


.00675 


.007875 


.009 


.010125 


.01125 


28 " . 


.00466667 


.007 


.00816667 


.00933333 


.0105 


.01166667 


29 " 


.00483333 


.00725 


.00845833 


.00966667 


.010875 


.01208333 


1 Month 


.005 


.0075 


.00875 


.01 


.01125 


.0125 




• 1% % 


13S% 


1%% 


1 3 4 % 


1% % 


2% 




PER MONTH 


PER MONTH 


PER MONTH 


PER MONTH 


PER MONTH 


PER MONTH 

» 


1 Day. 


.00045833 


.0005 


.00054167 


.00058333 


.000625 


.00066667 


2 " . 


.00091667 


.001 


.00108333 


.00116667 


.00125 


.00133333 


3 " . 


.001375 


.0015 


.001625 


.00175 


.001875 


.002 


4 " . 


.00183333 


.002 


.00216667 


.00233333 


.0025 


.00266667 


5 " . 


.00229167 


.0025 


.00270833 


.00291667 


.003125 


.00333333 


6 " . 


.00275 


.003 


.00325 


.0035 


.00375 


.004 


7 '* . 


.00320833 


.0035 


.00379167 


.00408333 


.004375 


.00166667 


8 " . 


.00366667 


.004 


.00433333 


.00466667 


.005 


.00533333 


9 " . 


.004125 


.0045 


.004875 


.00525 


.005625 


.006 


10 " . 


.00458333 


.005 


.00541667 


.00583333 


.00625 


.00666667 


11 " . 


00504167 


.0055 


.00595833 


.00641667 


.006875 


.00733333 


12 " . 


.0055 


.006 


.0065 


.007 


.0075 


.008 


13 " . 


.00595833 


.0065 


.00704167 


.00758333 


.008125 


.00866667 


14 " . 


.00641667 


.007 


.00758333 


.00816667 


.00875 


.00933333 


15 " . 


.006875 


.0075 


.08125 


.00875 


.009375 


.01 


16 " . 


.00733333 


.008 


.0866667 


.00933333 


.01 


.01066667 


17 " . 


.00779167 


.0085 


.0920833 


.00991667 


.010625 


.01133333 


18 " . 


.00825 


.009 


.0975 


.0105 


.01125 


.012 


19 " . 


.00870833 


.0095 


.01029167 


.01108333 


.011875 


.01266667 


20 " . 


.00916667 


.01 


.01083333 


.01166667 


.0125 


.01333333 


21 " . 


.009625 


.0105 


.011375 


.01225 


.013125 


.014 


22 " . 


.01008333 


.011 


.01191667 


.01283333 


.01375 


.01466667 


23 " . 


.01054167 


.0115 


.01245833 


.01341667 


.014375 


.01533333 


24 " . 


.011 


.012 


.013 


.014 


.015 


.016 


25 " • 


.01145833 


.0125 


.01354167 


.01458333 


.015625 


.01666667 


26 " . 


.01191667 


.013 


.01408333 


.01516667 


.01625 


.01733333 


27 " 


.012375 


.0135 


.014625 


.01575 


.016875 


.018 


28 " . 


.01283833 


.014 


.01516667 


.01633333 


.0175 


.01866667 


29 " 


.01329167 


.0145 


.01570833 


.01691667 


.018125 


.01933333 


1 Monti 


.01375 


.015 


.01625 


.0175 


.01875 


.02 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUBES 



525 



INTEEEST TABLES— Coxtixced. 

NOTE— These tables show the interest on one dollar from one day to on© 
year, advancing by days, the amounts being expressed in decimals of a dollar. 



Time. 


5% 


6% 


1% 


8% 


1 9% 


10% 


11% 


12% 


11. D. 


PBB YEAE PEE YEAR 


PEE YEAE 


PEE YEAE 


PEE YEAE 


PEE YEAE 


PEE YEAE 


PEE YEAE 


1. 


.0001389 


.0001667 


.0001944 


.0002222 


.00025 


.0002778 


.0003056 


.0003333 


2. 


.0002778 


.0003333 


.0003889 


.0004444 


.0005 


.0005556 


.0006111 


.0006667 


3. 


.0004167 


.0005 


.0005833 


.0006667 


.00075 


.0008333 


.0009167 


.001 


4. 


.0005556 


.0006667 


.0007778 


.0008889 


.001 


.0011111 


.0012222 


.0013333 


6. 


.0006944 


.0008333 


.0009722 


.0011111 


.00125 


.0013889 


.0015278 


.0016667 


6. 


.0008333 


.001 


.0011667 


.0013333 


.0015 


.001C667 


.0018333 


.002 


7. 


.0009722 


.0011667 


.0013611 


.0015556 


.00175 


.0019444 


.0021389 


.0023333 


8. 


.0011111 


.0013333 


.0015556 


.0017778 


.002 


.0022222 


.0024444 


.0026667 


9. 


.00125 


.0015 


.00175 


.002 


.00225 


.0025 


.00275 


.003 


10. 


.0013889 


.0016667 


.0019444 


.0022222 


.0025 


.0027778 


.0030556 


.0033333 


11. 


.0015278 


.0018333 


.0021389 


.0024444 


.00275 


.0030556 


.0033611 


.0036667 


12. 


.0016667 


.002 


.0023333 


.0026667 


.003 


.0033333 


.0036667 


.004 


13. 


.0018056 


.0021667 


.0025278 


.0028889 


.00325 


.0036111 


.0039722 


.0043333 


14. 


.0019444 


.0023333 


.0027222 


.0031111 


.0035 


.0038889 


.0042778 


.0046667 


15. 


.0020833 


.0025 


.0029167 


.0033333 


.00375 


.0041667 


.0045833 


.005 


16. 


.0022222 


.0026667 


.0031111 


.0035556 


.004 


.0044444 


.0048889 


.0053333 


17. 


.0023611 


.0028333 


.0033056 


.0037778 


.00425 


.0047222 


.0051944 


.0056667 


18. 


.0025 


.003 


.0035 


.004 


.0045 


.005 


.0055 


.006 


19. 


.0026389 


.0031667 


.0036944 


.0042222 


.00475 


.0052778 


.0058056 


.0063333 


20. 


.0027778 


.0033333 


.0038889 


.0044444 


.005 


.0055556 


.0061111 


.0066667 


21. 


.0029167 


.0035 


.0040833 


.0046C67 


.00525 


.0058333 


.0064167 


.007 


22. 


0030556 


.0036667 


.0042778 


.0048889 


.0055 


.0061111 


.0007222 


.0073333 


23. 


.0031944 


.0038333 


.0044722 


.0051111 


.00575 


.0063889 


.0070278 


.0076667 


24. 


.0033333 


.004 


.0046667 


.0053333 


.006 


.0066667 


.0073333 


.008 


25. 


.0034722 


.0041667 


.0048611 


.0055556 


.00625 


.0069444 


.0076389 


.0083333 


26. 


.0036111 


.0043333 


.0050556 


.0057778 


.0065 


.0072222 


.0079444 


.0086667 


27. 


.00375 


.0045 


.00525 


.006 


.00675 


.0075 


.00825 


.009 


28. 


.0038889 


.0046667 


.0054444 


.0062222 


.007 


.0077778 


.0085556 


.0093333 


29. 


.0040278 


.0048333 


.0056389 


.0064444 


.00725 


.0080556 


.0088611 


.0096667 


1 


.0041667 


.005 


.0058333 


.0066667 


.0075 


.0083333 


.0091667 


.01 


1 1. 


.0043056 


.0051667 


.0060278 


.0068889 


.00775 


.0086111 


.0094722 


.0103333 


1 2. 


.0044444 


.0053333 


.0062222 


.0071111 


.008 


.0088889 


.0097778 


.0106667 


1 3. 


.0045833 


.0055 


.0064167 


.0073333 


.00825 


.0091667 


.0100833 


.011 


1 4. 


.0047222 


.0056667 


.0066111 


.0075556 


.0085 


.0094444 


.0103889 


.0113333 


1 5. 


.0048611 


.0058333 


.0068056 


.0077778 


.00875 


.0097222 


.0106944 


.0116667 


1 6. 


.005 


.006 


.007 


.003 


.009 


.01 


.011 


.012 


1 7. 


.0051389 


.0061667 


.0071944 


.0082222 


.00925 


.0102778 


.0113056 


.0123333 


1 8. 


.0052778 


.0063333 


.0073889 


.0084444 


.0095 


.0105556 


.0116111 


.0126667 


1 9. 


. 00541 G7 


.0065 


.0075833 


.0086667 


.00975 


.0108333 


.0119167 


.013 


1 10. 


.0055556 


.0066667 


.0077778 


.0088889 


.01 


.0111111 


.0122222 


.0133333 


1 11. 


.6056944 


•0068333, 


.0079722 


.0091111 


.01025 


.0113889 


.0125278 


.0136667 


1 12 


.0058333 


.007 


.0081667 


.0093333 


.0105 


.0116667 


.0128333 


.014 


1 13. 


.0059722 


.0071667 


.0083611 


.0095556 


.01075 


.0119444 


.0131389 


.014333? 


1 14. 


.0061111 


0073333 


.0085556 


.0097778 


.011 


.0122222 


.0131444 


.0146667 


1 15. 


.00625 


.0075 


.00875 


.01 


.01125 


.0125 


.01375 


.015 


1 16. 


.0063889 


.00766671 


.0089444 


.0102222 


.0115 


.0127778 


.0140556 


.0153333 


1 17. 


.0065278 


.0078333] 


.0091389 


.0104444 


.01175 


.0130556 


.0143611 


.01566S7 


1 18. 


.0066667 


.008 


.0093333 


.0106667 


.012 


.0133333 


.0146667 


.016 


1 19. 


.0068056 


.0081667 


.0095278 


.0108889 


.01225 


.0136111 


.0149722 


.0163333 


1 20. 


.00C9444 


•0083333 1 


.0097222 


.0111111 


.0125 


.0138889 


.0152778 


.0166667 


1 21. 


.0070833 


.0085 | 


.0099167 


.0113333 


.01275 


.0141667 


.0155833 


.017 


I 22. 


.0072222 


•00S6667 


.0101111 


.0115556 


.013 


.0144444 


.0158889 


.0173333 


1 23] 


.0073611 


.0088333 


.0103056 


.0117778 


.01325 


.0147222 


.0161944 


.0176667 


1 24. 


.0075 


.009 


.0105 


.012 


.0135 


.015 


.0165 


.018 


1 25. 


.0076389 


.0091667 


.0106944 


.0122222 


.01375 


.0152778 


.0168056 


.0183333 


1 26. 


.6077778 


.0093333 


.C 108889 


.0124444 


.014 


.0155556 


.0171111 


.0186667 


1 27 


.0079167 


.0095 | 


.0110833 


.0126667 


.01425 


.0158333 


.0174167 


.019 


1 28. 


.0080556 


.0096667' 


.0112778 


.0128889 


.0145 


.0161111 


.0177222 


.0193333 


1 29. 


.0081944 


•0098333 


.0114722 


.0131111 


.01475 


.0163889 


.0180278 


.0196667 


2 ... 


.0083333 


.01 


.0116667 


.0133333 


.015 


.0166667 


.0183333 


.02 


2 1. 


.0084722 


.0101667 


.0118611 


.0135556 


.01525 


.0169444 


.0186389 


.0203333 


2 2. 


.0086111 


. 0103333 ' 


.0120556 


.0137778 


.0155 


.0172222 


.0189444 


.0206667 


2 3. 


.00875 


.0105 


.01225 


.014 


.01575 


.0175 


.01925 


.021 


2 4. 


.0088889 


.0106667| 


.0124444 


.01422221 


.016 


.0177778 


.0195556 


.0213333 



526 



THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



INTEREST TABLES— Continued. 



Time. 


- 
5% 


6% 


7% 


8% 


9% 


10% 


11% 


' ■ 

12% 


M. D. 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAB 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAB 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


2 5. 


.0090278 


.0108333 


.0126389 


.0144444 


.01625 


.0180556 


.0198611 


.0216667 


9 6. 


.0091667 


.011 


.0128333 


.0146667 


.0165 


.0183333 


.0201667 


.022 


2 7. 


.0093056 


.0111667 


.0130278 


.01488*9 


.01675 


.0186111 


.0204722 


.0223333 


2 8. 


,0094444 


.0113333 


.0132222 


.0151111 


.017 


.0188889 


.0207778 


.0226667 


2 9. 


.0095833 


.0115 


.0134167 


.0153333 


.01725 


.0191667 


.0210833 


.023 


2 10. 


.0097222 


.0116667 


.0136111 


.0155556 


.0175 


.0194444 


.0213889 


.0233333 


2 11. 


.(1098611 


.0118333 


.0138056 


.0157778 


.01775 


.0197222 


.0216944 


.0236667 


2 12. 


.01 


.012 


.014 


.016 


.018 


.02 


.022 


.024 


2 13. 


.01013*9 


.0121667 


.0141944 


.0162222 


.01825 


.02 n 2778 


.0223056 


.0243333 


2 14 


.0102778 


.0123333 


.0143889 


.0164444 


.0185 


.0205556 


.0226111 


.0246667 


2 15. 


.0104167 


.0125 


.0145833 


.0166667 


.01875 


.0208333 


.0229167 


.025 


2 16. 


.0105556 


.0126667 


.0147778 


.0168889 


.019 


.0211111 


.0232222 


.0253333 


2 17. 


.0106944 


.0128333 


.0149722 


.0171111 


.01925 


.0213889 


.0235278 


.0256667 


2 18. 


.0108333 


.013 


.0151667 


.0173333 


.0195 


.0216667 


.0238333 


.026 


2 19. 


.6109722 


.0131667 


.0153611 


.0175556 


.01975 


.0219444 


.0241389 


.0263333 


2 20. 


.0111111 


.0133333 


.0155556 


.0177778 


.02 


.0222222 


.0244444 


.0266667 


2 21. 


.01125 


.0135 


.01575 


.018 


.02025 


.0225 


.02475 


.027 


2 22. 


.0113889 


.0136667 


.0159444 


.0182222 


.0205 


.0227778 


.0250556 


.0273333 


2 23. 


.0115278 


.0138333 


.0161389 


.0184444 


.02075 


.0230556 


.0253611 


.0276667 


2 24. 


.0116667 


.014 


.0163333 


.0186667 


.021 


.0233333 


.0256667 


.028 


2 25. 


.0118056 


.0141667 


.0165278 


.0188889 


.02125 


.0236111 


.0259722 


.028333? 


2 26. 


.0119444 


.0143333 


.0167222 


.0191111 


.0215 


.0238889 


.0262778 


.0286667 


2 27. 


.0120833 


.0145 


.0169167 


.0193333 


.02175 


.0241667 


.0265833 


.029 


2 28. 


.0122222 


.0146667 


.0171111 


.0195556 


.022 


.0244444 


.0268889 


.029333S 


2 29. 


.0123611 


.0148333 


.0173056 


.0197778 


.02225 


.0247222 


.0271944 


.0296667 


3 ... 


.0125 


.015 


.0175 


.02 


.0225 


.025 


.0275 


.03 


3 1. 


.0126389 


.0151667 


.0176944 


.0202222 


.02275 


.0252778 


.0278056 


.0303333 


3 2. 


.0127778 


.0153333 


.0178889 


.0204444 


.023 


.0255556 


.0281111 


.0306667 


3 3. 


.0129167 


.0155 


.0180833 


.0206667 


.02325 


.0258333 


.0284167 


.031 


3 4. 


.0130556 


.0156667 


.0182778 


.0208889 


.0235 


.0261111 


.0287222 


.031333-0 


3 5. 


.0131944 


.0158333 


.0184722 


.0211111 


.02375 


,0263889 


.0290278 


.0316667 


3 6. 


.0133333 


.016 


.0186667 


.0213333 


.024 


.0266667 


.0293333 


.032 


3 7. 


.0134722 


.0161667 


.0188611 


.0215556 


.02425 


.0269444 


.0296389 


.0323333 


3 8. 


.0136111 


.0163333 


.0190556 


.0217778 


.0245 


.0272222 


.0299444 


.0326667 


3 9 


.01375 


.0165 


.01925 


.022 


.02475 


.0275 


.03025 


.033 


3 10. 


.0138889 


.0166667 


.0194444 


.0222222 


.025 


.0277778 


.0305556 


.0333333 


3 11. 


.0140278 


.0168333 


.0196389 


.0224444 


.02525 


.0280556 


.0308611 


.0336667 


3 12. 


.0141667 


.017 


.0198333 


.0226667 


.0255 


.0283333 


.0311667 


.034 


3 13. 


.0143056 


.0171667 


.0200278 


.0228889 


.02575 


.0286111 


.0314722 


.0343333 


3 14. 


.0144444 


.0173333 


.0202222 


.0231111 


.026 


.0288889 


.0317778 


.0346667 


3 15. 


.0145833 


.0175 


.0204167 


.0233333 


.02625 


.0291667 


.0320833 


.035 


3 16. 


.0147222 


.0176667 


.0206111 


.0235556 


.0265 


.0294444 


.0323889 


.0353^33 


3 17. 


.C1486U 


.0178333 


.0208056 


.0237778 


.02675 


.0297222 


.0326944 


.0356667 


3 18. 


.015 


.018 


.021 


.024 


.027 


.03 


.033 


.036 


3 19. 


.0151389 


.0181667 


.0211944 


.0242222 


.02725 


.0302778 


.0333056 


.0363333 


3 20. 


.0152778 


.0183333 


.0213889 


.0244444 


.0275 


.0305556 


.0336113 


.0366667 


3 21. 


.0154167 


.0185 


.0215833 


.0246667 


.02775 


.0308333 


.0339167 


.037 


3 22. 


.0155556 


.0186667 


.0217778 


.0248889 


.028 


.0311111 


.0342222 


.0373333 


3 23. 


.0156944 


.0188333 


.0219722 


.0251111 


.02825 


.0313889 


.0345278 


.0376667 


3 24. 


.0158333 


.019 I 


.0221667 


.0253333 


.0285 


.0316667 


.0348333 


.038 


3 25. 


.0159722 


.01916^7 


.0223611 


.0255556 


.02875 


.0319444 


.0351389 


.0383332 


3 26. 


.0161111 


.0193333 


.0225556 


.0257778 


.029 


.0322222 


.0354444 


.0386667 


3 27. 


.01625 


.0195 j 


.02275 


.026 


.02925 


.0325 


.03575 


.039 


3 28. 


.0163889 


.0196667 


.0229444 


.0262222 


.0295 


.0327778 


.0360556 


.0393333 


3 29. 


.0165278 


. 0198333 


.0231389 


.0264444 


.02975 


.0330556 


.0363611 


.0396667 


■4 ... 


.0166667 


.02 


.0233333 


.0266667 


.03 


.0333333 


.0366667 


.04 


4 1. 


.0168056 


.0201667 1 


.0235278 


.0268889 


.03025 


.0336111 


.0369722 


.0403333 


4 2. 


.0169444 


0203333 


.0237222 


.0271111 


.0305 


.0338889 


.0372778 


.0406667 


4 3. 


.0170833 


.0205 


.0239167 


.0273333 


.03075 


.0341667 


.0375833 


.041 


4 4. 


.0172222 


.0206667 


.0241111 


.0275556 


.031 


.0344444 


.0378889 


.0413333 


4 5. 


.0173611 


.0208333 


.0243056 


.0277778 


.03125 


.0347222 


.0381944 


.0416667 


4 6. 


.0175 


.021 


.0245 


.028 


.0315 


.035 


.0385 


.042 


4 7. 


.0176389 


.0211667 


.0246944 


.0282222 


.03175 


.0352778 


.0388056 


.0423333 


4 8. 


.0177778 


.0213333 


.0248889 


.0284444 


.032 


.0355556 


.0391111 


.0426667 


4 9. 


.0179167 


.0215 


.0250833 


.0286667 


.03225 


.0358333 


.0394167 


.043 


4 10. 


.0180556 


.0216667 


.0252778 


.0288889 


.0325 


.0361111 


.0897222 


.0433333 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUBES 



527 



INTEREST TABLES— CoNTlNTrBD. 



Time. 


5% 


6% 


7% 


8% 


9% 


10% 


11% 


12% 


M. D. 


PER YEAR 


PER TEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


4 11. 


.0181944 


.0218333 


.0254722 


.0291111 


.03275 


.0363889 


.0400278 


.0436667 


4 12. 


.0183333 


.022 


.0256667 


.0293333 


.033 


.0366667 


.0403333 


.044 


A 13. 


.0184722 


.0221667 


.0258611 


.0295556 


.03325 


.0369444 


.0406389 


.0443333 


A 14. 


.0186111 


.0223333 


.0260556 


.0297778 


.0335 


.0372222 


.0409444 


.0446667 


A 15. 


.01875 


.0225 


.02625 


.03 


.03375 


.0375 


.04125 


.045 


4 IS. 


.0188889 


.0226667 


.0284444 


.0302222 


.034 


.0377778 


.0415556 


.0453333 


4 17 


.0190278 


.0228333 


.0266389 


.0304444 


.03425 


.0380556 


.0418611 


.0456667 


4 18. 


.0191607 


.033 


.0268333 


.0306667 


.0345 


.0383333 


.0421667 


.046 


4 19. 


.0193056 


.0231667 


.0270278 


.0308889 


.03475 


.0386111 


.0424722 


.0463333 


4 20. 


.0194444 


.§233333 


.0272222 


.0311111 


.035 


.0388889 


.0427778 


.0466667 


4 21. 


.0195833 


.0235 


.0274167 


.0313333 


.03525 


.0391667 


.0430833 


.047 


4 22. 


.0197222 


.0236667 


.0276111 


.0315556 


.0355 


.0394444 


.0433889 


.0473333 


4 23. 


.0198611 


.0238333 


.0278056 


.0317778 


.03575 


.0397222 


.0436944 


.(.476667 


4 21. 


.02 


.024 


.028 


.032 


.036 


.04 


.044 


.048 


4 23. 


.0201389 


.0241667 


.0281944 


.0322222 


.03625 


.0402778 


.0443056 


.0483333 


4 26. 


.0202778 


.0243333 


.0283889 


.0324444 


.0365 


.0405556 


.0446111 


.0486667 


4 27. 


.0204167 


.0245 


.0285833 


.0326667 


.03675 


.0408333 


.0449167 


.049 


4 28, 


.0205556 


.0246667 


.0287778 


.0328889 


.037 


.0411111 


.0452222 


.0498333 


4 29. 


,0206944 


.0248333 


.0289722 


.0331111 


.03725 


.0413889 


.0455278 


.0496667 


6 ... 


.0608333 


.025 


.0291667 


.0333333 


.0375 


.0416667 


.0458333 


.05 


5 1. 


.0209722 


.0251667 


.0293611 


.0335556 


.03775 


.0419444 


.0461389 


.0503333 


5 2 


.0211111 


.0253333 


.0295556 


.0337778 


.038 


.0422222 


.0464444 


.0506667 


5 3. 


.02125 


.0255 


.02975 


.034 


.03825 


.0425 


.04675 


.051 


5 4. 


.0213889 


.0256667 


.0299444 


.0342222 


.0385 


.0427778 


.0470556 


.0513331 


5 5. 


. 0215278 


.0258333 


.0301389 


.0344444 


.03875 


.0430556 


.0473611 


.0516667 


5 6. 


.0216667 


.026 


.0303333 


.0346667 


.039 


.0433333 


.0476667 


.052 


5 7. 


.0218056 


.0261667 


.0305278 


.0348889 


.03925 


.0436111 


.0479722 


.0523333 


5 2. 


.0219444 


.0263333 


.0307222 


.0351111 


.0395 


.0438889 


.0482778 


.0526667 


5 9. 


.0220833 


.0265 


.0309167 


.0353333 


.03975 


.0441667 


0485833 


.053 


5 10. 


.0222222 


.0266667 


.0311111 


.0355556 


.04 


.0444444 


.0488889 


.0533333 


5 11. 


.0223611 


.0268333 


.0313056 


.0357778 


.04025 


.0447222 


.0491944 


.0536667 


5 12. 


.0225 


.027 


.0315 


.036 


.0405 


.045 


.0495 


.054 


5 13. 


.0226389 


.0271667 


.0316944 


.0362222 


.04075 


.0452778 


.0498056 


.0543333 


6 14. 


.0227778 


.0273333 


.0318889 


.0364444 


.041 


.0455556 


.0501111 


.0546667 


5 15. 


.0229167 


.0275 


.0320833 


.0366667 


.04125 


.0458333 


.0504167 


.055 


5 16. 


.0230556 


.0276667 


.0322778 


.0368889 


.0415 


.0461111 


.0507222 


.0553333 


5 17. 


.0231944 


.0278333 


.0324722 


.0371111 


.04175 


.0463889 


.0510278 


.0556667 


5 18. 


.0233333 


.028 


.0326667 


.0373333 


.042 


.0466667 


.0513333 


.056 


5 19. 


.023*722 


.0281667 


.0328611 


.0375556 


.04225 


.0469444 


.0516389 


.0563333 


5 20. 


.0236111 


.0283333 


.0330556 


.0377778 


.0425 


.0472222 


.0519444 


.0566667 


5 21. 


.02375 


.0285 


.03325 


.038 


.04275 


.0475 


.05225 


.057 


5 22. 


.0238889 


.0286687 


.0334444 


.0382222 


.043 


.0477778 


.0525556 


.0573333 


5 23. 


.0240278 


.0288333 


.0336389 


.0384444 


.04325 


.0480556 


.0528611 


.0576667 


5 24. 


.0241667 


.029 


.0338333 


.0386667 


.0435 


.0483333 


.0531667 


.058 


5 25. 


.0243056 


.0291667 


.0340278 


.0388889 


.04375 


.0486111 


.0534722 


.0583333 


5 26. 


.0244444 


.0293333 


.0342222 


.0391111 


.044 


.0488889 


.0537778 


.0586667 


5 27. 


.0245833 


0295 


.0314167 


.0393333 


.04425 


.0491667 


.0540833 


.059 


5 28. 


.0247222 


.0296667 


.0346111 


.0395556 


.0445 


.0494444 


.0543889 


.0593333 


5 29. 


.0248611 


. 0298333 


.0348056 


.03CT778 


.04475 


.0497222 


.0546944 


.0596667 


6 ... 


.025 


.03 


.035 


.04 


.045 


.05 


.055 


.06 


6 1. 


.0251389 


.0301667 


.0331944 


.0402222 


.04525 


.0502778 


.0553056 


.0603333 


6 2. 


.0252778 


.0303333 


.0353889 


.0404444 


.0455 


.0505556 


.0556111 


.0606667 


6 3. 


.0254167 


.0305 


.0355833 


.0406667 


.04575 


.0508333 


.0559167 


.061 


6 4. 


.0255556 


.0306667 


.0357778 


.0408889 


.046 


.0511111 


. 0562222 


.0613333 


6 5. 


.0256944 


.0308333 


.0359T22 


.0411111 


.04625 


.0513889 


.0565278 


.0616667 


6 G 


.0258333 


.031 


.0361667 


.0413333 


.0465 


.0516667 


.0568333 


.062 


6 7. 


.0259722 


.0311667 


.0363611 


.0415556 


.04675 


.0519444 


.0571389 


.0623333 


8. 


.0261111 


.0313333 


.0365556 


.0417778 


.047 


.0522222 


.0574444 


.0626667 


6 9. 


.02625 


.0315 


.086T5 


.042 


.04725 


.0525 


.05775 


.063 


6 10. 


.0263889 


.0316667 


.0369444 


.0422222 


.0475 


. 0527^78 


.0580556 


.0633333 


6 11. 


.0265278 


.0318333 


.0371389 


.0424444 


.04775 


.0530556 


.0583611 


.0636667 


6 12. 


.0266667 


.032 


.0373333 


.0426667 


.048 


.0533333 


.0586667 


.064 


6 13. 


.0268056 


.0321667 


.0375278 


.0428889 


.04825 


.0536111 


.0589722 


.064333a 


6 14. 


.0269444 


.0323333 


.0377222 


.0431111 


.0485 


.0538889 


.0592778 


.0646667 


6 15. 


.0270833 


.0325 


.0379167 


.0433333 


.04875 


.0541667 


.0595833 


.065 


3 I' 1 .. 


.0272222 


.0326667 


.0381111 


.0435556 


| .049 


.0544444 


.0598889 


.0653333 



528 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



INTEREST TABLES— Continued. 



Time. 


5% 


6% 


7% 


8% 


9% 


10% 


11% 


10 °/ 


m. c. 


PER YEAR 


PEBYEAR 


PEE YEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


PERYEAE 


PERYEAK 


8 17. 


.0273611 


.0328333 


.0383056 


.0437778 


.04925 


.0547222 


.0601944 


.0656667 


6 18. 


.0275 


.033 


.0385 


.044 


.0495 


.055 


.0605 


.066 


6 19. 


.0276389 


.0331667 


.0386944 


.0442222 


.04975 


.0552778 


.0608056 


.0663333 


6 20 


.0277778 


.0333333 


.0388889 


.0444444 


.05 


.0555556 


.0611111 


.0666667 


6 21. 


.0279167 


.0335 


.0390833 


.0446667 


.05025 


.0558333 


.0614167 


.067 


6 22. 


.0280556 


.0336667 


.0392778 


.0448889 


.0505 


.0561111 


.0617222 


.0673333 


6 23. 


.0281944 


.0338333 


.0394722 


.0451111 


.05075 


.0563889 


.0620278 


.0676667 


6 24. 


.0283333 


.034 


.0396607 


.0453333 


.051 


.0566667 


.0623333 


.068 


6 25. 


.0284722 


.0341667 


.0398611 


.0455556 


.05125 


.0569444 


.0626389 


.0683333 


6 26. 


.02S6111 


.0343333 


.0400556 


.0457778 


.0515 


.0572222 


.0629444 


.0686667 


6 27. 


.02875 


.0345 


.04025 


.046 


.05175 


.0575 


.06325 


.069 


6 28. 


.0288889 


.0346667 


.0404444 


.0462222 


.052 


.0577778 


.0635556 


.0693333 


6 29. 


.0290278 


.0348333 


.0406389 


.0464444 


.05225 


.0580556 


.0638611 


.0696667 


7 ... 


.0291G67 


.035 


.0408333 


.0466667 


.0525 


.0583333 


.0641667 


.07 


7 1. 


.0293056 


.0351667 


.0410278 


.0468889 


.05275 


.0516111 


.0644722 


.0703333 


7 2. 


.0294444 


.0353333 


.0412222 


.0471111 


.053 


.0588889 


.0647778 


.0706667 


7 3. 


.0295833 


.0355 


.0414167 


.0473333 


.05325 


.0591667 


.0650833 


.071 


7 4. 


.0297222 


.0356667 


.0416111 


.0475556 


.0535 


.0594444 


.0653889 


.0713333 


7 5 


.0298611 


.0358333 


.0418056 


.0477778 


.05375 


.0597222 


.0656944 


.0716667 


7 6. 


.03 


.036 


.042 


.048 


.054 


.06 


.066 


.072 


7 7. 


.0301389 


.0361667 


.0421944 


.0482222 


.05425 


.0602778 


.0663056 


.0723333 


7 8. 


.0302778 


.0363333 


.0423889 


.0484444 


.0545 


.0605556 


.0666111 


.0726667 


7 9 


.0304167 


.0365 


.0425833 


.0486667 


.05475 


.0608333 


.0669167 


.073 


7 10. 


.0305556 


.0366667 


.0427778 


.0488889 


.055 


.0611111 


.0672222 


.073333S 


7 11. 


.0306944 


.0368333 


.0429722 


.0491111 


.05525 


.0613889 


.0675278 


.0736667 


7 12. 


.0308333 


.037 


.0431667 


.0493333 


.0555 


.0616667 


.0678333 


.074 


7 13. 


.0309722 


.0371667 


.0433611 


.0495556 


.05575 


.0619444 


.0681389 


.0743333 


7 14. 


.0311111 


.0373333 


.0435556 


.0497778 


.056 


.0622222 


.0684444 


.0746667 


7 15. 


.03125 


.0375 


.04375 


.05 


.06625 


.0625 


.06875 


.075 


7 16. 


.0313889 


0376667 


.0439444 


.0502222 


.0565 


.0627778 


.0690556 


.0753333 


7 17. 


.0315278 


.0378333 


.0441389 


.0504444 


.05675 


.0630556 


.0693611 


.075C667 


7 18. 


.0316667 


.038 


.0443333 


.0506667 


.057 


.0633333 


.0696667 


.076 


7 19. 


0318056 


.0381667 


.0445278 


.0508880 


.05725 


.0636111 


.0699722 


.0763333 


7 20. 


.0319444 


.0383333 


.0447222 


.0511111 


.0575 


.0638889 


.0702778 


.0766667 


7 21. 


.0320833 


.0385 


.0449167 


.0513333 


.05775 


.0641667 


.0705833 


.077 


7 22. 


. 0322222 


.0386667 


.0451111 


.0515556 


.058 


.0644444 


.0708889 


.0773333 


7 23. 


'. 0323611 


0388333 


.0453056 


.0517778 


.05825 


.0647222 


.0711944 


.0776667 


7 24. 


.0325 


.039 


.0455 


.052 


.0585 


.065 


.0715 


.078 


7 25. 


.0326389 


.0391667 


.0456944 


.0522222 


.05875 


.0652778 


.0718058 


.0783333 


7 26. 


.0327778 


.0393333 


.0458889 


.0524444 


.059 


.0655556 


.0721111 


.0786667 


7 27. 


.0329167 


.0395 


.0460833 


.0526667 


.05925 


.0658333 


.0724167 


.079 . 


7 28. 


.0330556 


.0396667 


.0462778 


.0528889 


.0595 


.0661111 


.0727222 


.0793333 


7 29. 


.0331944 


.0398333 


.0464722 


.0531111 


.05975 


.0663889 


.0730278 


.0796667 


8 ... 


.0333333 


.04 


.0466667 


.0533333 


.06 


.0666667 


.0733333 


.08 


8 1. 


.0334722 


.0401667 


.0468611 


.0535556 


.06025 


.0669444 


.0736389 


.080333S 


8 2. 


.0336111 


.0403333 


.0470556 


.0537778 


.0605 


.0672222 


.0739444 


.0806667 


8 3. 


.03375 


.0405 


.04725 


.054 


.06075 


.0675 


.07425 


.081 


8 4. 


.0338889 


.0406667 


.0474444 


.0542222 


.06L 


.0677778 


.0745556 


.0813333 


8 5. 


.0340278 


.0408333 


.0476389 


.0544444 


.06125 


.0680556 


.0748611 


.0816667 


8 6. 


.0341667 


.041 


.0478333 


.0546667 


.0615 


.0683333 


.0751667 


.082 


8 7. 


.0343056 


.0411667 


.0480278 


.0548889 


.06175 


.0686111 


0754722 


.0823333 


8 8. 


.0314444 


.0413333 


.0482222 


.0551111 


.062 


.0688889 


.0757778 


.0826667 


8 9. 


.0345833 


.0415 


.0484167 


.0553333 


.06225 


.0691667 


.0760833 


.083 


8 10. 


.0347222 


.0416667 


.0486111 


.0555556 


.0625 


.0694444 


.0763889 


.0833333 


8 11. 


.0348611 


.0418333 


.0488056 


.0557778 


.06275 


.0697222 


.0766944 


.0836667 


8 12. 


.035 


.042 


.049 


.056 


.063 


:07 


.077 


.084 


8 13. 


.0351389 


.0421667 


.0491944 


.0562222 


.06325 


.0702778 


.0773056 


.084333? 


8 14. 


.0352778 


.0423333 


.0493889 


.0564444 


.0635 


.0705556 


.0776111 


.084666* 


8 15. 


.0354167 


.0425 


.0495833 


.0566667 


.06375 


.0708333 


.0779167 


.085 


8 16. 


.0355556 


.0426667 


.0497778 


.0568889 


.064 


.0711111 


.0782222 


.0853333 


8 17. 


.0356944 


.0428333 


.0499722 


.0571111 


.06425 


.0713889 


.0785278 


.0856667 


8 18. 


.0358333 


.043 


.0501667 


.0573333 


.0645 


.0716667 


.0788333 


.086 


8 19. 


.0359722 


.0431667 


.0503611 


.0575556 


.06475 


.0719444 


.0791389 


.0863333 


8 20. 


.0361111 


.0433333 


.0505556 


.0577778 


.065 


.0722222 


.0794444 


.0866667 


8 21. 


.03625 


.0435 


.05075 


.058 


.06525 


.0725 


.07975 


.087 


8 22. 


.0363889 


.0436667 


.0509444 


.0582222 


.0655 


.0727778 


.0800556 


.0873333 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



529 



INTEREST TA.BLES— Continued. 



Time. 


5% 


6% 


7% 


8% 


9% 


10% 


11% 


12% 


M. D. 


PEB YEAR 


PER TEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


PER YEAR 


8 23. 


.0365278 


.0438333 


.0511389 


.0584444 


.06575 


.0730556 


.0803611 


.0876667 


8 24. 


.0366667 


.044 


.0513333 


.0586667 


.066 


.0733333 


.0806667 


.088 


8 25. 


.0368056 


.0441667 


.0515278 


.0588889 


.06625 


.0736111 


.0809722 


.088333? 


8 26. 


.0369444 


.0443333 


0517222 


0591111 


.0665 


.0738889 


.0812778 


.0886667 


8 27. 


.0370833 


.0445 


.0519167 


.0593333 


.06675 


.0741667 


.0815833 


.089 


8 28. 


.0372222 


.0446667 


.0521111 


.0595556 


.067 


.0744444 


.0818889 


.0893333 


8 29. 


.0373611 


.0448333 


.0523056 


.0597778 


.06725 


.0747222 


.0821944 


.0896667 


9 ... 


.0375 


.045 


.0525 


.06 


.0675 


.075 


.0825 


.09 


9 1. 


.0376389 


.0451667 


0526944 


.0602222 


.06775 


.0752778 


.0828056 


.0903332 


9 2. 


.0377778 


.0453333 


.0528889 


.0604444 


.068 


.0755556 


.0831111 


.0906667 


9 3. 


.0379167 


.0455 


.0530833 


.0606667 


.06825 


.0758333 


.0834167 


.091 


9 4. 


.0380556 


.0456667 


.0532778 


.0608889 


.0685 


.0761111 


.0837222 


.0913333 


9 5. 


.0381944 


.0458333 


.0534722 


.0611111 


.06875 


.0763889 


.0840278 


.0916667 


9 6. 


.038333a 


.046 


.0536667 


.0613333 


.069 


.0766667 


.0843333 


.092 


9 7. 


.0384722 


.0461667 


.0538611 


.0615556 


.06925 


.0769444 


.0846389 


.0923333 


9 8. 


.0386111 


.0463333 


.0540556 


.0617778 


.0695 


.0772222 


.0849444 


.0926667 


9 9. 


.03875 


.0465 


.05425 


.062 


.06975 


.0775 


.08525 


.093 


9 10. 


.0388889 


.0466667 


.0544444 


.0622222 


07 


.0777778 


.0855556 


.0933333 


9 11. 


.0390278 


.0468333 


.0546389 


.0624444 


07025 


.0780056 


.0858611 


.0936667 


9 12. 


.0391667 


.047 


.0548333 


.0626667 


.0705 


.0783333 


.0861667 


.094 


9 13. 


.0393056 


.0471667 


.0550278 


.0628889 


.07075 


.0786111 


.0864722 


.0943333 


9 14. 


.0394444 


.0473333 


.0552222 


.0631111 


.071 


.0788889 


.0867778 


.0946667 


9 15. 


.0395833 


.0475 


.0554167 


.0633333 


.07125 


.0791667 


.0870833 


.095 


9 16. 


.0397222 


.0476667 


.0556111 


.0635556 


.0715 


.0794444 


.0873889 


.0953332 


9 17. 


.0398611 


.0478333 


.0558056 


.0637778 


.07175 


.0797222 


. 0876944 


.0956667 


9 18. 


.04 


.048 


.056 


.064 


.072 


.08 


.088 


.096 


9 19. 


0401389 


.0481667 


.0561944 


.0642222 


.07225 


0802778 


.0883056 


.0963339 


9 20. 


0402778 


.0483333 


.0563889 


.0644444 


.0725 


.0805556 


.0886111 


. 0966661 


9 21. 


0404167 


.0485 


.0565833 


.0646667 


.07275 


.0808333 


.0889167 


.097 


9 22. 


.0405556 


.0486667 


.0567778 


.0648889 


.073 


.0811111 


.0892222 


.0973333 


9 23. 


.0406944 


.0488333 


.0569722 


.0651111 


.07325 


.0813889 


.0895278 


.0976667 


9 24. 


0408333 


049 


.0571667 


.0653333 


.0735 


.0816667 


.0898333 


.098 


9 25 


.0409722 


.0491667 


.0573611 


.0655556 


.07375 


.0819444 


.0901389 


.0983333 


9 26. 


.0411111 


.0493333 


.0575556 


.0657778 


.074 


.0822222 


.0904444 


.0986667 


9 27. 


.04125 


.0495 


.05775 


.066 


.07425 


.0825 


.09075 


.099 


9 28. 


.0413889 


0496667 


.0579444 


.0662222 


.0745 


.0827778 


.0910556 


.099333? 


9 29. 


.0415278 


.0498333 


.0581389 


.0664444 


.07475 


.0830556 


.0913611 


.0996667 


19 ... 


.0416667 


05 


.0583333 


.0666667 


.075 


.0833333 


.0916667 


.10 


1® 1. 


.0418056 


0501667 


.0585278 


.0668889 


.07525 


.0836111 


.0919722 


.1003338 


10 2. 


. 0419444 


0503333 


.0587222 


.0671111 


.0755 


.0838889 


.0922778 


.1006667 


10 3. 


.0420833 


0505 


. 0589167 


.0673333 


.07575 


.0841667 


.0925833 


.101 


10 4. 


.0422222 


0506667 


.0591111 


.0675556 


.076 


.0844444 


.0928889 


.1013333 


10 5. 


.0423611 


0508333 


.0593056 


.0677778 


.07625 


.0847222 


.0931944 


.1016667 


10 6. 


.0425 


.051 


.0595 


.068 


.0765 


.085 


.0935 


.102 


10 7. 


.0426389 


.0511667 


.0596944 


.0682222 


.07675 


.0852778 


.0938056 


. 1023333 


10 8. 


.0427778 


.0513333 


.0598889 


.0684444 


.077 


.0855556 


.0941111 


.1026667 


10 9. 


.0429167 


.0515 


.0600833 


.0686667 


.07725 


.0858333 


.0944167 


.103 


19 10. 


.0430556 


.0516667 


.0602778 


.0688889 


.0775 


.0861111 


.0947222 


.1033333 


10 11. 


.0431944 


.0518333 


.0604722 


.0691111 


.07775 


.0863889 


.0950278 


.1036667 


10 12. 


.0433333 


.052 


.0606667 


.0693333 


.078 


.0866667 


.0953333 


.104 


10 13. 


.0434722 


.0521667 


.0608611 


.0695556 


.07825 


.0869444 


.0956389 


.1043333 


10 14. 


.0436111 


.0523333 


.0610556 


.0697778 


.0785 


.0872222 


.0959444 


.1046667 


10 15. 


.04375 


.0525 


.06125 


.07 


.07875 


.0875 


.09625 


.105 


10 16. 


.0438889 


.0526667 


.0614444 


.0702222 


.079 


.0877778 


.0965556 


.1053333 


10 17. 


.0440278 


.0528333 


.0616389 


.0704444 


.07925 


.0880556 


.0968611 


.1056667 


1U 18. 


.0441667 


.053 


.0618333 


.0706667 


.0795 


.0883333 


.0971667 


.106 


10 19. 


.0443056 


.0531667 


.0620278 


.0708889 


.07975 


.0886111 


.0974722 


.1063333 


10 20. 


.0444444 


.0533333 


.0622222 


.0711111 


.08 


.0888889 


.0977778 


.108666^ 


10 21. 


.0445833 


.0535 


.0624167 


.0713333 


.08025 


.0891667 


.0980833 


.107 


10 22. 


.0447222 


0536667 


.0626111 


.0715556 


.0805 


.0894444 


.0983889 


. 1073333 


10 23. 


.0448611 


.0538333 


.0628056 


.0717778 


.08075 


.0897222 


.0986944 


.1076667 


10 24. 


.045 


.054 


.063 


.072 


.081 


.09 


.099 


.108 


10 25. 


.0451389 


.0541667 


.0631944 


.0722222 


.08125 


.0902778 


.0993056 


.1083333 


10 26. 


.0452778 


.0543333 


.0633889 


.0724444 


.0815 


.0905556 


.0996111 


.1086667 


1© 27. 


.0454167 


.0545 


.0635833 


.0726667 


.08175 


.0908333 


.0999167 


.109 


10 m. 


.0455556 


.0546667 


.0637778 


.0728889 


.082 


.0911111 


. 1002222 


.1093338 



530 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 





INTEREST TABLES— Continued. 




Time. 


' — ' " ~T 

5% 


6 % 


7% 8% 


9% 


10% 


11% 


i'2% 


M, D. 


PEBYEAB 


PEE YEAR 


PES YE AB PEE YEAH 


PEBYEAB 


PES YEAR 


PEE YEAE 


PEEYEAB 


19 29. 


.0456944 


.0548333 


.0639722 .0731111 


.08225 


.0913889 


.1005278 


.1096667 


11 ... 


.0458633 


.055 


.0641667 .0733333 


* .0825 


.091G667 


.1008333 


.11 


11 1. 


.0459722 


.0551667 


.064361l| .0735556 


.08275 


.0919444 


.1011389 


.1103333 


11 2. 


.0461111 


.0553333 


.0645556, .0737778 


.083 


.0922222 


.1014444 


.1106667 


11 3. 


.04625 


.0555 


.06475 .074 


.08325 


.0925 


.10175 


.111 


11 4. 


.0463889 


.0556667 


.0649444 .0742222 


.0835 


.0927778 


.1020556 


.1113333 


11 5. 


.0465278 


.0558333 


.0651389, .0744444 


.08375 


.0930556 


.1023611 


.1116667 


11 6. 


.0466667 


.056 


.0653333J .0746667 


.084 


.0933333 


.1026667, .112 


11 7. 


.0468056 


.0561667 


.0655278J .0748889 


.08425 


.0936111 


.1029722 .1123333 


11 8. 


.0469444 


.0563333 


.0657222 .0751111 


.0845 


.0938889 


.1032778 .1126667 


11 9. 


.0470833 


.0565 


.0659167 


.0753333 


.08475 


.0941667 


.1035833 .113 


11 10. 


.0472222 


.0566667 


.0661111 


.0755556! 


.085 


.0944444 


.1038889] .1133333 


11 11. 


.0473611 


.0568333 


.0663056 


.0757778 


.08525 ; 


.0947222 


.1041944: .1136667 


11 12. 


.0475 


.057 


.0665 


.076 1 


.0855 


.095 


.1045 1 .114 


11 13. 


.0476389 


.0571667 


.0666944 


.0762222 


.08575 


.0952778 


.1048056 .1143333 


11 14. 


.0477778 


.0573333 


.0668889 


.0764444 


.086 


.0955556 


.1051111| .1146667 


11 15. 


.0479167 


.0575 


.0670833 .0766667 


.08625 


.0958333 


.1054167 


.115 


11 16. 


.0480556 


.0573667 


.0672778 .0768889 


.0865 


.0961111 


.1057222 


.1153336 


11 17. 


.0481944 


.0578333 


.0674722; .0771111 


.08675 


.0963889 


.1060278 


.1156667 


11 18. 


.0483333 


.058 


.0676667 .0773333 


.087 


.0966667 


.1063333 


.116 


11 19. 


.0484722 


.0581667 .0678611! .0775556 


.08725 


.0969444 


.1066389 


.1163333 


11 20. 


.0486111 


.0583333 .0680556 .0777778 


.0875 


.0972222 


.1069444 


.1166667 


11 21. 


.04875 


.0585 .06825 .078 


.08775 


.0975 


.10725 


.117 


11 22. 


.0488889 


.0586667 .0684444 .0782222 


.088 


.0977778 


.1075556| .1173333 


11 23. 


0490278 .0588333' .0686389! .0784444 


.08825 


.0980556 


.1078611! .1176667 


11 24. 


.04916671 .059 | .06883331 .0786667 


.0885 


.0983333 


.1081667 


.118 


11 25. 


.0493056 .0591667, .0690278 .0788889 


.08875 


.0986111 


.1084722 


.1183333 


11 26. 


.0494444 .05933331 .0692222| .0791111 


.089 


.0988889 


.1087778 


.1186667 


11 27. 


.0495833 


.0595 .0694167 .0793333 


.08925 


.0991667 


.1090883 


.119 


11 28. 


.0497222 


.0596667! .06961111 .0795555 


.0895 


.0994444 


.1093889 


.1193333 


11 29. 


.0498611 


.0598333 .0698056; .0797778 


.08975 


.0997222 


.1096944 


.1196667 


12 ... 


.05 


.06 


.07 | .08 


.09 


.10 


.11 


.12 


ly'r. 


.05 


.06 


.07 


.08 


.09 


.10 


.11 


.12 


2 " . 


.10 


.12 


.14 


.16 


.18 


.20 


.22 


.24 


3" . 


.15 


.18 


.21 


.24 


.27 


.30 


.33 


.36 


4" . 


.20 


.24 


.28 


.32 


.36 


.40 


.44 


.48 


5" . 


.25 


.30 


.35 


.40 


.45 


.50 


.55 


.60 


6" . 


.30 


.36 


.42 


.48 


.54 


.60 


.66 


.72 


7" . 


.35 


.42 


.49 


.56 


.63 


.70 


.77 


.84 


8" . 


.40 


.48 


.56 


.64 


.72 


.80 


.88 


.96 


9" . 


.45 


.54 


.63 


.72 


.81 


.90 


.99 


1.08 


10" . 


.50 


.60 


.70 


.80 


.90 


1.00 


1.10 


1.20 


11" . 


.55 


.66 


.77 


.88 


.99 


1.10 


1.21 


1.32 


12" . 


.60 


.72 


.84 


.96 


1.08 


1.20 


1.32 


1.44 


13" . 


.65 


.78 


.91 


1.04 


1.17 


1.30 


1.43 


1.56 


14" . 


.70 


.84 


.98 


1.12 


1.26 


1.40 


1.54 


1.68 


15" . 


.75 


.90 


1.05 


1.20 


1.35 


1.50 


1.65 


1.80 


16" . 


.80 


.96 


1.12 


1.28 


1.44 


1.60 


1.76 


1.92 


17" . 


.85 


1.02 


1.19 


1.36 


1.53 


1.70 


1.87 


2.04 


18" . 


.90 


1.08 


1.26 


1.44 


1.62 


1.80 


1.98 


2.16 


19" . 


.95 


1.14 


1.33 


1.52 


1.71 


1.90 


2.09 


2.28 


20" . 


1.00 


1.20 


1.40 


1.60 


1.80 


2.00 


2.10 


2.40 


1. 


Example— What is the interest on $15,( 
Interest on one dollar for given time 


)00 for 10 


months ai 


d 29 days at 7 % 
.$ .0639722 




Multiply by the principal . 








15000 
















. $959.58 


2. 


Example — What is the interest on $12,< 


343.57 for 


3 years, 11 


months and 8 daye 


Interest on one dollar for 3 years 










" " " "11 months s 
" " " " 3 years, 11 


aid 8 days 
months ai 


id 8 days. 


.. .0751111 




...$.3151111 




Multiply by the principal. 








12643. 


57 














The interest reqi 









WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



531 



COMPOUND INTEREST— Continued. 

■Table showing the accumulation of principal and interest on one dol lar, com. 
pounded semi-annually; interest from three to ten per cent., from one to fifty 
years. 



c u 


3 per 


4 per 


4J$per 


5 per 


6 per 


7 per 


7 3-10 pr 


8 per 


10 per 


O O 


cent. 


cent. 


cent. 


cent. 


cent. 


cent. 


cent. 


cent. 


cent. 


1.... 


$1.0302 


$1.0404 


$1.0455 


$1.0506 


$1.0609 


$1 .0712 


$1.0743 


$1.0816 


$1.1025 


2.... 


1.0613 


1.0824 


1.0930 


1.1028 


1.1255 


1.1475 


1.1530 


1.1692 


1.2155 


o . . . . 


1.0934 


1.1261 


1.1438 


1.1596 


1.1940 


1.2292 


1.2387 


1.2646 


1.3400 


4.... 


1.1264 


1.1715 


1.1948 


1.2184 


1.2667 


1.3168 


1-3308 


1.3678 


1.4773 


5. . . . 


1.1605 


1.2188 


1.2481 


1.2800 


1.3439 


1.4105 


1.4298 


1.4794 


1.6287 


6.... 


1.1956 


1.2681 


1.3004 


1.3448 


1.4257 


1.5110 


1.5360 


1.6002 


1.7957 


7.... 


1.2317 


1.3193 


1.3643 


1.4129 


1.5125 


1.6186 


1.6502 


1.7307 


1.9747 


8 .. 


1.2689 


1.3726 


1.4264 


1.4845 


1.6047 


1.7339 


1.7729 


1 8720 


2.1827 


9.... 


1.3073 


1.4281 


1.4913 


1.5596 


1.7024 


1.8574 


1.9047 


2.0247 


2.4064 


10.... 


1.3463 


1.4858 


1.5592 


1.6385 


1,8061 


1.9897 


2.0462 


2.1899 


2.6530 


11... 


1.3875 


1.5458 


1.6301 


1.7234 


1.9161 


2.1315 


2.1982 


2.3687 


2.9250 


12.... 


1.4295 


1.6082 


1.7044 


1.8086 


2.0326 


2.2833 


2.3617 


2.5619 


3.2248 


13.... 


1.4727 


1.6732 


1.7820 


1.9001 


2.1564 


2.4459 


2.5372 


2.7710 


3 5558 


14.... 


1.5172 


1.7408 


1.8631 


1.9963 


2.2878 


2.6201 


2.7258 


2.9971 


3.9198 


15.... 


1.5630 


L8111 


1.9479 


2.0933 


2.4271 


2.8068 


2.9284 


3.2417 


4.3216 


16.... 


1.6103 


1.8843 


2.0365 


2.2027 


2.5749 


3.0067 


3.1461 


3.5062 


4.7645 


17.... 


1.6589 


1.9604 


2.1272 


2.3142 


2.7317 


3.2208 


3.3800 


3.7923 


5.2529 


18.... 


1.7091 


2.0396 


2.2240 


2.4313 


2.8981 


3.4502 


3.6312 


4.1018 


5.7883 


19 ... . 


1.7607 


2.1220 


2-3252 


2.5544 


3 0746 


3.6960 


3.9011 


4.4365 


6.3816 


20.... 


1.8140 


2,2078 


2 4310 


2.6837 


3.2618 


3.9592 


4.1911 


4.7985 


7.0362 


21.... 


1.8686 


2.2970 


2.5415 


2.8196 


3.4605 


4.2412 


4.5026 


5.1900 


7.7574 


22.... 


1.9253 


2.3898 


2.6572 


2.9624 


3.6712 


4.5433 


4.8373 


5.6136 


8.5525 


23.... 


1.9835 


2.4863 


2.7781 


3.1123 


3.8948 


4.8669 


5.1969 


6.0716 


9.4292 


24.... 


2. 0434 


2.5868 


2.9045 


3.2699 


4.1320 


5.2136 


5.5832 


6.5670 


10.3957 


25.... 


2.1052 


2.6913 


3 0367 


3.4354 


4.3836 


5.5849 


5.9982 


7.1030 


11.4612 


26.... 


2.1688 


2.8006 


3.1749 


3.6094 


4.6506 


5.9827 


6.4441 


7.6826 


12.6359 


27.... 


2.2344 


2.9131 


3.3193 


3.7921 


4.9338 


6.4088 


6.9231 


8.3094 


13.9311 


28.... 


2.3019 


3.0318 


3.4703 


3.9841 


5.2343 


6.8653 


7.4377 


8.9875 


15.3591 


29 ... . 


2.3715 


3,1543 


3.6282 


4.1858 


5.5531 


7.3543 


7.9906 


9.7208 


16.9334 


30. .. 


2.4432 


3.2818 


3.7933 


4.3977 


5.8913 


7.8781 


8.5846 


10.5143 


18.6691 


31.... 


2.5170 


3.4144 


3.9660 


4.6203 


6.2500 


8.4391 


9.2227 


11.3742 


20.5827 


32.... 


2.5931 


3.5523 


4.1465 


4.8542 


6.6307 


9.0402 


• 9.9087 


12.3024 


22.6924 


33.... 


2.6715 


3.6958 


4.3351 


5.0999 


7.0345 


9.6841 


10.6453 


13.3062 


25.0184 


34 


2.7522 


3.8451 


4.5324 


5.3581 


7.4629 


10.3738 


11.4366 


14.3920 


27.5828 


35.... 


2.8354 


4.0005 


4.7387 


5.6294 


7.9174 


11.1126 


12.2867 


15.5664 


30.4081 


36.... 


2.9211 


4.1621 


4.9543 


5.9144 


8.3996 


11.9041 


13.2000 


16.8367 


33.5249 


37.... 


3.0094 


4.3302 


5.1798 


6.2138 


8.9111 


12.7620 


14.1811 


18.2105 


36.9612 


38 ... . 


3.1004 


4.5052 


5.4146 


6.5284 


9.4538 


13.6709 


15.2353 


19.6965 


40.7497 


39.... 


3.1941 


4.6872 


5.6610 


6.8589 


10.0295 


14.6446 


16.3677 


213038 


44.9266 


40.... 


3.2907 


4.8766 


5.9288 


7.2061 


10.6403 


15.6877 


17.5844 


23.0422 


49.5316 


41... 


3.3901 


5.0736 


6.1986 


7.5709 


11.2883 


16.8050 


18.8915 


24.9224 


54.6086 


42 


3.4926 


5.2785 


6 4807 


7.9542 


11.9758 


18 0020 


20.2956 


26.9561 


60.2059 




3.5982 


5.4928 


6.7756 


8.3569 


12.7051 


19.2842 


21.8043 


29.1857 


66.3771 


14 ... . 


3.7070 


5.7147 


7.0840 


8.7800 


13.8832 


20.6577 


23.2350 


31.5348 


73.1807 




3.8191 


5.9456 


7.4062 


9.2245 


14.7287 


22.1290 


25.1663 


34.1080 


80.6817 


46.... 


3 9345 


6.1858 


7.7430 


9.6915 


15.6257 


23.7052 


27.0369 


36.8813 


88.9516 


47 ... 


4.0432 


6.4357 


8.0954 


10.1822 


16.5773 


25.3936 


29.0466 


39.8908 


98.0692 


48 


4 1655 


6.6957 


8.4638 


10.6967 


17.5868 


27.2022 


31.2057 


43.1459 


107.1213 




4.2914 


6.9662 


8.8490 


11.2383 


18.6597 


29.1397 


33.5253 


46.6666 


118.1012 


•50.... 


4.4211 


7.2477 


9.2516 


11.8072 


19.7941 


31 2141 


36.0154 


50.4746 


130 20SG 



532 



THE GBEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 



HEIGHT OF COLUMNS, TOWERS, DOMES, SPIRES, ETC. 



Name. 



Washington 

Chimney, St. Rollox 
Chimnev, Musprat's 

Bunker Hill 

City 

Alexander 

Nelson's 

July 

Trajan 

York 

Place Vendome 

Nelson's 

Napoleon 

Pompev's Pillar . . 

Eiffel Tower 

Babel 

City Hall 

Cathedral 

Cathedral 

Cathedral 

Cathedral 

Utrecht 

St. Peter's 

" (Diam. Dome).. 
Cathedral 



Location. 



Washington . . 
Glasgow.. . 
Liverpool.. 

Mass 

London . . 
St. Petersburg. 
London . . . 

Paris 

Rome 

London . . . 

Paris 

Dublin.... 

Paris 

Egypt 

Paris, France.. 



Phila., Pa. 
Cologne. . . 

Rouen 

Antwerp.. 
Strasbourg 



Rome. 
Rome. 
Milan 



Feet. 



555 

455^ 

406 

221^ 

202 

175 

171 

157 

145 

138 

136 

134 

132 

114 

984 

680 

537^ 

501 

492 

476 

486 

464 

457 

195^ 

438 



Name. 



Cathedral 

Cathedral 

St. Paul's 

St. Paul's( D. Dome). 

Cathedral 

St. Marks 

Capitol 

" (Diam. Dome) . 

Cathedral 

Porcelain 

Leaning 

Nicolai Church 

St. Stephen's 

Salisbury 

St. Mary*'s 

Cathedral 

Trinity Church 

Grace Church 

St. John's 

St. Paul's 

Pyramid Jeezeh 

Pyramid of Sakkara 
Hotel des Invalides. 
Balus. Notre Dame.. 



Location. 



Cremona 
Florence 
London . 
London . 
St. Petersburg 
Venice . . . 
Wash., U. S. 
Wash., U. S. 
Escurial.. 
China .... 

Pisa 

Hamburg, Ger 
Vienna. . . 
Salisb'y, Eng 
Lubeck.. . 
New York 
New York 
New York 
New York 
New York 
Egypt .... 

Egypt 

Paris 

Paris 



Feet. 



392 

384 

366 

112 

363 

328 

287^4 

124% 

200 

200 

188 

482.3 

465 

450 

404 

325 

286 

216 

210 

200 

486K 
356 
344 
216 





CASCADES AND 


WATERFALLS. 






Name. 


Location. 


Feet. 


Name. 


Location. 


Feet, 


Sentinel 


Yosemite V.. 

<< 
Alps 


3270 
2634 
2000 
2400 
1600 
250 
164 


Missouri 


Montana 

NewJersey . . 
Va.&Md.... 
New York. . . 
Egypt 


( 50 


Yosemite 


\ 80 


Royal Arch 

Cascade 


Passaic 


( 91 

74 


Arve 


N. America.. 


Potomac 

Mohawk 

Cataracts of Nile.. 


71 


Niagara 


68 
10 







* ALTITUDES OF YOSEMITE VALLEY— WATERFALLS. 



Indian Name. 



Pohono 

Yosemite 

Pi-wy-ack 

Yo-wi-ye 

Too-lool-we-ack. 

Loya 

To-co-yse 



Signification. 



Spirit of the Evil Wind 

Large Grizzly Bear 

Cataract of Diamonds. . 
Meandering 



A Medicinal Shrub 

Shade to Baby Cradle Basket, 



American Name. 



Bridal Veil 



Vernal 

Nevada 

South Fork 

Sentinel 

Royal Arch Fall 



Height. 



940 ft. 
2634 ft. 

400 ft. 

600 ft. 

600 ft. 
3270 ft. 
2000 ft. 



f First Fall, 1600 feet; Second Fall, 534 feet; Third Fall, 500 feet. 

* MOUNTAINS. 



Tis-sa-ack 



To-co-yse , 

Hunto 

Mah-ta 

See-v/ah-lam , 

Er-na-tinr law-oo-too . 

Loya 

Poo-see-nah Chuck-ka . . 
Wah-wah-le-na . . . 



Pom-pom-pa-sus . . 
Tu-toch-ah-nu-lah 



Goddess of the Valley 



Shade to Baby Cradle Basket. 

Watching Eye 

Martyr or Suicide Mountain. 



Bearskin Mountain 

A Medicinal Shrub 

Large Acorn Store House 



Mountains Playing Leap Frog 
Great Chief of the Vallev 



Half Dome 

Cloud's Rest 

North Dome 

Washingt'n Tower 

Cap of Liberty 

Mt. Star King. ... 

Glacier Rock 

Sentinel 

Cathedral Rock.. . 

Three Graces 

Inspiration Point. 
Three Brothers . . . 
El Capitan 



5300 ft. 
5700 ft. 
3568 ft. 
2200 ft. 
4600 ft. 
5600 ft. 
3700 ft. 
3043 ft. 
2660 ft. 
3750 ft. 
2850 ft. 
4200 ft. 
3300 ft. 



The Yosemite Valley is a little over seven miies in length and from tali 
a mile to one mile in width. It is 4060 feet above the level of the sea. 
* Altitudes are reckoned .above the floor of the valley. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



533 



TIME OF DIFFERENT LOCALITIES. 
Explanatory. — When it is 12 o'clock at noon in San Francisco, the time at other 
places is as denoted in the table. In the Latitude of San Francisco a difference of 
one minute in time is equivalent to about 13.64 statute miles in distance. 



Localities. 



Albany.N. Y, 

Alexandria, Egypt 

Algiers, Algeria 

Amsterdam, Netherlands. 

Athens, Greece 

Baltimore, Md 

Batavia, Java 

Berlin, Prussia 

Bern, Switz 

Boston, Mass 

Breslau, Prussia 

Brussels, Belgium 

Cairo, Egypt 

Calcutta, India 

Cambridge, Mass 

Charleston, S. C 

Chicago, 111 

Christiania, Norway 

Cincinnati, Ohio 

Columbia, S. C 

Columbus, Ohio 

Constantinople, Turkey.. 
Copenhagen, Denmark... 

Des Moines, Iowa 

Detroit, Mich 

Dresden, Saxony 

Dublin , Ireland 

Edinburgh, Scotland 

Galveston, Texas. 

Genoa, Italy 

Gibralter, Spain 

Greenwich, England 

Hague, Netherlands 

Hamburg, Germany 

Harrisburgh, Penn 

Hartford, Conn 

Havana, Cuba 

Hong Kong, China 

Honolulu, H.I 

Indianapolis, Md 

Jefferson City, Mo 

Jerusalem, Syria 

Lima, Peru 

Lisbon, Portugal 

Little Rock, Ark 

Liverpool, England 

London, England 



Time. 



M S. 

14 41 

9 5 

21 57 

29 12 

44 34 
3 13 

16 52 
3 14 

39 25 
25 23 

17 49 
27 8 
14 41 

3 

25 9 

49 54 
19 43 
52 34 
31 41 

45 32 
37 31 

5 35 
59 59 

55 11 

37 27 

4 35 

44 17 

56 58 

50 19 

45 16 

48 15 
9 39 

26 53 

49 32 
2 19 

18 56 

40 14 

46 16 

38 18 
25 7 

1 7 

30 32 
1 9 

33 5 
40 

57 23 
9 16 



Localities. 



Louisville, Ey 

Lyons, France 

Madison, Wis 

Madrid, Spain 

Marseilles, France 

Melbourne, Australia. 

Memphis, Tenn , 

Mexico, Mexico 

Milan, Italy 

Mobile, Ala 

Montreal, Canada .... 

Moscow, Russia 

Naples, Italy 

Nashville, Tenn 

Natchez, Miss 

New Haven, Conn.... 

New Orleans, La 

Newport. R.I 

New York, N. Y 

Panama, N. G 

Paris, France 

Pekin, China 

Philadelphia, Penn... 

Pittsburgh, Penn 

Portland, Me 

Portland, Or 

Portsmouth, N. H ... 

Quebec, Canada 

Quito, Ecuador 

Raleigh, N. C 

Richmond, Va 

Rio de Janerio 

Rome, Italy 

Sacramento, Cal 

St. Louis, Mo 

St. Paul, Minn 



2 
7 
8 
5 
2 
1 
8 
2 
3 

10 
9 
2 
2 
3 
2 
3 
3 
2 
8 
3 
3 
2 
3 

11 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
5 
8 

2 
1 
St. Petersburg , Russia 10 



Time. 



m s. 
26 59 
28 57 
12 8 
54 54 

31 8 
49 35 

9 39 

32 38 
46 25 
17 32 
15 27 
39 56 

6 39 
22 23 



Salt Lake City, Utah. 

Santa Fe, N. M 

Savannah, Ga 

Stockholm, Sweden. 

Valparaiso, Chili 

Venice, Italy 

Vera Cruz, Mexico.. . 

Vienna, Austria 

Washington. D. C 



M 

u 

m Yokohama, Japan I 5 28 17 



24 15 
13 39 
51 39 
19 
55 34 
9 
49 43 
28 45 
59 42 
26 51 
24 51 

54 38 

55 7 
59 51 
17 4 
59 28 

3 47 
8 36 
57 20 
10 53 
41 15 
10 8 
45 18 
21 58 
23 11 



15 12 
1 28 



P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
A. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P.M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
A. M 
P. M 
P. Id 
P. M 
A M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. 3d 
P. M 
P. M 
P. 11 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. >J 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. M 
P. Id 
A. M 



LENGTH OF A DEGREE OF LONGITUDE AT EACH DEGREE OF LATITUDE, 



Lat. 


Miles. 


Lat. 


Miles. 1 


Lat. 


Miles. 1 Lat. 


Miles. 


Xat. 


Miles. 


Lat. 


Miles. 


1° 


59.99 


10° 


57.68 


31° 


51.43 


46' 


41.68 


61° 


29.09 


76* 


14.52 


2 


59.96 


17 


57.38 


32 


50.88 


47 


40.92 


62 


28.17 


77 


13.50 


3 


59.92 


18 


57.06 


33 


50.32 


48 


40.15 


63 


27.24 


78 


12.47 


4 


59.85 


19 


56.73 


34 


49.74 


49 


39.36 


64 


26.30 


79 


11.45 


5 


59.77 


20 


56.38 


35 


49.15 


50 


38.57 


65 


25.36 


80 


10.42 


6 


59.67 


21 


56.01 


36 


48.54 


51 


37.76 


66 


24.40 


81 


9.39 


7 


59.55 


22 


55.63 


37 


47.92 


52 


36.94 


67 


23.44 


82 


8.35 


8 


59.42 


i 23 


55.23 


38 


47.28 


53 


36.11 


68 


22.48 


83 


7.31 


9 


59.26 


24 


54.81 


39 


46.63 


54 


35.27 


69 


21.50 


84 


6.27 


10 


59.09 


25 


64.38 


40 


45.96 


55 


34.41 


70 


20.52 


85 


6.23 


11 


58.90 


26 


53.93 


41 


45.28 


66 


33.55 


71 


19.53 


86 


4.19 


12 


58.09 


27 


63.46 


42 


44.59 


57 


32.68 


72 


18.54 


87 


3.14 


V6 


58.46 


28 


62.98 


43 


43.88 


58 


31.80 


73 


17.54 


88 


2.09 


L4 


58.22 


29 


52.48 


44 


43.16 


59 


30.90 


74 


16.54 


89 


1.05 


*5 


57.96 


30 


51.96 


45 


42.43 ' 


6Q 


30.00 


1 75 


15.53 


1 90 


0.00 



534 



THE GKEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



Distances, in Miles, by the Shortest Post Roate, between the 
Larger and More Important Places in the United States. 



From Post Office at 



Alabama. 

Decatur 

Mobile 

Montgomery 

Arizona. 

Prescott 

Tucson 

Yuma 

Arkansas. 

Fort Smith 

Helena 

Hot Springs..... 

Little Rock 

Texarkana 

California. 

Eureka 

Los Angeles 

Needles 

Redding 

Sacramento 

San Diego 

San Francisco 

Colorado. 

Antonito 

Denver 

Granada 

Grand Junction 

Pueblo 

Connecticut. 

Hartford 

New Haven 

New London 

Delaware. 

Dover 

Newark 

Wilmington 

IMst. of Colain. 

Washington . . 
Florida. 

Cedar Keys 

Jacksonville 

Key West 

Pensacola 

Tallahassee 

Tampa 

Georgia. 

Atlanta 

Augusta 

Columbus 

Dalton 

Macon 

Savannah 

Idaho. 

Boise City 

McCammon 

Pend d'Oreille 

Illinois. 

Cairo 

Chicago , 



To Post Offices at 



1,192 
1,454 
1,274 

2,884 
2,816 
3,063 

1.626 
1,467 
1,584 
1,515 
1,660 

3,679 
3,297 
2,967 
3,427 
3,293 
3,377 
3,383 

2,25S 
2,084 
1,961 
2,404 
2,099 

117 
141 
108 

382 
346 
334 

445 

1.402 
L294 
1,785 
1,437 
1,384 
1,533 

1,099 
1,023 
1,237 
1,069 
1,148 
1,122 

2,869 

2,584 
2,859 

1.243 
1,025 



975 
1,237 
1,057 

2,724 
2,611 
2,858 

1,463 
1,250 
1,367 
1,298 
1,443 

3,546 
3,107 
2,807 
3,294 
3,160 
3,172 
3,250 

2,098 
1,930 
1,801 
2,244 
1,939 

112 

76 
126 

165 
129 
117 

228 

1,185 
1,077 
1,568 
1,220 
1,167 
1,316 



806 
1,020 
852 
931 
905 

2,736 
2,451 
2,734 



p~ 

tJ 1 



885 

1,147 

967 

2,64 
2,521 
2,768 

1,373 
1,160 
1,277 
1,208 
1,353 

3,469 

3,017 

2,730 

3,217 

3,083 

3,08: 

3,173 

2,021 
1,853 
1,724 
2,167 
1,862 

202 
166 
216 

75 
39 
27 

138 

1,095 
987 
1,478 
1,130 
1,077 
1,226 

792 

719 
930 
762 
841 
815 

2,660 
2,374 
2,657 



• GO 

q 





747 

1,009 

829 

2,560 
2,383 
2,630 

1,235 
1,022 
1,139 
1,070 
1,215 

3,409 
2,879 
2,G43 
3,157 
3,023 
2,944 
3,113 

1,934 
1,766 
1,637 
2,080 
1,775 

340 
304 
354 

159 

99 
111 



957 
849 

1,340 
992 
939 

1,C 

654 

578 
792 
624 
703 
677 

2,599 
2,314 
2,606 



1,083 1,006 903 365 
900 823 772 



o 


O 


o' 
p 




cr<3 
o 


.CD 
: co 


i— i 


: o 

: 3 






570 


571 


858 


640 


753 


458 


1,903 


2,313 


1,852 


2,077 


2,099 


2,324 


701 


1,059 


608 


846 


6S7 


963 


C18 


894 


763 


1,039 


2,654 


3,351 


2,316 


2,573 


1,986 


2,559 


2,402 


3,187 


2,268 


3,017 


2,413 


2,638 


2,358 


3,055 


1,277 


1,990 


1,059 


1,834 


980 


1,693 


1,401 


2,136 


1,118 


1,831 


950 


916 


976 


880 


1,026 


930 


851 


735 


807 


675 


819 


687 


772 


576 


1,198 


395 


1,090 


287 


1,581 


778 


916 


535 


1,080 


377 


1,329 


526 


739 


309 


910 


138 


848 


363 


639 


409 


828 


263 


1,020 


115 


1,845 


2,684 


1,559 


2,399 


1,834 


2,822 


365 


797 




988 



a 

oB" 

o'P 



41, 

780 
600 

2,031 
1,910 
2,163 

759 

, 574 

672 

603 

748 

2,880 
2,412 
2,114 
2,628 
2,494 
2,477 
2,584 

1,405 
1,237 
1,108 
1,551 
1,246 

856 
820 
870 

698 
638 
650 

553 

934 
826 

1,317 
763 
832 

1,065 

475 

646 
613 
375 
564 
756 

2,070 
1,785 
2,128 



B 



409 
643 
592 

1,699 

i 1,608 
! 1,855 

418 
338 
414 
345 
490 

2,577 
2,104 
1,782 
2,325 
2,191 
2,109 
2,281 

1,073 
917 
776 

1,219 
914 

1,133 
1,124 
1,174 

999 
955 

967 

894 

1,053 
945 

1,436 
748 
919 

1,184 

608 
779 
687 
508 
697 
889 

1,767 
1,482 
2,004 



823 
1,057 
1,006 

1,£57 
1,506 
1,753 

534 
723 

789 
720 
759 

2,163 
1,970 
1,640 
1,911 
1,777 
2,067 
1,! 

847 
568 
634 
910 



1,441 

1,459 
1,509 

1,334 
1,290 
1,302 

1,246 

1,467 
1,359 
1,850 
1,162 
1,333 
1,598 

1,022 
1,193 
1,101 
922 
1,111 
1,303 

1,353 

1,068 
1,649 



p 

P-ai 

ea 
3 



2,614 
2.569 
2,597 

84a 
978 
731 

2,224 

2,388. 
2,274 
2,291 
2,140 

293 
482 
612 
260 
90 
663 



150 564 2,431 
283 491 2,358 



1,396 
1,457 
1,623 
1,180- 
1,485 

3,30S 
3,326 
3,376 

3,201 
3,15? 
3,169 

3,113 

3,154 

3,065 
3,528 
2,695 
2,900 
3,276 

2,772 
2.91V 
2,692 
2,776 
2,792- 
2,984 

1,251 

966 

1,198 



WEIGHTS AXD MEASURES 



535 



DISTANCES Bl SHORTEST POST ROUTE— Continued. 



From Post Office at 



To Post Offices at 



Quiucy 

Rock Island 

Springfield 

Tliitliana. 

Evansville 

Fort Wayne 

Indianapolis 

Logansport 

Richmond 

Terre Hante , 

Indian Ter. 

Yinita~. ~ 

Iowa. 

Burlington , 

Centre ville 

Des Moines 

Dubuque , 

Sioux City 

Kansas. 

Atchison 

Fort Scott 

Leavenworth 

Topeka 

V\"allace . 

Kentucky. 

Ashland .. . 

Frankfort 

Henderson , 

Louisville 

Paducah 

Louisiana. 

Baton Rouge 

Morgan City 

Xew Orleans 

Shreveport 

Yidalia 

Maine. 

Augusta 

Bangor , 

Eastport , 

Portland , 

Yanceborough 

Maryland. 

Annapolis 

Baltimore 

Cumberland , 

Massachusetts. 

Boston 

Fall River 

Pittsfield :, 

Springfield 

Worcester 

Michigan. 

Detroit 

Grand Haven 

Kalamazoo 

L'Anse 

Lansing 

Minnesota. 

Albert .Lea 



a 


3 


o 

DO 
e-t- 




o 
a 


"<Jkj 




• o 


g 


: -i 


p 




m 




po 




1,273 


1,113 


1,206 


1,081 


1,160 


1,000 


1,137 


977 


872 


751 


968 


808 


911 


821 


911 


736 


1,041 


881 


1,572 


1,412 


1,232 


1,089 


1,311 


1,198 


1,383 


1,257 


1,215 


1,090 


1,542 


1,417 


1,490 


1,330 


1,508 


1,348 


1,488 


1,328 


1.530 


1,370 


1,883 


1,723 


899 


682 


1.037 


834 


1,147 


987 


1,039 


854 


1,26a 


1,080 


1,650 


1,433 


1,641 


1,424 


1.561 


1,344 


1,678 


1,461 


1,562 


1,345 


171 


388 


245 


462 


360 


Ol I 


108 


325 


359 


576 


445 


228 


405 


188 


584 


367 




217 


49 


211 


152 


154 


101 


138 


45 


182 


860 


743 


1,001 


884 


944 


827 


1,35". 


1,238 


913 


796 


1,397 


1.2721 



1.036 

1,004 

923 

900 
674 
731 
744 
659 
804 

1,335 



- - 



949 
947 
836 

797 
623 
644 
684 
576 
717 

1,258 



1,012 952 
1,121 1,054 
1,180 1,120 
1,013! 962 
1,3401 1,289 

1,253 1,166 



1,271 
1.251 
1,293 
1,646 

592 

744 

910 

777 

1,003 

1,343 
1,334 
1,254 
1.371 
1,255 

478 
552 
667 
415 
666 

138 
98 

277 

307 

301 
244 

228 
272 

666 
807 
750 
1,161 
719 



1,194 
1,164 
1,206 
1,559 

454 
606 
807 
663 
889 

1,205 
1,196 
1,116 
1,233 
1,117 

616 

690 
805 
55: 
804 

42 

40 

152 

445 

439 

38: 

366 

410 

615 
756 
699 
1,110 
668 



a 


a 


S 


P-, 


o 
p 

09 


p£ 


o 


: r*- 




: o 


y 


: S 






263 


1.047 


181 


1,094 


185 


952 


293 


755 


148 


880 


183 


805 


117 


895 


224 


7S8 


182 


866 


647 


1,171 


207 


1,099 


316 


1,167 


358 


1,250 


190 


1.177 


517 


1,424 


509 


1.241 


535 


1.150 


507 


1,220 


549 


1,262 


902 


1,615 


427 


763 


358 


66S 


303 


745 


293 


695 


415 


771 


887 


870 


995 


861 


915 


781 


877 


934 


819 


818 


1,171 


1,192 


1,245 


1,266 


1,360 


1,381 


1,114 


1,129 


1,359 


1,380 


814 


618 


803 


616 


620 


728 


1,025 


1,021 


1,044 


1,015 


873 


95S 


924 


942 


980 


9S6 


273 


982 


177 


1,041 


141 


973 


440 


1,428 


220 


1,015 


372 


1,325 



o 

c~" 

OS 



420 
418 
307 

244 
162 
115 
177 
70 
188 

705 

423 
525 
591 
484 
811 

637 
641 
635 
677 
1,030 

180 

108 
254 
110 
336 

853 
906 
826 
862 
776 

1,075 
1,149 
1,264 
1,018 
1,263 

595 
579 
401 

929 
955 
777 
828 
884 

264 
323 
255 
734 
297 



130 

247 
98 

162 

342 
240 
270 
308 
167 

364 

202 

250 
333 
349 
507 

324 
300 
303 
345 
698 

486 
330 
172 
265 
200 

672 

780 
700 
604 
604 

1,354 
1,428 
1,543 
1,297 
1,542 

936 
920 
742 

1,208 
1,257 
1.056 
1,107 
1,163 

482 

460 
424 
723 
477 



6491 455 



319 
322 
422 

576 
639 
602 
562 
669 
556 

381 

294 
205 
145 
339 
101 

153 
299 
174 
203 
556 

872 
744 
586 
679 
614 

1,053 

1.095 

1,081 

815 

98o 

1.662 
1.736 
1,851 
1.605 
1,850 

1,288 
1,272 
1,094 

1,516 
1.535 
1.364 
1.415 
1,471 

764 
668 
632 
820 
711 

269 



32 

^P 
-.-3 

BO 

- 



2.171 
2.189 
2,274 

2.443 
2.50S 
2.469 
2,429 
2,536 
2,408 

2,117 

2,161 
2,051 
2,012 
2,206 
1,968 

1,963 
2.109 
L984 
2,029 

1,676 

2,739 
2.611 
2,453 
2.546 
2,481 

2.%9 

2,40: 

2,449 
2,121 
2,37<> 

3,52v 

3,603 
3,718 
3,472 
3,717 

3,155 
3.139 
2,961 

3,383 
3,392 
3,231 
3,282 
3,338 

2.631 
2,53£ 

2,499 
2.687 
2,578 

2,136 



536 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



DISTANCES BY SHORTEST POST ROUTE— Conttntjed. 



From Post Office at 



Breekenridge 

Duluth 

St. Paul 

Winona 



To Post Offices at 



Mississippi. 

Bay St. Louis 

Jackson 

Meridian 

Vicksburg 

Missouri. 

Hannibal 

Jefferson City 

"Kansas City 

St. Joseph..'. 

St. Louis 

Springfield 

$1 on tan a. 

Dillon 

Glendive 

Helena 

Nebraska. 

Lincoln 

Omaha 

Red Cloud , 

Sidney 

Nevada. 

Carson City 

Elko 

Pioche 

Reno 

"S ew Hampshire 

Concord 

Keene 

Xashua 

lew Jersey. 

Cape May 

Phillipsburgh 

Trenton 

Bf ew Mexico. 

Deming 

Manuelito 

Mesilla 

Santa Fe 

KTew York. 

Albanv 

Buffalo 

Dunkirk 

Elrnira 

New York 

Rome 

"West Point 

North Carolina 
• Charlotte 

Raleigh 

Weldon 

Wilmington 

North. Dakota. 

Bismarck 

Fargo ,..., 



1,642 
1,580 
1,425 
1,322 

1,543 
1,461 
1,365 
1,505 

1,263 
1,333 
1,462 
1,469 
1.208 
1,448 

2,700 
2,084 
2,548 

1,565 
1,516 
1,697 
1,930 

3,169 
2,825 
2,921 
3,138 

70 
93 

40 

389 
291 

274 

2.596 
2,556 
2,555 
2,33? 

203 

501 

543 

404 

21 

312 

239 

832 
745 

648 
810 

1,863 
l,6t>8 



3 



1,517 
1.455 
1,300 
1,197 

1,326 
1,244 
1,148 
1,288 

1,103 
1,173 
1,302 
1.309 
1,048 
1,288 

2,567 
1,959 
2,423 

1,422 
1.383 
1,537 
1.797 



P"i? 



1,440 
1,378 
1,223 
1,120 

1,236 
1,154 

1,058 
1,198 

1,026 
1,096 
1,225 
1,232 
971 
1,211 

2,490 
1,882 
2,346 

1,345 
1,306 
1,460 
1,720 



3,036 2,959 
2.692 2.615 
2.788| 2,711 
3,005 2,928 



263 
212 
228 

172 
74 
57 

2,391 
2,396 
2.350 
2,173 

142 
410 
452 
264 



247 
48 

615 
528 
431 
593 



353 
302 
318 

82 
69 
33 

2,301 
2,319 
2,260 
2,096 

232 
414 
413 
268 
90 
337 
138 

525 
438 
341 

503 



- 

H 



2 



1,3S9 
1.327 
1,172 
1,069 

1,098 

1,016 

920 

1,060 

939 
1,019 
1.138 
1,145 

894 
1,134 

2,430 
1.831 
2,295 

1,285 
1,246 
1,373 
1,660 

2,899 
2,555 
2.632 
2,868 

491 
440 
456 

220 
207 
171 

2,163 
2,232 
2,122 
2J009 

370 
437 
432 
296 
228 
432 
276 

387 
300 
203 
365 



1,738 1,661 1,610 838 
1,543 1,466 1.415 643 



O 

5! 

o' 

p 

O 



617 
555 
400 
297 

947 
732 
723 
741 

282 
376 
481 
488 
283 
523 

1,675 
1,059 
1,523 

540 
491 
677 
905 

2,144 
1,800 
1,896 
2,113 

1,037 

962 

1,013 

905 

826 
856 

1.632 
1,575 
1,615 
1,352 

822 
524 
482 
670 
900 
713 
916 

842 

948 

939 

1,030 



serf 



1,605 
l,o43 
1,388 
1,285 

729 
717 
621 

761 

1,028 
1,042 
1,194 
1,225 
917 
1,047 

2,515 
2,047 
2,511 

1,372 
1,331 
1,453 
1,745 

2,984 
2,640 
2,688 
2,95 

1,06 

1.016 

1,032 

796 

783 
747 

1,857 
2,148 
1,816 
2,065 

946 

1.013 

1,008 

872 

804 

1,008 

852 

236 

288 
373 
211 

1,826 
1.631 



a 

gg 

c ~ 
p 



911 
849 
694 
591 

869 
675 
630 

707 

410 
466 
609 
616 
341 
581 

1,901 
1,353 
1 817 

756 

717 

844 

1.131 

2,370 
2,026 
2,103 
2,339 

941 

866 
917 

749 
670 
700 

1,696 
1,703 
1,655 
1,480 

726 

428 
386 
574 
744 
617 
792 

572 
683 
657 
760 

1,132 
937 



CD 


O 

3 


M 


p 


o 


t* 


P 


p 






02 


3 


g 


o 


o 





725 
570 
490 

732 
517 

508 
526 

111 

125 
277 

308 



240 

1,598 
1,229 
1,693 

455 
414 
536 

828 

2,067 
1,723 

1.771 
2,036 

1,220 
1,145 
1,196 

1,053 
974 

1,004 

1,388 
1,371 
1.347 
1,148 

1,005 
707 
665 
853 

1,048 
896 

1,096 

814 

925 

998 
1,002 

1,008 
813 



588 
526 
371 
423 

1,133 
893 
922 

907 

319 
326 
200 
133 

414 

402 

1,184 

1,03 

1,427 

68 



205 
414 

1,653 
1,309 
1,405 
1,622 

1,528 
1,453 
1,504 

1,383 
1,309 
1,339 

1,286 
1,229 
1,269 
1,006 

1,313 
1,015 
973 
1,161 
1,383 
1.204 
1,407 

1.228 
1,339 
1,334 
1,416 

809 
61* 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES 



537 



DISTANCES BY SHORTEST POST ROUTE— Continued. 



Prom Post Office at 



Ohio. 

Cincinnati 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Crestline 

Steubenville 

Toledo 

Youngstown 

Oregon. 

LaGrande 

Portland 

Roseburgh 

Salem 

Pennsylvania. 

Erie 

Harrisburg 

Philadel phia 

Pittsburg 

Scranton 

Williamsport 

Rhode Island. 

Newport 

Providence 

South Carolina. 

Charleston 

Columbia 

Florence 

Port Royal 

South IJakota. 

Canton 

Deadwood 

Pierre 

Yankton 

Tennessee. 

Bristol 

Chattanooga 

Knoxville 

Memphis 

Nashville 

Texas. 

Austin 

Beaumont 

Denison 

El Paso 

Galveston 

San Antonio 

Sherman 

Utah. 

Frisco 

OgdenCity 

Salt Lake City 

Vermont. 

Bellows Falls 

Montpelier 

Wells River 

White River Junc'n 
Virginia. 

Clifton Forge 

Lynchburg 

Newport News 



To Post Offices at 



929 
685 
823 
761 
691 
798 
69U 

3,032 
3,306 
3,503 
3,359 

588 
399 
307 
648 
362 
453 



44 

1,021 
938 
©19 

1,093 

1,557 
2,082 
1,806 
1,603 

828 
1,070 

959 
1,380 
1,221 

2,004 
1,873 
1,794 
2,508 
2,006 
2,084 
1,803 

2,828 
2,549 
2,585 

115 
202 
164 
139 

657 
624 
559 



' o 



744 
568 
624 
620 
474 
681 
502 

2,899 
3,181 
3,378 
3,234 

484 
182 
90 
431 
145 
236 

186 
189 

804 

721 
702 
876 

1,432 
1,957 
1,681 
1,478 

611 

853 

742 

1,163 

1,004 

1,787 
1,656 
1,599 
2,303 
1,789 
1,867 
1,598 

2,695 
2,416 
2,452 

222 
327 
302 
262 

440 
407 
342 



CD <—• 

- go 

Pi 

a 



667 
491 
547 
543 
397 
604 
425 

2,822 
3,104 
3,301 
3,157 

447 
105 



354 
165 
199 

276 
279 

714 
631 
612 
786 

1,355 

1,880 
1,604 
1,401 

521 

763 

652 

1,073 

914 

1,697 
1,566 
1,509 
2,213 
1,699 
1,777 
1,508 

2,618 
2,339 
2,375 

312 
417 
392 
352 

350 
317 
252 



o 
o 



553 
440 
487 
492 
346 
553 
374 

2,762 
3,053 
3,250 
3,106 

450 
125 
138 
303 
260 
218 

414 

417 

576 
493 
474 
648 

1,304 
1,829 
1,553 
1,350 

383 
625 
514 
935 
776 

1,559 
1,428 
1,371 
2,075 
1,561 
1,639 
1,370 

2,539 
2,279 
2,315 

450 
555 
530 
490 

212 
179 
191 



294 
340 
314 
280 
444 
234 
406 

2,007 
2,281 
2,478 
2,334 

437 
718 
823 
469 
793 
680 

1,063 
1,022 



940 
1,023 

532 

1,057 

776 

578 

691 

599 
560 
521 
448 

1,123 
1,176 
869 
1,583 
1,143 
1,203 



1,803 
1,524 
1,560 

959 
1,014 
1,039 

999 

669 
752 
93 



O 

CCfcf 



O! 



718 
962 
838 
886 
922 
920 
950 

2,847 
3,152 
3,349 
3.205 

1,026 
701 
714 
879 
836 
794 

990 

993 



130 
102 



1,495 
1,931 
1,719 
1.485 

475 
449 
428 
759 
600 

1,260 
1,059 
1,146 
1,769 
1,192 
1,340 
1,145 

2,595 
2,364 
2,400 

1,026 
1,131 
1,106 
1,066 

527 
444 
535 



O 

oS' 

JO 



244 
120 
168 
270 
202 
299 

2,233 
2,538 
2,735 
2,591 

341 
562 
667 
313 
646 
524 

930 
933 

718 
588 
670 
758 

' 795 

1,317 

1,075 

872 

421 
335 
290 
487 
295 

1,108 
1,136 

904 
1,608 
1,128 
1,188 

903 

2,010 
1,750 
1,786 



918 
943 
903 

387 
470 
655 



341 
523 

424 
447 
574 
436 
581 

1,930 
2,235 
2,432 

2,288 

620 
866 
971 
617 

950 
828 

1.234 
1,235 

917 
830 
912 
891 

578 

1,014 

802 

568 

663 
468 
532 
306 
317 

850 
903 
586 
1,300 
870 
930 
595 

1,678 
1,447 
1,483 

1,142 
1,197 
1,222 
1,182 

728 
811 
996 



717 
831 
759 
770 
909 
725 



1,516 
1,821 
2,018 
1,874 

928 
1,201 
1,306 

952 
1,284 
1,163 

1,554 
1,513 

1,331 
1,244 
1,326 
1,305 

172 
600 
397 
162 

1,077 
882 
946 
687 
731 

897 

1,024 
603 

1,310 
991 
977 
612 

1,312 
1,033 
1,069 

1,450 
1,505 
1,530 
1,490 

1,114 
1,197 
1,382 



GO 

OS 

80 

■ p 

: » 



2 584 
2,698 
2,626 
2,639 
2,776 
2,592 
2,764 

841 
751 
554 
698 

2,795 
3,068 
3,173 
2,819 
3,151 
3,030 

3,411 
3,370 

3,055 
3.002 
3,084 
3,029 

2,039 
1,698 
2,264 
2,029 

2,944 
2,736 
2,813 
2,426 
2,598 

1,998 
2,210 
1,998 
1,286 
2,177 
1,918 
1,991 

1,113 
834 
870 

3,317 
3,372 
3,397 
3,357 

2,981 
3,064 
3,249 



538 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



DISTANCES BY SHORTEST POST ROUTE— CONCLUDED. 



From Post Office at 



Norfolk 

Richmond .. 

Staunton 

Washington. 

Colfax 

Kalama 

Olympia 

Tacoma 

West Virginia. 

Charleston., 

Grafton 

Harper's Ferry 

Huntington 

Parkersburg 

Wheeling 

Wisconsin. 

Ashland 

Madison 

Milwaukee 

Prairie du Chien.. 
Wyoming. 

Cheyenne City 

Granger 



To Post Offices at 



562 
561 
600 

3,023 
3,346 
3,389 
3,334 

833 

685 
487 
883 
789 
713 

1,454 
1,163 
1,110 
1,261 

2,032 

2,393 



3 



345 
344 
383 

2,898 
3,221 
3,264 
3,209 

616 

468 
270 
666 
572 
496 

1,329 

1,038 

985 

1,136 

1,899 
2,260 



p. 

1 



255 
254 
293 

2,821 
3,144 
3,187 
3,132 

526 

378 
180 
576 
482 
419 

1,252 
961 
908 

1,059 

1,822 

2,183 



• ** w 

" 3 

Q 

H 
O 



220 
116 
155 

2,770 
3,093 
3,136 
3,081 



254 
55 
438 
358 
353 

1,201 
910 

857 
1,008 

1,762 

2,123 



K 
3 



956 
862 
765 

1,998 
2,321 
2,364 
2,309 

493 
526 
717 
443 
426 
456 

429 

138 

85 

236 



o 



Offi 



454 
460 
546 

2,986 
3,192 
3,274 
3,269 

703 
830 
631 
753 
913 
929 

1,417 
1,126 
1,073 
1,233 



1,007 1.847 
1,368 2/208 



eg* 

P » 

a 

p 



674 
580 
483 

2,292 
2,578 
2,657 
2,603 

211 

299 
498 
161 
195 
251 

723 
432 
379 
530 

1,233 
1,594 



1,015 
921 
824 

2,168 
2,275 
2,357 
2,352 

552 
640 
839 
502 
536 
566 

655 
361 

368 
404 

930 
1,291 



O 
g 

P 
& 

P 



1,401 
1,307 
1,210 

1,803 
1,861 
1,943 
1,938 

938 

992 

1,191 

878 
871 
901 

556 
456 
510 
395 

516 

877 



no. 

P 



3.268 
3,174 
3,077 

1,108 
791 

873 
896 

2,805 
2,859 
3,058 
2,745 
2.73S 
2,768 

2,423 
2,323 
2,377 
2,262 

1,351 
990 



Time of Transit Of Mails Bettveen Pacific Coast and Eastern 

Cities. 

Note. — Time computed upon the Oasis oi connections being made. 



P o 

$3 



g 



: O 
: "-i 
: W 



B-p 

P Qj 

p 



3? 

O so 

« W 



Q 


a 


a 


^5! 


Til £? 
♦ P 


2 » 


So 




Pa 


: P 


d >—• 




: op 


• CO 


O-B 


: o 


• a 


: 3 




: o 


: S. 




: » 


• i^. 






o 

p 



p • 



H. M. 



H. M. 



H. M. 



H. M. 



H. M. 



H. M, 



H. M. 



H. M. 



H. M, 



Arizona. 

Prescott 

California. 

Los Angeles 

Sacramento 

San Francisco. 
Colorado. 

Denver 

Idaho. 

Boise City 

Montana. 

Helena 

Nevada. 

Carson City 

Kew Mexico. 

Santa F6 

Oregon. 

Portland 

Salem 

Utah. 

Salt Lake City. 
Washington 

Tacoma 

Olympia.......... 



148 50 

130 00 
U9 30 

123 30 

73 20 

127 30 
85 30 

119 35 
96 50 

126 20 

128 20 

89 30 

124 00 

129 00 



136 00 



126 
115 
119 

66 
120 

81 
115 



121 
123 



89 ."50 



124 
123 



134 00 

124 00 
115 40 

119 40 

63 40 

120 40 
82 00 

112 00 
86 35 

121 30 

125 30 

86 40 

124 10 

125 10 



134 20 

124 00 
119 00 

123 00 

64 30 

124 00 
85 00 

115 00 
89 25 

124 30 

126 30 

71 00 

127 25 

128 25 



112 55 

113 25 

90 50 
94 50 

40 55 

91 50 

57 20 

86 25 
62 55 

92 50 
94 50 

58 30 

93 15 
96 15 



149 45 



127 
141 
145 

87 

144 

125 

133 

101 

145 
147 



109 45 



148 
149 



110 50 

113 50 
121 30 
125 30 

45 00 

104 00 

61 00 
98 00 

62 55 

100 20 
102 20 

69 00 

107 25 

108 25 



98 30 

101 30 

121 301110 00 

114 00 

33 10 

103 35 
70 00 
87 00 
52 30 

99 50 
10150 

67 30 

94 05 

95 05 



98 00 

101 30 

75 40 

79 40 

20 30 

76 40 

59 00 

72 00 

52 30 

74 00 
76 00 



52 45- 

22 45 
4 00 



75 45 

68 15 

68 00 

1515 

345 

39 45 
37 45 



43 00149 15 

71 15 48 25 

72 15l48 35 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



539 



PRECIOUS STONES. 



List of Gem Stones Known to be Found in the United State Su 



Achroite (Tourmaline). 

Agate (Quartz). 

Agati zed wood (Quartz). 

Almandine (Garnet). 

Amazon stone (iticrocline), 

Amber. 

Amethyst (Quartz). 

Aquamarine (Beryl). 

Asteria. 

Beryl. 

Bloodstone. 

*Bowenite (Serpentine). 

Cairngorm (Quartz). 

Catlinite. 

Chalcedony (Quartz). 

Chiastolite. 

*Chlorastrolite. 

*Chondrodite. 

Chrysolite. 

Danburite. 

Diamond. 

Diopside (Pyroxene). 

Elaeolite ( Nephelite) . 

Emerald (Beryl). 

Epidote. 

Essonite (Garnet). 

Fleche d'amour (Quartz). 

Fluorite. 

Fossil coral. 

Garnet. 



Grossularite garnet. 

Heliotrope. 

Hematite. 

*Hiddenite (Spodvmene) . 

Hornblende in quartz. 

Idocrase. 

Indicolite (Tourmaline). 

Iolite. 

Isopyre. 

Jade. 

Jasper (Quartz). 

Jet (Mineral coal). 

Labradorite. 

Labrador spar ( Labradorite) . 

Lake George diamonds 

(Quariz). 
*Lithia emeralds (Spodu- 

mene) . 
Made. 
Malachite. 

Moonstone (Feldspar Group) 
Moss agate (Quartz). 
*Novaculite (Quartz). 
Obsidian. 

Olivine (Chryolite). 
Opalized wood (Opal). 
Peridot (Chrysolite) . 
Phenakite. 
Prehnite. 
Pyrope (Garnet). 



Quartz. 

Rhodonite. 

Bock crystal (Quartz/. 

Bose quartz (Quanz). 

Buby (Corundum). 

Bubelite (Tourmaline). 

*Butile. 

Butile in quartz (Quartz). 

Sagenite (Quartz). 

Sapphire (Corundum). 

Silicined wood (Quartz). 

Smoky quartz (Quartz). 

Smoky topaz (Quartz). 

Spinel. 

Spodumene. 

Sunstone (Feldspar). 

*Thetis hair stone (Quartzr 

*Thonisonite. 

Tourmaline. 

Topaz. 

Turquois. 

Venus hair stone (Quartz] 

*Willeniite. 

*Willianisite (Serpentine). 

Wood agate (Quartz). 

"Wood jasper (Quartz). 

Wood opal (Opal). 

Zircon. 

*Zonochlorite (Prehniu). 






The following complete the list of precious stones known to exist in the U. S. at 
the close of 1893: Anthracite, Arrow points, Catlinite, Pyrite, and Trilobite. 
* Gem stones found only in the United States. 

Species and varieties found in the U, S. but not in gem form. 

Axinite. Cassiterite. Cyanite. Opal. Sphene. 

Andalusite. ChrysoberyL Ilvaite. Prase {Quartz). Titanite. 

Species and varieties not yet identified in any form in the U. S. 

Alexandrite. Cat's-eye quartz. Demantoid. Lapislazulite. 

Cat's-eye chrysoberyl. Chrysoprase. Euclase. Ouvarovite. 

Estimated production of precious stones in the U. S. in 1S93 . 

{Details of value only.] 
Agate, 81,000; Amazon-stone, 81,000; Anthracite, 83,000; Beryl, 8500; Catlinite 
(pipestone), 85,000; Chlorastrolite, 8500; Fossil Coral, 81,000; Garnet, 82,000; Moss 
Agate, £2,000; Pyrite, 81,500; Quartz, 810,000; Sapphire Gems, 810,000; Silicined 
Wood, 81,250; Smoky Quartz, 85,000; Thomsonite, 8500; Topaz, 8100; Tourmaline, 
85,000; Turquoise, 8143,136. During 1893 some work was carried on at Mount 
Mica, Paris, Me., which resulted in the discovery of a number of large green 
crystals, one of which furnished one of the finest tourmaline ever found on this 
continent, being of a clear grass green color and weighing 63% carats. About 
820,000 worth of sapphire was sent abroad in 1892, but during 1893 more Montana 
sapphires were actually sold than in any previous year, probably on account of 
the company having a lapidary at the World's Columbian Exposition, where 
these stones were cut and sold. The largest diamond known to have been found 
in the U. S. was at Manchester, Va.; it weighed 10 carats after it was cut, and 
was valued in the rough at 85,000; a 3-carat stone was found near San Francisco. 
Cal., and recently a diamond weighing 3 14/16 carats was found in Wisconsin; a 
number have also been found in Butte and Shasta Co.'s, Cal., and three on Per> 
ble Beach, Pescadero, Cal., one of which was valued at 8300 in the rough state. 
It is interesting to note that, in spite of the financial depression, 8143,136 worth 
of American turquoises were sold in 1S93, a greater amount probably than has 
ever been sold from the Persian mines in a single year. The importation of 
precious stones into the U. S. has steadilv increased from about 81,318,000 worth 
m 1867, to 814,521,851 in 1S92, and S10,197,'505 in 1893. 



540 



THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS. 



Elements. 


Symbols 


1 Elements, 


Symbols 

H 

In 
I 

Ir 
Fe 

La 
Pb 
L 

Mg 
Mn 
Hg 
M 

Ni 
Nb 
N 
No 

Os 


Pd 
Pe 
P 
P t 

K 


Elements. 


Symbols 




Al 

Sb 
A s 

Ba 
Bi 
Bo 

Br 

Cd 
Cs 
Ca 
C 

G(, 
Ci 
Cr 
Co 

Ta 
Cu 

D 

E 

F 

Gl 
Au 






Eo 
Kb 
Eu 










Iridium 


S e 
Si 
Ag 

Na 
Sr 

s 














Sodium 




Cadmium ....... 




Caesium 


Molybdenum .... 
Nickel 












T © 




T b 




Thallium 

Thorium 

Tin 


Tl 




Tb 

Sn 






T i 


fColumbium .... 






Osmium 






V 


Didymium. 


Zinc 


V 


Erbium 


Palladium 




Fluorine 


T 




Zfi 


Glucinum., ...... 

Sold 




Zi 



t Identical with Tantalum. 
BIBLICAL. WEIGHTS, MEASURES AND MONET— Weights; 



Weights. 


Equivalent Teoy. 


Weights. Equivalent Teoy. 


1 Gera = 
1 Beka = 

1 Shekel = 


117.41 grains 
1,174.14 " 

2,348.28 " 


1 Maneh = 234,828.16 grs., or 36.701bs, 
1 Talent =704,484.50 grs., or 122.34 lbs. 



Measni'es of Length, and Capacity. 



A day's journey was = 33.20 miles I 

A Sabbath day's journey = 2.13 miles 
A cubit was nearly = 22.00 inches 

6 cubits — 1 great cubit or = 11.00 feet 
A finger's breadth = 1.00 inch 



1 Log = % pint; 1 cab = 3 pints 
1 Orner = 3 quarts; 1 firkin = 7 pints 
1 Hin = 1 gallon and 2 pints 
1 Epah or bath = 7 gallons and 2 quarts 
1 Homar = 75 gallons and 5 pints. 









Money. 








Denomination. 


Gold. 


SiLVEE, 

S 0.02.65 
0.26.50 
0.53 


COPPEE. 

$0.00.17 
0.01.642 
0.03.143 


Denomination. 


Gold. 


SiLVEE. 

$ 53.00 
1,590.00 


COPPEE. 


Beka 

Shekel 


$ 0.28.45 
2.84 
5.69 


% 569.00 
17,070.00 


$ 3.145 
94.28 



Relative value of Biblical metals— Gold at 14 = 160 Silver = 764 Copper. 
Ancient Money {Not Biblical). 



Money. 


Gks. Teoy. 


Gold 
Val'e. 


Money. 


Gbains 
Teoy. 


Gold 
Value. 


Persian Daric 

(Drams) = 
Maccabaen Shekel 


128 grains= 

220 " = 

220 " = 

58.85" = 

42 " = 


$5.52 
.53 
.53 
.14 
.0025 


Farthing (Assarium, 

copper) = 

Mite (copper) = 


84 grains 
21 " 


$ 0.0050 
.00125 


(silver) = 
"Piece of money" 

(Stater silver) = 
Penny (Denarius, 

silver) = 
Farthing (Quadrans, 

copper = 


A Piece of Silver or a Penny was 15 

cents. 
A. Farthing (silver) was 3 cents. 
A Gera was 2 cents. 
A Mite was j£ a cent. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES 541 



MINERAL SUBSTANCES AND THEIR COMPOSITION. 



Actinolite — (Ray Stone)— Is found in boulders, or rolled masses; also with 
garnets, in fine needle crystals, and in quartz, which when broken show 
beautiful green radiating crystals. See Ainphibole. 

Agalmatolite or Agalmamolite (Pagodite)— A variety of pinite, hydrous 
silicate of alumina, magnesia, iron, lime, soda and potash. It is soft and 
appears like soapstone ; much used for ornamental carved work by the Chinese. 

Agate — A semi-pellucid uncrystallized variety of quartz combining various tints. 

Alabaster— A compact variety of sulphate of lime, or gypsum of fine texture, 
and usually white, but sometimes yellow, red or gray. 

Alaskaite— Occurs in quantity as massive mineral with tetrahedrite, chalco- 
pyrite, barite and quartz. (Symbol A.) 

Albite — A species of mineral of the feldspar family; contains silicate of alumi- 
na and soda; color white; composition, silica 68.6, alumina 19.6, soda 11.8. 

Altaite — Telluride oi lead; composition, lead 61.7, tellurium 38.3=100. 

Alum — (Tchermignite) — A double sulphate of alumina and potassa; composition^ 
sulphate of potash 1, ter-sulphate of alumina 1, water 2± parts =26. 

Aluminium or Aluminum — The metallic base of alumina; white, with a 
bluish tinge, specific gravity only about 2.6. 

Alunogen — Sulphate of Alumina; found on the Verde river, Arizona. 

Amber — A yellowish resin resembling copal; a fossil; friction electrofies it. 

Aiuethyst— A sub-species of quartz, of a bluish-violet color, of different de- 
grees of intensity, generally occurs crystallized in hexahedral prisms. 

Amianthus — Amphibole. See Asbestus. 

Ainphibole — Actinolite, Anthophyllite, Amianthus, Asbestus, Hornblende, 
Mountain Cork, Mountain Leather, Tremolite, etc. — Is an anhydrous silicate 
of various bases — iron, magnesia, lime, etc., and a little water. 

Amphibolite — Trap, or greenstone; base of Amphibole or Hornblende. 

Andalusite — Is a silicate of alumina, containing sometimes sesquioxide of iron, 
magnesia, lime, soda, potash and manganese in varying proportions; when 
pure, it contains silica 36.8, alumina 63.2 parts=100. 

Anglesite — Native sulphate of lead,- occurs in white or yellowish prismatic 
crystals. 

Anhydrite— Anhydrous gypsum. 

Anorthite— Of the feldspar family, occurring in small glossy crystals. 

Anthophyllite — So named from its clove-brown color. See Amphibole. 

Antimony — The gray ore, contains sulphur and antimony, is of a tin-white 
color, and brittle. 

Apatite — Native phosphate of lime, usually six-sided prisms, of a greenish color. 

Aragonite — Identical with calcite or carbonate of lime, but harder, crystalliz- 
ing in prismatic forms. See Tufa. 

Aragotite — A hydro-carbon, peculiar to the quicksilver mines of California; 
found in dolomite and with cinnabar; identical with Idrialite. See Petroleum. 

Argentite— Silver Glance, Sulphuret of Silver, Vitreous Silver. — color, dark 
lead, gray, opaque; luster, metallic; composition, silver 87.1, sulphur 12.9=100. 

Arsenic — A metal of a steel-gray color, brilliant luster, dull from tarnish; very 
brittle, and sublimes at 356° Fahr.; specific gravity from 5.7 to 5.9; it is some- 
times found native, but usually combined with silver, cobalt, nickel, iron, 
antimony and sulphur. 

Arsenolite — An oxide of arsenic; composition, arsenic 75.76, oxygen 24.24= 
100 parts. 

Arsenopyrite or Mispickel — Luster, metallic; color, grayish- white to 
almost silver white; quite brittle; composition, arsenic 46.0, iron 34.4, sul- 
pnur 19.6 =100 parts. 

Asbestus — A mineral unaffected by fire; a variety of hornblende and pyroxene j 
found in long, delicate fibers, or fibrous masses or seams; color, white or gray, 
but sometimes greenish or reddish. See also Mountain Cork, Mountain Leather, 
Rock Cork, Tremolite, etc. 

Asboline — Earthy cobalt, with lead ores, carrying 10 to 11 per cent, of nickel. 

Asphaltum — Mineral pitch, Jew's pitch, or compact native bitumen; brittle, 
black or brown color, and high luster on a surface of fracture. See Aragotitej 
Bitumen, Idrialite and Petroleum. 

Atacamite — A native oxychloride of copper (a rare mineral,) originally found 
in the form of sand, in the desert of Atacama, Chile; reported to have been 
found in Inyo Co., California. 

Augite — Diallage,Diopside, Omphazite, Sahlite, etc. See Pyroxene. 

Aurichaleite — Brass ore, found with other zinc ores in Arizona. 

Axinite — Thumite— A mineral occurring in brilliant glassy crystals; it con« 
sists chiefly of silica, alumina, lime, and peroxide of iron. 



542 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Azurite*— Blue carbonate of copper, a hydrous carbonate of copper, compo- 
sition, oxide of copper 69.2, carbonic acid 25.6, Water 5.2=100 parts. See 
Azure Copper, Chessy Copper, Blue Malachite, and Mt. Blue. 

Barytes or Barite— Sulphate of baryta, generally called heavy spar. 

Barytum or Barium— The metallic basis of baryta or baria, oxide of oarium. 

Barnhardtite— Sulphide of copper and iron, abundant with other copper ores. 

Bernardinite— A resin found in San Bernardino Co., Cal., new, but little known. 

Berthierite— Sulphide of antimony and iron, associated with argentiferous ores. 

Beryl— A mineral of great hardness, and when transparent, of much beauty. 
It occurs in green or bluish-green, six-sided prisms, and consists of silica, 
alumina, and the rare earth glucina; colored by oxide of iron. As a 
gem, aqua-marine. 

Bin dke imite — A hydrous antimoniate of lead; composition, oxide of antimony 
31.71, oxideof lead 61.38, water 6.46=99.55 parts. 

Biolite — Hexagonal Mica. Biotite — Brown Mica. See Mica. 

Biotiiie — A variety of anorthite found in the volcanic debris of Vesuvius. 

Bismuth — A metal of a reddish white color, crystallizing in rhombohedrons, 
nearly like cubes. It is harder than lead, rather brittle; specific gravity 8. 
Melts at 476« Fahr. 

Bi smut bin e or Bismuthinite — Sulphate of bismuth. A rare mineral, 
composed of bismuth and sulphur, 

Bis inuth.it e- -Bismuth ochre; found in small quantities in South Carolina. 

Bitumen — Mineral pitch, a substance having a pitch-like odor, and burning 
readily with a bright flame, without residue. See Asphaltum, Petroleum, etc 

Black. Jack or False C^alena — Sulphuretof zinc, consisting of sulphur, 
zinc, and a little iron; zinc blende. See Sphalerite. 

Blende — An ore of zinc, called also mock lead, false-galena and blackjack. It is a 
sulphuret of zinc, consisting, when pure, of zinc 67 parts and sulphur 33, but 
often containing some iron. Its color is usually yellow, brown or black, and 
its luster resinous. 

Bloodstone— A green silicious stone sprinkled with red jasper; called also 
Heliotrope. See Hematite. 

Borax— Bi-borate of soda, native borax, tincal, etc,; a salt formed by a combina- 
tion of boracic acid, with soda; color, white, grayish, or with a shade of blua 
and green. 

Bornite — Erubescite, horseflesh ore, purple copper ore, variegated copper, etc.; 
a double sulphide of copper and iron; elements vary iu different specimens; 
composition (average,) copper 58.20, iron 14.85, sulphur 26.98=103 parts. 

Boron — An elementary substance, nearly related to carbon, of a deep olive color, 
infusible, and not a conductor of electricity. At a red heat it burns, uniting 
with oxygen, and forming boracic acid. Is found in nature in borax, boracite, 
datholite, tourmaline, etc. 

Brannite — Manganese ore. See Manganese, Pyrolusite, etc. 

Breunerite or Brown-Spar — A crystallized variety of dolomite; reddish « 
brown color, tinged with oxide of iron and manganese. 

Brogniardite — Associated with other argentiferous ores. [E. Stahl, Arizona,] 

Bromine — One of the elements chemically related to chlorine and iodine; « 
deep reddish-brown liquid of a disagreeable odor. Is also found in a silves 
ore of Chile. 

Brookite— Arkansite, Titanic Acid. See Titanium. 

Brucite— Native hydrate of magnesia (incorrectly called chondroite); a white, 
pearly mineral, occurring thin and foliated, like talc, and also fibrous. 

Caduiia — An oxide of zinc (incorrectly called calamine.) See Calamine. 

Cadmium — A metal related to zinc; color white, and both ductile and malle* 
able; found in some zinc ores. 

Caesium — An alkaline metal first discovered in mineral waters. 

Calamine — A mineral, the silicate of zine. See Cadmia. 

Calaverite — A rare mineral (first found in Calaveras Co., Cal.,) is a telluride 
of gold and silver; composition (about), tellurium 56.00, gold 40.92, silver 
3.08 =100 parts. See Tellurium, 

Caleite— Calc-spar, Gay-Lussite, Thinolite, Travertine, Tufa; carbonite of lime, 
consisting of lime and carbonic acid. It includes common limestone, with 
all the white and most of the colored marbles. 

Caledonite— Impure sulphate of lead; occurs with other lead ores. 

Calcium— The metallic basis of lime. 

Carbon— An|elementary substance, not metallic in nature; predominates in 
all organic compounds. It is combustible, and forms the base oi Char- 
coal, and enters largelv into mineral coals. In its pure, crystallized state 
it constitutes the Diamond, and is the hardest of known substances. It 
enters largely into graphite, or black lead, and in this it is soft, and 
occurs In hexagonal prisms or tables. 

Carbonite— Natural Coke, Coke, Coak. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES 543 



Varrollite— Cobalt ore; occurs in small quantities with chalcopyrite andchai. 
cocite. 

Cassiterite — Tin Ore, Tin-stone, Binoxide of Tin; atomic weight 74; composi- 
tion, tin 78.67, oxygen 23.33=102. 

Cat's-Eye— A variety of quartz or chalcedony, exhibiting yellowish opalescent 
reflections from within, somewhat like the eye of a cat, produced by filaments 
of asbestus. 

Celestine or Celestite— Native sulphate of strontia (or strontian), a mineral, 
so named from its occasional delicate blue color. 

Cerargyrite — A chloride of silver, horn silver; composition, chlorine 24.7, 
silver 75.3 =1(J0 parts. 

Cerium — A metal of high specific gravity, grayish- white color, and lamellar 
texture. It exists in the mineral allanite, cerite, gadolinite, etc. 

Cerasite — The native muriate of lead . See Cerusite. 

Cerusite — Carbonate of lead, white lead, white lead ore; composition, carbonic 
acid 16 5, oxide of lead, 83.5 = 100 parts. Is also known as carbonate, hard 
carbonate, sand carbonate, etc.; is usually argentiferous, and in Colorado is 
mined for both silver and lead. 

Cervantite — Antimony ocher, occurs with stibnite and other antimony ores. 

Ceylanite — A, dingy-blue or grayish-black variety of spinel. Also called ple- 
onast. 

Chabasite — A mineral occurring in glassy-rhombohedral crystals, nearly the 
form of a cube; also, in double six-sided pyramids; colorless, or tinged wiih 
red or yellow; composition, alumina, lime, silica, and 20 per cent, of water 

Clialcantliite — Blue Stone, Blue Vitriol, Native Sulphate of Copper. See 
Copper. 

Chalcedony — An uncrystallized translucent variety of quartz, of a whitish 
color, and a luster nearly like wax. See Heliotrope. 

Chalcosite or Chaicocite — Copper Glance, Vitreous Copper; is a siilphide 
of copper; composition, sulphur 20.2, copper 79.8=100 parts. 

Chalcopyrite — Copper Pyrites, Yellow Copper Ore; this mineral is a double 
sulphide of copper and iron; composition, sulphur 34.9, copper 34.6, iron 30.5, 
=100 parts. 

Chromite — Chromic Iron, Chrome Ore; a black sub-metallic ore consisting of 
oxide of chromium and iron; composition (average,) protoxide of iron 27.53, 
magnesia 6.50, alumina 9.57, sesquioxide of chromium 53.62, silica (and loss) 
2.78=100 parts. 

Chromium — A hard brittle metal of a grayish-white color, very difficult of 
fusion, and related to iron in many of its properties. 

Chrysoberyl — A yellowish-green gem, next to a sapphire in hardness, and con- 
sisting of alumina and the earth glucina. 

Chrysocolla — The green or blue carbonate of copper; it is a hydrous silicate of 
copper; when pure, its composition is cxide of copper 45.3, silica 34.2, water 
20.5=100 parts. 

Chrysolite — A mineral, composed of iron, magnesia and silica, varying in color 
from a pale green to a bottle-green ; occurring in glassy grains disseminated 
in basalt and many lavas, sometimes in large imbedded crystals and other rocks . 

Chrysotile— (Peridot)— A magnesian mineral, a variety of serpentine, of no 
value. 

Cinnabar — A red sulphuret of mercury or quicksilver, occurring native, in 
brilliant red crystals, and also in amorphous masses of different shades of red 
and brown. See Mercury and Quicksilver. 

Cinnamon-Stone or Essonite — A variety of garnet, of a cinnamon color. 

Coal — Anthracite, Ionite, Lignite, Mineral coal, etc. A black, or brownish black, 
solid, combustible substance, consisting, like charcoal, mainly of carbon, but 
more compact, and often containing a large proportion of bitumen. Anthra* 
cite, or Glance Coal, that containing little or no bitumen, and therefore burn- 
ing with very little flame. Bituminous Coal, that containing from 10 to 50 
per cent of bitumen. Cannel Coal, a very compact bituminous coal, of fine 
texture and dull luster, and burns with a beautiful white flame. Ionite is a 
hydro-carbon mineral, first found in lone valley, Cal.; when first f ouhditcon- 
tains 50 per cent, of water, but when air-dried it floats on water ; specific grav- 
ity about .9; melts to a pitch-like mass, which burns easily with a dense black 
smoke, having a resinous aromatic odor and with a yellow flame. Iajjnite, 
or Brown Coal, that variety that has something of the woody texture apparent, 
and an empyreumatic odor; any coal of later formation than that of the true 
coal era. 
Cobalt — A metal of a reddish-gray color; brittle; difficult of fusion; specific 
gravity (about) 7.8; ithas not been found native, but combined with arsenic, 
or its acid, with iron, nickel and sulphur. The ores of metallic lustre are 
White, grayish, or very slightly reddish. Cobalt-bloom, a cicular arseniate 
of cobalt. Cobalt-blue, a_cornpound of phosphate of cobalt and alumina. 



544 THE GKEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Cobalt-crust, earthy arseniate of cobalt. Cobalt- green, a preparation 

of cobalt and iron, having a green color; see Erythrite, and Millerite. 

Cobaltine— A crystallized mineral, of a nearly silver-white color, composed 
chiefly of arsenic, cobalt and sulphur. 

Cobaltite— Cobalt Glance, found in earthy cobalt and lead ores in clay slate. 

Coccinite— Iodide of mercury, found in San Emidio Canon, Kern Co., Cal. 

Colemanite or Priceite— From the mean of three analyses, by Prof. Silli- 
man, the composition is— Boracic acid 49.00, Lime 31.83,Water 18.29, Alumina, 
Salt, and Oxide of Iron .96=100.08 parts. Two samples analyzed by Thos. 
Price, averged— Boracic acid 46.13, Lime 29.88, Water 23.87, Alkalies .12=100. 

Columbiuni — A rare metal first discovered in an ore or oxide, found at New Lon- 
don, Conn.; also called Niobium and Tantalum. 

Copper— A metal of a reddish color, ductile, malleable and tenacious. It is 
among the most elastic and sonorous of the metals. It fuses at 2,000° Fahr.; 
specific gravity 8.8 to 8.9; it is found native, and in various ores. 

Copperas— Coquimbite, in part hydrous sulphate of iron; sulphate of iron, or 
green vitriol; a salt of a green color, and styptic, astringent taste. 

Corundum — The earth alumina, as found native in a crystalline state, includ- 
ing Sapphire, the blue variety ; Oriental Ruby, or red sapphire; Ori- 
ental Amethyst, or purple sapphire ; Adamantine Spar, the hair- 
brown variety; when combined with manganese and other impurities it be- 
comes Emery. It is the hardest known substance next to the diamond. 

Covellite or Indigo Copper— Is a compound of sulphur and copper, of a 
dark indigo color; in Alabama is found with pyrite and quartz. 

Crednerite— Oxide of manganese and copper. 

Crocoicite or Crocoite— The chromate of lead, redVLead ore. 

Cuban— Sulphate of copper and iron; brownish appearance, and resembles chal- 
copyrite. 

Cuprite— The red oxide of copper; red copper. 

Cuproscheelite — This mineral is a tungstate of lime and copper, found mas- 
sive, and in well defined crystals; homogeneous, yellowish-green color. Com- 
position: Tungstic acid 79.69, Oxide of Copper 6.77, Lime 10.95, Protoxide of 
Iron .31, Water 1.40=99.12 parts. 

Datolite or Datholite— Is a silicate of lime, containing from 18 to 22 per 
cent, of boracic acid, found in trappean rocks— gneiss, diorite, and serpentine . 

Dechenite or Descloizite— Vanadate of lead; found with other lead ores. 

Diallogite— Ehodochrosite, carbonate of manganese, in pink crystals, 

Diamond- A mineral and gem remarkable for its hardness, as it scratches all 
other minerals. It is pure carbon crystallized. Chemically it does not differ 
from charcoal, and is also nearly identical in composition with graphite. Its 
specific gravity is 3.529 to 3.55. Diamonds are not always colorless, but some- 
times tinged with yellow, red, orange, green, brown, blue, rose-red, and often 
black. The diamond can be crushed with a hammer, or split on the edge of a 
knife; a fact, not generally known. 

Didymium- A rare metal related to Cerium, in the ores of which it is found ; 
also with the ores of Lantanium. 

Dioptase— An ore of copper, consisting of silica and copper, with 12 per cent, 
water. It is found in rich, emerald-green crystals. 

Dolomite— Carbonate of lime and magnesia; when pure the composition is: 
Carbonate of lime 54.35, Carbonate of magnesia 45.65=100. 

Oomeykite— Arseniuret of copper; a mineral found in Peru. 

Dufrenite— Hydrous phosphate of iron; a kind of iron ore. 

Oufrenoysite— Sulpharsenideof lead; composed of sulphur, arsenic and lead. 

Ovscrasite — Antimonide of silver; associated with other ores of lead and silver. 

Oysclasite— A mineral, usually fibrous, of a white or yellowish color and 
somewhat pearly luster, consisting chiefly of silicate of lime; so-called from 
its great toughness. 

Embolite— Chlorobromide of silver; color dark green. 

Enargite— A sulpho-arsenide of copper, sometimes containing antimony, iron, 
silver or zinc. - 

Enstatite— A silicate of magnesia, alumina, iron, lime, manganese, etc. ine 
variety "Bronzite" is found in Alameda County, California. 

Epidote— Is a silicate of alumina, iron, lime, etc.; rare in California. 

Epsomite— Epsom salt, hair salt, sulphate of magnesia. Composition: Mag- 
nesia 16.3, Sulphuric Acid 32.5, Water 51.2=100. 
Erbium— (Terbium, Yttrium)— A metal found in ores of Yttrium. 
Erubescite— Variegated copper; is found in the copper mines of New Jersey. 
Erythrite— Arseniate of Cobalt, lied Cobalt Ore; a rare mineral. 
Eucairite— A mineral, consisting principally of selenium, copper and silver. 
Euchroite— Arseniate of copper; a mineral of a light emerald-green color. 
Euchyside rite— Pyroxene; containing silica, lime, magnesia and oxide of iron. 
Euelase— A brittle gem of the beryl family ; consisting of silica, alumina and 
glucina. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 545 



JEuclialyte — A mineral containing silicates of iron, ziraonia and lime; of a 
brownish-red color, and vitreous luster; easily dissolved in acids. 

Eulytine — Consisting chiefly of the silicate of bismuth, found at Freiburg. 

Exantlialose — Native sulphate of soda; an efflorescence in certain lavas. 

Falilerz— Tetrahedrite. Gray Copper, or gray copper ore; it contains copper, 
antimony, arsenic and sulphur. 

Feldspar — See Albite, Labradorite, and Orthoclase. A mineral occurring in crys- 
tals and crystalline masses, somewhat vitreous in luster, colors are white, 
flesh-red, and sometimes bluish or greenish. It consists of silica, alumina, 
and potash; and is one of the essential constituents of granite, gneiss, mica- 
slate, porphyry, etc., and nearly all volcanic rocks. 

Fire-Clay — Chiefly pure silicate of alumina, capable of sustaining great heat. 

Fluor ite — Fluoride of Calcium, Fluor Spar; occurs in small white cubes, with 
copper ore, at Mt. Diablo, Cal. 

Fran klinite — A mineral compound of iron, manganese and zinc; found in N. J. 

Freiliergite — Argentiferous Tetrahedrite; found in Sawtooth District, Idaho. 

Freieslebenite — Antimonial sulphide of silver. Abundant in Ariz. [E. Stahl.] 

Gadanolite — See Erbium. A mineral; black, or greenish-black color, and vit- 
reous luster; containing the silicate of cerium, iron and Yttrium. 

Galena or Galenite — Lead, lead ore, lead dross. A sulphuret of lead; color, 
lead-gray; luster, highly metallic. Composition: Lead 80.6, Sulphur 13.4. 

Garnet — A mineral, usually occurring in symmetrical, twelve-sided crystals 
(dodecahedrons) , of a deep-red color. There are also black, brown, green and 
yellow varieties. Composition: Alumina, lime and silica, with more or less 
oxide of iron and manganese. Other varieties are, Allochroite, Colophonite, 
Grossular, Melanite and Ouvarovite; the latter of an emerald-green color. 

Gay-Loissite — Is a carbonate of lime and soda found in alkaline lakes in fine 
crystals. A yellowish-white translucent mineral. 

Geocronite — Sulphide of lead and antimony; a lead-gray or grayish-blue min- 
eral, with a metallic luster, consisting of antimony, lead and sulphur, with 
traces of arsenic. 

Glaubei'ite — Sulphate of lime, and soda, found in borax, salt and soda mines; 
occurs in flattened, oblique crystals, somewhat glassy, and of a yellowish or 
grayish color. 

Glancolite — A greenish-blue variety of scapolite, consisting of the silicates of 
alumina and lime. 

Glauconite — The green mineral which gives the peculiar character to the green 
sand of the chalk and other formations. 

Glaucophane — This mineral occurs in a rock matrix, widely distributed in 
California, and associated with serpentine; first observed in 1877. 

Glucinium or Glucinium — A metal which appears in the form of a grayish- 
black powder, and acquires a dark, metallic luster by burnishing. It occurs 
in nature only in combination with silicic acid. 

Gold — Is a precious metal of a reddish-yellew color, is not acted upon by nitric 
acid, and it fuses B. B. to a bright bead on charcoal without incrustation. In 
sufficiently large pieces, it may be recognized by being malleable under the 
hammer, and cutting with the knife without crumbling. The atomic weight 
of gold is 196.5, hydrogen being taken as unity. It fuses at 2016° Fahr. ; its spec- 
ific gravity 19.258, which may be increased to 19.376 by hammering. Iridium 
and Platinum (hammered) are the only metals heavier than gold. 

Mrahamite — Asphalt. See Asphaltum 

**ranite — A crystalline, unstratified rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar and mica, 
and presenting usually a whitish, grayish or flesh-red color. It differs from 
gneiss in not having the mica in planes, and therefore in being destitute of a 
schistose structure. The varieties of granite are: Gneissoid Granite, in which 
the mica has traces of a regular arrangement. Graphic Granite, consisting of 
quartz and feldspar, without mica, and having the particles so arranged in 
the feldspar as to appear, in a transverse section, like oriental characters. 
■ PorphyHtic Granite, containing feldspar in distinct crystals. Seynidc Granite, 
containing hornblende as well as mica. 

Graphite — Black Lead, Plumbago, etc. ; is carbon in one of its conditions, usu- 
ally crystallizing in foliated six-sided prisms, though often massive; is soft; 
luster, metallic, of a dark-lead color, and sometimes contains iron. 

Greenockite — Sulphide of Cadmium; see Cadmium. 

Greenland — (often called Marl) — Is a variety of sandstone, usually imper-i 
fectly consolidated, consisting largely of green particles of a mineral called! 
Glauconite. 

Groroilite — An earthy ore of manganese, in roundish masses of a blackish- 
brown color. 

Grossular or Grossularite — A translucent garnet of a pale-green color; 

known as lime garnet, and often mistaken for tin ore 
Gurhofite — A compact, snowy-white, subtrauslucent variety of dolomite. 



546 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



tfiymnite — A hvdrous silicate of magnesia. 

gypsum— (Ancient name, Alabaster)— Satin Spar, Selenite, Plaster of Paris 
when calcrued. This mineral is a hydrous sulphate of lime. Composition: 
Sulphuric Acid 46.5, Lime 32.6, Water 20.9=1CO. Color: white, gray, pink, 
yellow, blue, and sometimes black; transparent to opaque. 
Halite— Chloride of Sodium, Common Salt, Eock Salt. 

Halloysite— Occurs in cherty strata of lower subcarboniferous ; and is mined 
extensively for the manufacture of fine ware, in DeKalb and Jackson Counties, 
Alabama. 
Hansmannite— Black Manganese, Black Oxide of Manganese. 
Heliotrope— A variety of chalcedony, of a deep-green color, variegated with 

blood-red or yellowish spots. 
Heiiiaeliate— A species of agate, sprinkled with spots of red jasper. 
Hematite— Haematitis, Micaceous Iron, Oligist Iron, Red Hematite, Red Oxide 
of Iron, Sesquioxide of Iron, Specular Iron, and Rhonibohedral Iron Ore. 
Composition: Iron 70, Oxygen 30=100. Brown Hematite, a brown ore of iron. 
Hessite— Telluride of Silver. 
Hornblende— (See Amphibole)— The green variety is called Actinolite; the 

fibrous, Asbestus; the white, Tremolite; and the black, Hornblende. 
Humboldtilite— A variety of mellite, found in the lava of Vesuvius, and con- 
sisting chiefly of alumina, lime and silica. 
Huniboldtine — Oxalite, a native oxalate of iron. 
Hnmboldtite— Borosilicate of lime, a rare variety of datholite. 
Hyacinth— (See Zircon) — A red variety of zircon, sometimes tised as a gem. 
Hyalite— (Miiller's Glass)— A pellucid variety of opal, looking like colorleso 

gum of resin. 
Hydraulic Ldnie— Cement Rock, "Water Lime. An insoluble silicate of alum- 

ina, composed partly of lime. 
Hydrogen— A gas which constitutes one of the elements of water, of which it 
forms one-ninth, and oxygen eight-ninths. An inflammable, colorless gas, of 
extreme ughtness; specific gravity 0.0692; that of water being 1. 
Hydroinaguesite — A mineral, supposed to be found in the serpentines on the 

peninsula of San Francisco, Cal. \H. G. Hanks.] 
Hydroziucite— (Marionite)— Earthy Calamine, the silicate of zinc. 
Id'ocrase— Vesuvian of Werner, Vesuvianite; consisting of alumina, lime and 

silica. Cyprine is the name of a rose-red variety. 
Idrialine, or Idrialite— (See Petroleum)— A bituminous substance obtained 

from the quicksilver mines of Idria. 
Ilmenite — (See Menaccanite)— Titanic Iron. A black metallic mineral, con- 

sisting of iron, oxygen and titanium. 
In dicolite— Tourmaline of an indigo-blue color. 
Indium— Symbol, In. 

Iodine— A grayish or bluish-black solid, metallic luster, resembling plumbago; 
occurring in scales or crystals; exists in many marine plants and animals, in 
mineral waters, and in a few minerals, notably with nitrate of soda and salt. 
lolite— (Pinite)— A mineral having a glassy appearance, remarkable for pre- 
senting a blue or violet-blue color in one direction, and, at right angles with 
this direction, a yellowish-gray or brownish color. It consists of alumina, 
magnesia and silica, with some oxide of iron. 
Iridium— One of the metallic elements, having a density of from 19.3 to 21.12, 
thus being the heaviest of known substances. In its native state is alloyed 
with osmium or platinum. A specimen from California gave the following 
analysis: Iridium 53.50, Osmium 43.40, Rhodium 2.60, Ruthenium 0.50=100. 
Iridosmine or Iridosmium— The native compound of Iridium and Osmi- 
um; found in flattened metallic grains of extreme hardness. 
I r ite— A black mineral, shining luster, and magnetic ; consisting chiefly of oxides 

of chromium, iridium, iron and osmium. 
Iron— One of the metallic elements having the chemical equivalent 28, and den- 
sity of about 7.8. It is monometric in crystallization, and of a white color 
when pure. It is hard, very malleable when hot, welding easily at a high tem- 
perature, and oxidises under moisture^ The varieties are : Arsenical Iron 
— (SeeLollingite. Bog Iron— (See ianionite.) Cast- Iron or Pig Iron. 
a compound of carbon and iron, brittle, and harder than pure iron. Mag- 
netic Iron or Magnetite, an oxide iron containing three parts of iron to 
four of oxvgen. and one of the most common of its ores, having generally an 
octahedral crystallization ; some specimens having magnetic polarity, are 
called Loadstone— Specular iron, see Hematite. Wrollgbt-Iron, the purest 
form of iron known in the arts; possesses great malleability and ductility ; is 
soft, very tenacious, and at a high temperature may be welded. 
Itaberite or Itabirite— A variety of Hematite, being a granular, slaty rock, 

consisting of specular or magnetic iron and quartz. 
Itacolumite— A laminated, granular quartz rock, often occurring in regions 
where the diamond is found. Flexible Sandstone. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 547 

alamesoiiite — Sulphide of antimony, iron, copper, lead and zinc. A steel-gray 
ore of lead and antimony. Gray Antimony Ore. 

Jasper — An opaque, impure variety of quartz, of red, yellow and other dull 
colors. It breaks with a smooth surface, and admits of a high polish. 

Jet — A variety of lignite, of a very compact texture, and velvet black color. 

Kaolin or JK.aoii.ne, Kaolinite — A variety of clay used for making porce- 
lain, consisting of decomposed mineral feldspar. 

Kirwanite — A native silicate of iron, lime and alumina, found in basalt on the 
north-east coast of Ireland. 

Kyanite— Consisting of alumina and silica; occurs usually in long, thin, blade- 
like crystals, of a clear blue or bluish-white color. 

JLabradorite — Labrador Spar; a beautiful variety of opalescent feldspar, from 
Labrador. 

JLaii tlianium or Lanthanum — A metal occurring with cerium, and so called 
because its properties were concealed by those of the latter metal. Symbol, La. 

Lead — Anglesite, Cerusite, Galena, Leadhillite. A metal of a dull white color, 
with a cast of blue. It is the least elastic and sonorous of all the metals, and 
at the same time it is soft and easily fusible. Its specific gravity, when pure, 
is 11.445; it is found native in small masses, but generally mineralized by 
sulphur and other substances. 

Jjenzinite— Hydrous silicate of alumina, a mineral of a clear brown color. 

Lepidolite — A species of mica, presenting a lilac or rose- violet color. 

LeilCOpyrite — White Pyrites; a mineral of a color between white and steel- 
gray, with a metallic luster; composition, Arsenic and Iron. 

Lignite—Mineral Coal, retaining the texture of the wood from which it was 
formed. See Coal. 

.Limestone — Consisting chiefly of carbonate of lime, from which lime is ob- 
tained by the expulsion of its carbonic acid. 

Limonite — Bog-Ore (see Iron). This is a hydrous sesquioxide of iron, found 
sometimes compact and fibrous, at others earthy and dull. When pure, the 
composition is: Sesqiiioxide of Iron 85.6, Water 14.4=100. Equivalent in 
metallic iron, 59.3 per cent. 

Linnseite— Siegenite, cobalt pyrites. 

Lithinni — One of the alkaline metals, so-called because obtained from a ruin- 
eral. It is the lightest metal known; specific gravity 0.59; atomic weight 7. 

Lithomarge — A fine-grained hydrous silicate of alumina, probably sediment- 
ary. It contains generally magnesia and lime. 

Loadstone— A piece of magnetic iron ore possessing polarity like a magnetic 
needle: (See Iron — Magnetic). 

Lollingite— Arsenical iron; known to be found at Paris, Me. [J. C. Smock], 

Luculllte — A variety of black limestone, tised for ornamental purposes. 

Made — Andalusite, Chiastolite, the crystals of which present a tessellated ap- 
pearance when cut transversely. 

Magnesite — Silicate of Magnesia, containing a large quantity of water ; also 
Carbonate of Magnesia, composed of: Magnesia 47.6, Carbonic Acid 52.4=100. 

Magnesium — The undecomposable metallic base of magnesia. 

Magnetite — Magnetic iron ore. Composition: Protoxide of iron 31=03, Sesqui- 
oxide of Iron 68.97=100. Equivalent to: Iron 72.4, Oxygen 27.6=100. 

Malachite — Native green Carbonate of Copper, Mountain Green. Composition: 
Protoxide of Copper 71.9, Carbonic Acid 19.9, Water 8.2=100. 

Manganese — A metal of a dusky white or whitish-gray color, very hard and 
difficult to fuse. Sybol Mn., chemical equivalent 27.6. 

Manganite — One of the ores of Manganese; called also gray manganese ore. 

Marble — Any species of calcareous stone or mineral of a compact texture; see 
Calcite. 

Marcasite — Sulphide of Iron, White Pyrites; often containing a small propor- 
tion of arsenic. 

Mariposite — A mineral of an apple-green color, found with quartz, on the 
Mariposa Estate, California; referred by Dana to Fuchsite. 

Marl or Marlite— A mixed earthy substance, consisting of carbonate of lime, 
clay, and silicious sand, in very variable proportions; see Greensand. 

Marin atite — A black mineral, consisting of the sulphurets of zinc and iron; 
black blende. 

Marniolite — A variety of serpentine, usually of a pale-green color, capable of 
being split into thin, brittle laminse. 

Mascagn in— Native sulphate of Ammonia, found in volcanic districts. 

Massicot — Protoxide of lead, or yellow oxide of lead, which has not been 
fused. When melted and allowed to crystallize, forms Litharge. 

Meadow-Ore— Conchoidal bog-iron ore. (See Iron) . 

Melaconite — Black Copper, Black Oxide of Copper; a rare mineral in Califor- 
nia, occurs with malachite and bornite, contains granules of metallic copper 
the size of birdshot. 



548 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Menaccanite— Ilmenite, Titanic iron. A black or steel-gray mineral, consist- 
ing chiefly of the titanate of iron. 

Menffite— A black mineral, occurring in small crystals m granite veins in the 
Ilmen mountains, and consisting of zirconia, peroxide of iron and titanic acid. 

Mercury— Cinnabar, Quicksilver. A metal, white like silver, liquid at com- 
mon temperatures, congealing at 4(P below zero, Fahr. ; specific gravity 13.6. 

Metacinnabarite— Is a black sulphide of mercury, resembles cinnabar m 
composition; a rare metal. [H. G. Hanks]. 

llesotype— A zeolitic mineral, occurring in slender crystals, and delicate, rad- 
iated concretions, and consisting of the hydrated silicate of alumina and soda. 

Meteoric Iron— Is of cosrnical origin, having fallen to the earth from space. 
Specimens have been found at different times, varying from a few inches to 
many feet in thickness, of every conceivable shape. Composition principally 
iron and nickel- but have also been found to contain (m variable quantities) 
Cobalt Carbon in combination, Graphite, Silica, Phosphorus and Sulphur. 

Miargyrito— A mineral of an iron-black color, and very sectile, consisting 
principally of sulphur, antimony and silver. 

Mica— Isinglass, Muscovite, Muscovy Glass, Phlogopite, etc. It is an essential 
constituent of granite, gneiss and mica slate; capable of being cleaved into 
elastic plates of extreme thinness. It occurs in various colors, and three or 
four varieties. 

llichaelite— A white, pearly, fibrous variety of opal. 

Millerite— Sulphide of Nickel. A rare mineral of a brass-yellow color, resem- 
bling chalcopvrite ; known to have been found near Cisco, Cal. [Hanks]. 

Mimetene-The mineral arseniate of lead, occurring in pale yellow or brown- 
ish hexagonal crystals. 

Mineral Coal— Anthracite, Ionite, Lignite, etc. See Coal. 

Molybdena or Molybdenite— Sulphide of Molybdenum; An ore of a dark 
lead color, occurring in flexible laminae, like plumbago. , - . - 

Molybdenum— A rare metal occurring variously in nature, as a sulphide; as 
molybdic acid- and with lead, as molydate of lead; obtained only m small, 
separate globules, in a blackish-brilliant mass, which are brittle, and ex- 
tremely infusible. « , *_ * * 

Molybdite— Molybdic Acid, Molybdic Ochre. Found with Molybdenite and 

gold. Wana]. . . 

Mundic— (See Pyrite)— Iron Pyrites, or Arsenical Pyrites. 

Muriacite— A variety of anhydrite crystallized in broad lamellae. 

Xagyagite— Not abundant, but occurring with gold, pyrite and chalcopyrite; 
Tn numerous mines in Montana. [W.Cross]. _ 

Xatrolite— (See Mesotype)— Soda Mesotype, Zeolite, occurring in implanted 
groups of glassy, acicular crystals, and in fibrous concretions. 

Xatron — Native carbonate of soda; see Trona. 

Veedle-Ore— Acicular ore of bismuth. 

Xeedle-Spar— Aragonite. A mineral consisting chiefly of carbonate of lime, 

Xeedle-Stone— Natrolite. A mineral of the zeolite family. 

VeAVkirkite— A black, opaque mineral, with splendent metallic luster, crys- 
tallizing in small needles, and consisting of sequioxide of manganese, perox. 

ide of iron and water. - 

Viccolite— Copper-nickel, associated with smaltite. [John C. Smock]. 

Viokel— (See also Millerite and Zaratite)— Rather a rare metal, generally found 
with iron and cobalt; except in meteorites, it is never found in the metallic 
state, being always combined with other elements, as antimony, arsenic, car- 
bon, copper, oxygen, silicon, sulphur, etc. It is a silver-white, malleable, 
and ductile metal; specific gravity 8.28 when cast, and 8.666 when forged. 

Xiobium— See Columbium. 

Xiter or Xitre— Saltpeter, Nitrate of Potassa. „r,-„ 

Xitratine— A mineral occurring in transparent crystals usually of a white, 
sometimes of a reddish, gray, or lemon-yellow color; native nitrate of soda. 

Xitvosen— A gaseous element, without taste, odor or color, forming nearly four- 
fifths of common air, and incapable of sustaining life; azote. Its specific 
gravity is 0.94; atomic weight 14. 

Xontronite— A greenish-yellow or green mineral, consisting chiefly of the hy- 
drous silicate of alumina. . 

Xorinm (See Zircon)— A metal discovered in Zircon. • 

Xovaculite-Oilstone; Razor-stone; Turkey-stone; Whe^slate; "Whetstone. A 
varietv of argillaceous slate, of which hones are made. „ moVI „ n * 

Obsidian— (See Orthoclase)— A kind of glass produced by volcanoes, usually of 
a black color, and opaque, except in thin splinters. «««-- 

Ocber— (See Limonite) -A variety of fine clay containing iron; red and yellow 
are the common colors. 

Ompbazite-A foliated leek-green variety of pyroxene. *«*,-„* 

Onyx— (See Aragonite)— Chalcedony consisting of parallel layers of different 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES 549 

shades of color. The purest horn-colored onyx, with beautiful green jaspery 
zones, is called Jasp-onyx. 

Opal— A mineral consisting of silex in what is called the soluble state, and 
usually a small quantity of water. 

Orpiment — Yellow sulphide of arsenic, having a resinous taste. It occurs in 
nature as an ore of arsenic, and usually in combination with realga. 

Orthoclase— Common Feldspar, including the subtranslucent varieties; a sili- 
cate of alumina and potash. Composition: Alumina 18.5, Potash 16.9, Silica 
64.6=100. 

Osmium— A brittle, gray-colored metal, found with platinum. Its oxide forms 
a volatile acid of an acrid, disagreeable odor. See also Iridium, with which 
it is invariably alloyed or associated. 

Oxygen — A gaseous element, destitute, in its ordinary condition, of taste, color 
and smell, possessing strong chemical affinities. In certain conditions it is 
peculiarly active, and. possesses both odor and taste, being then known as 
ozone. It serves to support life, and though heavier than air, forms about 22 
per cent, of the atmosphere. By composition with hydrogen, it forms water. 

Palladium — A metal, found in very small grains, of a steel-gray color, and 
fibrous structure, in auriferous and platiniferous sand. It is infusible by or- 
dinary heat, and when native, is alloyed with a little platinum and iridium. 

Pectolite — A grayish or whitish mineral, occurring in aggregating crystals of a 
silky luster, and arranged in stellar or radiated forms, or in fibrous masses. 
It consists of the hydrous silicate of alumina, lime and soda. 

Pelopium— Symbol, Pe. 

Peliom — A variety of Iolite, of a smoky-blue color. 

Petroleum — Maltha, Rock Oil, a liquid, inflammable, bituminous substance, ex- 
uding from the earth and collected on the surface of the water in wells and 
fountains; it is essentially composed of carbon and hydrogen; seeAsphaltum. 

Petzite — Hessite, a telluride of silver and gold; the latter metal replacing part 
of the silver. Composition: Tellurium 35.40, Silver 40.60, Gold 24.80=100.80. 

Phacolite — A mineral consisting of the hydrous silicate of alumina, lime and 
soda; a variety of chabasite. 

Pharinacolite — A native hydrous arseniate of lime, white or grayish color, 
vitreous luster, found with ores of cobalt and silver. 

Phenacite — A mineral consisting principally of silica and glucina, like quartz. 

Phoenieochroite — Subsesquichromate of lead, occasionally met with in other 
lead ores, in Arizona. [E. Stakl], 

Plionolite — Clink-stone, a compact, feldspathic, volcanic rock. 

Phosgene or Phosgenite — Light Producer, Chloro-Carbonate of lead; straw- 
colored, acicular interlaced crystals in cavities. 

Phosphorus — An elementary substance, of a yellowish color, and semi-trans- 
parent, resembling fine wax. Phosphorus acid is formed by a combination of 
phosphorus with oxygen, in the proportion of two equivalents of phosphorus 
to three of oxygen. 

Photizite — A mineral consisting of a mixture of rhodonite and carbonate of 
manganese. 

Phyllite — A mineral consisting chiefly of the hydrous silicate of alumina, iron 
and manganese, occurring in thin scales or leaves. 

Pyrrhotite — Magnetic pyrites. [Blake]. 

Picotite — Chrome Spinel, occurs in the basalts of Mt. Shasta, Cal. 

Picrolite — A fibrous variety of serpentine; see Serpentine. 

Picrophyllite — A species of serpentine occurring in dark-green, foliated 
masses. 

Picrosmine — A mineral, consisting chiefly of silicate of magnesia, and having 
a bitter, argillaceous odor when moistened. 

Pimelite — An apple-green mineral, having a greasy feel, consisting chiefly of 
the hydrous silicate of alumina, iron, magnesia and nickel. 

Pitch — An igneous rock of semi-glassy nature, having a luster like pitch, and 
related to obsidian. 

Pitchblende — An ore of uranium, black or brownish color, and semi-metallic 
luster. 

Plagionite — A sulphuret of lead and antimony, of a blackish lead-gray color, 
and metallic luster. 

Platinum — (Platiniridium, Iridium)— A metal of the color of silver, but less 
bright, harder than iron, resists the action of acids, very ductile and capable 
of being rolled into thin plates; specific gravity (native) 16.00, (rolled) 22.69; 
is the least expansible, and with the exception of Iridium, the heaviest of 
known substances. It is now found to be fusible under the oxyhydrogen blow- 
pipe. Analysis finds it generally to be alloyed with copper, gold, iridium, 
iron, osmium, palladium, rhodium, sand, etc. 

Polybasite— A sulphide of many bases, viz: Antimony, arsenic, copper, iron, 
silver and zinc. 



THE GEEAT PYKAMID JEEZEH 



folylialite— A mineral, brick-red color, being tinged with iron, of a fibrous 
structure, consisting chiefly of the sulphate of lime, magnesia and soda. 

Polymigjiiite— A black, opaque mineral, having a brilliant, almost metallic 
luster, containing cerium, lime, manganese" oxides of iron, titanic acid, yttria 
andziTCOnia, and traces of magnesia, oxide of Tin. potash and silica. 
Potassium— A lustrous, bluish-white metal, having a strong affinity for oxygen, 

with which it forms potassa. Atomic weight 89, and lighter than water. 
Priceite — Pandermite; see Colemanite. 
Proustite— Light Euby Silver Ore, arsenical sulphide of silver, found with 

galena, pyrite, pyrargyrite and quartz. 
Psilomelaue — Manganese Ore, containing baryta, oxide of manganese and 
water; dark color nearly steel-gray, and occurring in smooth, botryoidal forms, 
and massive. .•_.„» , * 

Pumice or Pumice-Stone— (Lava)— A substance ejected from volcanoes, of 
various colors, as gray, white, reddish-brown, or black; hard, rough and por- 
ous- and so light as to float on water. It is supposed to be produced by the 
disengagement of gas, within the lava, while in a liquid or plastic state. 
Pyrargyrite— Dark Kubv Silver, Antimonial Sulphide of Silver. 
Pyrites— Sulphuret of Iron, Mundic, consisting of sulphur with cobalt, copper, 
iron or nickel, presenting a white or yellowish metallic luster. Composition: 
Sulphur 53.3, Iron 46 .7=100, . . 

Pvroclilore— A mineral usually of a yellowish or brownish color, consisting 
Chiefly of columbio acid, lime, and protoxide of cerium, and sometimes titanic 
acid with, or in place of, the columbic acid. .... .,,, , 

Pyrolusite -Binoxide of manganese, color and streak black; it is brittle ana 

'opaque. Composition: Manganese 63.3, Oxygen 36.7=100. 
Pyromorpliite— The mineral phosphate of lead, occurring in bright-green and 

brown hexagonal crystals and masses. 
Pyropliyl lite— The hydrous silicate of alumina, of a white or greenish color 

and pearly luster. 
Pvrrhite— An orange-yellow mineral, vitnous luster, consisting of the coium- 
bate of zirconia, colored, apparently, by oxides of iron, manganese and uranium. 
Pyroxene— A silicate of different bases; the varieties of which are known aa 
augite, diallage, diopside, hypersthene, omphazite. sahlite, smaragdite. etc. 
It occurs crystallized in oblique prismatic forms, and also massive, llainellar,. 
granular and fibrous; color green, but sometimes white or black. 
Ouartz— It is a binoxide of silicon, the elements being combined as follows: 
Oxvgen 53.33, Silicon 40.67=100. Quartz is one of the most abundant of min- 
erals occurs in every variety of color and form; is colorless when pure, 
otherwise black, blue, brown, green, red. yellow, and variegated. The vane- 
ties from crystallized to massive, are known by many names, among which 
are Agate Amethyst, Aveuturine, Bloodstone, Brazilian Pebble, Buhr Stone, 
Cairngorm, Carnelian.Cat's-Eye.Chrysoprase, False Topaz, Heliotrope, Jasper, 
Mocha Stone, Onvx, Prase. Quartz. Quartzite. Rock Crystal, Sardonyx, Sidente. 
Quicksilver— (Mercury)— The ore of this mineral is of a bright-red color, 
the streak scarlet; and* as Cinnabar (sulphide of mercury) has a specific grav- 
ity _ 8% 99 Composition: Mercury SO. '2. Sulphur 13.8=100; see Mercury. 
Realgar— Sulphide of Arsenic. A mineral, of a bright red to orange color. 

Coniposition: Sulphur 29.9, Arsenio 70.1=100. . 

Remolinite— A mineral usually of a bright-green color, consisting of oxide of 

copper, chloride of copper, and water, 
Retiiialite— (See Serpentine}— A translucent variety of serpentine, of a honey- 
yellow or greeiush-yellow color, having a resinous appearance. 
Rhodium— A metal associated with platinum, of a white color and metallic lus- 
ter extremely hard and brittle, and has a specific gravity of about 11. II re- 
quires the strongest heat that can be produced by a wind furnace for its fusion. 
Rhodoerosite— Carbonate of Manganese. 
Rhodonite— Manganese Spar, or silicate of manganese. 

Hook Soap— This is a mineral resembling halloysite, and mordenite, but be- 
lieved to be a mechanical mixture of two or more minerals . No two analyst a 
agree as to its composition; it takes the place of certain soaps. 
Roscoelite— A very rare mineral found in Eldorado County, California; the 
analysis by Prof. H. E. Roscoe, of Manchester. England, is as follows: A.um. 
ina '1-2.84, "Lime .01, Magnesia 2.01, Oxide of Manganese (Mn.8 0.4) 1.1ft 
Potash 8.56, Sesquioxide of Iron 1.18, Silica 41.25, Soda .82, Vanadio Acid 
(V 2: O. 5) 28.00, Water combined 1.08, Moisture 2.27=100.27. 
Rubellite— A red variety of tourmaline, varying in color from a pale rose-reo 

to a deep ruby. , ,, , , . - _ .. 

Rubicelle— A variety of ruby of a reddish color, from Brazil. 
Rubidium- \n alkiline metal first found in mineral waters-, so-called from ex. 
hibiting dark red lines in the spectrum analysis, by means ot which it was 
discovered. Symbol. lib. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES 551 



.Ruthenium— Ameta] extracted from the ore of platinum. It is of a gray color, 
very hard and brittle; specific gravity 8.6; symbol, Ru. 

Kutile — Titanic Acid; an ore of titanium, of a reddish-brown color, sometimes 
passing into red. It occurs usually in prismatic crystals, sometimes massive. 

Salt— Chloride of Sodium, Halite, Rock Salt; the analysis of the average corn. 
mon salt gathered from the desert basins of the Pacific Coast, and of rock 
salt mined, is as follows: Chloride of Sodium 97.70, Sulphate of Sodium .70, 
Chloride of Iodine .27, Moisture .96, Insoluble matter .20=99.89. 

Sandstone — A rock made of sand more or less firmly united. Argillaceous 
Sandstone, contains much clay; Granitic Sandstone, consists of granitic sand; 
Silicious Sandstoue, consists mainly of quartz sand; but if very hard, it is often 
called Grit. 

Saponite — Rock Soap; see Rock Soap. 

Sapphire — Pure crystallized alumina; occurs in hexagonal crystals, and also 
in grains and massive; color blue. 

Sarcolite — A variety of analcime from Vesuvius; applied also to a variety of 
chabasite, and to the mineral humboldtite. 

Sard — Carnelian. A variety of chalcedony, of a rich brownish-red color, but 
which,when held between the eye and the light, appears of a deep blood-red. 

^assolite or Sassoline — Native Boracic Acid; occurs in the ciatevs v>» extinct 
volcanoes, and as a saline incrustation on the borders of mineral hot springs. 
Composition: Boracic Acid 56. 45, Water 43.55=100. 

Sclieeletiiie — A mineral of a green, yellowish, brown or red color, and resinous 
luster, consisting chiefly of tungstic acid and oxide of lead; tungstate of lead. 

Scheelite — (See Cuproscheelite) — Tungstate of lime, a calcareous ore of tung- 
sten, of a white or pale-yellowish color. Composition: Tungstic Acid 80.6, 
Lime 19.4=100. 

Scheererite — A resinous, inflammable substance, occurring in loosely aggre- 
gated crystalline grains and folia, or in mimrte acicular crystals in small 
cavities in coal, and consisting of carbon and hydrogen. 

Schorl — Black Tourmaline; see Tourmaline. 

Schorlite — A variety of Topaz; a mineral of a greenish- white, and sometimes 
yellowish color. 

Scolecite — Lime Mesctype; hydrated silicati of alumina and lime, 

Scorodite — A native compound of arsenic acid and oxide of iron, having a leek- 
green or brownish color. 

Selenite — Gypsum; a variety of sulphate of lime or gypsum, occurring in 
transparent crystals, or crystalline masses. 

Selenium — An elementary substance, allied to sulphur, having a dark-brown 
color, with a metallic luster. It vaporizes at 650 J Fahr. 

Sepiolite — Meerschaum, Hydrous Silicate of Magnesia. 

Serpentine — Chryotile, Picrolite. Retinalite. A mineral or rock consisting 
chiefly of the hydrous silicate of magnesia, and usually of an obscure-green 
color, spotted or mottled in appearance, from the presence of chromic iron. 
The translucent varieties of rich oil-green shades, usually dark, but some- 
times pale, are called precious or noble serpentine. 

Siderite— Carbonate of Iron, Spathic Iron; a hydrous arseniate of iron; cube 
ore: an indigo blue variety of quartz. Composition: Carbonic Acid 37.9, Pro- 
toxide of Iron 62.1=100. 

Silicon — A dark-brown elementary substance, destitute of metallic luster, and 
a non-conductor of electricity. It is the base of silex or silica. 

Silver — A soft, white, metallic element, very malleable and ductile, and capable 
of a high polish. It occurs in nature and also in combination with sulphur, 
arsenic, etc., and with ores of lead, copper and gold. Pure silver melis at 
1860 J Fahr. ; atomic weight 108; specific gravity 10.47. The following is a list 
of the silver minerals, with the percentage of silver in each. Those marked 
with an asterisk have been found in California: 
Rittingerite — Eucairite ...43.1 *Embolite 61.07,71.91 

*Galenite, variable.. Iodyrite 46.0 Xaumannite 73.2 

Stvloptvpite 8.0 *Stromeyrite 53.1 *Cerargyrite 75.3 

♦Sylvanite 3-9, 14.68 Bromyrite 57.4 *Polybasite 75.5 

♦Tetrahedrite — *Pyrargyrite 59.8 Dyscrasite 78.0 

Freieslebenite 24.3 Pyrosti'lpnite 62.3 Chilenite 86.2 

Brosniardite 26.1 *Hessite 62.8 *Argentite 87.1 

Freibergite 3.9,31.29 Xanthoconite .64.0 *Native Silver— nearly 

Sternbergite 33.2 *Proustite 64.67 pure. 

Miargyrite 36.0 *Stephanite 68.5 

Skolopsite — A mineral of a grayish-white or reddish-gray color, consisting 
chiefly of alumina, lime, silica and soda. 

Sliutteruditt* — A mineral of a bright metallic luster, sometimes iridescent, 
of a color between tin- white and pale lead-gray, consisting chie^y oi " arsenic 
and cobalt. 



552 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Slate — The slates are silicious sedimentary rocks; specific gravity from 26.72 to 
27.84; and a cubic foot weighs from 167 to 180 lbs. ; both slate and shale are, 
no doubt, sedimentary mud or silt, which, from great age, have become indur- 
ated, and for the most part were formed at the bottom of the sea. The fossils 
contained in them are conclusive evidence of this. 

Smalt in e or Smalt it e — Gray cobalt ore; a tin- white or gray mineral, consist 
ing of arsenic and cobalt, cr arsenic and nickel, or sometimes all three com. 
bined with iron. 

Smectite — A hydrous silicate of alumina, of a greenish color, which in certain 
states of humidity appears transparent and almost gelatinous. 

Smitlisonite — Carbonate of zinc; occurs with cerusite, in Inyo County, Cal. 

Soda Aluni — A mineral consisting of sulphate of alumina, sulphate of soda, 
and water. 

Soapstone— Steatite; see Talc. 

55od.ali.te— A mineral occurring usually in small bluish dodecahedrons, and con- 
taining a large proportion of soda, with silica, alumina and hydrochloric acid. 

Soda Miter — Nitrate of soda. Composition: Nitric Acid 63.5. Soda 30,5=100, 

Sodium — A yellowish-white metallic element, soft like wax, and lighter that 
water; specific gravity, 97. 

Spalerite — Blende, Zinc Blende, Black Jack, Sulphuret, of zinc. A mineral of 
a black, brown, green, or yellow color; streak white; transparent, opaque; 
specific gravity 3.9 to 4. Composition: Sulphur 33, Zinc 67=100. 

)5pliene — Titanite. A mineral composed- of silica, titanic acid and lime. Its 
colors are dull yellow, green, gray, brown and black; found usually in thin 
wedge-shaped crystals. 

Splierosiderite— Clay Ironstone; Nodular Iron Ore; Carbonate of iron in 
spheroidal masses, occurring in trap. 

Spberulite — A variety of obsidian or pearl-stone, found in rounded grains. 

Spragide — Earth of Lemnos, Lemnian Earth. A species of ocherous clay which 
falls to pieces in water, with the emission of many bubbles. 

Spinelle — A mineral occurring in octahedrons, of great hardness, consisting of 
a sesquioxide and a protoxide in equal proportions, the former being usually 
alumina, but often partly sesquioxide of iron, the latter usually magnesia, 
but sometimes protoxide of iron, of zinc, etc.; colors black, blue, brown and 
green; when red or ruby, constitutes the gem Spinal Ruby. 

Spodumene— (see Beryl) — A mineral consisting chiefly of alumina, silica, and 
the rare earth lithia. 

Stalactite— A pendent cone or cylinder of carbonate of lime; see Calcite. 

Stalagmite — A deposit of earthy calcareous matter, made by calcareous water 
dropping on the floors of caverns; see Calcite 

Staurotide — A mineral crystalized in rhombic prisms, either single or inter- 
secting each other, so as to form a cross. Its color is usually brown or black, 
generally opaque, or nearly so, and consists essentially of alumina, silica, and 
oxide of iron. 

Steatite — (see Talc) — Soapstone; a soft magnesian rock having a soapy feel, 
presenting brown, grayish-green,. and whitish shades of color; composition: 
Magnesia and Silica. 

Steplmnite — Black Silver, Brittle Silver Ore, Silver Glance. 

Sternbergite — A foliated ore of silver, consisting of silver, iron, and sulphur. 

Stibiconite — Antimony Ochre, Hydrous Oxide of Autimony, Partzite. The col- 
ors are yellow, pea-green to black; sp. gr., 3.8; composition: Teroxide of An- 
timony 47.65, Oxide of Copper 32.11, Oxide of Silver 6.12, Oxide of Lead 2.01, 
,'zide of Iron 2.33, Water 8.29=98.51. 

;5tibnite — Antimony Glance, Sulphide of Antimony; color or streak lead-gray, 
sometimes tarnished black or iridescent; sp, gr., 4.5 to 4.6; composition: An- 
timony 71.8, Sulphur 28.2=100. 

Stromeyerite — Silver Copper Glance; a steel-gray ore of silver, consisting of 
sulphur, silver, and copper. 

Strontia — An earth of a white color, resembling baryta in many of its proper- 
ties. It is a compound of oxygen and the metal strontium, in the proportion 
of 8 of the former to 43.8 of the latter. 

Strontianite — Carbonate of Strontia, occurring crystalized, fibrous, massive, 
and stellated in the form of a modified rhombic prism. 

Strontium— A malleable metal, yellowish color, in properties resembling ba- 
rium; symbol, Si\; sp. gr., 2.54. 

Succinite— ^Amber; a garnet of an amber color. 

Sulphur — Brimstone; a simple mineral substance, of a yellowish color, brittle, 
insoluble in water, easily fusible, and inflammable; if cooJM slowly crystal- 
lizes in needles; sp. gr., 2.07. 

Sylvanite — Telluride of Gold; a mineral of steel-gray silver- white, or some- 
times yellowish color, consisting of native tellurium with a consideri'blo ji. g» 
portion of gold and silver. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 5^3 

Talc— French Chalk, Steatite, Soapstone; this is a soft mineral, generally foli- 
ated, except where it occurs in rocky masses as soapstone, when it is granulur 
or crypto-crystalline. When pure it is of a green, white, or yellowish color, 
with a greasy or soapy feel. H. =1-2.5. Sp. gr. =2.55-2.78. 

Tellurium — See also Altaite, Calaverite, Hessite, Petzite and Tetradymite. 
Tellurium is a white metal, brittle, and easily fusible. Its equivalent or com- 
bining weight is 64.2 (old system, 128.4 by "the new). Symbol, Te. Tellu- 
rium, as far as known, is found only in ten rare minerals, as follows (the 
figures showing the percentage of tellurium in each) : Altaite, combined with 
lead 38.2; Calaverite, combined with gold and silver 56.0; Hessite, combined 
with silver 37.2; Joseite, combined with bismuth, selenium and sulphur 15.93; 
Nagyagite, combined with copper, gold, lead, silver and sulphur 30.52; Petzite, 
a variety of hessite (No. 3) — ; Sylvanite, combined with antimony, gold, lead 
and silver 44.0 to 60.0; Tellurium, native, nearly pure; Tetradymite, combined 
with bismuth and silver 33.0 to 48.0; Tellurite, doubtful. 

Tephroite — A silicate of manganese of an ash-gray color, occurring both mas- 
sive and granular. 

Terbium— Symbol, Tb. See Gadinolite. 

Tetradymite — Bismuth, with Tellurium. Telluride of bismuth. 

Tetrahedrite — Fahlerz, Gray Copper. This mineral is a double sulphide of 
copper and antimony, of which there are numerous varieties. 

Thallium — An alkaline metal, closely resembling lead in color, density, and 
softness, but in its chemical relations similar to the alkali-metals potassium 
and sodium. 

Theuardite— Anhydrous Sulphate of Soda; composition: Soda 56.3, Sulphuric 
Acid 43.7=100. 

Thoinsonite — A mineral of the zeolite family, occurring generally in masses 
of a radiated structure, and glassy or vitreous luster. It consists of silica, 
alumina and lime, with some soda and water. 

Thorite — A massive and compact mineral, resembling gadolinite. It contains 
58 per cent, of the rare earth thoria, combined with silica. 

Thorium — A heavy gray metal, which, when heated in the air, takes fire and 
burns with great brilliancy, being then converted into thoria. 

Thrombolite — An opaque amorphous mineral of a vitreous luster, and of an 
emerald or dark-green color, consisting chiefly of phosphoric acid, oxide of 
copper and water. 

Thuriugite — A tough mineral of an olive-green color, pearly luster and argil- 
laceous odor, consisting chiefly of silica, protoxide of iron, peroxide of iron, 
alumina and water. 

Tieinannite — Selenide of Mercury. 

Tin — Cassiterite. A white, soft, non-elastic metal, very malleable, fuses at 442- 
Fahr., and has a specific gravity of 7.3; see Cassiterite 

Tincal — (See Borax) — Crude Borax as it is imported from the East Indies, in 
yellow, greasy crystals. 

Titanite or Sphene — Titaniferous Iron, found in iron sand; sphene is found 
• in small hair form crystals; see Sphene. 

Titanium— A metal of a deep-blue color; it occurs in different states of oxida- 
tion or intermixture, in various parts of the world. The ores of this metal 
are called: Iserine, Menachanite, Nigrine, Octahedrite, Rutile and Sphene. 

Topaz — A mineral occurring in rhombic prisms, generally yellowish and pellucid, 
also colorless, and of greenish, bluish or brownish shades; sometimes mas- 
sive and opaque, and consisting of silica, alumina and fluoric acid. It is 
highly valued as a.gem. 

Topazolite — A variety of precious garnet, of a topaz-yellow color, or an olive- 
green. 

Tourmaline — A mineral almost invariably found crystallized, of all colors, 
from opaque black to nearly or quite transparent colorless. The usual colors 
are: black (Schorl), red (Rubellite), blue (Indicolite),£reere (Chrysolite), honey- 
yellow (Peridot) , colorless (Achroite). All the tourmalines contain boracic acid 
from 3 to 10 per cent. Composition: Alumina 36.0, Binoxide of Manganese 
6.14, Boracic Acid 6.49, Flourine 2.0, Lime 0.8, Magnesia 2.3, Potash 0.38, Ses- 
quioxide of Iron 7.14, Silica 36.71, Soda 2.04=99.28. 

Trap — A heavy, igneous rock, of a greenish-black or grayish color, consisting of 
an intimate mixture of feldspar and hornblende or pyroxine. 

Triphyline — A mineral of a grayish-green or bluish color, consisting of the 
phosphates of iron, manganese and lithia. 

Triplitc — An imperfectly crystallized mineral, of a dark-brown color, consisting 
of phosphoric acid and the oxides of manganese and iron. 

Trona — Sesquicarbonate of soda. This mineral is found with gay-lussite, salt, 
thenardite and tincal, in many different localities on the Pacific Coast. Com- 
position: Carbonic Acid 40.2, Soda 37.8, Water 22 0=100. 

Tufa — A soft or porous stone formed by depositions from water, usually calcareous. 



554 THE GKEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 

Ttl ngston — A metal of a grayisn-wnire color, considerable luster, brittle, nearly 
as hard as steel, and fused with extreme difficulty; specific gravity near 17.6s 
also called Wolframium. 

Turpeth or Turbith. Mineral— Yellow Sulphate of Mercury. A yellow 
salt composed of 3 equivalents of the protoxide of mercury and 1 equivalent 
of sulphuric acid. It is not found in nature. 

Turquois — A mineral of a peculiar bluish-green color, occurring in reniform 
masses, with a botryoidal surface; susceptible of a high polish, and wheu 
highly colored, much esteemed as a gem; Calaite. 

Tyro lite — A translucent, very sectile mineral, of a green color, and pearly or 
vitreous luster, consisting chiefly of arsenic acid, oxide of copper, carbonate 
of lime and water. 

Ulexite— Borate of Lime, Boronatrocalcite, Cotton Balls, Natroboroealcite, 
Sheet Cotton, Tinkalzit, Tiza, etc. This curious -mineral was first found in 
the Niter beds of Peru, in small quantities. It is a natural hydrated borate 
of lime and soda. Analysis by Ulex, is as follows: Boracic Acid 49.5, Lime 
15.9, Soda 8.8, Water 25.8=100. 

tJllmaniiite — A brittle mineral of a steel-gray color and metallic luster, con- 
sisting of antimony, arsenic, nickel and silver. 

Uraninite — Pitchblende, an ore of uranium; see Pitchblende. 

Uranite — An ore of uranium, of a bright-green or yellow color, and foliated 
like mica. The green variety consists of oxide of uranium, phosphoric acid, 
and copper, and is called chalcolite or copper uranite. 

Cranium. — A metal discovered in the mineral called pitchblende, in which it 
exists as an oxide, with oxide of iron, and some arsenic, cobalt, lead, sulphur 
and zinc. It occurs also in uranite, and uran-ochre, and a few other minerals. 
Color reddish-brown; luster metallic; form crystalline. 

Vanadinite — The mineral vanadate of lead, occurring in yellowish and brown- 
ish hexagonal crystals. 

Vanadium — A metal having a white color, and a strong metallic luster, e^ 
tremely brittle, resembling silver, but more like molybdenum. 

Variscite — An apple-green mineral occurring in reniform masses, and consist- 
ing chiefly of alumina, phosphoric acid and water. 

Vauuuelinite — Chromate of copper and lead, of various shades of green. 

Verniicillite — A mineral having a granular, scaly structure, and resembling 
steatite in appearance; consisting chiefly of alumina, magnesia and silica. 

Vesuvianite — Idocrase. Is a silicate of alumina, iron and lime. 

Vivianite — A phosphate of iron of various shades of blue and green; the min. 
eral is that variety known as blue iron earth or native Prussian blue. Com- 
position: Phosphoric Acid 28.3, Protoxide of Iron 43.0. Water 28.7=100. 

Volborthite — Vanadate of Copper. A mineral of a green or gray color, con- 
sisting chiefly of vanadic acid, oxide of copper, lime, and water. 

Volgerite — Antimony Ocher, associated with other antimony ores. 

Voltzite — A rose-red, yellowish or brownish mineral, occurring in implanted 
spherical globules, and consisting chiefly of sulphuret of zinc and oxide of zinc, 

Vulpinite — A variety of anhydrite, containing some silica and presenting & 
grayish, white color and high luster. 

Wad — Bog-manganese. An earthy oxidf of manganese, or mixture of different 
oxides and water, with some oxide of iron, and often alumina, baryta, lime., 
or silica, and including several varieties ; sometimes applied to Plumbago or 
Black Lead. 

Wagnerite — A phosphate of magnesia, resembling the Brazilian iojaz. 

"Walcbowite — A resinous substance occurring in yellow, translucent masses^ 
often striped with brown; formerly called Ketinite. 

Warwielcite — A dark-brown or black mineral, consisting chiefly of boracic 
acid, titanic acid, magnesia and oxide of iron. 

Wheel-Ore — An opaque mineral of a steel-gray or black color, and metallic 
luster, consisting chiefly of antimony, copper, lead and sulphur. 

Whewellite — A brittle, crystalline mineral, consisting chiefly of oxalaie of ii::v^, 

Willemite — Anhydrous Silicate of Zinc. A mineral of a resinous luster and 
yellowish golor, consisting chiefly of silicate of zinc. 

Wolfram — Tungstate of Iron. An ore of tungsten; color brownish or grayish- 
black, and sub-metallic in luster. It occurs massive and crystallized, and in 
concentric, lamellar concretions. 

Wulfenite — JMolybdateof lead; occurring in small, perfect, tabular crystals, 
yellowish color, with a specific gravity of from 6 to 7 

Xylotile — A.n opaque, glimmering, delicately fibrous mineral, of a light or 
dark wood-brown or sometimes green color, consisting of magnesia, '«esqui- 
oxide of iron, silica and water. 

Bfttrocerite — Amineral of a violet-blue color, inclining to gray and tv bite, or 
sometimes white or reddish-brown, It consists of lime, sesquioxid' '<f cer- 
ium, yttria. and hydro-fluoric acid. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



OOD 



£ tt-rittm — A very rare mefalj texture scaly. Color grayish -black, and luster per- 
fectly metallic. Yttria, Phosphyttrite. 
ITttrocolumMte — An ore of columbium and yttrium, in "black, brown and 

yellow colors. 

Zaratite — Emerald Nickel, Hydrate of Nickel, Hydrated Carbonate of Nickel. 
A rare mineral and ore that is never found in large quantities, generally as a 
thin coating or chromic iron and serpentine. 

Zeolite — The name applies to a group of minerals which includes at least 20 
species; the name is therefore indefinite. They are all hydrous silicates of 
alumina, and generally are found in lavas and amygdaloids. 

Zinc — See also Blende, Smithsonite, and Spalerite. A metal of rather rare oc- 
currence, never found in nature, of a brilliant white color, with a shade of 
blue, and appearing as if composed of plates adhering together; it is not brit- 
tle, but less malleable than copper, lead, or tin. Sp. gr.=G.8Gl; atomic weight 
32. C6 (by old, and 65 by the new method) . 

Zinc-blende — A native sulphuret of zinc, often containing some iron, occur- 
ring crystallized, massive, or in other forms, and of various colors, but usu- 
ally yellowish, red, brown, or black. Blende. 

Zinc-bloom — An opaque mineral, of a dull luster and white, grayish, or yel- 
lowish color, consisting chiefly of carbonic acid, oxide of zinc, and water. 

Zincite — Red Oxide of Zinc, Red Zinc Ore. A brittle, translucent mineral, of 
a deep-red color, sometimes inclining to yellow r ish, and consisting chiefly of 
oxide of zinc, but containing also a small quantity of oxide of manganese. 

Zinkenife — A steel-gray ore of antimony and lead. 

Zircon — Jargon. Hyacinth, Silicate of Zirconia. A mineral containing the earth 
zirconia and silica, with 67 per cent, of the former to 33 per cent, of the latter; 
occurring in square prisms with pyramidal terminations of a brown or gray 
color, occasionally red, and often nearly transparent. A red variety is called 
Hyacinth. 

Zirconium — A metal obtained from the minerals zircon and hyacinth. It is 
commonly obtained in the form of a black powder. 

Zoisite — A grayish or whitish mineral, related to epidote. 



Supplemental Iiist of Some Jfew Varieties of M 

Agnesite— Carbonate of bismuth. 
Agricolite— Silicate of bismuth. 
Animikite— Antimonide of silver. 
A l'gyrodite— -Sulphide of silver and germanium. 
Arsenargentite— Arsenide of silver. 
Arsenstibite— Hydrous arsenate of antimony. 
Barysil— Silicate of lead. 
Belonesite— Molvbdate of magnesium. 
Cobaltomenite— Selenite of cobalt. 
Co loradoite— Telluride of mercury. 
Kdisonite— Oxide of titanium. 
Eggonite— Silicate of cadmium. 
Fcrrotellurite— Tellurate of iron. 
Flinkite— Hydrous arsenate of manganese. 
Hanksite— Sulphato-carbonate of sodium. 
Horsfordite — xVntimonide of copper. 
Huntilite— Arsenide of silver. 
Hydrargyrite— Oxide of mercury. 
Krennerite— Telluride of eold, silver and copper. 
Iiiskeardite— Hydrous arsenate of aluminum. 
Manganosite — Protoxide of manganese. 
Melanosideritc— Hydrous silicate of iron. 
Metastibnite— Red sesquisulphide of antimony. 
Molybdomenite— Selenite of lead. 
Kitrobarite— Nitrate of barium. 
Phosplmranylite— Hydrous phosphate of uranium. 
Psendobrookite— Titanate of iron. 
Randite— Hydrous carbonate of calcium and uranium. 
Redingtonite— Hydrous sulphate of chromium. 
Reinite— Tungstate of iron. 
Siderazot— Nitride of iron. 
S perry lite— Arsenide of platinum. 
Sphaerocobaltite— Carbonate of cobalt. 
Spodiosite— Fluo-phosphate of calcium, 
Stutzite— Telluride of silver. 
Tocornalite— Iodide of silver and mercury. 
Xanthiosite— Arsenate of nickel. 
Yttrialite— Silicate of yttrium and thorium. 
And 297 other new species and varieties. 



inoraisi,. 







^ _ so a> «3 


*» rl"C t- « 




r elem 
at pre 

rent k 
mpert 
t with 


o z> E a 




s£-C-^ 


■U +3 — CO 


w a> ."2 

a 1 2 s a 


b3 ** XI £ ® 




=3 P<w S 




v, s a ° 






3 ^ S .S q 


S3 c n 02 


u c3 H +j 


0« *- 33 


CO _• o 


- G<Z O 


^ >>> =o^S 


a:;c^« 


o £ ~ S »4-i j3 

> Bm ~ °. bc 


-Discc 

es so 
is un 
been 
e that 
of we 


I. -J, ti 2 > -r- 


C S o jS % o 




Ql 33- >■ — 


< §...-£ 5 


^2i E >~r'~ 



— ^ ;- y. Ji 



55(5 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



i?o»d Supply and Cost . of H.: vinsr. Including Intoxicants and 
Tobacco, in Principal Countries of tlie M 01 Id. 



Cocntf.y. 



Consumption of Food, Pounds per 


Inhabitant of:— 






* Cott'ee 
and 
Tea, oz. 


'3 




33 

O 
O 




cS 

bo 




o 


£ 




OQ 


3 
CO 



flntoxitants 



Tobacco. 



Gallons. 



Pounds, 



Australasia ...... 

Austria 

Belgium... 

Canada 

Denmark........ 

France 

Germany 

Great Britain... 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Portugal 

Roumania 

Russia 

Servia 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland.... 
United States .. 



20 


127 


350 


276 


'305 


36.5 


PI 


7 


28 


460 


61 


560 


14 


18 


15 


142 


590 


65 


1,050 




27 


22 
22 


72 
140 


400 
560 


90 
64 


600 
410 


40 

25 


45 

22 


8 


66 


540 


77 


570 


20 


20 


8 


78 


550 


64 


1,020 


17 


18 


19 


91 


378 


109 


380 


40 


75 


4 


20 


400 


26 


50 


18 


8 


15 


240 


560 


57 


820 


20 


35 


14 


144 


440 


78 


500 


40 


13 


3 


18 


500 


45 


40 


17 


12 


9 
5 


8 
6 


400 
635 


82 
51 


80 

180 




4 
11 


19 


9 


8 


400 


84 


80 




4 


3 


6 


480 


"1 


20 


17 


6 


11 


112 


560 


62 


500 


28 


22 


11 
20 


110 
162 


440 
370 


62 
150 


140 
170 




26 
53 


39 



2.20 
2.80 
4.00 



5.00 
5.10 

3.08 
3.57 
3.40 
4.00 



3.00 
"2.02 

"2.85" 



2.65 



2.83 
2.73 
3.15 
2.11 
2.24 
2.05 
3.00 
1.38 
1.28 
6.92 
2.29 
1.75 



1.82 



1.10 
1.S7 
3.24 
4.40 



* Ounces of coffee and tea. f Reduced to gallons of proof spirit. 

Annual Expenditure per Inhabitant in Principal States of 
Europe and U. S. 



Country. 


Amt. per 
capita. 


Country. 


Amt. per 
capita. 


^ntry. |™ 


Australasia 


$212.38 
69.28 
123.66 
111.43 
139.04 
116.63 




$ 98.14 

144.72 

56.21 

101.55 

92.46 

54.87 


Russia 


8 49.13 


Austria 


Great Britain... 
Italy 


Spain 


76.04 


Belgium 


Sweden 


99.36 


Canada 


Netherlands 

Norway 


Switzerland. 
United States.... 


S7.60 


Denmark 


159.66 


France 


i Portugal 













Ingredients of Ordinary Food Materials, such as meat, fish, eggs, 
potatoes, wheat, etc., consist of : Refuse— As tbe bones of meat and fish, shells of 
shellfish, skin of potatoes, bran of wheat, etc. Edible portion.— As the flesh of 
meat and fish, the white and yelk of eggs, wheat flour, etc. The edible portion 
consists of water and nutritive ingredients or nutrients. The principal kinds of nu- 
tritive ingredients sure protein, fat's, carbohydrates, and mineral matters. The water, 
refuse, and salt of salted meat and fish are called non-nutrients. In comparing 
the values of different food materials for nourishment they are left out of account. 

Familiar Examples of Compounds of each of the four principal classes 
vf nutrients: — 

Pkoteist. Proteids.— Albuminoids, e. g., albumen (white of eggs); casein (curd) of 
milk; myosin, the basis of muscle (lean meat); gluten of wheat, etc. Gelatinoids, 
e. g., collagen of tendons; ossein of bones, which yield gelatin or glue, etc. Meats 
and fish contain very small quantities of so-called "extractives." They include 
kreatin and allied compounds, and are the chief ingredients of beef tea and meat 
extract. They contain nitrogen, and hence are commonly classed with protein. 

Fats, e. g.,fat of meat; fat (butter) of milk; olive oil; oil of corn, wheat, etc. 

Carbohydrates, e. g., sugar, starch, cellulose (woody fiber), etc. 

Mineral matters, e. g., phosphate of lime, sodium chloride (common salt), etc. 

Ways in Which Food Is Used in the Body.— Protein forms tissue 
(muscle, tendon, etc., and fat) and serves as fuel. Fats form fatty tissue (not 
mutscle, etc.) and serve as fuel. Carbohydrates are transformed into fat and serve 
as fuel. All yield energy in form of heat and muscular strength. In being them- 
selves burned to yield energy the nutrients protect each other from being con- 
sumed. The protein and fats of body tissue are used like those of food. An im- 
portant use of the carbohydrates and fats is to protect protein (muscle, etc.) from 
consumption. Food supplies the wants of the body in several ways. It either 
is used to form the tissues and fluids of the body, is used to repair the wastes of 
tissues, is stored in the body for future consumption, is consumed as Jfuel, its po- 
tential energy being transformed into heat or muscular enorgy, or other forms of 
energy required by the body, or, in being consumed, protects tissues or other food 
from consumption. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES 557 



CANALS OF THE WORLD. 

Depth of Canals in the United States.— Ogeechee Canal, Ga., 3 feet; Galves- 
ton and Brazos, Tex., 3^ feet ; Black River, N. Y.; Hocking, Ohio ; Ohio Canal ; 
and Walhouding Branch, Ohio, each 4 feet ; Des Moines Rapids; Morris, Pa., and N. 
J.; and Santa Fe, Fla., each 5 feet; Miami and Erie; and Susquehanna and Tide- 
water, Pa. and Md., each o% feet; Champlain, N. Y.; Chesapeake and Ohio, Md. 
and D. C; Company's La.; Delaware and Hudson, N. Y. and Pa.; Delaware Di- 
vision, Pa.; Dismal Swamp, Va. and N. C; 111. and Mich., 111.; Lehigh Coal and 
Nav. Co., Pa.; Muscle Shoals and Elk River Shoals, Tenn.; and Pennsylvania, 
Pa., each 6 feet; Schuylkill Nav. Co., Pa., 634 feet; Cayugaand Seneca, N. Y.; Dela- 
ware and Raritan, N. J.; Erie, N. Y.; 111. and Miss., 111.; and Oswego, N. Y., each 
7 feet ; Albemarle and Chesapeake, Va. and N. O, 7 l / 2 feet; Chesapeake and Dela- 
ware, Md. and Del., 9 feet; Augusta, Ga., 11 feet ; Welland, connects Lake Onta- 
rio and Lake Erie, 14 feet; Portage Lake and Lake Superior, Mich.; and Stur- 
geon Bay and Lake Mich., each 15 feet; Sault Ste. Marie, St. Mary's River, 
Mich., 18 feet ; St. Mary's Falls, Mich., 21 feet. 

The Harlem River Ship Canal, connecting the Hudson River and Long 
Island Sound, by wav of Spuyten Duyvil Creek and Harlem River, opened for 
traffic June 17, 1S95, and cost $2,700,000. 

New York Canals.— The whole number of tons of freight carried upon the 
state canals during 1897 was 3,617,804 tons, as compared with 3,714,894 tons for 
1896. 

St. Mary's Falls Canal.— Gross tonnage for 1897, was 18,982,755 tons, against 
16,239,061 tons in 1896, and 15,062,580 tons in 1895. 

Baltic Canal —Also called the "North Sea and Baltic," and "Kiel" Canal. 
The traffic from Apr. 1, 1897, to Mar. 31, 1898, was 23,108 vessels, with a net car- 
rying capacity of 2,469,795 registered tons, against 19,960 ships and 1,848,458 tons 
in the previous working year. 

Manchester Canal.— Cost about $77,000,000. The sea-going tonnage for six 
months ending June 30, 1898, was 979,992 tons, as compared with 783,280 tons dur- 
ing the corresponding period of 1897, while the barge traffic was 193,888 tons, 
against 173,930. 

Suez Canal.— This canal was opened for traffic in 1869, the English Govern- 
ment acquiring by purchase, Nov. 25, 1875, shares to the amt. of £4,000,000, the 
present -value of which is (Jan. 1, 1899) £24,435,000. The total length of the canal 
is 99 miles, with a width of 327 feet for 77 and 196 for the remaining 22 miles ; the 
depth is 26 feet throughout. By an agreement signed Oct. 29, 1888, the canal 
was exempted from blockade, and vessels of all nations, whether armed or not, 
are to be allowed to pass through it in peace or war. It cost $102,750,000 to con- 
struct it. For the year 1895, the receipts were $15,147,184, received from 3,434 
vessels, with a net tonnage of 8,448,383. In 1896, receipts $15,787,046 ; vessels 
passed, 3,409; net tonnage, 8,560,283. In 1897 receipts $14,129,122 ; vessels passed, 
2,986; net tonnage, 7,899,374. For the first six months of 1898, the receipts were 
$8,636,920 in dues, from 1,792 ships, with 4,842,078 net tons. 

Nicaragua Canal. —Projected to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, using 
the waters of Lake Nicaragua. The total distance from ocean to ocean, 169.4 
miles; depth of canal, 30 feet; least width at bottom, 100 feet; time transit from 
ocean to ocean, 44 hours; length of Lake Nicaragua, 110 miles; average width, 
40 miles ; surface area, about 2,600 square miles; area of watershed of lake, about 
8,000 square miles. Estimated cost of construction of this waterway by the Nic- 
aragua Canal Commission was $125,000,000; time required for construction, 5 
years. Distance from N. Y. to S. F., Cal., by water via Cape Horn, 14,549 : by the 
Nicaragua Canal, the distance between the same points will be 4,907 miles, a 
saving of about 9,642 miles. Distance from N. Y. to the Pacific Ocean, via the 
Nicaragua Canal, 2,519 miles; to San Francisco via R. R., 3,250 miles; to San 
Diego, via R. R., 3,172 miles; to Tacoma, Wash., 3,209 miles; to Victoria, B. C, 
3,619. Distance from N. Y. to Manila, P. I., via S. F., Cal., rail and water, 9,250 
miles; via Nicaragua Canal, 11,746 miles; via Suez Canal, 11,565. 

Panama Canal.— Length, i6% miles ; estimated time of transit, 14 hours. The^ 
canal is practically finished from Colon to Bujee, 14 miles; this, however, is the 
least expensive part. The great trouble is in passing through the Culebra Ridge. 
The width of the canal will be 124 feet at the top, and 72 feet at the bottom, 
except through the ridge, where it will be 78 feet at the top and 29 feet at the 
bottom, and 30 feet in depth. About $297,000,000 is estimated as having already 
been expended on the canal, resulting in the accomplishment of about 40 per 
cent of the entire amount of excavation that will be required. Time required 
for completion, about ten years. 



558 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



CATtfA-LS (JLH OFERATIOX) IX THE UXTTED STATES, 



Canals by States. 



Delaware. 

•"Chesapeake & Del. * f 

Florida. 

3anta FS * 

Georgia. 

Augusta Canal f ..... 

Ogeechee * 

Illinois. 
III. & Mich. Canal f , 

IiOuisiana. 
Carondalet C. & Nav. Co. {.., 

Company's Canal f 

Harvey's Canal t ............. 

Orleans Bank Canal g , 

Tagliaferro Canal t 

Maryland. 

Chesapeake & Ohio * 

Susquehanna & Tide- water* 

Michigan. 
L. S. Ship-canal, B. & I. Co.. 

St. Mary's Falls * t -.—.... 

Neff Jersey. 

Del. and Baritan * t - 

•' " " feeder 

Morris Canal & Banking Co. 
Pa. Neck Canal t b ....... 

New York. 
Black Biver Canal & I Co., 

Cayuga & Seneca * , 

Champlain Canal e........._ .. 

Del. <fc Hudson #...«„....... —. 

Erie Canal h , 

Oneida B. Improvement... 

Oswego Canal 

North Carolina, 
Albemarle & Chesapeake 

(N. C.cut) g\ 

Fairfield C. & Turnpike Co.. 

New Berne & Beaufort* t.. 

Ohio. 

Hocking Canal. „ 

Miami & Erie * h L 

Muskingum Improvement... 

Ohio Canal h 

Walhonding Branch 

Oregon. 

Willamette T. <fe Locks Co. -f 

Pennsylvania. 

Delaware & Hudson *. 

Delaware Division * 

Lehigh Coal <fe N. Co 

Monongahela Nav. Co M 

Muncy Canal Co.......„ M 

Penn. Canal Co. i _ , 

4* II 4i ,J 

« .1 m ■£"••—• 



N.Orleans— Ponchartr'n 
Miss. B.— Bay. Baritaria 

Wash., D. C— Cnmberl'd 
Pa.S.L.— Havre de Grace 

L. Superior— Portage L.. 
St.Mary 's F— S.Mary 's B 

N.Brunsw'k— Bordent'n 
Bull's Island— Trenton. . 
Easton. Pa. — Jersey C'v 
Salem Creek— Del. B.. 



Schuylkill Nav. Co ..., 

Susquehanna <fe Tide-water •• 

Union Canal Co 

Texas. 
Galveston & Brazos Nav.Co.f 

Virginia. 
Albemarle & Chesapeake *f 
Alexandria & Georgetown 
Dismal Swamp * j.......... ..... 



Points Connected. 



I Built. 
Enl'rgd 



Del. City— Chesapeake. 
Waldo— Melrose , 



Savannah B. — Augusta.. 
" "— Oge'ch'e B 

Chicago — La Salle.......... 



N. Orleans— Bayou St. J. 
Miss B. — Lake Salvador. 



1877-1880 

1847.. 
1829-1840 

1836-1848 

1794.., 

1847 

1830... 

1832-1835 

1880-1881 

1828-1850 
1839... 



Borne — Carthage 

Monteauma— C. & S. L's 
Whitehall— Waterford 
Honesd'le, Pa.— Bond'ut 

Albany— Buffalo 

3 B's Point— Brewerton 
Syracuse— Oswego ........ 



Can jock Bay— N. Biver 
Allig'tr B— Mat'muskt L 
Clubfoot Cr.— Newp'rtB 

Carroll — Nelsonvllle , 

Cincinnati— Toledo 

Zanesville— Marietta.. 
Cleveland— Portsmouth 
Bochester— Boscoe 

Oregon City . 



(See New York).. ....... 

Easton— Bristol 

Coalport— Easton 

Pittsburg— Geneva 

Muncy — Penn. Canal 

Columbia — Duncan's lsl. 
Clark's F'y — N'umberl'd 
N'umberf'd— Wilkesb're 
Junction— Hun tingdon... 
N'umberl'd— Flem'gton 
Clark's F'y— Millersburg 

Mill Creek— Phila 

Columbia— Md. St. Line. 
Middletown— Beading.... 

Galveston— Brazos B... 

Norfolk— Currituck 

W.Wash.D. C— Al'xnd' 
Eliz'b'th B— Pasquot'nk 



Length 
Miles. 



No. 

locks 



1868-1873 
1853-1855 

1834-1838 
1838... 
1825-1845 
1800-1872 

1836-1861 

1825-1855 
1817-1870 
1826-1828 
1817-1862 
1839-1850 
1825-1862 



1855 

1868 

1880-1882 

1843 

1825-1835 

1840 

1825-1835 
1843...... 



187a. 



1826-1828 

1830 

1819-1821 
1838-1844 

1826-1834 

1828-1833 

1830... 

1827-1834 

1828-1833 

1838-1839 

1816-1826 

1837-1840 

1819-1827 

1850-1851 

1855-1860 
1830.. , 
1794... 



Total „.o 



14.00 

10.50 

9.00 
16.00 

102.00 

2.00 
3.00 
5.75 
6.50 
1.75 

179.50 
15.C0 

2.12 
1.02 

44.00 

22.00 

103.00 

2.02 

85.50 
24.77 

81.00 

83.00 

365.48 

1 20.00 

18.00 



5.50 
4.50 
3.00 

42.00 

284.25 

/ 75.00 

823.00 

25.00 

0.75 

25.00 
60.00 
48.00 

/ 85.00 

0.75 

46.00 

41.00 

64.00 
80.00 
68.00 
13.00 
68.18 

p 80.00 
84.64 

8.00 

g 8.44 
7.1 

28.00 



14 
1 

a 46 



110 

11 

33 

dlO 



18 



26 
93 
12 
150 
11 



Cost Con- 
struction 



$ 3.730.23C 

70,000 

1,500,000 
407.S1S 

6,557,631 

750,000 
90,000 

150,000 

1,000,000 

40,000 

11,290,327 



3,925,300 
3,500,000 

4,735,353 

"e'ooo.obo 

41.00& 

3,224.77s 
1,520,54" 
2,378.91'* 
6,339,210 
51,609,200 
79,346 
3,077,423 



100,OOC 
200,000 

947,670 
7,144,234 
1,628,028 
%,695,202 

607,309 

eoG.ooC' 



?-2,695.04 1,224 170,028,630 



2,433,350 
3,000,008 
1,115,452 
7,077 



'7,731,750 

12,580,461 
4,930,705 
5,907,850 

840,000 

1,641,363 
1,250,000 
1,151,000 



*P£P,*}S1 '\ f shl P ; told canal (ship);? new canal (ship); |l see Pa.; a 23 inclined plan ea 
and 23 lift-locks; 6 Salem Creek Con. Meadow Co.; c exclusive of 25 miles in Pa.; d and 
i w^'-'ocks, 2. stop-locks and 2 guard-locks; efeeder and dam; /slack : water; g see Va.; 
% branches and feeders; i E. division; j Susquehanna division ; k N. division: I Juniata 
division; to \v . branch; n Wiconisco branch; o now extending to Nanticoke, 69 mi's; p 
exclusive of lo m. in Md. ; q exclusive of 5.50 m. in N. C; r including 180 m. slack water. 



ANCIENT FREEMASONRY 

An Extract from a Lecture entitled, "Freemasonry in General," by the Rev- 
O. C Wheeler, D. D., LL. D., first delivered at Masonic Temple, Oakland, 
Cal., Feb. 21, 1882. 

"Free Masonry has been the theme of thought, the object of envy, and the subject 
of persecittion from remote ages. 

Its friends have sought its origin, and watched its course. Its enemies have tra- 
duced its advocates, maligned its motives, and impeded its progress, until it seems 
to engage the attention of universal man. It has now reached a point where the 
man who throws light upon its true character and unrolls any portion of the end- 
less scroll of its history, is as much a public benefactor as he who discovers a law 
of nature or develops a hidden science. Therefore, if my present effort shall in 
any measure increase the sum of your masonic knowledge, I shall not have 'labored 
in vain, nor spent my strength for naught.' For my ability to prepare this lecture, 
I am indebted to studies that have continued through more than twenty-five years, 
during which I have laid under contribution the works of such ancient authors as 
Sesostris, Misraim, Hermas, Plato, Zoroaster, Socrates, Pythagorus, Solon, Lycurgus, 
Alcibiades, Homer, Thales, Orpheus, Virgil, Hyppocrates, Pluche, Proctus, Heroditus, 
Claville, and Plutarch; and such modern ones as Rebolt, Strait, Macoy, Ussar, 
Wilder, Mackey, Wake, Westropp, Taylor, Pierson, Davies, King, Sanderson, War- 
burton, Oliver, Pike, Webb, La Plugeon, Zosismus, Pansanius, Knight, Rawlinson, 
Jablonski,-Champolion, and others, and Hieroglyphics — to each and all of whom 
I make grateful acknowledgements. My method has been to read with care, make 
notes, full, free, and accurate; then compare, collate, and arrange data, from 
which to deduce facts and evolve principles — thus consolidating and digesting all 
accessible knowledge and learning on this subject. After all that, I have, in my 
own language, very seldom appropriating a phrase, or making a reference, written 
my discourse, and now give you what these numerous standard authors have 
taught me, together with my deductions therefrom. Should you ask me, 'Where 
did you find this or that fact, or idea,' I should probably not be able to tell you. 
Freemasonry, not only in the substance of its principles, but in its organized form 
and active labor, is older than any other institution now existing on earth. And 
that its honor is not inferior to its age, is attested by the fact that the princes 
and rulers, the highest and the noblest, the wisest and best men of every age, have 
been and still are proud to be able to say, T am a Freemason,' as the noble Ro- 
man ever was to say, T am a Roman citizen.' Nor was the latter ever a more sure 
protection from danger or potent guaranty of favor, than the former from remotest 
ages has been, now is, and to the end of time will be. 

Axtiqvity. — I have referred to the age of the institution of Freemasonry, as 
being superior to that of any other. The discovery of a key to the Egyptian 
Hieroglyphics on the 'Rosetta stone,' by Champolion, in the early part of the 19th 
century, has opened the past in such immensity as to confound the most learned 
Antiquarians, and to challenge the faith of the most credulous. Heroditus says, the 
secret institution of Isis — which the Hieroglyphics tell us was the real origin of 
Masonic mysteries — with its imposing ceremonies, made its appearance simultan- 
eously with the organization of Egyptian society, and the birth of Egyptian civili- 
zation. Now as it takes about 100,000 years for Egypt — according to the teaching of 
her Hieroglyphics — to rise from primitive barbarism to the zenith of enlightened 
civilization and return to its first estate, and as Egypt, at the beginning "f Bible 
history, had been twice to the pinnacle of learning and art, and was, for the third 
time at the depth of degradation, the sublime mysteries of Isis must have been, at 
that time, not less than 250,000 years old. With this state of facts before us, we 
can see how very possible was the account which has hitherto given our credence 
such a strain, viz: That the mysteries were carried to all the Oriental nations, 
from Egypt to India, by Brahma; to China and Japan by Buddah; to Persia, by 
Zoradhust ; to Greece, by Metampus; to Crete, by Minos; to Messene, by Cancan; 
to Thebes, by Methapus ; to Athens, by Erectheus; to Italy, by Palasgi ; to Gaul and 
Britain by Gomer ; to Mexico, by Vitzlipultzli ; to Peru, by Manco Capac ; and to 
.Tudea, by Hiram Abiff. The antiquity, therefore, is established, not only beyond 
doubt, but almost beyond belief. How strangely this contrasts with the strange con- 
clusion of Prof. Moses Stuart, of Andover Theological Seminary, who, in the days 
of the great Anti-Masonic excitement, on account of his superiority as an Oriental 
scholar, was appointed to examine into and report upon the question of the age 
of the institution of Free-Masonry. After several months of profound investiga- 
tion, he came forward, and looking over his spectacles 'officially reported' to his 
employers, "Gentlemen, I assure you that the institution of Free-Masonry has no 
claims to antiquity." (See next page.) 



560 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZ EH 

Brethren, that Key, on that 'Rosetta stone' has, through the unlocking of the. 
Egyptian Hieroglyphics, opened a door to, and given us a view of the past, so great 
that it was reckoned by tens of thousands of years, prior to the utmost stretch of 
Prof. Stewarts imaginings in the direction of antiquity. And the farther border 
of that incomprehensible vista, we trace the footsteps of our unequaled fraternity 
with all the distinctness of the most modern history. 

Initiatory Degree 25.000 Years B. C. — A brief description of some of the initia- 
tory ceremonies practiced at and near the city of Memphis, (which was then the prin- 
cipal seat of the work) 25,000 years B. C, will not fail of interest. (The members 
of the 'Mystic Tie' will not need that I stop to explain, others present will not 
expect me to.) The candidate satisfied the craft that he was worthy. He then 
spent a week in a chamber of reflection, with a light diet and frequent ablutions 
to purify his blood. He then entered the pyramid in the night, descended the 
row way. without steps, on his hands and knees, until he passed through a large 
room, and into another, on the walls of which, he read: "The mortal who shall 
travel over this road alone, without looking behind, be punished by fire, water, and air, 
without complaint or fear of death, shall be brought again to the light of day, and 
be prepared to receive the mysteries of the God Osiris." Ar this moment three 
Priests, masked with heads like Jackalls. and armed with swords, by act and \.ord, 
and portrayal of awaiting dangers, still further tested hi* courage. If he did not fal- 
ter, he was led to a hall of fire, where were a burning bush and other material all 
aflame, through which he had need to hasten, to save his life. Then he encountered 
a stream of water which he must swim across, holding in one hand a small lamp, 
the light of day being excluded. He landed on a small platform which gave way, 
and left him hanging by his arms over a dark abyss; from which came a gust of cold 
air. that extinguished his lamp, and left him in total darkness. Thus he had been 
tried by the four great purifying elements. Air and Earth, Fire and Water. After a 
few moments he was released and conducted to the Sanctuary r»f Isis. where, under 
a glow of light, the Priests were standing in two ranks, clad in ceremonial dres^e*. 
singing an ode of welcome, and congratulated him on his courage and escape. 
On the walls of this room he beheld the symbolical representations of the product- 
ive heat of the sun, the ceaseless duration of eternity, and the reproductive power 
of nature. He was then led to the altar, and obligated to reveal what he had thus 
far learned, to no one who had not had like experience. He was then lectured by an 
adept, and subjected to still further physical trials and exercises, not so much to 
test, as to augment his power of endurance. This done, he was prepared for his 
recognition as a completed novitiate, which took place with much pomp and cere- 
mony, and a banquet, at which ce-tain grave questions were propounded and dis- 
cussed. After this he was again led to the altar and took another solemn obligation 
of perpetual fealty and fraternity: whereupon he was clad in a royal robe, con- 
ducted through the streets, crowned as a victor, invested with the insignia of the 
Order, and proclaimed an adept in the sublime mysteries, and was henceforth 
consecrated to a life of benevolence and virtue. He was also given a 'new name.' 
This name was engraved upon a 'White Stone,' together with a certain mystic 
sign, which stone he was expected to carry with him wherever he went, as a talis- 
man against evil, and as a means of recognition among the craft. It was undoubted- 
ly to this, then ancient custom, that St. John, in the Apocalypse, alludes, when he 
promises a 'White Stone' and a 'new name' to 'him that overcometh.' At a later 
period, the tragedy of Osiris was added to the initiatory ceremonies; giving to the 
initiate some of the most solemn and impressive lessons ever received by man; 
teaching, and illustrating to him the great doctrines of death, burial, and resur- 
rection of every one who had attained a fidelity and fortitude that would sooner 
suffer death than forfeit his integrity. 

Ancient Svmroi.ism.- — As a study, is marvelously rich in result: and at times. 
tells tales not exactly to a fastidious taste. A lady in any walk in life, from the 
throne to the kitchen, regards the ring on her finger or bracelet on her wrist a thing 
of beauty; and so it is. No cultured mind can fail to admire it — and happy is the 
wearer in her ignorance of its origin. But. my lady friend, go back with me to a 
period 6,000 years before the earliest Pharaoh of Egypt, when the snake worship- 
ers deafied the serpent, and of his body made a ring, by putting his tail in his 
mouth, and declaring the circle thus made to be the emblem of eternity: and wore 
his form in their ears, and around their fingers, wrists, and ankles, and then tell 
me. if it were not for the fact that your ring symbolizes your hope of an endless 
life, would it not at once have the charm of its beauty merged in the repulsive 
idea of the snake? And yet that was the real origin of your elesant ornament . 
* * * We are far more nearly allied to ancient Egyptian Symbolism than we are 
accustomed to suspect. A case in point: It has been claimed the making of As- 
phaltum floors is a very recent invention. And yet Rassam. some 20 years ago. un- 
earthed an Asphaltum floor in every essential like our own, in a room of a burial city 
on the Tigris, so old that when Moses wrote our earliest history it was an unknown 
ruin." 

The lecture as a whole, contains nearly one hundred pages of manuscript, and 
required nearly two hours in delivery; it is purely statistical, and should be heard 
in its entirety to be appreciated. 



62 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

A the earth, is the reason why 'earth disturbances' 
seldom or never visit it. The few that have occurred there 
in the last 2,000 years, were so slight that they were not 
a matter of record. 

The Story that Earthquakes Reveal. 

Taking up the subject of earth disturbances, and what 
they reveal; or, more particularly to expose what we do not 
know, will say: water seeping down from the surface of the 
land, and the flows of the oceans, to a bed of perpetual 
molten lava in the center of the earth; that is not over 500 
miles below the surface anywhere, and within 30 to 100 
: ~iles throughout the 'torrid zone/ This is a partial 
theory for there being more of such disturbances near the 
'equator' than at the poles. The reason for the molten 
portion being nearer the surface in the 'tropics,' is: that 
the velocity of the earth turning upon its axis, from west 
to east at the 'equator,' is about 1042 miles an hour, 
against practically nothing at the poles. This keeps the 
crust of the earth worn away to the maximum thinness. 
This is another proof that terrestrial gravity does not extend 
down to the center of the earth. If it does extend down 
to the center of the globe ( ?) why is it, that the 'Mississippi 
river' continues to flow south towards the equator, when 
it is positively known that the mouth of said river, is 4 
miles and over, farther from the center of the earth than 
at its source ( ?) and yet that river has a little over 3 inches 
fall to the mile, or over 10,250 feet, from its source to the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

While there are more seismic disturbances throughout 
the 'torrid zone' than in the 'polar regions'; there are 
more seismic disturbances in the 'arctic' than in the 
'antarctic zone.' 

Our theory for this is: pressure: there being more 
land surface (above water) in the 'north frigid,' than in 
the 'south frigid zone.' Weight is constantly being added 
to the north frigid zone from its frozen waters; and here 



CONCLUSION. 

(Sec. 103.) There is no one thing known in the w« 
in ethereal space above the earth, 'animate, or inai 
that so many (known) sciences have to be brought t 
or consulted, in the attempt to elucidate its origin 
'Great Pyramid Jeezeh,' of Lower Egypt. A frier 
has been watching the progress of the work on this \ 
for many months, asked us a few days since: "Wh 
astronomy, higher mathematics, geography, and 
quakes got to do with the construction or use of the 
Pyramid ?" While the party acknowledged that it re< 
an extraordinary intelligent mind in the person of its 
tect. In reply will say: (1.) That without the aid 
tronomy, the builders of the Great Pyramid, would no- 
been able to have found the geographical center of c 
land of the earth ; or a star in the northern heavens t< 
down the (present) passage -w T ay, and light up the h : 
recesses of that greatest of all buildings — nor, the dis 
to that Deific orb, the sun, that practically govern 
whole universe. 

(2.) Higher Mathematics, are a necessity to the : I 
and thorough understanding of astronomy; and wi 
its aid there would have been no 'coffer,' or 'E 
Chamber,' or, even a (perfectly) square base for the s 
true in question to stand upon. Which silent mi 
speaks iii unmistakable (mathematical) language. 

(3.) Geography — the more thorough understandin 
possess about this science, the easier the mysterr 
geology will unfold the formation of continents, 
mountain building, together with the history of prehi: 
races, and earthquakes. 

(4.) Earthquakes — a complete and comprehensive tl 
of the phenomena of earth disturbances, tidal waves 
volcanic activities, by the builders of the Great Pyn 
was what caused them to place that structure whe 
now stands. That point being the center of all the 



64 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

All mountain ranges running east and west, are older, 
(by far) than those running north and south, if over five 
miles in length. And all mountain ranges running north 
and south, extending along the east coast of each continent, 
c're older than the chains of mountains running north and 
south, extending along the west coast of each cnotinent; 
where 500 miles or more intervene between ranges. 

The subject of the formation of continents is too exten- 
sive and complex to treat — even in a single vohime — much 
less in a single article. 

A few notes, however, giving the exceptions to all 
general rules on this subject — will not be out of place here. 
Viz: — Yucatan, for instance, has been formed at (at least) 
three different intervals; the eastern portion being the 
oldest, and ranking in age with (a portion of) Panama, all 
of Easter Island, and Northern Egypt. While the western 
portion of Yucatan is second in age of formation, and we 
would place its formation to date with all the principal 
territory of the Central American states, extending from 
the Isthmus of Tehauntepec, east to the western boundary 
of Panama. And the northern portion of Yucatan still 
later and ranking in age with the Isle of Cuba, which is 
older than Florida. 

Our earth disturbance theory may still further be eluci- 
dated, by a glance at the map of the principal 'mineral 
fields' of the world. Viz. — (we have reference to the 
precious metals) gold and silver are found most extensive- 
ly at the extreme ends or edges of continents. We claim 
that the principal depository of the precious or heaviest 
metals, are at or near the center of the earth, in a 
molten state. And are thrown to the ends of continents, 
during cataclysms and polar changes; when the earth is 
supposed to turn around in less time than the atmosphere 
that surrounds it; thereby disrupting the continents. We 
also believe that there are other metals of still greater 
specific gravity (than gold and silver) in a molten state, 
near the center of the earth, that we have never seen • 
they being too heavy to be forced to the surface. 



THE CONCLUSION 



we wul indulge in another theory, that-when the ice , 

here ln sufficient quantity, the earth wil temp 

lose its polanty, and a cataclysm will be the resu7 

There should not be any regularity about this occv 

wing to planetary interference, so it is hable var 

50,000 to 150,000 years. 

Most 'tidal waves' occur in the tropics and are su- 
to be caused by eruptions at sea 

The- 'Pacific Ocean,' from Alaska to Cape Ho 
on the west s ld e of North and South America is si 
higher than the Atlantic, on the east s ld of th s 
continents The difference in the elevation is thel 

Caribbea 2 T ^ ? **»"» ** at P ~ * 

Caribbean Sea on the Atlantic is at Aspmwall. The 1 

of i u ^^ '' hlgh t,de run th ™^ the S 

of Magellan toward the Atlantic; it comes to a star 
at low tide, but never ebbs. 

// there is an underground outlet of the Pacific 

under the continent of North America, to the Gul o M 

and we think there is) the elevation of the Padfic menti 

"::ndX accountforthe ' G " ifst — ■-— 

Volcanoes :-if it were not for ^ 
tains on the face of the globe, to act as vent hole! Ti I 
SlSwST f °T ° f m ° lten laVa ' * ^"owing a S p 

spToS sx the earthquakes) the irth - 

coasl" (rcrrr 5 , 11 "' 6 b6en bUllt U P fr0m their , 
frn^ + K ' aSt Change of P° Ia ritV) and sink 1 

arthtl e f h"' ' 0ng mterValS ' b >' wha * we recogniz, 
aniZuL IT a Change ° f P ° larit ^ *5 * 

thai He Snl LuH of T"T * ** t6mt ' 

Great P wam , 1 ? ° f IO ° miIes - ( mo ™ or less) of 

year" S e Panl T ^ "" ** * the "«' *5°,c 
ject.) " ex P lana tory theory on tins si 



L~g again to the subject o£ ^tambmld^rf 

to the ^•*££Z£5^) of the, 
'" (Say , g Xat these a^ e but acc^ents of structure 
:ture shows ;^ a . t t t f4 e e a format 1 on of mountains, and 
.0 way essential tt ^ Maattata and 

etimes absent The tneor mountains and 

,. Les lev, on the nature ^ and on m ^ ^ 

^ ^ol^Wn a geology; - *«**»* th6 
%££ £ anrts^ved g of all writers on this sub- 

But in the mam, or principal theories of these gentle- 

en we beg to differ. _ theories that it 

There are so many except* ns to then th e 
Would take a volume larger _than throne w^her ^ ^ 
'to combat each, even with a passing 
.ndufge, however, with a ew ^Tn^es-varying 
of Pennsylvania, the prm P kness _ are located 

from a few inches to 140 teet Q o{ the m0 st 

underneath then highest —m- ^ . g }M& 
productive coal mines in * -State ^ ^^ 

deep down beneath a level plain ^ Lota> 

and most extensive coal mine n CMe, is Qcean 

on Coronell Bay, and extends under th mg 
The entrance to which is - m de land, tha ^P 
a great earthquake m the earl} p ■ t0 wh ich, 

f rom the bottom of the ^Pacific 0««. *£* o£ the 

this spot was ten miles trom » hat they wer e 

production of all coal measu res «£^ ^ ^ > a ce of 
produced from great f^J^ron^ ^^ 

the earth; wherein are the theories 
gentlemen to be taken? „ !0M „fom of 'rock 

In the State of Utah, there s ^ 

n ■ +*.»t can be quarried out nice sw> p. 
salt, that can u H heavy timber, 

elevation is entirely covered w lt h heax 5 



566 THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

The question of the geological age of mounta 
twofold, including, first, that of the deposition of the 
of which they are composed, and second, that of 
uplifting and erosion. Elie de Beaumont, considering 
the latter question, supposed all mountain chains h; 
the same direction on the earth's surface to be of the I 
age; but this notion is no longer tenable, since a 
mountain chain such as the Appalachians, exhibits 
siderable variations in different parts of its course, fr< 
N. and S. direction in parts of New England to one n> 
east and west in other parts of its extension. As re£ 
the age of the rocks in this great chain, while the Green 
White mountains, the Adirondacks, and the Blue R 
are eozoic, the Catskills, the Alleghanies, the Unaka, 
the Cumberland ranges are composed of palceozoic sedim 
and the whole Appalachian system was not uplifted t 
after the deposition of the coal measures. 

Electricity and Not Direct Heat that We 
Receive From the Sun. 

It is supposed that heat, light and motion are compon 
parts of each other; from the fact, that any two of 
'trio,' produces the third. But we do not know (at lee 
our principal scientists do not know) what heat is. Wl 
Because our greatest astronomers say: the 'sun' is h 
It is not hot; for the simple reason that the nearer y 
approach it the nearer you come to an absolute zero. 
test it, clime to the top of any mountain over three mi] 
in altitude, and see there the ice and perpetual snow. • 
try a balloon ascension up to 18,000 or 20,000 feet, anc 
then say: that it gets warmer as you approach the su 
We have witnessed both of these experiences. We w 1 
put your query, then why is it warmer on the earth : 
the sun-shine than in the shade? or at mid-day than 
midnight? We will attempt the solution. It is an electr - 
condition; but what is electricity? No one knows. I 
we can attempt to do with it is: to harness this invisit 



THE CONCLUSION 567 



'Deific substance,' and unilize its force for the benefit 
of mankind where power and light are needed. We desig- 
nate it by many pet names, such as 'upper and lower 
current,' 'hard and soft side,' 'positive and negative 
poles,' etc. 

For the lack of a better appellation, we will use the 
latter terms. Viz: 'positive' and 'negative.' And, 
after naming the sun as the depository of the great positive 
(force) battery of the Universe, and the planets that sur- 
round it as the depositories of the negative force, we will 
reason with you why the sun is not hot. 

(i.) Because it contains only one component part of 
heat, 'the positive.' And, until it comes in contact with 
its opposite force 'the negative,' it is perfectly passive as 
to force, light, or heat. The earth as a negative battery, 
(to the sun) does not transmit its force to any inanimate 
substance upon its surface, or even the atmosphere; and 
it ceases with all animate creatures in proportion as their 
feet are taken above the level of the oceans. (2.) If the 
sun had contained real heat, instead of one of the compo- 
nent parts of heat it would have been burned out before it 
had been in position six , months. (3.) Sunspots. — Did 
you ever look at the sun with a powerful glass, or telescope 
when (what are called) sun-spots were forming? and if so, 
within one hour see those spots increase from (apparently) 
the size of your thumb, to the size of your hand? What 
does it convey to you if you believe with the mass of scien- 
tists that solid matter is being destroyed ? Simply this : 
that when you first saw the spot (apparently) the size of 
your thumb, it was a chasm 5,000 miles across it, and at the 
end of one hour it had increased to the size of your hand, 
or was over 185,000 miles across it. Does not any sane 
mathematician know, that if the space of 185,000 miles 
of solid matter was destroyed, on the face of the sun to any 
considerable depth, in one hour's time, that it would cease 
to exist inside of a year? Furthermore, the combined 
heat of a thousand volcanoes concentrated into one spot 



568 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

could not cremate that amount of solid matter in one hour's 
time. 

The fact that the sun has been known to exist for several 
thousand years, is evidence that solid matter is not destroy- 
ed. Then what is destroyed? Prof. Mansill, in his great 
work 'A New System of Universal Natural Science,' 
says: "The sun is not hot, but is covered with snow 
many miles in depth; and it is this substance that is des- 
troyed, or melted, and sent up in vapor, to return again as 
light snow, without any rain cloud, when cooled off, and 
the sun again becoming normal, after an electrical disturb- 
ance." 

Which disturbance is caused by the extra (or over 
balancing) negative force thrown towards the sun, at a 
conjunction of planets, while passing from 'perihelion to 
aphelion'. A similar disturbance is sometimes produced 
(although in a several million times milder form) by a 
thunder and lightning storm passing over some high eleva- 
tion where an electric telegraph line extends down into a 
valley; the extra positive current in this case wrecking the 
plant — if the forces are not separated at the first flash. 

An Epitome of Mansill's Universal System of Nat- 
ural Science or the Reciprocation of 
Matter and the Forces. 

"If all matter was evenly diffused through space there 
would be no motion of matter. But we find the matter 
collected together in a nucleus as sun and planets, and 
these present a system of motion of matter through matter. 
The most dense bodies move through space and matter 
with the greatest velocity in proportion to their densities. 
All planets, comets and satellites go through a reversible 
change of motion, volume, distance and density at their 
perihelions and aphelions each orbital revolution; this 
being effected through reciprocating electric currents or 
lines that exist and undulate between the sun and planetary 
bodies, and which currents are used to carry on these planet- 



THE CONCLUSION 569 

ary changes with. These changes continue from perihelion 
to aphelion and aphelion to perihelion again, and are in 
proportion to the amount of ellipticity in their several 
orbits — the greater the ellipiticity the greater are the 
changes. 

All bodies move through space in proportion to their 
densities — those most dense move with the greatest velo- 
cities on the average in proportion to their densities. All 
matter composing the earth, or any body of matter, denser 
than the average density, promotes its motion in the same 
proportion. All matter of less than the mean density 
helps to retard its motion through space in the same pro- 
portion. 

The motion is the equivolent of the cohesive mass — 
the cohesiveness is the equivolent of the density of motion — 
or by this dense matter is held cohered together and balan- 
ced or rides on a cushion of motion. (Or hydrogen at 
the density of water can impel a motion of 20,000 miles an 
hour through space, while as hydrogen gas it could only 
produce a motion of 1% miles an hour. This is on the 
principal or base that all matter moves through space at 
the average of 20,000 miles an hour for each one time 
that it is the density of water or any part thereof.) 

The heat which is supposed to be received from the sun 
by spontaneous emission, is in reality the electricity un- 
dulating and vibrating between the earth, the sun and 
every other kindred or solar planet, regulating their mo- 
tions, densities, volumes and distances. 

The earth and other planets consense and part with 
electricity to the sun and other planetary bodies while 
passing from perihelion to aphelion. The earth and 
other planets absorb electricity from the sun and planets 
as they expand while passing from aphelion to their peri- 
helion. 

All volatile matter, while receiving electricity, expands 

id moves its own average distance farther from its own 

iter also from the sun, and it has a tendency to retard its 



570 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

mean motion ; while this is reversed when matter parts 
with electricity, it then condenses and has a tendencv 
to move toward its own center and the sun (or center) 
and increases its average motion power in the same pro- 
portion. 

It is when the planets are about passing their perihe- 
lions, aphelions, inferior, superior and longitudinal con- 
junctions, or anything that interrupts these electric lines 
or currents, that most of our worst earthly meteorological 
disturbances occur, such as unusual earthquakes, volcanic 
eruptions, great storms and tornadoes and electric ground 
currents and other electric phenomena — many of our 
epidemics and droughts are inaugurated and terminated 
also excessive rains — likewise depressions of atmospheric 
temperature, or the general results of meteoric irregulari- 
ties, etc., take place about these times. 

Matter and force are always the same in quantity, but 
the form of matter changes. 

Kepler's third law is constructed so that the square of 
the periodic times of the planets around the sun are pro- 
portional to the cube of their mean distances from the sun. 
Kepler also found that the planets moved in eliptical 
orbits." 

Does the Sun's Heat Reach the Earth as is 
Supposed? We Say No. 

[From MansilVs Almanac for igoi.] 

"The earth's heat does not come from the sun's cold and 
zero surface. The sun does not radiate heat by spon- 
taneous emmission. The earth's heat or high temperature 
as maintained about the tropics does not come direct from 
the sun, but is produced on the earth's surface by and 
through the cold electric currents undulating between the 
sun and earth's atmosphere, and the volatility of the at- 
mosphere and water keeps on absorbing this cold electricity 
and expanding, and at the same time producing a chemi- 
cal effect among the vapors and volatile elements of the 



THE CONCLUSION 571 



earth's surface, and produces or generates the heat or 
high temperature in the earth's atmosphere. The water, 
or vapor of the atmosphere possesses a powerful electric 
absorbing and expanding force for the sun's cold, undula- 
ting electricity, which continues to permeate and re-per- 
meate the atmosphere, generating heat and a high temper- 
ature in the earth's atmosphere. This expansive force of 
the water or vapors is seen when the vapors of the water 
are condensed into rain water of many hundreds of tons 
to the square mile for every inch of rainfall. While the 
fluid is in the form of water and vapor both the oxygen 
and hydrogen appear to have a strong expanding force 
but when tfi£ vapor moves on and about the earth's surface 
and comes in contact with the decomposing and germinating 
seeds, the oxygen unites with the carbon and other elements 
forming carbonic acid gas, and while rising with a part of 
the vapor in and about the forest and trees the oxygen now 
leaves the carbon and hydrogen and thus leaves carbon 
and hydrogen in the wood of trees through the influence of 
the cold undulating electricity acting between the earth and 
sun. Therefore, to procure the carbon again we must 
cut down the timber, construct a charcoal pit or pile, cover 
the pile of wood with turf sod, soil or sand, burn the pile 
to drive off the hydrogen and all other volatile matter 
or elements ; this leaves tolerably pure carbon in the shape 
of charcoal. 

These are natural and chemical processes going on under 
the tropic and in the temperate zones. If we go toward 
or near the poles of the earth we come in contact with a 
cold and finally, a zero temperature. If we climb a moun- 
tain or go up in a balloon we soon strike a cold, and finally 
a zero temperature. We have got but a small arc in which 
to exist. We cannot leave the face of this earth ten miles 
at any time or anywhere without coming in contact with 
a zero temperature. The highest atmospheric temperature 
")n the face of the earth is at the level of the sea. The 
*mperature diminishes at the rate of about 15 degrees 



572 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

to the mile going toward the sun, so the nearer we approach 
the sun the colder it gets until we reach a zero temperature. 
This being the case, how and where does heat and high 
temperature get into the earth's surface from the sun's heat? 
through this 92,000,000 miles of zero temperature, — or 
where does the sun's heat, so-called; commence and ter- 
minate, etc.? Now, gentlemen philosophers, I would very 
much like for you to answer these questions in truth, as 
it would save me a great deal of trouble, as I am somewhat 
interested in the subject. * * * If you would inform 
me how the heat, so-called, from the sun reaches the sur- 
face of the earth through 92,000,000 miles of zero space or 
temperature, I should like it very much. * * * 

There is but little matter in space, therefore there is 
none or but very little chemical action in space. As there 
is no heat, so-called, where there is no matter or chemical 
action going on, or a change of density taking place among 
the elements of matter — in fact there is no heat produced 
on the earth until the cold undulating electricity comes 
in contact with and permeates the earth's atmosphere and 
produces chemical action and a change of density among 
the volatile elements — the water and its vapors and the 
atmosphere; then the highest atmospheric temperature 
is generated at or about the level of the sea, and this at- 
mospheric temperature, as above said, diminishes every- 
where under this arc at about the rate of 15 degrees a mile 
for every mile that we leave the earth's surface going to- 
wards the sun — or at least until we strike or come in contact 
with a zero temperature; therefore there can be but little 
or no heat in cold, zero space, or yet but little cheimcal 
action. We contend that there cannot be any heat in 
space where there is but little matter, or chemical action, 
or change of density going on. Therefore as above said, 
we cannot anywhere leave the surface of this earth ten 
miles without moving into a zero temperature, even if 
we go toward the sun. Now as above said, if some one 
will tell us how the heat of or from the sun gets to the earth's 



THE CONCLUSION 



surface through the 92,000,000 (or exactly — 91,840,000) 
miles of space and a zero temperature, and below, without 
getting cooled down to a zero temperature, we would like 
very much to know it. It is as easy for the cold electricity 
to move from the sun to the earth and planets to support 
their chemical changes of density — and to regulate their 
volume, density, motions, and distances — and elevate or 
generate a moderate atmospheric temperature in the earth's 
electric absorbing volatile elements about the earth's 
surface as it is for cool electricity generated at a power house 
to go or be sent to trolley cars to heat them — and furnish 
cold electricity to heat many other things — many miles 
from the electric machines or generators. The sun, with- 
out a doubt, is surrounded by a zero temperature and its 
outside shell is composed of snow and ice, but we believe, 
that like the earth, that its temperature increases and that 
it becomes quite warm as it reaches some 10,000 or 20,000 
miles from its surface towards its center, which center 
is supposed to be some 400,000 miles or more. The sun, 
in this condition, could last and perform its work for millions 
of years, to supply and exchange or reciprocate electricity 
to and with the planets to support the earth and planetary 
bodies, changes with which, if it were a fire ball as it is 
supposed to be, it would not last 30 days — the whole solar 
system would go, where I do not know nor cannot imagine. 
It is advocated by some that the planet Mars is inhabited 
by human beings. This is very doubtful, for Mars has to 
go through too great a change of density and orbital revo- 
lution from perihelion to aphelion and from aphelion back 
to perihelion again, as there is about 26,000,000 miles of 
ellipticity in its orbit, and all planets go through a change 
of volume, density and motions each orbital revolution in 
proportion to the amount of ellipticity in their orbits. 
There might be a low class of animal life on Mars, such as 
fishes reptiles and insects or such things that can live in and 
about water. If there is anything like human beings 
living on any planet except the earth it is Venus, as the 



574 THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 

planet Venus has the least ellipticity in its orbit of any other 
planet, therefore it has the least change of density to go 
through of any other known planet; hence human life 
could exist on that body." 

Final Conclusions that our Whole Subject 
Reveals Regarding the Great Pyramid. 

It is not a difficult proposition to speculate upon any 
'mysterious subject,' that but few people have investigated 
and obtain followers for the theory. But a mysterious 
subject like that of the 'Great Pyramid,' that has been 
before the intelligent thinking inhabitants of the earth 
for over 5,000 years (that we have history for) during which 
period, the population has varied in numbers from a few 
thousand, to 1,555,000,000; and the intelligence has ranked 
from the naked nomadic 'Negrito' of the Philippines, to 
the most gifted 'scientist' of the age — it is not so easy 
to obtain followers, and recognition for a new theory re- 
garding it. But few people change their theories of life- 
long standing, even though their opinions be classed by 
the masses as purely superstitious. 

The Great Pyramid Jeezeh, of Lower Egypt, probably 
has been the subject of more speculation; caused more 
people to change their fixed ideas; and, has created more 
doubts, on more different subjects, than all other visible 
mysteries in the world combined. For the reasons above 
expressed, we may be excused for our effort — in the fore- 
going pages to demonstrate an entire original theory, for 
the construction and use of this "First Great Wonder of 
the World." 

Tf you have closely scrutinized what we have presented 
for your eximination in the preceding sections of this work, 
and have read between the lines, where we have presented 
such opportunity, this recapitulation will have the tendency 
to refresh your memory. As many people make a tour 
of the world in eighty days, and try to shade that by a few 
hours — to such this condensed statement will be in place. 



THE CONCLUSION 575 



For, they have no time to listen to corroborative evidence, 
but upon all subjects constitute themselves "Barrister, 
Judge and Jury." However, to the student that desires 
to refresh his memory, for either conversation or instruc- 
tion this statement will not be out of place. 

In the endeavor to substantiate our theory regarding 
this "First Great Wonder of the World" we have diverged 
from the subject of Architecture and Building, at intervals, 
but for a purpose. 

We think we have made out an excusable case, for 
having treated at some length, the subjects of Astronomy, 
Mathematics, and Seismology with our own theory for 
Earthquakes. And, also, for using the other "six wonders 
of the world" constructed by man, as comparisons; to- 
gether with the "Seven Natural Wonders of the Earth." 

It is only by comparison, illustration, contrast, etc., 
that we can demonstrate what little we do know. 

We think, however, that we have demonstrated that 
through the aid of Astronomy, Geography, and Mathema- 
tics, the ancient builders of the Great Pyramid, found the 
"center of all the land of the earth," whereon to erect 
that remarkable structure; and through the aid of our 
"earthquake theory," and chronological list of principal 
earth disturbances, for nearly 2,000 years; that it is located 
upon the spot of least vibration, and most perfect security 
from future destruction, for thousands of years to come. 
And its builders knew it. 

We stated at the outset of this work that we at least 
believed that this mysterious structure was built by a race 
of people that preseeded ours; with vastly more intelli- 
gence than we now possess, or are likely to attain in the 
next one hundred years to come. And that it was built 
for an "Initiatory Asylum"; from which all "secret orders" 
of today are partial imitations. (See index for "Initiatory 
Degree" in the Great Pyramid." And, as the principal 
"Secret organization" of men, who built the Great Pyramid , 
ruled the whole earth at the time of its erection ; it is per- 






576 THE GEEAT PYBAMID JEEZEH 

fectly natural that they should have dictated an "Inter- 
national code of weights and measures" The tables of 
Pyramidal Weights and Measures, contained in this work 
based on the measurements within the Great Pyramid, 
stand out as proof of our theory on this subject. 

As the principal rulers of the United States, Great 
Britain and Germany, at this wirting (1907) viz., President 
Theodore Roosevelt, King Edward VII., and Emperor 
William II., have each travelled from East to West, and, 
therefore, can see the necessity for the establishment of an 
International code of "Weights and Measures"; and King 
Edward VII., is in the position (with Egypt) to stop any 
further depredations in and about the Great Pyramid, and 
to suggest the repair of said structure. And this trio of 
Illustrious Rulers, are in such touch with the balance of the 
civilized world, as to have their confidence in suggesting 
said code. There are a number of men of wealth that could 
and would furnish the means for this purpose; but, it will 
require the consent of these three principal nations to 
inaugurate a starting point. Will they do it? 

The Great Pyramid Jeezeh was built at least 50,000 
years ago ; and more likely in the year 55,677 B. C. ; reason- 
ing from the standpoint — that the whole race of people that 
lived at the time the Great Pyramid was built, were anni- 
hilated later by a cataclysm ; and as no cataclysm has taken 
place (according to geology) under 50,000 years, we think 
the last named date (55,677 B. C.) more probable. We 
believe that it was built at some date when the star — 
"a Draconis," was in a direct line with the "pole," aad 
looked straight down the (present) passage way, on the 
north side of the building. These occurrances only take 
place ever}' 25,800 years; the last occurrance, and the only 
one during our present civilization, was in 2170 B. C; 
and will not duplicate its position until the year 23 ,630 A. D . 

We maintain that it could not have been built in 2170 
B. C. as ignorance and superstition pervaded the whole 
earth at that period ; and, there has as yet been no reasonable 



THE CONCLUSION 577 



argument produced to prove Divine assistance to its Archi- 
tect, and assistant workmen, at that, or any other date 
during our civilization ; as claimed by several Egyptological 
scholars. Further, we claim that it would be impossible to 
duplicate this building, in its entirety, in this enlightened 
age, by the combined skill and intelligence of all nations. 
For one reason alone, even if we could prepare the different 
parts, we could not place them in their present (perfect) 
position, by any known process in this enlightened day, 
owing to their immense size and weight. So the builders 
must have possessed the secret, (lost art) of "overcoming 
gravitation," or its equivolent, for this purpose. Further, 
we could not prepare, with the tools at our command, 
many of the hard pieces of granite that are in position, ow- 
ing to their extreme delicacy of finish, and their immense 
size and weight. Our finest measuring rods fail to register 
the same result, twice hand-running, in the hands of our 
most skillful mechanics, on a building the size of the Great 
Pyramid. And yet, with all the measurements that have 
been made in and around this building, in the last one 
thousand years, we have been unable to prove any imper- 
fection in its perfectly square base . 

It is also evident that its passage ways and chambers 
were well lighted, by some process of reflected light, still 
unknown to us. It is almost positively certain that it was 
not lit up by lamps, or by any method that we are familiar 
with ; for there is no evidence of any place whereon to hang 
or sit a lamp, and no receptacle wherein to burn any illumin- 
ating substance. 

All the chambers give evidence that (when they were 
used) they were prepared for perfect ventilation, and no vit- 
iated or impure air was tolerated by those ancient builders. 

Does this not demonstrate that this building was not 
erected by an ignorant race of people? 

Is there a more plausible theory thaft the one we have 
presented? We leave this portion of the subject with 
you. And — so mote it be. 



578 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEII 



Astronomy, Astronomical Symbols, Elements of the Solar 
System, and Theories Regarding: the Planets, according 
to the Latest and Best Authorities. 



Explanations of Astronomical Symbols. 

©Venus - 9;Jupiter - 1/ Neptune - '"Opposition - 
D (Earth. - -©Saturn - J? Conjunction o I Ascendinsr Node 
$ l Mars - cf I Uranus - $ Quadrature D| Descending " 



Sun - 
Moon 
MercL ry 

The eartn enters the sign °p (Aries) each year about Sept. 22d; it enters y 
(Taurus) Oct, 21st, and n (Geminii) Nov. 21st; zz (Cancer) Dec. 21st; ,Q, (Leo) Jan. 
20th; Ttf) (Virgo) Feb. 20th; =o= (Libra) March 20th; 1T\ (Scorpio) April 20th; $ 
{Sagittarius) May 21st; ]& (Capricornus) June 21st; ^ (Aquarius) July 21st; }£ 
(Pisces) Aug. 22d. 

Table of Some of the Elements of the Solar System. 



Name of 
Planet. 



Sun.... 
Moon. 



Mercury. 
Venus..*... 
Earth ..... 

Mars 

Jupiter.... 

Saturn 

Uranus..., 
Nentune 



Diameter 
in miles. 



852,584 
2,160 

2,962 

7,510 

7,925 

4,920 

88,390 

77,904 

33,024 

36,620 



Axial ro- 
tation. 



d. 
25 
27 
h. 
24 



h. m. 

7 48 



43 

s. 
30 



23 21 23 

23 56 4 

24 37 23 
9 55 21 

10 29 17 

9 30 ? 

9 



Velocity in 

Orbit. Miles 

per hour. 



2,273 

105,336 
77,050 
65,533 
53.090 
28,744 
21,221 
14,963 
11,958 



Greatest distance 

from the sun in 

miles. 



* 251,947 

42,665,560 

66,585,947 

92,965,489 

152,283,936 

498,603,768 

921,105,027 

1,835,700,825 

2,770,217,344 



Least distance 
from the sun in 

miles. 



* 225,719 

28,119,716 

65,677,009 

89,894,951 

126,340,516 

452,782,530 

823,164,139 

1,672,001,279 

2,722,325,120 



Mean distance 

from the 
sun in miles 



Moon. 



Mercury. 
Venus.... 

Earth 

Mars , 

Jupiter... 
Saturn.... 
Uranus... 
Nentune. 



* 238,833 

35,329,638 

66,131.478 

f 91,430,220 

139,312,226 

475,693,149 

872,134.583 

1,753,851,052 

2,746,271.232 



Variation or in- 
clination of orbu; 
to the plane of 
the ecliptic. 



Siderial Synodic 
period. period. 



deg. 
5 



mm. sec. 
8 39 



Davs. Davs. 

27.32 29.5 





23 


51 
18 
29 
46 
46 



5 

29 



6 

52 
36 
28 
59 



87.96 

224.70 

365. 25 

686.97 

4,332.58 

10,759.22 

30,686.82 

60.126.71 



Deg\ lon« 
gitude as- 
cending- 
Nodes. 



5r5b.il 

779.8 

398.8 

378 

369.7 

367.5 



46 
74 

48 
99 
112 



The ecliptic circle, or earth's oibit, is divided into twelve equal parts of 30 
degrees each. The zodiac is also divided into 12 parts, called signs of the 
zodiac, of 30 degrees each and including 9 degrees on each side of the ecliptic; 
these 12 signs of 3 J degrees each constitute the 360 degrees of all celestial circles, 
and we may say at all distances from the center of the sun. The planets 
traverse around this circle in various periods of time, and each one at various 
distances from the sun, and at irregular motions. 

Kepler's third law is constructed so that the square of the periodic times of 
the planets around the sun are proportional to the cube of their mean distances 
from the sun. Kepler also found that the planets moved in elliptical orbits. 

All bodies of matter move through space in proportion to their density — those 
most dense move with the greatest velocities on the average in proportion to 
their densities. All matter composing the earth, or any body of matter, denser 
than the average density, promotes its motion in the same proportion. All mat- 
ter of less than'the mean density helps to retard its motion through space in the 
same proportion. 

The motion is the equivalent of the cohesiveness— the cohesiveness is the 
equivalent of the density and motion — or by this dense matter is held cohered 
together and balanced, or rides on a cushion of motion. 

* Distance from earth. 

tit is 91,840,000 according to "Win. Petrie, C. E., from pyramidal measurement. 



INDEX 



.bbreviations 421 

_brasion on Coin Shipped 509 

Absolute Length of Base-side of Pyr.. .187 

Acre, Hills in the Area of an 433 

Acres, Side of a Square Containing. . . .433 

Acres Squared from 1 to 25 433 

Actual Pyramid Measures 264 

Age of the Earth 149, 391 

Agnosticism 420 

Air Chamber of Queen's Chamber 400 

" Weight of 472 

Alexandria, Pharos of 84, 85- 

lmanac Old and New Style 422 

Year 1 to 6000 . .422 

Alloy, Amalgams, etc., Defined 465 

" of English and French Coin. ...513 

" of United States Coin 512 

Al Mamoun's, Caliph, Discovery of . . . .396 

Alphabet, The Hebrew 221-223 

Alpha, Ursse, Minoris, The Pole Star of .204 

A Mean Year.. 256 

Analogy of John Taylor Tested 198 

" Pyramidal and Solar 198 

indent Animal and Human Footprints 417 

" Architecture of Egypt 66 

" Freemasonry 559, 560 

" Measures 540 

Money (Not Biblical) 540 

Rulers of Egypt 49, 50 

" Sculpture of Egypt ■ 69 

" Symbolism. . 560 

\ngle Measure of Gr. Pyr. Defined 158, 380 

of All Egyptian Pyramids 89 

Vngles Defined , 424 

\nimal and Human Footprints in Nev. 417 

\nnual Interest Tables 525-530 

\nswers Sarcophagus Theory 311 

\nsated Cross of the Egyptians .257 

\nte-Chamber and Upper End of the 
Grand Gallery, Illustration of . . . . 31 

Ante-Chamber Granite Symbolism 338 

Illustrations of 31, 33 

" Particulars of. . . . .345, 357 

Rock Used In .. . .160, 357 

Symbolic Hints from... 344 

" Symbolisms of 350-353 

Antiquity, Scientists of 559 

Aptitudes of Gr. Pyr., Geographical. . . .206 

Apothecaries Signs for Formulas 421 

Weight 435 

" Metric 449, 458 

Arba Vita, Largest Trees in the World. .414 

Archaeology of Egypt 70 

Architect, Ancient, Questioned. ...... .351 

" The Deified, More About .... 201 

Architectural Facts of Gr. Pyr .410 

Area Computations by Mr. Parker. .. .235 

' of Great Pyramid. 159, 211 

Arc Formulas. 426 

Are, Unit, Surface Measure Metric. .. .445 

Ark of the Covenant, Illustrated 282 

Aristotle's System. 419 

Arithmetical Progression Defined 423 

Arrangements Beforehand, Extensive. .343 

Assayers' Gold Weight 510 

Asteroids and Planets 144 

Astronomical Symbols 578 

Astronomy and the Solar System. . 136-155 
of Northern Heavens, Ills. . 47 



Astronomy Transcendentalisms of . . . . .383 

Atmosphere Pressure of the 476 

Weights of.. . • 466, 476 

Authorities (28) on Coffer Measure 314 

Author's Conclusions 561-577 

" Masonic Ancient 559 

Modern 559 

to be Studied on Gr. Pyr.. . .170 
Avoirdupois and Troy W't, Compared. .434 

Axis, Earth's Polar. 196 

Vertical, And N. E. Corner .406 

Axial Rotation of Planets 578 

Babylon, Hanging Gardens of 78, 79 

Balls, Cast Iron and Lead, Weight of. .504 

Barrel of Beef, Pork, Flour, etc 461 

Barrels and Casks, Capacity of 488 

Base Length of Different Pyramids. . . .194 

Base-side Length, Actual 187-189 

Beef Dressed, Weight of 504 

Bells of the World, Weight of.... 466 

Belting, Leather, Measured. . 463 

Belts, Horse Power of 477 

Bible Fisherman, Notes on. . 285 

Biblical Deluge, Dates for 411, 412 

" Money. 540 

" Weights and Measures 540 

Big Tree Grove of Calaveras Co., Cal.. . .414 

Billion in Roman Numerals .428 

Birth of Christ, Authorities for. 296 

Board Measure 498 

Boat Oar, Lumber Contained in a 500 

Boiling Points, by Altitudes. 471 

" of Pure Water. ...... .471 

" " of Substances 471 

Boss on the Granite Leaf, 1 inch of ... . 354 

Botany of Egypt. 58 

Bottom of Coffer, Thickness of. 331 

Brass and Copper Wire, Weight of 507 

Brass, Gold and Silver, Thickness of . . . .508 

Brick, Sizes of, etc • 463 

Burning of City of El Fostat 309 

Builders Arrangements Beforehand. . . .343 
Chips, Where Are They? 191 

" of Great Pyramid, Supposed.. 157 

Building of Gr. Pyr., Dates for 168, 201 

Bushels in Cubic Contents 436 

Standard 436 

Cairo, Egypt, History of 74-77 

Calculating, Signs Used In 421 

Calaveras Big Tree Grove 414, 415 

Calendar, Perpetual 422 

Caliph Al Mamoun Enters Pyramid 303-308 

Canals in Operation in U. S .558 

of the World, Depth of. 557 

Cans, Dimensions of Circular. . . .485, 486 

Capacity Measure of Coffer ..... .325, 368 

Capacity of Barrels and Casks. ...... .488 

Carbon First Condensed 154 

Carat, Weight of . . . .510 

Carson Prison Footprints 417, 418 

Cascades and Waterfalls, Height of . . . .532 

Casing Stone Material 211 

" Preserved Part of a 179 

Casing Stones, Angles of 158 

Found 175 

Gr. Pyr. Illustrated... 21 
Remnants of, IllUS. ... 21 

Casks, Capacity of. 488-491 

" Varieties of Shapes of 488 



580 



THE GEEAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Castings and Patterns Compared. .... .463 

Cataclysm and Earthquake, Unlike.. .. 186 

" The Last . .90, 95 

Cataracts of the Nile, Height of 532 

Cement, Portland, Article on. 465 

Cental, Weight of a 461 

Centals in Cubic Contents. 436 

Center, Earth's Land, Illustrated. ... 11 
Centigrade Thermometer Compared.. . .377 

Cereals, Bushels of, Weight of 436 

Chambers and Passages of Pyr., Illus. . . 25 

" Other New Suggested 301 

Champollion Discov's Rosetta Stone. .409 
Changes of the Seasons, Illustrated. ... 141 

Characters, Mathematical 421 

Miscellaneous Explained.. . .421 
Charcoal, Weight and Measurements of .463 

Chemical Elements and Symbols 540 

Cheops Coffin, Chips of 336 

Chilean Money, Fineness of . .518 

Chimneys and Monuments, Height of. .532 

China, Weights and Measures of 438 

Chinese Copper Coins 518 

Chips of the Builders, Where are the. .191 
Chorography of Gr. Pyr., Illustrated. . 13 

Christ, Birth of 296 

Christian Era, Authorities on. . 296 

" Date of the 296 

Cross, Measure Origin of. . . .257 

Christ, Second Coming of 166 

Church Spires, Height of 532 

Circle, Areas of the. 492, 493 

" Circumference of the 492, 493 

Diameter of the .492, 493 

" Geometrically Defined 156 

" Measure of the 156 

" of, to 154 Decimals 156 

" Quadrature of the, by Parker. .219 

Circular Day, Length of a 254 

" Measure 430 

Circumference of Circles 156, 492, 493 

Cisterns, Capacity of 484 

City of El Fostat Burned 309 

Climate of Egvpt 54 

Club Wheat, Weight of .436 

Coal Measures, Formation of 95-98 

Coils, Measures of 463 

Coinage, United States .510-512 

U. S., Mint Charges on 511 

Coins, Foreign, Value of 520 

U. S., First Coined. 512 

Coffer Capacity, What Did It Prove? 337 

" Measure Authorities (28) 314 

by Simpson. . 363-366 

" Measures in Detail 325 

Measure, King's Chamber.. 158, 361 

" Measure, Review of 315 

" Measure, Vyse and Greaves on. .317 

" Theories, Number of 310 

Why of that Size? 324 

Coffer's Ledge, The. 327 

Lid, The. 335 

Outside, Minuter Details. ..... 328 

Columns, Domes, Towers, Height of . . . .532 

Commercial Ratio of Silver to Gold. . . .522 

Compass, Pyr. Faces all 4 Points of . . . .203 

Composition of Various Rocks 153 

Mineral Substances.. .541-555 

Compound Proportion 423 

Compounds, Familiar Examples of. . . .556 

Conclusions, Author's Final 561-577 

Cone, Definition of the 423 

Conic Sections, Definitions of 423 

Construction of the Great Pyramid. . . .261 



Construction Hypothesis, Illustrated 43 
Contents of Dif. Chambers in Pyr. Ins. .407 

Continental Areas, Permanence of 98 

Copper Coins, England and France.. . .513 

" " Mint Value of 510 

Courses of Stone in King's Chamber. . .341 

Covenant of Moses, Ark of 392 

Creation and the Creator 146 

Creator and the Creation 146 

Critics on the Great Sphinx 404-406 

Cross, Ansated Christian 257 

" From Cube, Illustrated 259 

Crucified Man of South America 260 

Cube and Cross, Illustration of the... 259 

Cubical Elements of the Earth 372 

Cubic Contents of Dif. Chambers 407 

Diagonals of Coffer 334 

" Feet in a Ton of Hay 463 

" Measure 432 

" Measure Metric 448, 452 

Cubit, Length of a 461 

Curviform Figures. 424 

Cycle of a Draconis at the Pole. ..384-385 

Date of Erection of all Pyramids 89 

Dates, Old and New Style. 422 

Day and Year Standard Indicated . 182, 183 

" Length of Circular 254 

Sidereal 254 

Solar 254 

" of the Week of Any Date 422 

" " Rules for Finding.. .422 

Days of the Week, Origin of the .... . 296 

Decimal, Definition of 423 

" Parts of an Inch 461 

" Parts of a Pound 461 

Decimals (154) Greatest Expressed. ... 156 

Definitions, Mathematical .423 

Definitions, Familiar, Untrue 239 

Degree of Heat at Which Metals Melt . . 379 

Deific Architect, Author of 165 

Protection, Why Not? 325 

Theory, The, Combated 184 

Deified Architect, More About the. . . .201 
Deity, Name of, In Various Tongues. . . . 360 

Deluge of Noah, Biblical 411, 412 

Density and Temperature 338 

Depository of Weights and Measures. .169 
Descending Passageway Measure of 271-273 
Deviations of Weights of U. S. Coins. . . 511 

Dialectic, Transcendental 420 

Diameters, Equatorial and Polar 270 

of Circles. 492, 493 

" Several of the Earth's 197 

Diamond. Description of 544 

Weight 510 

Diamonds, Production of, in U. S 539 

Difference in Time of Cities 533 

Different Thermometers Compared. ...377 

Metals Melt 379, 471 

Discount or Rebate Defined 423 

Discoveries, Recent, in Egypt. 71 

Discovery of the Rosetta Stone 409 

Distances bet. Cities of the L T S.. .534-538 

" between Sun and Planets .... 578 

Distance to the Sun, Pyramid. . . . 199, 200 

Distillation of one cord of Pitch Pine. .499 

Dollar, Origin of the 513 

Domes, Spires and Towers, Height of. .532 
Draconis, a, Date at the Pole of. . 168, 201 

Dram, Avoirdupois 434 

Dry Measure 435 

Metric 449, 454, 455 



INDEX 



581 



Earth, Age of the 149-152, 391 

" and Pyramid Weighed 370 

" World Building 146 

Crust of the 150-152 

" Linear Elements of the 372 

The 139 

Earthquake, At San Francisco, Cal...l22 

at Valparaiso, Chile 125 

" Most Destructive 103 

Longest Duration of an.. 105 

Zone, The 99 

Earthquakes and Cataclysms 90-95 

Unlike 186 

44 Authorities on 102 

44 Localities Free From . . 99 

Our Theory of 101 

44 Prof. David on 99 

Prof. Milne on. 100 

Records of 103-136 

Since 17 A. D 103-136 

Theory of 99-102 

What They Reveal. . . .562 
Earth's Density Number in Gr. Pyr.. .346 

Orbit, Illustrated 141 

Polar Axis 196, 197 

Satellite, The Moon 142 

44 Several Diameters 197 

Easter Isles in Mid-Pacific 260 

Eccentricities of the Planets 146 

Ecliptic System 137 

Effect on Substances by Heat 322 

Egypt, Ancient Architecture of 66 

Sculpture of 69 

44 Archaeology of 70 

44 Botany of 58 

44 Climate of 54 

44 Discoveries Recent in 71 

Geology of 59 

44 Government of 61 

44 History of 51-74 

44 Inhabitants of 59 

44 Irrigation of 54 

44 Minerology of. 59 

Pyramids of . 17, 89, 157 

44 Oases of 57 

Rulers of. .49, 50 

44 Topography of 51 

44 Upper, Illustrated 11 

44 Zoology of 57 

Egyptian Rulers from 2717 B. C 49, 50 

Egyptologists, Chronology of .409 

Egypt's Meridian, More Land, Less Sea 207 
Electricity and Not Direct Heat that We 

Receive from the Sun 566 

Electricity, Measures of. 464 

Elements of the Solar System. 578 

Symbols of 540 

Ellipse, Explanation of an. .... . .423, 426 

Eminent Men, Sizes of Hats Worn by. .466 

Engineer's Measure 429 

Entrance Into Gr. Pyr., first known. .303 
Passageway, Notes on.. 271-273 
to Gr. Pyramid, Discussed.. . .401 

to Gr. Pyramid, Present.. . . . .354 

44 to Gr. Pyramid, The Sphinx. 401 

Equatorial and Polar Diameters 270 

Equivalents of Eng. and Fr. Money 514-517 

Era, Christian, Date of 296 

Errors of Travelers, Manifest 340 

Esoteric Explanation of Oliver. .291-294 

44 Teaching Limited 287-289 

Esotericism, Not Entirely Lost 289 

Evidence that Parker's Quadrature of 
the Circle is Right 240 



Evolution, Definition of 423 

Expansion Defined 494 

44 of Material 494 

Expenditure, Annual, per Inhabitant.. .556 

Exterior Measures of Gr. Pyramid 209 

External Measures of the Coffer. .329, 330 
Fahrenheit Thermometer Compared .... 377 
Falls of Niagara, 5th Natural Wonder. .416 

Familiar Examples of Compounds 556 

Fats, Constitution of 556 

Faulty Theory, Prof. Smyth's 390 

Fellowship, Mathematically Defined. . . .423 

Fineness of Foreign Coins 520 

of U. S. Coins 512 

Fire at Baltimore, Md 123 

Chicago, 111.. . 123 

44 San Francisco, Cal 122 

Fires, Greatest Modern 122, 123 

First Entrance into Gr. Pyramid Known 303 

Fishermen of the Bible 285, 286 

Fish, The Symbol of the 285, 286 

Five Point Star, Pyramid of a 291 

Fives & Tens, Prominent Pyr. Numbers 192 
Flow of Water Through Nozzles ...... 478 

Pipe 474 

Fluids, Pressure of Inelastic 472 

Food, Consumption of 556 

44 How Used In the Body. ...... .556 

44 Materials, Ingredients of 556 

44 Supply and Cost of 556 

Formulas and Propositions.. .426-428, 473 

44 in Mensuration 426 

Fractional Parts of an Inch 461 

a Pound 461 

Fraction, Definition of 423 

Freemasonry, Ancient 559, 560 

44 Landmarks, by Oliver . .291 

French Gramme, Different Weights of. . 195 

Friction of Water in Pipe 475 

Frustum, Pedestal, Pyramid <fc Wedge. .500 

Future <»f the Great Pyramid 412 

Gases, Weight of 472 

Gem Stones to be Found in the U. S.. .539 
Geographical Aptitudes of Gr. Pyr. . . 206 

Geographical Position, of Gr. Pyr 204 

of Gr. Pyr., Ills. 11 

Geology of Egypt 59 

Geometrical Definitions 424 

Progression Defined ...... 423 

" " Table. 424 

Proportions of Gr. Pyr!.. .167 

Germs of Life, First on Earth 147 

Glazing 463 

God, Name of, In Various Tongues. . . .360 

Gold and Ivory Statue of Jupiter 80 

Gold and Silver Abrasion 509 

Coins, Value of 520 

44 Comparative Value. . . 513 

44 Fineness of 509 

In the World ...509 

14 Bullion, Mint Charges on ... 511 

" Coins, United States 512 

" Mint Value of 510 

44 Pure in a $20 Piece 512 

Government of Egypt. 61 

Grades of Wheat, Liverpool. 436 

Grain, Avoirdupois 432 

44 English Quarter of 436 

Origin of . . 432 

Weight of 436 

Grant, Dr., Correct Measures of ..362 

Grant's, Dr. J. A. S., Boss Measure. . . .354 

Gramme, 14 Methods of the 195, 458 

Metric 445, 458 



582 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Gramme, Variations in Grains of. . 195, 458 

Grand Canyon of Colorado River 413 

Grand Gallery Measurements of 356 

" " Pyramid Inch In. . . .407 

Rock Used In.. 160, 356 

Grand Gallery's Ramps & Ramp Holes 407 

Granite Leaf Inch Measure of the 353 

" Location of the 160 

" of Ante-Chamber 345 

" or Limestone, Gr't Men Differ. .320 

or Porphyry, Which? 318 

" Symbolisms of Ante-Chamber . . 338 

Where It Came From 319 

Gravity Defined. 464 

Great Pyramid, Architectural Facts... 410 

Authors On 170 

Con. History of. .157, 160 

" Correct Name of 157 

Construction of 261 

Entered, First Time.. 303 
" " Entrance, Present.. . .354 

" " Entrance, Where is it? 401 

" " First Great Wonder 77 

" " Future of the 412 

Ground Plan of, IIIUS.. 19 

Jeezeh 86-88 

Length Standard of.. 180 
" Modern Measures. .... 314 

" Numbers 192 

Weight of 211, 371 

Greaves, Prof. Sketch of 316 

" " Visits Great Pyramid.. 309 

Greenwich, Change of Latitude at 205 

Gun Barrels, Proportion of 465 

Hand, Palm Span, Length of 461 

Hanging Gardens of Babylon 78 

Harlem River Ship Canal 557 

Hats, Sizes Worn by Eminent Men 466 

Hatters, Measure 466 

Hay, Measurement of 463 

" Ton, Cubic Feet in 463 

Heat, Component Parts of 566 

" Effect on Substances of 322 

" From the Sun, No Direct 566 

" Measure, etc 464 

" Through Glass by Colors 471 

" " Transmission of . .471 

Hebrew Alphabet, The 221-223 

Hebrews, First 4 Wonders of the . . . 286, 287 

Hegel and Aristotle 420 

Height of all Egyptian Pyramids 89 

Heights of Stone Structures 202 

Hills in the Area of an Acre 433 

History of Egypt 51-74 

" " Ancient 62 

" of Interior of Pyramid.. . .297- 302 

Holy of Holies, Illustration of 282 

Horizontal Passage, Queen's Chamber. .358 j 

Horse Power Defined 465 

of Belts and Pulleys 477 

of Water 478, 479 

Hose (Stockings) Length of Sizes of. . . .466 
Human Footprints in Carson Prison. . . .417 

Hydraulic Pipe 480, 481 

" Pressure, Greatest 480, 481 

Hydraulics, Notes on 474-476 

Hydrogen and Oxygen 154 

Hyperbola, Mathematically Defined .. .423 
H. Vyse, Supports Taylor's Theory. ... 176 

Idea, Evolution of the 420 

Illustrated Cross from a Cube 259 

" Inch of Great Pyramid. . . .212 

Illustrations of Great Pyramid 8-48 

" Mathematical .... 39, 227-259 



Inaccuracy of Different Measurements. . 188 

Inch, Fractional Parts of an 461 

" Measure of the Granite Leaf 353 

" Miner's, Different Measures 476 

" of the Gr. Pyr. Illustrated 212 

Ingredients of Food Material 556 

Inhabitants of Egypt 59 

Initiatory Degree in Gr. Pyramid 560 

Inside Length and Breadth of Coffer. .332 

Interest Compound 531 

" from 5 to 12 per cent. . . .525-530 

on $1. 1 Day to 20 Years 524-530 

" on Yi to 2 per cent, per Month. 524 

" Rules for Computing 523 

Interior Measures of Gr. Pyramid 354 

Internal Measures of the Coffer. . . . 332, 333 

International Length Measures 376 

" Weight Measures 373 

Intoxicants and Tobacco Consumption. 556 

Investigation of Circle Ceases 290 

Involution, Explanation of 423 

Iron, Cast and Wrought 494 

" and Lead Balls, Weight of 504 

" Steel Plates, Weight of 505 

" Rope, Weight of 508 

" Wire, Weight of 506 

" Weight of 501-508 

Irregular Bodies, Contents of 500 

Irrigation of Egypt 54 

Japanese Money 518 

" Weights and Measures 438 

Jewelers' Gold Weight 510 

John Taylor's Theory Supported 176 

Jomard, M., On Coffer Theory 312- 

Jupiter, Superior Planet of 144 

Kabbalistic Description of King Solo- 
mon's Temple 282-284 

Keys of Esotericism, Are They Lost?. . .289 

King Cheop's Tomb, Illustrated 45 

King Solomon's Temple 274-284 

King's Chamber Illustrations 35, 37 

In Detail 349 

" In Feet and Inches. .357 

" " Pyramid Inches In. .407 

Rock Used In 160 

" Standard Measures.. .263 

" " Temperature 347 

Vibration of 348 

Wall Courses. .'.339-341 

Kilo, Weight of (Leather) 466 

Knot, Nautical, Length of a 429 

Knowledge In Symbolism Still Extant . . 291 

Laths, Sizes of 463 

Latitude, Test of Geog'l Position of. .204 

" Change at Greenwich 205 

Lead, Weight of 504 

Leather Belting, Measured in Rolls. . . .463 

Weight, Kilo of 466 

Ledge, The Coffer's 327 

Legal Tender in the United States. . . .513 

" U. S. Definition of. .513 

Legendre and Playfair, Pi Values ... .236 

Length Measures, International 376 

Pyramedal 375 

of Earth's Polar Axis 196, 197 

Unit of 429 

Lid of the Coffer 335 

Life, First Germs of 147 

Light, How Did They Obtain, For Pyr. 342 

" Principal of, Defined 464 

Lime, Metallic Base of 1®* 

Linear Elements of the Earth 372 

Standard of the Gr. Pyramid.. 194 
Limestone, or Granite? Men Differ 320 



INDEX 



080 



Limestone, Reason for Using 323 

Limitation of Esoteric Teaching 287 

Liquid Measure 435 

" Metric 448,452,453 

Liquids Pressure of 472 

Weight & Specific Gravity of. .466 

Litre, Metric 445 

Logarithms, Mathematically Defined.. .423 

Logic, Hegel's 420 

" Nature, Mind 420 

Log Measurement 496-497 

Logs, Feet of Boards Contained in. . . .496 

" Measurement of, Standard 496 

Longitude at Each Degree of Latitude. .533 

Time of Reckoning of 430 

Zero Meridian of 206 

Long Measure 429 

" " Metric 450 

Lumber, Feet in a Car-load of 499 

Feet in a Telegraph Pole. . . .500 

Measure 498-500 

Weight of, Green or Dry. .. .499 

Magnetic Pole 431 

Mails from the Pacific Coast, Time of. .538 

Mammoth Cave of Kentucky 413 

Man Power . 476 

Mansill's Universal Forces 568 

Mars, The Superior Planet of 142 

Mariners' Measure. . - 429 

Masonic Authors, Ancient. 559 

" " Modern 559 

Masonic Bodies, Modern, Have Possessed 

Some Keys of Esotericism 289 

Masonry Courses of Great Pyr. . .213-215 
Courses, Thickness of.. 213-215 
Free, 25,000 Years Ago. .559, 560 

Material, Strength of, Defined 465 

Used in the Great Pyramid. .159 
Materials, Expansion and Weight of. .499 

" Tensile Strength of 494 

Mathematical Definitions. . 423 

" Definitions, Untrue 239 

" Investigators Barred. . . .290 

Signs and Characters.. . .421 

Terms Defined 423 

Terms, Order of 423 

Mathematics, Classification of 419 

Mathematitions Statements Untrue. . . .239 

Matter, Reciprocation of 568 

Mausoleum, or Tomb of Mausolus 83 

Measure, Circular 430 

Cubic 432 

Druggists' Gallon 435 

Dry 435 

Hatters' 466 

" Hosiers' 466 

Linear 429 

" Liquid 435 

" Log and Lumber 496-499 

" Mariners^ 429 

of the Circle 156 

Outside of Coffer... 329, 330, 363 

Shoemakers 466 

Square . 432 

Surveyors' 429 

Time 430 

Water 473-477 

Measurement of Lumber 496-499 

Telegraph Pole .500 

Water 473-477 

asures and Weights 429-532 

" " " Metric 444-458 

" " " Miscellaneous.. .461 
" of India 444 



Measures of Coffer, Pyr. Inches 160 

of Greaves and Vyse 317 

of Great Pyramid's Exterior . 209 

Prof. Smyth's Ideal 262 

Pyramid in English Feet . .270 

Source of, Part II 216-296 

Measurements in King's Chamber 349, 350 

Objected to 172 

Mechanical Powers 465 

Mechanics 464 

Medical Gallon 435 

Melting Point of Alloys 379, 380, 471 

" " Different Metals 379 

Fusible Plugs 471 

Metals 379,380,471 

" Substances 471 

Mensuration 424-428 

Merchandise, Measurement of 459, 460 

" Ton and Car-load of. 459, 460 

Mercury, The Inferior Planet of 138 

Meridian of Longitude for all Egypt . . . 206 
Metals, Melting Point of. . . .379, 380, 471 

" Specific Gravity of. 467 

Tensile Strength of 494 

Weight of. 501 

Metaphysical Philosophy 420 

Metaphysics 420 

Metius, Peter, On Quadrature 232, 233 

Metric System 445-458 

Weights and Measures, Cond. . .444 

Mexican Coinage of Gold & Silver 519 

" Weights and Measures. .439, 440 

Mile, Statute and Nautical 429 

Military Pace 461 

Million in Roman Numerals 428 

Milne's Theory of Earthquakes 100 

Mind, Hegel's Idea of the 420 

" Nature, Logic 420 

Mineral Matter in Food. 556 

" Substances, Formation of 153 

Minerals, and Their Substances. . .541-555 

Composition of. 541-555 

Every Variety of 555 

New Species of 555 

Supplemental List of.. .... . .555 

Symbols of 540 

" Weight & Specific Gravity of . .466 

Minerology of Egypt 59 

Miner's Inch of Water 474, 476, 477 

" Dif. Co's 476 

" Illustrated 476 

" In S.Calif 474 

" Inches in Gallons 474 

Mint Charges for Coining 511 

" Regulations of the U. S 511 

" Weight.. 433 

Minuter Details of Coffer Outside 328 

Miracle of Fishing in the Jordan 285 

Miscellaneous Weights and Measures . .461 

Modern Knowledge in Symbolism. . . .291 

" Measures of Great Pyramid .... 314 

Molten Sea of King Solomon 393 

Money, English and French 513 

" Foreign 520 

" U. S., and in Circulation 512 

W T hy Not Pyramid 382, 383 

Monoliths, & Monuments, Height of . . . . 532 
Monthly Interest Tables, H to 2 per cent 524 

Months of the Year, Origin of 296 

Monuments & Chimneys, Height of . . . .532 

Moon, The Earth's Satellite 142 

More Earth, Less Sea, in That Meridian 207 
Moses, Ark of the Covenant of 392 



584 



THE GEEAT PYEAMID JEEZEH 



Morter, Best Made 465 

Muir, C., On Vertical Axis of Gr. Pyr.. .406 

Myer's Quadrature of Circle, etc 284 

Mysticism 420 

Nails, Number of, in a Pound. . . .461, 462 
Name of Deity in Various Tongues .... 360 

Nature, Divisions in 420 

Says Parker is Right 240 

Natures Tone in King's Chamber 348 

Nautical Mile, Length of a 429 

Neptune, Superior Planet of 145 

Niagara Falls, 5th Wonder 416 

Nile River, Cataracts of, Height of . . . .532 

Nitrogen, Description of 548 

Noachian Deluge of the Bible. . . .411, 412 

Northern Heavens, Illustrated 47 

Notation and Numerals 428 

Number (6) Six As a Factor 265-270 

Numbers, Reference to Gr. Pyramid's. .192 

Numerals or Notation 428 

Oases of Egypt 57 

Objectors, Pyramid Answered 173, 174 

" to Measurements 172 

Ans'd 173, 174 

Observatories, Thermometers of 346 

Old and New Style Explained 422 

Oliver's Emblem, Explanation of. .291-294 

Only Real Pyramid 161-172 

Orientation of Sides of Gr. Pyramid. . . .203 

Orthography for Name of Gr. Pyr 157 

Other Chambers in the Gr. Pyramid. .301 

" Pyramids, Purposes of 87, 88 

Outside Measure of Coffer 329, 330, 363 

Oxygen and Hydrogen, Description of. . 154 

Pace and Palm 461 

Panama Canal, Facts Regarding 557 

Parker Is Right, Nature Says 240 

Parker's Quadrature Construction 217 

Passage System of Gr. Pyr., IllUS 25 

Passageway (So-called) Measure of 271-273 

Part III., Interior of the Pyramid 297 

Part II., Source of Measures, etc. .216-295 

Patterns and Castings Compared 463 

Pedestal or Frustum, Feet in 500 

Pendulum, Length of 429 

Pendulums, Different Vibrations of . . . .430 

Pentapla as a Pyramid 291 

Permenance of Continental Areas 98 

Permutation, Definition of 423 

Perpetuities, Definition of 423 

Pharos of Alexandria 84, 85 

Philosophy 420 

Physical Science 419 

Physics, Divisions of 419 

Piazzi Smyth and Prof. Taylor Agree. .177 

"Pi" Carried to 154 Decimals 156 

" Measure Values 181, 182 

" Standard of the Gr. Pyramid.. . .181 
" Values of Legendre and Playfair. .236 

Pipe, Flow of Water Through 474 

Pipes, Capacity of 488-491 

Pistons, Water and Steam 475 

Planetoids or Asteroids 144, 578 

Planets, Eccentricities of 146, 431 

Planetary Svmbols 578 

Theory 578 

Planet Jupiter, Facts Concerning 144 

" Mars, " " • 142 

" Mercury, " " 138 

" Neptune, " " 145 

Saturn, " " 144 

The Earth, " " 139 

Uranus, " " 145 



Planet Venus, Facts Concerning 139 

Planets, Asteroids, etc 431, 578 

Days, Distances, Diameters. .431 

Diameters of 578 

Distances from the Earth. . . .431 

The Theory of 137-146, 578 

Plastering, Facts Regarding 463 

Playfair & Legendre, Pi Values of 236 

Playfair's Method, Curious Feature of. .236 

Polar Axis, Length of Earth's 196-197 

" and Equatorial Diameters 270 

Pole Star, Alpha Ursa Minoris 204 

Cycle of 384, 385 

Polygons Defined 425 

Sides and Area of 427 

Table of 427 

Polyhedrons 425, 428 

Tables on 428 

Population of Egypt 59 

Porphyry or Granite, Which? 318 

Portland Cement 465 

Position Mathematically Explained. .. .423 

" of Coffer in King's Chamber. .366 

of the Great Pyramid. ... 157, 209 

Positiveism 419 

Pound, Decimal Parts of a .461 

Weights of the World . 373 

Power, Man and Horse 476 

Practical Application of Coffer 367 

Precious Stones Found in U. S 539 

Pressure and Specific Gravities 369 

Printing, Reference Signs in 421 

Probability Defined. 423 

Problem of Three Revolving Bodies 242-256 

Properties of Numbers Defined 423 

Propositions and Formulas. 426, 473 

" in Mensuration 426, 473 

Province of Ritualism .294, 295 

Pulleys, Horse Power of 477 

Puncheons, Capacity of 488-491 

Purpose of All Other Pyramids. . 87, 90 

" of the Coffer 324 

Pyramidal Length Measures 375 

" Numbers Noted 193 

Pyramid Angle Measure. 380, 381 

" As Seen in 822 A. D., Illus. . . 48 

" and Solar Analogy 198 

and English Linear Measure. .375 

" Capacity Measure 368 

Contents of 500 

Entered, First Account of. . . .303 

Entrance Discussion on 401 

" " Illustrated 23 

" Future of the Great 412 

Inch Illustrated 212 

" Measures Variation of 264 

in Egypt 270 

Money, Why Not?... . . .382, 383 

" of Five Point Star. 291 

" Orientation of the 203 

" Other Chambers of 395 

" Star Calculations. 386, 387 

" Sun Distance of 199 

The Only Real 161 

Thermometer Compared 377 

System Specific Gravities. .. .370 

Weight Measure 368 

" Weights and Measures. .158, 212 

Pyramid's Base Length, Different. ... 194 

Builders of 157 

Dates of Building the 89 

" Exterior Measures 209, 212 

" Height by Courses 213-215 



INDEX 



0S0 



Pyramid's Interior History 297-302 

" Linear Elements 371 

Standard 194 

Names of the 38 89 

of Egypt, All of the 89 

" of Egypt, All Illustrated.. 17 

On Jeezeh Hill, Illustrated. 15 

Quadrangles 425 

Quadrature Construction by Parker... 217 

of Circle, etc., by Myers. .284 

Illustrated 224-232 

by Parker 219, 224 

of Peter Metius. .... .232, 233 

Reflections On, by Parker 233 

Quarter, English Grain 436 

Quartz, Composition of . 152, 550 

Queen's Chamber, Air Channels 400 

" " Horizontal Passage 358 

InGr. Pyr.,IllUS.. . 29 

Once Concealed 397-399 

" " Pyramid Inches In 407 

" " Rock Contained In ..358 

Quintal, Weight of a 461 

Radium, Notes on 555 

Ramp Stone of Gr. Pyr., Illustrated 27 
Ramps and Ramp Holes, Grand Gallery 407 
Raum, Geo. E., Sphinx Investigator 406 

Reaumer Thermometer Compared 377 

Reason for Using Limestone 323 

Reciprocal, Mathematically Defined. . . .423 

Red Paint Marks Explained 162, 163 

Reference Signs in Printing 421 

Reflections on Quadrature by Parker. .233 

Reply to Sarcophagus Theory 311 

Research, Mathematical, Hooted Down 290 

Reservoirs, Capacity of 482 

" " of Circular 484 

Review of Coffer Measure 315 

Revolving Bodies, Parker's View 243-252 
Problem of Three. 242 

Rhoades, Colossus of 85-86 

Ritualism, Province of 294, 295 

Rocking Stone of Truckee, Cal 417 

Rocks and Strata, Composition of 152 

Rocks, Composition of 153 

Rock, The First Formed 154 

Rolls and Coils Measured .463 

Roman Catholic Church Has Possessed 

Esoteric Keys 289 

Roman Numerals, Tables of . . . 428 

Rope, Wire and Hemp, Strength of.. .508 
Royal Societies Refuse an Audience. . . 290 

Rosetta Stone, Discovery of 409 

Rule of Three, Definition of 423 

Rulers of Egypt, From 2717 B. C. .49, 50 

Salt, Varities and ComDosition of 551 

Sarcophagus Theory Exploded 311 

of Coffer... .311, 334 

of Lid of 326 

San Francisco, Earthquake of 1896 at. .122 

Saturn, Superior Planet of 144 

Scales and Balances 465 

" and Thermometers 376, 377 

Sciences, Classification of. 419 

Seasons, Changes of The, (See Cut).. 141 

Seismograph, Longest Record by 128 

Seven Natural Wonders of the World 413 
" Wonders Bv Hand of Man .77-86 

Shape of Material 210, 211 

Shoemakers' Measure 466 

Siderial Day, Length of 254 

" Lunation 256 

Signs Mathematical and Miscellaneous 421 
" of the Zodiac 141, 578 



Signs Used in Reading and Writing. . . .421 

Silver and Gold in the World 509 

Coins, Foreign 518-520 

" Commercial Ratio of 521 

" Highest and Lowest Reached .... 521 
" In a Dollar, From 80c per oz. up 522 

to Gold, Ratio of 521 

" Value in a Silver Dollar 522 

Simpson's Coffer Measure 363-366 

Six As a Factor Number 265-270 

Sixth and Seventh Natural Wonders. .417 

Size of the Great Pyramid 371 

Sizes of Hat and Hose 466 

Skinner, on Source of Measures 216 

Slate, Square of 464 

" Composition of 552 

Smith, Prof. H. L., Discoveries of 399 

Smyth, Prof. P., on King's Chamber 349 

Theory Faulty 390 

Sockets Found, The Original 171 

Solar Analogy, Pyramid and 198 

" Day, Length of a 254 

" System 136-155 

" Astronomy of the.. . .136-146 

" " Elements of the 141,578 

" Lunation 256 

" Year 256 

Solid Measure 432 

Solids •; -425 

Solomon's Molten Sea 393-395 

Temple, King 274-284 

Sound, Description of 472 

Source of Measures, Part II 216-296 

Specific Gravities 369, 370 

" Gravity, Dif. Materials 466 

Sphinx, Description of the 403-406 

" Has At Least 1 Investigator . . 406 

Spires and Domes, Height of. . . 532 

Square Acres, Length of Side of 433 

Measure 432, 447 

Root of Two, By Myers 284 

Standard Measures of King's Chamber . . 263 

" of Length Employed 180 

Star a Draconis, Cycle of 384, 385 

Stars Cross the Pole, Dates of 386, 387 

Statute of Jupiter, By Phidias 80, 81 

Statute Mile, Feet in a 429 

Stones in the King's Chamber 341 

Stone Structures, Heights of 202 

Story That Earthquakes Reveal 562 

Submersions of Carboniferous Age. ... 93 

Subterranean Chamber, Size of 160 

Unfinished .... 355 

Style Old and New 422 

Suez Canal, Statistics of 557 

Sun, Article on the 136 

" Distance, Pyramid Measure of. . . 199 

" Is It Hot? 137, 566 

" Is Not Hot, But Ice Cold 566 

" Sends Out No Direct Heat 566 

Sun's Heat, Does It Reach the Earth?. .570 

Surface Measure, Lineal 373, 429 

Surveyors' Measure 429 

Symbolic Hints from Ante-Chamber. . . .344 

Symbolism, Modern Knowledge in •. 291 

Symbolisms of the Ante-Chamber. .350-353 

Symbols, Astronomical 578 

" of Elements 540 

of Planets 578 

Svstem of Angle Measures 380, 381 

Table of All Pyramids in Egypt 89 

Tacks In a Pound, Number of 461 

Tael, Haikwan, of China. . 518, 520 

Tauri (of the Pleiades) in 2248 B. C. .387 



5S6 



THE GREAT PYRAMID JEEZEH 



Taylor's, John, Theory Supportedl76, 177 

Coffer Theory Examined 313 

Temperature Corrections Shown 346 

and Density . - 338 

of the King's Chamber. . . . 347 
Tropical & Polar, Why 97, 570 

Telegraph Pole, Feet in a 500 

Tellurium, Composition of 553 

Temperatures and Pressures 369, 370 

Temple of Diana of the Ephesians. .81, 82 

King Solomon 274-284 

Tensile Strength of Material 494 

Testing of John Taylor's Analogy 198 

The Hebrew Alphabet 221-223 

Theories of Travelers, Much Mixed. . . .339 
Theory of a Deified Architect Ans'd. .184 

John Taylor 312 

Thermometers and Their Scales. .376, 377 

at Observatories 346 

Different, Compared. 158, 377 

The Source of Measures 216-295 

" Sphinx, Description of 403-406 

" Well of Limestone 359 

Thickness of Bottom of Coffer 331 

Three Revolving Bodies, Problem of . . . .242 
Tidal Waves and Earthquakes. . . .103-136 

Tides and Waves 431 

Timber, Lumber, Trees 495 

" Strength of . 494, 495 

" Weight of, Green or Dry 499 

Time Has Not Affected Great Pyramid . . 185 

Tomb of King Cheops, Illustrated... 45 

Mausolus, King of Caria. ... 83 

Ton of Merchandise 459 

Topography of Egypt 51 

Tourmaline, Composition of 553 

Towers and Domes, Height of. ...... .532 

Transcendentalism 420 

Transcendentalisms of Astronomy. . . . .383 
Travellers' Errors Made Manifest.. . . . .340 

Triangles Defined 424 

Trowel Face, The Pyramidal 273 

Troy Weight 433 

" and Avoirdupois Comp'd. .434 

" " Orign of 432 

Truckee Rocking Stone, 6th Wonder. . . .417 

Twelve Signs of the Zodiac 141 

Ullage or Wantage, Table of 491 

TJlexite, Composition of 554 

Undiscovered Rooms in Gr. Pyramid. . .395 
Unfinished Subterranean Chamber ..... 355 

Units of Measure. 429 

Uranus, Superior Planet of 145 

U. S. Seal, Reverse Side of, Illus 48 

Vara, Length of a 440, 461 

Valley, Yosemite, 4th Wonder 415 

Valparaiso, Chile, Earthquake . 125 

Value of Foreign Coins 520 

Gold, Silver and Copper 510 

" United States Coin 512 

Various Names of Deity 360 

Rocks, Composition of. ....... 153 

Velocity of the Wind . 472 

Water in Pipes 474 

Streams 475 

Venus, The Inferior Planet of 139 

Versta, Russian Unit of Length 441 

Vertical Axis, etc., bv Mr. C. Muir .406, 407 

Section of Gr. Pyr., Illus 9 

Vibration of King's Chamber, "F" 348 

Volcanic Eruption of Mont Pelee. . . . .118 

" Eruptions Since 17 A. D. .103, 136 

Vvse's, Howard, Theorv Supported. . . .176 

Wall Courses by Different Men 339 



Walls and Hanging Gardens of Babylon 78 

Wantage or Ullage, Table of 491 

Waste in Coining 511 

Water, Flowing, Miners Inches of 475 

" Miners Inches of 474-477 

" Pressure Greatest 481 

" Weights and Measures of. .473-477 

Waterfalls and Cascades, Height of ...532 

Yosemite Valley, Height.. 532 

Waves and Tides 431 

Wedge, Cubic Contents of a 500 

Weight and Specific Gravity 466-470 

" Measure, Great Pyramid 368 

" Measures, International. 373 

" of Atmospheric Air 469 

" Cattle 504 

" Gases 472 

" " Grain and Products.. .... .436 

" " Gramme, Variation of. 195, 458 

" Great Pyramid 211, 371 

" Iron 501-504 

" " Lead, Zinc and Wire ..... .506 

" " Liquids 466 

" " Lumber, Timber, etc 499 

" Metals 501-508 

" the Earth, Pyramid Tons.. 372 

" Water 473 

" Woods, Dry or Green. .469, 499 

Weights and Measures 429-458 

" " " Depository of... 169 

Foreign,... .437-458 

" " " Metric 445-458 

" " " Pyramidal 158 

Well, The, of Limestone 359 

Wells, Artesian 487 

" Capacity of 484 

What Did Coffer Capacity Prove? 337 

Wheat, English Quarter of. 436 

" Grades of Liverpool. 436 

Where the Granite Came From 319 

" To Enter the Great Pyramid 401-403 
Wheeler, Rev. O. C, On Antiquity 559, 560 

Who Built the Great Pyramid? 157 . 

Why Was Coffer Built That Size? 324 

Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, On Coffer 312 ' 

Wind, Force and Velocity of 472 

Wire Nails, No. of in 1 lb., (Roeblings) .462 

Penny of... 462 

" Roebling's Gauge of . .462 

" Rope, Weight and Strength of 508 

Wisdom, Hegel's Idea of 420 

Wise Men Differ, Limestone or Granite . . 320 

Woods, Tensile Strength of 494 

" Weight and Specific Gravity of 469 

Wonders of the World, Nature's 7 413 

" of the World, The Hebrew 286, 287 
" of the World, The Seven. . . 77-86 

World Building 146 

Xylotile, Composition of 554 

Year and Day Standard Indicated. ... 182 

" A Mean 256 

" A Solar 256 

Days in each Planet's 431 

" Exact Length of a 422 

Yosemite Falls, Height of 532 

" Valley, Area of 532 

4thNat'l Wonder. .415 
Young and Champoleon's Discovery .... 409 

Zero Meridian of Longitude 206 

Zinc, Composition of 153, 555 

Zodiac, The, Twelve Signs of 141, 578 

Zone, Free From Earthquakes 99 

" The Earthquake. . 99 

Zoology of Egypt 57 



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Southwestern Department, Northwestern Department, 

600 South Spring St., WelJs-Fargo Building, 

LOS ANGELES, CAL. PORTLAND, OREGON. 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



020 143 809 3 



